Hapkido

Hapkido ( hangul : ^^^; hanja : ^^^; McCune- Reischauer : martial arts ( ho sin sul en co Korean) that arose from
hapkido; revised romanization : hapgido ) is a modern hundreds of years of invasions and trade exchanges between
Korean martial art based on military self-defense. The term Korea and its neighboring countries ( China and Japan ). On
can be interpreted as "the path of union with energy." the Korean peninsula, Buddhist monks were the first to make
This martial art can be described as a hybrid art, physical and technical defense and attack, which included dislocations and
energetic, where brute force is not a requirement. primordial projections. These monks transmitted their techniques to the
site and where the movement of the body itself (kinetic families of the aristocrats of Korean society. Du During the
chains), breathing and the speed of reaction when carrying period of the Joseon Dynasty (1392-1910) in Korea there
out the different techniques matters. It is also an internal or arose a massive change from the Buddhist religion to the
soft system , although its training is very vigorous and more conservative Confucianism and since then the art
demanding. Hapkido seeks, in turn, the energetic Korean martial arts began to lose their importance cia and
development of the individual and his formation as a person. were almost abolished in favor of studies, art and a
comfortable and honest life. Some martial arts They guide
themselves by practicing in secret, while others fell into
oblivion or dispersed their techniques over the years. [1]
After the end of the Joseon Dynasty came the dramatic
1 General description Japanese occupation of Korea , which began in 1910 and
lasted thirty-five years. During that colonial period, Korea
When talking about hapkido, we usually talk about two experienced a process of forced assimilation of what was
tendencies: one hard and linear, and another more circular hated. ponés, even denying them the conservation, practice
and fluid. Its founder, Grandmaster Choi Young Sool , was and development of their own culture, including the sea arts.
born in 1904 and died in 1986. Although Grandmaster Choi classic Korean dishes. The only martial arts that were allowed
was one of the people who most influenced the compilation were Japanese Judo , Karate -Do and Kendo . It was not until
and structuring, under a single form of traditional Chinese, the end of the Second World War dial , in 1945 and with the
Korean and Japanese arts, few people recognized his work surrender of Japan , when the US liberated Korea from
during his lifetime, in even among his own students and in occupation, the practice of any martial art in that country was
Korea itself. This was due, above all, to disputes between again legalized. [1] Some Some of the modern martial arts that
several of his direct disciples. developed on the Korean Peninsula, after the end of the
occupation and with a marked influence of the Japanese
Today there are many styles of hapkido and more than a
martial arts already mentioned, were: taekwondo , tang soo
dozen federations, associations, organizations and governing
do , hapkido and kumdo . Other arts such as taekkyon , kuk
bodies. Some styles have produced for mas ( hyung in Korean
sul , sipalki or hwa rang do were developed centuries ago.
or katas in Japanese) to codify the techniques and
tes, so they are considered classic Korean martial arts.
fundamentals of the art, other styles emphasized They use
high kicks (including jumps and aerial kicks) and others in Some instructors maintain, out of devotion to their teachers
the handling of traditional weapons. To the Some instructors others or by affinity with the immense nationalist pride of the
have added even more ro of techniques from Japanese Korean people, that hapkido is traditional and very old.
kickboxing or, in Even several techniques from mixed martial However, this was developed in the mid-20th century,
arts ( MMA in English), following the hybrid nature of the art between 1951 and 1959, during and after the Korean War
to complement it. (1950-1953). Hapkido , in its beginnings, was destined to end
the lives of opponents because, due to the political situation in
Korea from the year 1950, it was necessary to prepare quickly
and put aside all the philosophy of the different traditional
martial arts. from which the different techniques are derived
2 History cas. After the signing of the Armistice in Panmunjong and
over the years, some masters have sought to return and revive
the philosophy of “hapki” / “Aiki” under a Taoist approach,
which would lead the art of hapkido to follow a much more
2.1 Background philosophical philosophy. clearest. A true path.

