Carpentry

Jalapa Experimental
Institute
First GradeBasic
 Carpentry:
Carpentry is the name of the trade and the WORKSHOP or place where both wood and its derivatives are
worked and whoever exercises it is called a CARPENTER . Its objective is to change the physical form of the raw
material (WOOD) to create objects useful for human development. They can be FURNITURE for the home
such as kitchen, dining room, living room, business furniture, etc. and also PROPERTIES such as Doors.
windows. cabinets, baseboards, pergolas, including the wooden houses themselves. To work in carpentry we
have to have the INSTALLATION (carpentry) RAW MATERIALS, THE EQUIPMENT, THE TOOLS,
MACHINES, HARDWARE. JOINNING MATERIAL and others.

The Carpenter is the person whose job is to work with wood. The CABINET MAKER is the
carpenter specialized in the making of furniture and other more elaborate works primarily aimed
at decoration.

Furniture: are objects that serve to facilitate common uses and activities in homes , offices and other types of
premises. Normally the term refers to objects that facilitate common human activities, such as sleeping, eating,
cooking, resting, etc., through tables , chairs , beds , shelves, etc. These are called furniture because they can be
moved at any time from one place to another, that is, from one house to another.

Real estate: all those assets considered real estate, having in common the circumstance of being intimately linked to
the land, inseparably linked, physically or legally, to the land, such as plots , whether urbanized or not, houses , or so-
called farms , In short, they are assets that are impossible to move or separate from the ground without causing damage
to them, because they are part of the land or are anchored to it. Etymologically its name comes from the word
immobile . In the case of houses, the doors, windows, closets, cabinets, steps, curtain rods (galleries), railings, and fences
are inside the property. Even though they are made of wood, they are taken as buildings and not as furniture because
when changing houses the individual does not You can transfer them to another.
Half point doors rectangular doors windows

Cabinet Closses

House steps and railing

RAW MATERIAL:
The raw material of carpentry is wood and they are divided into natural woods and prefabricated woods.

SOLID OR NATURAL WOODS: are those that are extracted directly from the trunk of a tree and processed in
a sawmill. Among them we have the most common ones in our environment such as deciduous trees, cedar,
mahogany, palo blanco, conacaste, etc. These are generally typical of warm climates; CONIFERAS such as
pine and its variety, cypresses and fir trees. These are typical of cold climates.

PROCESSED WOODS: we have:

Veneers: they are made of veneers extracted with highly sophisticated machinery from the trunks of the trees
and forming them into plates, within them we have PLYWOOD and we have the so-called veneers that are
made of a mixture of veneers and agglomerates.

Chipboards: they are made with sawdust, shavings or leftover natural wood (being practically recycled) and are
also formed into sheets. Chipboards that are covered with a chemical coating are called MELAMINES, and they
come in many colors.

MDF : they are produced using fresh pine trunks, selected and debarked, processed. The fiber is mixed with
additives (resin, wax and urea) and finally goes through a pressing process where pressure and temperature are
applied, thus giving rise to the MDF board. .

EQUIPMENT
They are very helpful auxiliary objects in carpentry. Within them we have the workbench, the brushes,
the gun used with a compressor, spatulas, sharpening stones, wire brushes, brooms, protective objects,
etc.

CARPENTER'S BENCH:
Prepared surface to facilitate carpentry work, such as
planing, sanding, cutting, etc.

Spatulas: used for mixing, cleaning, etc.

Brushes: used for inking, varnishing, sometimes for cleaning.

.
 gun : used for inking and varnishing with a compressor

wire brushes : for cleaning

Brooms: used to clean workshop floors

Safety glasses
One of the most widely used personal protective equipment is undoubtedly
safety glasses, which protect the eyes from the front and sides from a wide
variety of dangers or risks, such as flying objects or solid particles, and even
splashes. chemicals.

Mask: used for protection against dust and other dangerous

particles .
Helmet:
The main objective of the safety helmet is to protect the head

Carpentry tools

The hand tools that carpenters use today have been used throughout all civilizations. Tools that do not
require electricity were those that all carpenters and craftsmen had for centuries; This is how they managed to
create complicated works of art and architecture that have lasted over time but have undergone changes over
time.

MEASURING TOOLS:
English measurement system:
The system for measuring lengths in the United States is based on the inch and its fractions , the foot being
the unit of measurement to market lumber.

