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Question 1:
Answer:
(iv) Metals that are poor conductors of heat → Mercury and lead
Question 2:
Answer:
Malleable: Substances that can be beaten into thin sheets are called malleable. For example,
most of the metals are malleable.
Ductile: Substances that can be drawn into thin wires are called ductile. For example, most of
the metals are ductile.
Page - 46
Question 1:
Why is sodium kept immersed in kerosene oil?
Answer:
Sodium and potassium are very reactive metals and combine explosively with air as well as
water. Hence, they catch fire if kept in open. Therefore, to prevent accidental fires and
accidents, sodium is stored in kerosene oil.
Question 2:
Answer:
Question 3:
Samples of four metals A, B, C and D were taken and added to the following solution one by
one. The results obtained have been tabulated as follows.
Metal Iron (II) sulphate Cooper (II) sulphate Zinc sulphate Silver nitrate
A. No reaction Displacement
B. Displacement No reaction
Use the Table above to answer the following questions about metals A, B, C and D.
(i) Which is the most reactive metal?
(ii) What would you observe if B is added to a solution of copper (II) sulphate?
Answer:
Explanation
(ii) If B is added to a solution of copper (II) sulphate, then it would displace copper.
B + CuSO4 → Displacement
(iii) The arrangement of the metals in the order of decreasing reactivity is:
B>A>C>D
Question 4:
Which gas is produced when dilute hydrochloric acid is added to a reactive metal? Write the
chemical reaction when iron reacts with dilute H2SO4.
Answer:
Hydrogen gas is evolved when dilute hydrochloric acid is added to a reactive metal.
When iron reacts with dilute H2SO4, iron (II) sulphate with the evolution of hydrogen gas is
formed.
Question 5:
What would you observe when zinc is added to a solution of iron (II) sulphate? Write the
chemical reaction that takes place.
Answer:
Zinc is more reactive than iron. Therefore, if zinc is added to a solution of iron (II) sulphate, then
it would displace iron from the solution.
Page - 49
Question 1:
(i) Write the electron-dot structures for sodium, oxygen and magnesium.
(ii) Show the formation of Na2O and MgO by the transfer of electrons.
Answer:
(i) The representation of elements with valence electrons as dots around the elements is
referred to as electron-dot structure for elements.
(ii)
(iii) The ions present in Na2O are Na+ and O2− ions and in MgO are Mg2+ and O2− ions.
Question 2:
Answer:
Ionic compounds have strong electrostatic forces of attraction between the ions. Therefore, it
requires a lot of energy to overcome these forces. That is why ionic compounds have high
melting points.
Page - 53
Question 1:
Answer:
(i) Mineral: Most of the elements occur in nature as in combined state as minerals. The chemical
composition of minerals is fixed.
(ii) Ore: Minerals from which metals can be extracted profitably are known as ores.
(iii) Gangue: The impurities (sand, silt, soil, gravel, etc.) present in the ore are called gangue.
Question 2:
Name two metals which are found in nature in the free state.
Answer:
The metals at the bottom of the reactivity series are mostly found in free state. For example:
gold, silver, and platinum.
Question 3:
What chemical process is used for obtaining a metal from its oxide?
Answer:
The chemical process used for obtaining a metal from its oxide is reduction. In this process,
metal oxides are reduced by using suitable reducing agents such as carbon or by highly reactive
metals to displace the metals from their oxides.
For example, zinc oxide is reduced to metallic zinc by heating with carbon.
Manganese dioxide is reduced to manganese by treating it with aluminium powder. In this case,
aluminium displaces manganese from its oxide.
Page - 55
Question 1:
Metallic oxides of zinc, magnesium and copper were heated with the following metals.
Zinc oxide - - -
Magnesium oxide - - -
Copper oxide - - -
Answer:
Question 2:
Answer:
More reactive a metal is, more likely it is to be corroded. Therefore, less reactive metals are less
likely to get corroded. This is why gold plating provides high resistance to corrosion.
Question 3:
Answer:
Alloys are homogeneous mixtures of two or more elements. The elements could be two metals,
or a metal and a non-metal. An alloy is formed by first melting the metal and then dissolving the
other elements in it. For example, steel is an alloy of iron and carbon.
Exercises
Question 1:
Answer:
(d) AgNO3 solution and copper metal
Question 2:
Which of the following methods is suitable for preventing an iron frying pan from rusting?
Answer:
(We can also apply grease and paint to prevent iron from rusting. However, in case of iron frying
pan, grease and paint cannot be applied because when the pan will be heated and washed
again and again, the coating of grease and paint would get destroyed.)
Question 3:
An element reacts with oxygen to give a compound with a high melting point. This compound is
also soluble in water. The element is likely to be
(a) calcium
(b) carbon
(c) silicon
(d) iron
Answer:
Question 4:
Food cans are coated with tin and not with zinc because
Answer:
(c) Food cans are coated with tin and not with zinc because zinc is more reactive than tin.
Question 5:
(a) How could you use them to distinguish between samples of metals and non-metals?
(b) Assess the usefulness of these tests in distinguishing between metals and non-metals.