In the last 2000 years, Korean society, in search of its national

identity and based on different Chinese and Japanese martial
arts, has developed several systems. themes and disciplines of

1
2 2 HISTORY

2.2 Origin and development of daitō-ryū aiki- jūjutsu , being the only heir of the thirty-
seventh generation of the art and a master of classical
Japanese swordsmanship. sica, or kenjutsu , ona-ha itto-ryu
style.
It was the year 1917 and Master Sōkaku Takeda, seeing that
he could not educate the elite of the kuge nobles or the
samurai warriors of his clan, banished a Korean child. do,
made Choi adopt the name “Asao Yoshida” given by his first
adoptive father in Japan and prohibited him from using
Korean customs and language so that he would not be
discriminated against. With time, obedience, a lot of effort
and great sacrifice, Asao Yoshida earned the appreciation cio
of the Takeda family and his master, whom he accompanied
in numerous exhibitions and combats, witnessing various rios
of the numerous challenges that different mercenaries, or
ronin , and other samurai warriors made to their master on
their tours throughout the country. During World War II ,
Grand Masters Ji Han Jae (left) and Choi Yong Sul (right cha). Master Sōkaku Takeda and Asao Yos hida were used by the
imperial army of Japan to capture deserters and bandits, who
Although no one disputes the origins of hapkido , there is hid They were found and abundant in the mountains of
some controversy regarding who structured it Japan . choi lle He began to consider Master Sōkaku Takeda
methodologically taking into account what is known today as as his master (referring to him this way in several interviews),
traditional hapkido . In this sense there are two key people to even years after after the death of the famous Japanese
whom the consolidation is usually attributed. dation of this samurai.
martial art. The first is the Grand Master tro Choi Yong Sul
(1904-1986), who brought to Korea the knowledge of daitō- After the death of Soke (heriter master) Takeda in 1943
ryū aiki-jūjutsu (known at that time as yawara or jujutsu ) (according to Choi, master Sōkaku Takeda died vo
learned by him in Japan. The second key person who voluntarily from starvation , due to the shame that without
consolidated this martial art is Ji Han Jae , one of the first and because Japan was losing the war) and after the end ization of
most veteran us students that Choi Yong Sul had. World War II , in 1945, Asao Yoshi da returned to his native
Korea, specifically to the city of Daegu ( North Gyeongsang
Province), returning to adopt his Korean name or “Choi Yong
2.2.1 The founder, Grandmaster Choi Yong Sul Sul”. In Korea he started a new life raising pigs. There was a
brewery in his region, which gave him the discarded remains
Grandmaster Choi Yong Sul ( 1904 - 1986 ) was born in of peat to feed the pigs, and when he repaired They were
Chungbuk , Korea . In 1912, at the age of eight and during the afraid of animal food, there were always arguments between
Japanese occupation of Korea , Choi was taken sent to Japan the breeders. One day a fight broke out in the fa brica, during
by a Japanese candy merchant, Ogichi Yamada, who was which, the owner of this noticed how Choi easily got rid of
returning to his country of origin. Choi Young Sul was an his adversaries. After seeing le, the owner asked Choi to teach
orphan and the attempted adoption (apparently reported his techniques to his son Seo Bok-Seob, who would become
badly) by Yamada and his wife did not work out. After living one of Choi's first master disciples. Since then, he began to
with them for three years, and due to Choi's difficult develop a method of personal defense based on the
character, the Yamadas abandoned him, with some nostalgia, combination of, on the one hand, sea art traditional technique
in a Zen Buddhist temple. Young Choi was tough For two of daitō-ryū aiki-jūjutsu coming from the system learned
years he lived in the temple under the care of the monk during his stay in Japan and, on the other, with the native
Kintaro Wadanabi, but Choi's personality was not the most Korean fighting method of taekkyon , bong sul techniques
suitable for following a religious life, so the monk who cared (Korean stick or baton techniques nos) and Chinese open
for him asked him what he wanted to do in life. . The thirteen- hand punches. To this new sis The subject initially called him
year-old Choi pointed towards the images of warriors that Yu Kwon Sul and, finally, his disciples called him
populated the walls. from the temple. At that time many of “hapkido” .
the samurai warriors, following ancient traditions, made pere
annual gatherings throughout Japan to give thanks and
improve their skills. During these trips they visited local
temples to offer prayers and donations. On one of these
occasions, the monk handed Choi over to Cali serfdom before
a feudal lord and samurai he knew, Master Sōkaku Takeda , 2.2.2 Grandmaster Seo Bok Seob
who was the leader of the feudal clan. Takeda family dal.
Master Sokaku Takeda re He lived in Daitō Castle and was
Seo Bok-seob or Suh Bok Sup, was the first to study diar the
the last master heir to the martial tradition (or soke ) of the art
2.2 Origin and development 3