It is used to measure dimensions, thickness,

width and length of objects.

Measuring tape folding meter

MEASURING COMPASS : this tool is used to measure diameters of pieces of round wood, that is,
the thickness of the pieces being turned
STROKE TOOLS:

STOP SQUARE : used to draw and check right angles, that is, 90°.

MITER SQUARE : used to draw and check 45° angles.

Combinable square: Used to draw and check 90° and 45° angles

False square : this is movable and can be placed according to the angle
needed, that is, it is used to draw and check any angle.

SQUARE : It is used to draw and check right angles, that is, 90°. The
difference between the stop square is that it is larger and is made of a
single cast metal piece.

SPRING COMPASS : used to draw curved and circular figures .

BAR COMPASS : serves the same as the spring compass but larger and easier to make because it can be a ruler or a metal
or plastic wooden bar, placing the point on one end and the other as we need it.

EL GRAMIL to mark parallel lines in reference to a shore

or surface , in addition to other operations.

BRUSHING TOOLS

COMMONLY CALLED BRUSHES . They are all the same, the difference is their size to give them their usefulness and they
are identified by their number; The smaller the number, the smaller the number and the smaller the number.

NUMBERS 3 AND 4 ARE SIMPLY CALLED BRUSHES and are used to polish or brush the wood.

The NUMBERS 5 CALLED GARLOPÍN : can be used for polishing and can also be
planed, edged and pitched.

NUMBER 6 AND 7 ARE CALLED GARLOPAS , they are used to

plan, edge and pitch the wood
Blades or cutting blade of the brushes and hooks (they have the same shape, depending on the number
they change the width)

Cepillo de cachito or Lap brushes or Bastrenes used to carve the surfaces

of the wood in a curved, concave or convex shape. The lap brush with
curved base is used to groom concave or interior curved surfaces.

TOOTH CUTTING TOOLS:

SKIRT SAW : used to cut and split wood of any size

RIB OR RIBBED SAW : This is used to make fine or highly precise cuts since it is
helped by the metal piece on the part of the spine that does not allow it to
bend.

Manual miter saw or 45° cut

It is used to make cuts in wood at any angle but
especially at 45°

HIT TOOLS

HAMMER: used to HAMMER , it can be used to nail and unnail.

 MALLET : there are wooden and rubber ones and different
shapes. And they are used to hit tools with wooden or plastic
ends.

Rubber mallet Wooden mallet

FREE CUTTING TOOLS

Chisels: it is a basic carpenter's classic tool, there are chisels for

different uses and of course different widths 1", 3/4, 1/2" the chisel is
mainly used to cut and roughen any type of wood,

Chisels: they are designed to make cuts, notches, recesses and artistic
craftsmanship of relief in wood. It is worked with the strength of the
hands or by using a mallet to hit the handle

TIGHTENING TOOLS
Clamps or clamps : they are used to hold or stop pieces of
wood with the work table and are also used to tighten pieces of wood to assemble.

Sergeants type F Sergeants type C Press or Angle Sergeant

RELIEF CARVING TOOLS : They are generally called carving chisels, but depending on their shape, each one
is given its exclusive name and its usefulness . KICKSTAND, FLAT GOVE, RIBBED GOVE, GALLUNIADOR ALSO
CALLED V,

relief carving

BULK CARVING TOOLS:

WOOD RAPS AND FILES : They come in many shapes and

sizes; The rasp is a carpentry tool used to profile wood. Rougher
recesses are obtained with rasps than with files . They are
useful for quickly removing protruding wood from curved
surfaces . There are several types and shapes such as
semicircular, round and flat.

RASP FILES

Bulk size.
SHARPENING TOOLS:

Triangular files: This type of file is used for sharpening the teeth of
saws. The file is usually held with the right hand so that the round
part of the handle rests against the palm of the hand.

Sharpening: To sharpen saws with a triangular file,

we pass the file well seated in the throat, until we
eliminate half of the flat top that we created at the
tip of the teeth. Now we skip one groove and
position the file in the second groove to the right,
performing the same operation, and so on until we
reach the handle of the saw. To sharpen the rest of
the teeth we must turn the blade over so that the
handle faces to the left. We place the file on the
first tooth on the right bent towards us and sharpen
the same as before with the file

Forming the same symmetrical angle as the one

we have on the already sharpened teeth, we finish passing
the file until we eliminate the other flat half. We jump over a
gorge and continue until we reach the mango.