Answer:
(a) With the hammer, we can beat the sample and if it can be beaten into thin sheets (that is, it
is malleable), then it is a metal otherwise a non-metal. Similarly, we can use the battery, bulb,
wires, and a switch to set up a circuit with the sample. If the sample conducts electricity, then it
is a metal otherwise a non-metal.
(b) The above tests are useful in distinguishing between metals and non-metals as these are
based on the physical properties. No chemical reactions are involved in these tests.
Question 6:
Answer:
Those oxides that behave as both acidic and basic oxides are called amphoteric oxides.
Question 7:
Name two metals which will displace hydrogen from dilute acids, and two metals which will not.
Answer:
Metals that are more reactive than hydrogen displace it from dilute acids. For example: sodium
and potassium. Metals that are less reactive than hydrogen do not displace it. For example:
copper and silver.
Question 8:
In the electrolytic refining of a metal M, what would you take as the anode, the cathode and the
electrolyte?
Answer:
Question 9:
Pratyush took sulphur powder on a spatula and heated it. He collected the gas evolved by
inverting a test tube over it, as shown in figure below.
(b) Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction taking place.
Answer:
(ii) Since the gas is sulphur dioxide (SO2), it turns moist blue litmus paper to red because
sulphur dioxide reacts with moisture to form sulphurous acid.
(b)
Question 10:
Answer:
(i) Oiling, greasing, or painting: By applying oil, grease, or paint, the surface becomes water
proof and the moisture and oxygen present in the air cannot come into direct contact with iron.
Hence, rusting is prevented.
(ii) Galvanisation: An iron article is coated with a layer of zinc metal, which prevents the iron to
come in contact with oxygen and moisture. Hence, rusting is prevented.
Question 11:
What type of oxides are formed when non-metals combine with oxygen?
Answer:
For example:
Question 12:
Give reasons
(c) Aluminium is a highly reactive metal, yet it is used to make utensils for cooking.
(d) Carbonate and sulphide ores are usually converted into oxides during the process of
extraction.
Answer:
(a) Platinum, gold, and silver are used to make jewellery because they are very lustrous. Also,
they are very less reactive and do not corrode easily.
(b) Sodium, potassium, and lithium are very reactive metals and react very vigorously with air as
well as water. Therefore, they are kept immersed in kerosene oil in order to prevent their contact
with air and moisture.
(c) Though aluminium is a highly reactive metal, it is resistant to corrosion. This is because
aluminium reacts with oxygen present in air to form a thin layer of aluminium oxide. This oxide
layer is very stable and prevents further reaction of aluminium with oxygen. Also, it is light in
weight and a good conductor of heat. Hence, it is used to make cooking utensils.
(d) Carbonate and sulphide ores are usually converted into oxides during the process of
extraction because metals can be easily extracted from their oxides rather than from their
carbonates and sulphides.
Question 13:
You must have seen tarnished copper vessels being cleaned with lemon or tamarind juice.
Explain why these sour substances are effective in cleaning the vessels.
Answer:
Copper reacts with moist carbon dioxide in air to form copper carbonate and as a result, copper
vessel loses its shiny brown surface forming a green layer of copper carbonate. The citric acid
present in the lemon or tamarind neutralises the basis copper carbonate and dissolves the layer.
That is why, tarnished copper vessels are cleaned with lemon or tamarind juice to give the
surface of the copper vessel its characteristic lustre.
Question 14:
Differentiate between metal and non-metal on the basis of their chemical properties.
Answer:
Metal Non-metal
Metals are electropositive. Non-metals are electronegative.
They react with oxygen to form basic oxides. They react with oxygen to form
acidic or neutral oxides.
They react with water to form oxides and hydroxides. They do not react with water.
Some metals react with cold water, some with hot
water, and some with steam.
They react with dilute acids to form a salt and evolve They do not react with dilute
hydrogen gas. However, Cu, Ag, Au, Pt, Hg do not acids. These are not capable of
react. replacing hydrogen.
They react with the salt solution of metals. Depending These react with the salt solution
on their reactivity, displacement reaction can occur. of non-metals.
They act as reducing agents (as they can easily lose These act as oxidising agents
electrons). (as they can gain electrons).
Question 15:
A man went door to door posing as a goldsmith. He promised to bring back the glitter of old and
dull gold ornaments. An unsuspecting lady gave a set of gold bangles to him which he dipped in
a particular solution. The bangles sparkled like new but their weight was reduced drastically.
The lady was upset but after a futile argument the man beat a hasty retreat. Can you play the
detective to find out the nature of the solution he had used?
Answer:
He must have dipped the gold metal in the solution of aqua regia − a 3:1 mixture of conc. HCl
and conc. HNO3. Aqua regia is a fuming, highly corrosive liquid. It dissolves gold in it. After
dipping the gold ornaments in aqua regia, the outer layer of gold gets dissolved and the inner
shiny layer appears. That is why the weight of gold ornament reduced.
Question 16:
Give reasons why copper is used to make hot water tanks and not steel (an alloy of iron).
Answer:
Copper does not react with cold water, hot water, or steam. However, iron reacts with steam. If
the hot water tanks are made of steel (an alloy of iron), then iron would react vigorously with the
steam formed from hot water.
That is why copper is used to make hot water tanks, and not steel.