art under Grandmaster Choi Yong Sul, with whom he

founded the first art dochang in 1951, called daehan hapki yu
kwon sool (^^ ^^ ^^^ ^^), in Daegu , South Korea. This
occurred after his father ob It will help Grandmaster Choi
successfully defend himself around the Seo Brewing
Company. After the incident, Seo and other workers at the
prepa factory They found a dochang in a winery, where they
began to train.
Since Grandmaster Seo came from a family She was rich and
politically active in her region, she was given an excellent
education and even graduated from a prestigious university.
Which was only possible for few in his time. Under the
Japanese occupation he studied judo and managed to obtain
his first dan black belt, temple very young Grandmaster Seo,
as a member of a noble family, was given positions of
authority from a young age, and became the founder and
director of a rice wine distillery. The Grand Master's father
Tro Seo, was a congressman in the new Korea after the war,
and employed Grandmaster Choi, and other early hapkido
practitioners as his bodyguards.
Grandmaster Seo designed the first symbol used for hapkido ,
which consisted of two arrow heads with However, this is still
in use in the “Korea Kido Associa tion” and the “World Kido
Association”. Likewise, Grand Master Seo incorporated into
hapkido numerous techniques of projection (nage-waza) and
ground fighting (ne-waza) from the martial art of judo , which
he had practiced in his judo. wind
Grandmaster Seo claims that he and Grandmaster Choi had
agreed to shorten the name of the art from hapki yu kwon sool
to “hapkido” in 1959.
Years later, Grand Master Seo would dedicate himself
completely to traditional oriental medicine.
It is important to note that Grandmaster Ji Han Jae was a
student of both Grandmaster Choi and Grandmaster Seo Bok
Seob, who had a higher rank than him.

Grandmaster Ji Han Jae.

2.2.3 Grandmaster Ji Han Jae

Ji Han Jae was born in An Dong, Korea, in 1936. At the age

of 3, he fled to China with his family, leaving occupied
Korea. pada. After World War II (1939 - 1945) after the
liberation of Korea, Ji returned with his family to his native
country. At the age of 13 in 1949, Ji moved to the city of
Taeguk to attend high school. tutorial His family lived right
next door to Grandmaster Choi Yong Sul 's house and he
began attending his yawara / daitō-ryū aiki-jūjutsu classes. Ji
remembers that the cla They were very tough, but he endured
the training. After several years Choi appointed Ji as his first
assistant and he was awarded a black belt in the hapki yu
kwon sul system, structured by Choi.
Ji Han Jae finished his studies in 1956 and moved to his
hometown of An Dong, where he continued his martial arts
training under the Taoist scholar Lee in what he called the art
of sam rang do tek gi (the path of love/contemplation).
4 2 HISTORY