Triscador

Setting consists of bending ½ or 1/3 of the height of each

tooth alternately to one side and the other of the saw blade.
With this, it is possible to create, when we saw, a space in the
wood, the notch, somewhat wider than the thickness of the
saw blade to relieve friction and have a relief gap, which is
normally 0.2mm. To lock the teeth we use the setter.
The sharpening stone : (formerly also water stone ; setting stone ) is an instrument used to improve and maintain
the "edges" of the blades of wood planes and other sharp tools, such as scissors , chisels and chisels .

Manual grinder: used to sharpen foromes, blades (cutting blades) of

planing tools

Pliers: Used to extract nails and cut off their heads.

SCREWDRIVERS: (screwdriver) are used to screw or unscrew (Tighten

and loosen screws) The most common screwdriver tips are: Flat or spade, Star, knurled or
Phillips, Hexagonal or Allen, Square, Socket or cup

PUNCH : used to insert nails; so that the head is not seen on the surface of the masera.
Characterized by dispensing with the use of a hammer to operate them.

Carpentry joining materials:

White Glues : especially indicated for gluing and assembling all types of
wood.

Nail: It is a thin, elongated object with a sharp tip made of a hard metal used to fasten two
or more pieces of wood.

Screws : used in carpentry , to join pieces of wood

Wood Polishing Complement

lij ace:

It is used to remove small fragments of material from surfaces to leave their faces
smooth, as in the case of polishing wood, in preparation for staining and
varnishing.
The sandpapers are classified by No. there is from No. 36, 50, 60, 80, 100, 120,
150 and 220, 250, these last two are used for sanding when varnishing.
The coarsest sandpaper is used first, that is, the roughest, and then the finer
ones are used until the surface of the wood is well polished.

Note: the smaller the No. the sandpaper is more ordinary.

FURNITURE FINISHES

Wood Stains : Dyeing or staining wood is used to

darken or even out the color of the wood.

Varnishes: Their application to wood has the primary objective of protecting

and giving beauty.

Carpentry Technical
Drawing
 First grade
Jalapa Experimental
Institute
Technical drawing
The technical drawing is a system of graphic representation of various types of objects, with the purpose of providing sufficient
information to facilitate their analysis, help develop their design and enable their future construction and maintenance. It is
 usually done with the help of computerized media or directly on paper or other flat supports. To carry out technical drawing,
various tools or instruments are used: rulers of various types, compasses , pencils , squares , bevels , rulers , markers , etc.
Currently, computer science is used with preference, in its aspect of assisted design through digital programs.

Decimal metric system : is a system of units that has the meter as its basic units in which the multiples or
submultiples of units of the same nature follow a decimal scale. The meter (from Greek : measure ) was adopted as
a unit of measurement for length , defined as the ten-millionth of the quadrant of the terrestrial meridian , whose
pattern was reproduced on a platinum bar.

 Drawing paper
This is one of the fundamental instruments for technical drawing, without it the work could not begin.
In this way, it is essential to use paper that is resistant, thick, translucent and has a smooth surface and
must withstand the eraser without fibers coming off. Drawing paper is mainly made from plant fibers

such as cellulose.
 Scotch tape

To fix the paper on the drawing table, it is recommended to use masking tape , the
tape will allow the sheet to be removed more easily. The sheet is glued towards the
lower left corner of the drawing table, closest to its left edge, leaving enough space.
cio on the bottom edge to rest your hands.

In technical drawing, lines of three widths or thicknesses are used: thin, medium and wide.
To achieve the required strokes, the tip of the pencil is sharpened correctly, and the appropriate graduation
pencil is used: for wide lines a soft pencil is used, for medium lines a medium one, and for fine lines a hard
pencil.
 PENCILS
The pencil is essential for every artist. But not all pencils are suitable for drawing. It is necessary to use those
manufactured specifically for this purpose.
  Mines
Drawing pencils are made with graphite leads, which can be purchased on a hardness scale ranging from
the softest to the hardest .