universal), this Korean art included Taekkyon (kicks, throws, the techniques. Thus the eagle catching the arrow represents
punches), bong sul techniques (techniques with long, medium the original schools of hapkido descended from the teachings
and short sticks and batons) as well as Taoist meditation. Ji of today's Great Master Ji Han Jae.
subsequently opened his first martial arts school in An Dong In 1961, Grandmaster Kim Moo Wong, a friend of Ji and also
which he named An Moo Kwan . There I teach hapki yu kwon a student of Choi, trained for 8 months at Ji's Sung Moo
sul sien his most outstanding student in this period Oh Se Kwan school. Kim was an excellent kicker and for quite some
Lin , currently President of the Korea Hapkido Federation. time he was looking for new styles of kicks, he was practicing
Over time, Ji developed extreme kicking techniques complex, them and per studying with his friend Ji Han Jae at his school.
training by placing chickpeas in a sock that he tied with a It was during this time that hapkido kicks were defined, these
rope and hung from the ceiling, using this to practice the are the same ones practiced today, except in Sin Moo
focus of the kicks, incorporating jumps from the back with Hapkido schools, since Ji Han Jae gave a further evolution to
circular kicks over and over again. In that year Ji devised the the striking techniques in the 80s.
roundhouse kick with a 360º spin that would revolutionize In 1962, Ji moved to the Kwan Chul Dong district, where the
martial arts, the mó dwi dora chagui and soon taekwondo military academy was located. In that year the wife of the
schools incorporated it, just as in the 70s Bruce Lee would president of Korea (General Park) is murdered Yes, the
make it famous in his films. In September 1957 Ji decided to president felt afraid and decided to focus on his safety. Ji's
try his luck and went to Seoul . There he founded his second Sung Moo Kwan school was very co known and particularly
school in the Ma Jang Dong district, the mo Sung Moo “hard”. Ji was requested by Major Lee Dong Nam for an
Kwan . This school was the most important, where he would exhibition to demonstrate his techniques at the Military
develop the modern hapkido program ac tual. In it Ji Academy before the Mi Council. Supreme litar. Ji was
perfected the teachings he received in Yu Kwon Sul from immediately hired by the government and appointed Chief
Grand Master Choi Yong Sul and the sam rang do tek gi from Instructor of the security guard of the President of Korea
the Taoist scholar Lee. At first Ji had few students, who were (General Park Chung Hee), receiving direct training of his
mainly from Han Yang University, and they had little money. 300 bodyguards. He held this position for 19 years, until
One day Lee Yung Sung, a well-known gangster from the Ma 1979. .
Jang Dong district (where the Sung Moo Kwan school was In 1963, Ji Han Jae was 27 years old, that year the embargo
located), went to Ji's school to challenge him. He grabbed his on imports from Japan was lifted and one of the first books in
Cin Black polecat off a ledge and threw it at his feet. Ji, angry Japanese on sea art came into his hands. traditional technique
at the affront, immobilized his elbow with his left armpit, of aikido , called Aikido - The arts of self defense blicated in
stepped behind him and continued with the elbow 1957 by one of the most famous students of O-Sensei (or
immobilization, subduing him. Lee didn't say anything, he Grandmaster) Morihei Ueshiba , called Koichi Tohei .
just left. After this incident the gangster Lee res He adopted Ji Grandmaster Ji noted that the ideogras more Chinese were the
Han Jae's techniques and sent about thirty of his followers to same for hapkido as for ai kido and only the pronunciation
enroll in the school. They study them The most notable was different. Isolated in Korea at that time, Ji did not know
members of this school were: Hwan Dok Kyu (current that a previous traditional style called Aikido already existed
President of the Korea Hapkido Association) and Myung and because even in Korea the Japanese are viewed with
Kwan Shik (President of the World Hapkido Faith). deration). resentment, he did not approve of the use of the same name as
Ji's situation began to improve and in 1958 he moved his in the Japanese style. ponés, then he removed the “hap” and
school to the Jung Bu Shi Jang district. In this period of time for a short time called his art “kido” .
his notable students were: Han Bong Soo (Pte. of the Taking advantage of his political influence he decided to
International Hapkido Association) and Myung Jae Nam (Pte. create an or organization that represents Korean martial arts
of the International Hapkido Federation). nas, thus founding the Korea Kido Association to supervise
It was in 1959 when Ji decided to change the name. bre from and standardize the teachings and requirements of the belts.
hapki yu kwon sul for “hapkido” . The reasons were as Black communities of the different classical and modern arts,
follows: he had enriched Grandmaster Choi's style with the Taekwondo was already considered the national sport, and
sam rang do tek gi techniques learned from the Taoist scholar had its own organization. The Korea KiDo Association tion
Lee, which included taekkyon (kicks, punches, throws), moo currently brings together more than 40 different styles of
gui sul (weapons) techniques. traditional) and mukyon ( ki classical, traditional and modern martial arts. As a sign of
techniques), or mastering empty hand techniques. Although Ji respect to his first teacher, Ji offers the pre The new
Han Jae began instructing under the name hapki yu kwan sul , organization was handed over to Grandmaster Choi, but
Ji liked to use the word “do” , removing in So the word despite Ji being one of the founders, Choi named He revealed
“sul” , because do means 'way of living' and sul 'techniques'. Kim Yung Jung (his right hand man) as a secret general river
Then he decided to name his est I definitely like hapkido . Ji instead of Ji. This did not please Ji nor did the students who
chose the symbol of an eagle catching an arrow in the air to were training at Sung Moo Kwan (Ji's school) under the name
represent graphic tation of hapkido , since this art seeks, of “hapkido” . Is The students also said that they did not like
mainly Particularly, use traps to neutralize the different the new name “kido” and that they would continue to name
attacks or aggressions of the opponent, this being the basis of their art “hapkido” , since they did not feel the same way
2.2 Origin and development 5

about the new name “kido” and they were not concerned that Grandmaster Hwang, despite remaining independent member
there was a previous Japanese art whose name was similar. of any association or federation, supports the World Hapkido
Da For them the two arts were not related and the students Association, having participated in the seminar rios and
who practiced it regularly did not need to change the name. various events that have taken place in the USA, Norway,
And they did not stop in their efforts. For all these reasons Brazil and Lanzarote . [2]
and at the suggestion of Park Jong Kyu (3rd Dan, Chief of
Security of the President), Ji left the Korea KiDo Association
and in 1965 founded the Korea Hapkido Associa tion. The 2.2.5 Grandmaster Bong Soo Han
Korea Hapkido Association mainly focused primarily on
President Park's security and in 1967 the association sent 50 Bong Soo Han or Han Bong Soo (August 25, 1933 – January
members on exhibition teams bition to Vietnam, some of 8, 2007), is known as the father of hapkido in the US He was
these: Myung Kwang Shik, Han Bong Soo, Jung Won Sun a martial arts instructor, writer and the founder of the
and Ji Han Jae. The team demonstrated various hapkido International HapKiDo Federation (In ternational Hapkido
techniques to Korean, American and Vietnamese troops. All Federation), Han was born in Incheon, South Korea. He
Korean soldiers We were trained at that time in military began studying hapkido under the teachings jokes of
Taekwondo and with these exhibitions they were quite Grandmaster Choi in his adolescence. They last Following the
impressed by the effectiveness of hapkido , which soon also Japanese occupation of Korea (1910-1945), all school-age
began to be part of the teaching of the special forces of the children were required to read, write, and speak Japanese;
Korean army, the so-called “Korean Tigers”. Additionally, they were taught the martial arts of judo , or
Ji Han Jae currently resides in the United States and his kendo . Han studied these arts from 1943 to 1945.
organization Sin Moo Hapkido has its central dochang in From 1948 to 1950, Han studied Korean Kempo or kwon
Switzerland and has representatives in Europe, Asia and other bup , which was a mixture of Chinese boxing or Kung-Fu /
continents. Chuan Fa methods. He then studied shudokan style karate ,
managing to obtain his first dan black belt under the Korean
Master Byung In Yoon. The teachings of Master Yoon and
2.2.4 Grandmaster Hwang In Shik his students led to the development of one of the first schools
of “kong soo do” this being one of the schools (along with the
Hwang In-Shik, born on September 13, 1940, in Sunch'ŏn,
chang moo kwan, jido kwan and a few other schools) that
north of Pyongyang in what is now North Korea , he and his
helped form the style. which today is known as WTF style
family moved to Seoul in his childhood, and that was where
Taekwondo .
he began his practice. of martial arts; first in tangsudo or tang
soo do (simi lar to current taekwondo), and at 13 years old After watching a demonstration by Grandmaster Choi Yong
with hapkido . He was a student of Grandmaster Kim Yong- Sul, Han began his hapkido training. However, in the 1950s,
Jin and Grandmaster Choi, he earned his black belt at the age Han met with other martial arts instructors to train and
of 16 and was taken to the Korea Hapkido Association, pre exchange ideas, even traveling to the city of Hwa Chun, in
Founded at the time by Grandmaster Ji Han Jae , at this time Kang Won province, where he trained the classical art. syco
Hwang was recognized for his great kicking skills. In 1976 he of Taekkyon , under Grand Master Bok Yong Lee.
was awarded the 7th Dan degree by the Korea Hapkido Since Han was a native of Seoul, and one of Grandmaster
Association “Dae Han Min Gook Hapkido Hyub Hwe” Choi's oldest students, he assisted him in pro move the first
(Hapkido Association of the Republic of Korea), during hapkido school in the country's capital. Later in 1959, Han
which time he was a well-known teacher of the art. opened his own dochang , in Samgangji, Seoul. Han became
In 1972, with the rise of Hong Kong action cinema, Chinese one of the professed most important res in the recently
producers and their stars went to train at the Korean Hapkido created Association Korean Hapkido Association (Korea
Association, seeking more daring and exciting techniques for Hapkido Association), and taught many important people in
the big screen. Both Ji Han Jae and Hwang In Shik starred in the Korean army, and the presidential guard. Eventually You
several films made in Hong Kong, and some in Co rea. Later, were chosen to teach martial arts to the US military at the
Grandmaster Hwang stars Watch the series of famous films military air force base in Osan, teaching there for 6 years.
“The Young Master”, with Jackie Chan , where he shows his In 1967, during the final years of the Vietnam War (1955-
great skills so with the legs, as in techniques and counter- 1975), he taught Korean self-defense ( Hoo Sin Sool in
techniques of multiple dislocations, developed in the original Korean) to hundreds of Korean military personnel and was a
hapkido from the daitō-ryū aiki-jūjutsu in which it especially peer te of the demonstration team of the Korean Hapkido
stands out. Association.
In 1976, Grandmaster Hwang began a new life. He moved to At the end of 1967, Han emigrated to the United States. He
Canada, where he started his own family, opening a dochang first stayed at a friend's house, teaching hapkido at Choi's
in Danforth, Toronto; where they continue to teach doing and Hapkido School in California. And then he opened his own
training daily. Today there are very few students alive and school in the city of Los Angeles in 1968. His first years were
left, personally graduated by Grandmaster Hwang. very hard, during the day he worked as an operator in a
6 2 HISTORY