Hard H Semi soft HB Soft B

A-The guide or dimension line drawn with pencil H (Hard)

B-The construction line that is drawn with an HB pencil (Semi soft)
C-The contour line drawn with pencil B (Soft)

Contour Line

Construction Line

Guide Line or Dimension

Invisible Line

Axis Line

Cutting line

Interruption Line

 Mechanical pencil :
It is the tool that we will use to draw. More effective than a simple pencil since it ensures a
homogeneous and clean line. We usually find different lead thicknesses: 1 mm, 0.35 mm and 0.5
mm, the latter being the most common. Their leads usually have different hardness classified by
letters: H (highest hardness), HB (medium hardness) and B or 2B (soft ones). Greater hardness is
recommended for fine leads (3.5 mm) and medium or soft ones for thicker leads (0.5 or 1 mm).
Their two main advantages are that they do not need to be sharpened and that they are replaced
quickly as long as we have spare parts of different thicknesses and hardness.

 DRAWING BOARD
To make a drawing it is necessary to have an appropriate surface equipped with some basic auxiliaries. This
surface is the drawing board, which can have its own support frame or simply be a board that must be supported
on a table or frame.
The board is made of wood or synthetic material and constructed in such a way that no bending or buckling
occurs.
It is advisable to work on an appropriate board to acquire the habit and skill in using the appropriate
instruments.

 MILLIMETER RULE.

It is a fundamental instrument that every artist should possess. It can be graduated according to the Decimal
Metric System or according to the English system of measurement.

 T-rule
It is a very common instrument in drawing rooms. For the student it means having, to be used on a
drawing board, the basic equipment to carry out their work.
Like all drawing instruments, the T-ruler is delicate and requires proper treatment. For its conservation, the
following precautions are recommended:

 Keep it resting entirely on a flat surface.

 Prevent its edges from being damaged.
 When drawing with a pencil, excessive pressure against the edge should be avoided.
 The T Rule should be cleaned with a dry cloth

Rule T It also serves as a support point for the squares and to align the format and proceed with its fixation.

 The square and the bevel

They are the fundamental templates; They make it easier for us to draw parallel and perpendicular lines
and construct certain angles.
They are usually made of plastic although they are also made of metal and wood. It is recommended to
purchase them without graduation, transparent and without bevels or recesses. They are shaped like a right
triangle:

Square : isosceles right triangle, its acute angles are 45º.

Bevel : scalene right triangle, its acute angles are 30º and 60º.

 COMPASS
The compass is used to draw circles and arcs and circular drawings. This instrument is also, like all the previous
ones, fundamental for the draftsman.

Compasses are generally made of metal , and consist of two parts joined by a hinge that can be adjusted.
Normally, one part has a point at the end, and the other a pencil

The angle protractor is used to check angles although it is also

usually used to construct them. It has a semicircular shape (scale
from 0º to 180º) or circular (scale from 0º to 360º). Angle
protractors are generally made of transparent plastic: this way it is
possible to see through them the angle we want to check.

Circle template : It is
a template that is
very effective for
drawing small
circles. It is not
usually a mandatory
tool, but it is quite
practical.

Isometric ellipse
template : It is a
truly useful
template for
drawing circles
that are
represented in an
isometric system and are seen in the shape of an ellipse.
Like the previous template, it is not usually a mandatory
material, but in the same way it is very practical
 TEMPLATES TO DELETE :
These are thin metal pieces that have several openings that allow small
details to be erased without touching what should remain in the drawing.
Using one with the square holes allows you to erase precise areas of a
drawing and also protects the surface of the drawing while erasing with an
electric eraser.

ERASER.

Erasers are used to remove incorrect lines, errors, stains or excess lines. They are
generally soft, flexible and light in color to avoid stains on the paper.
The soft or artist's eraser, which they call milk and Nysón, is useful for cleaning
paper or fabric from the frames and dirt left by fingers that damage the
appearance of the finished drawing. There is also the pulverized eraser, which is
the graphite left unintentionally left for later misdeeds with sweat.
Among the types of eraser we have: Moldable eraser, Rubber eraser, Breadcrumb erasers, Hard plastic eraser
and Ink eraser. It has a very complicated production process

CLEANING PAD (BLUR)(MOUSE)

They are used to clean the instruments and to remove the eraser particles that remain on
the sheet. The cleaning or erasing pad serves to prevent the rulers and templates used in
drawing from staining the surface of the sheet, forming a layer of eraser shavings that serve
as an insulator between the paper and the drawing instruments. Just as any remaining mine
that exists is also isolated.

Irregular Curves Templates

The contours of these are based on various combinations of
ellipses, spirals and other mathematical curves. These are used
to draw curved lines in which their radius of curvature is not
constant, these are also called curve gun or curvigraph.
.