factory and at night he taught. Association, Lee Tae-Joon, Kang Jong-Soo, Kim Yong-Jin
On July 4, 1969, Grandmaster Han Bong Soo was in contraba and Kim Yong-Whan. Much later, he received lessons from
giving a hapkido demonstration in a couple than in Pacific Grandmaster Choi Yong-Sul. He graduated from Sung Kyon
Palisades, California. In the audience is ba Tom Laughlin ; Kwon University in Comer cio and continued as an instructor
who approached the Grandmaster to convince him to be part in Grandmaster Ji's dochang .
of his film project fico, the movie “Billy Jack”. Due to the In 1967, the Korean Hapkido Association sent 14 of its
scenes in this film, Grandmaster Han gained worldwide fame demonstration team members, including Grandmaster Myung
by making hapkido known. to Vietnam to demonstrate and teach. to bring art to
Grandmaster Han continued making and directing film Vietnamese and US troops.
choreography throughout the 1970s and 1980s. Grandmaster In 1968, Grandmaster Myung published the 254-page
Han has been on the cover of magazines and press articles on Hapkido book in the Korean language, at the age of 27. [ citation
needed ]
several occasions. It is part of the fa ma since 1978. He has In 1976 KOREAN Hapkido - ANCIENT OF MASTERS
published numerous articles, and is the author of the book was published in English. [3] As I recognized He was
Hapkido, The Korean Art of Self-Defense , which was subsequently appointed director of the North Seoul Branch of
published by Ohara Publications in 1974 and is now in its the Korea Hapkido Association, under the dence of
twenty-third edition. (23) reprint. Likewise, a few months Grandmaster Ji Han Jae.
before his death he completed a series of 10 DVDs on Along with his job as a manager of a fur business, Myung
hapkido . opened a school in the Sansunk-yo district calling it “The
Korea Hapkido Yon Mu Kwan Asso.” ciation.” After this,
differences arose between Myung and Grandmaster Ji Han
2.2.6 Grandmaster Kwang Sik Myung Jae, which made Myung emi He moved to the USA in 1973,
to the city of Cincinnati, Ohio. In December of that year, he
Myung Kwang-Sik was born in North Korea, but saw saw in moved to the city of Detroit, where he opened his first school
Seoul during his childhood. There during the years of the of his own and formed the World Hapkido Association. In
Japanese occupation, in 1948 at the age of 7 he began his 1976, he published the 300-page English book called
training in martial arts under his uncle who taught him I “Hapkido – Art of Mas ters.”
taught the bases of the art of the Japanese sword or Kendo ;
In 1981, he left his headquarters in Detroit in the hands of his
Already in high school he began practicing judo . However,
brother hand and Grand Master of hapkido Myung Hong-Sik,
because at that time he was weak and short in stature, he felt
to move to Los Angeles, California. In 1985 the nom name of
advantaged in judo and complemented it with tangsudo ,
the World Hapkido Association, changed to that of the World
three times a week. At 15 he was awarded a black belt in
Hapkido Federation. By this time Myung bus He learned how
tangsudo . Likewise also He also began his studies in
to complement his hapkido with a parallel program in
acupuncture and oriental calligraphy. such. He also studied
taekwondo and introduced forms to be added to the existing
yoga , of which he stated that: “although it is not a martial art,
curriculum. In 1986, Myung Kwang Sik was awarded the 9th
it is good for martial artists. les,” and did some western
Dan (certificate number #85-001) by the already Grandmaster
boxing .
Ji Han Jae as merit for his contribution to hapkido .
Grandmaster Myung began his hapkido training with Ji Han
In 1997, Grandmaster Myung designed his association's
Jae in Seoul in 1957, where he practiced He worked with
uniform, based on the vestments of an ancient Korean
other well-known teachers and instructors such as: Hwang
dynasty.
Duk-Kyu, who later became president of the Ko rea Hapkido
In the 2000s, Grandmaster Myung
He suffered a car accident, which left him confined do to a 2.3 The name hapkido
wheelchair; but against all odds it was rehabilitated in 2006.
Likewise, he decided to leave in ma us from his brother, The ideograms that represent the word hapkido are the same
Grandmaster Myung Hong-Sik (9th Dan), and his son, Roe as those of the traditional Japanese martial art of aikido ,
Jai Myung, the leadership of the World Hapkido Federation. differing only in pronunciation. This one yes militancy in the
In Spain I created the Spanish Hapkido Federation, with the ideograms is, on the one hand, the result of the common
acronym FEH, the only Spanish Hapkido federation endorsed origin that these two martial arts have with that of the daitō-
by the World Hapkido Federation, The FEH, was born and is ryū aiki-jūjutsu with respect to the ideograms “hapki” and
the result of the union and initiative of several organizations. “aiki” , and, on the other hand, it is fruit of chance This is
nizations and Hapkido teachers from different schools who due to the inclusion of the ideogram “do” in the name of the
after many long years of work, effort zo and sacrifice put all two martial arts, since, although both martial arts have
their knowledge at the service of FEH. common technical bases, they were not related until after they
were founded.
Grandmaster Kwang Sik Myung passed away on July 19,
2009. Hapkido :
2.2 Origin and development 7

Hap ( union ), ki ( energy ) and do ( path ). training ment in hapkido are: [4]

When we talk about “hap” we do it referring to union or 1st. Acquire skills in self-defense.
joining something, when we talk about “ki” it does We are
2nd. Protect the family.
referring to the energy that makes everything exist and move,
and when we talk about “do” we mean it. laughing at the path 3rd. Protect the community.
that seeks to return to the philosophical tao , to communion 4th. Serve the nation.
with the absolute. Therefore, “hapkido” also It can also mean
'the path to join the energy to achieve harmony with those Due to the great influence of Son Buddhism ( Zen Buddhism
around us, with nature and with ourselves'. in Japanese) in Korea (Buddhism reached the penin sula of
Grandmaster Ji Han Jae claims to have been the first first to Korea in the 4th century), hapkido is developed and practiced
introduce the name “hapkido” in Seoul in 1957 . However, in a dochang ( hangul : ^^; hanja : ^^; McCune- Reischauer :
this is strongly disputed by Choi's first student, Grandmaster dochang; revised romanization : dojang ). Do not confuse the
Suh Bok Sup , who claims that he and Grandmaster Choi dochang with a simple gym for combat sports, since deep
were already using the words "hapkido" when Grandmaster down it represents much more, being the place where the
Choi opened his first dochang in 1951. The greatest scholar cultivation of the body, mind and spirit is sought, and where
of Korean martial arts nas, Dr. Kim He-Young, after years of the fi philosophy and knowledge transmitted by the great
research tells us the following as a metaphor: masters . The symbols of the school or federation are túan in
front of the dochang and next to the flag(s) of
We can bring the two positions together by saying
Yong Sul Choi lit the match, but the one who caused South Korea and/or the country where the discipline is being
the fire that made hapkido popular in Korea was Ji Han practiced (sometimes the federation's name is also used). The
Jae. dobok is the name given to the uniform The traditional dress
that is usually worn to practice hapkido .
From this last metaphor it can be concluded that Ji Han Jae Before entering the dochang , the student has to greet the
was the driving force behind the expansion and great spreader symbols and the teacher with a bow, in that order and as a
of hapkido in Co rea and, perhaps, it could be true that he was symbol of respect. A student cannot enter the dochang until
the first to call it as such and therefore, be its founder, the teacher returns the greeting with another bow, a gesture
especially if one takes into account that Ji Han Jae added new with which he would be giving permission to enter. In the
techniques unique to this martial art. However, regardless of absence of the teacher, the student has to bow to the highest
who was the first to use the name hapkido , what is obvious is ranking student in the dochang . Once inside, the student
that both Grand Master Choi Yong Sul and Ji Han Jae have must greet all the classmates who are in the dochang and,
been two key figures in the development of hapkido . The when everyone is inside, the teacher - or, if applicable, the
first for laying the initial technical foundations of this martial instructor - proceeds to start the training.
art and the second for disseminating them and enriching them Training methods and means may vary depending on the
with other new techniques (ar more traditional, techniques of school or federation. However, a session generally lasts one
emission and capture of energy or ki and innovative kicks). hour and thirty minutes. cough, and consists of:

• 1. The initial warm-up: this consists of the axis tion of

3 The training intense cardiovascular exercise, in order to increase
body temperature and prepare to prevent possible
The strength, speed, endurance and flexibility, and the injuries when performing use the different techniques .
physical adaptations necessary for the execution of the This initial warm-up cial is done through military
different hapkido techniques are developed with the en gymnastics without but, where the trot predominates
training. Although it is advisable to work in parallel, through (forward, has backward and sideways), short sprints ,
self-loading exercises (calisthenics and military gymnastics); zigzag movements, crawling on the ground, jumping
strength resistance of the trunk, leg nes, arms and hands, as and landing techniques you give . Both these warm-up
well as developing a high degree of flexibility and elasticity exercises and some of those that come after (the
of the joint range, such as It is to develop the explosive techniques that are done in formation, the greeting
strength necessary for optimal execution of the different between students and the combat position ) are done, in
techniques . The attitude in training is, perhaps, the most each movement. after the indication of the teacher - or,
important part of learning, since the student who does not where appropriate, the instructor - by means of a shout
make an effort or train enough may end up knowing many or a word, in order for the students to do these
techniques. unique, but you will never know how to apply movements at the same time as a means to train
them. reflexes. jos. Once this initial warm-up is over, we
According to representatives of the Korean Hapkido proceed to training.
Federation / The Korea Hapkido Federation, the goals of
8 2 HISTORY

until completing the first mere row (constituted by the

students who are closest to the background and the
symbols). Once the first row is completed, the next student
begins the second and stands behind the highest ranking
student, the next one to the right of that one and so on. te,
with the lowest level student being located in the row
furthest from the symbols and, within the row, in the
rightmost position. Finished the dis tribute of the students,
the teacher - or in his case the instructor - orders the
performance of the ritual greeting.
• 3. The ritual greeting: this consists of the greeting that all
the students make, at the same time and with re verences
(from the position of “firm” or attentive tion called chariot
Hapkido students in training being inspected by an instructor ), towards the symbols and the teacher himself -or in his
inside the dochang . case the instructor-. This greeting is done as a symbol of
• 2. Training: this consists of the distribution or training of respect at the moment of ini guide the implementation of
the hapkidokas within the dochang for the correct the techniques. It should be noted that if any student, for
performance of the different techniques that are done in whatever reason, is in trouble dochang but is not in the
training. The distribution, as seen in the photo on the right, training (because he is exercising separately, for example),
is done in rows, forming a square or rectangle and each it is You must also make the ritual greeting from wherever
hapkidoka being equidistant from the one in front, behind you are. Once the greeting is done, we proceed to
and to its sides (if any). The position of the students and meditation and specific warm-up.
the performance of the exercises in the rows is always
facing the symbols. In the photo, for example, the students • 4. Meditation and specific warm-up: this consists of
have their backs to them, but that happens when, due to the performing a cor ta (for reasons of time) as an initial
differences exercises, the belt comes undone or the dobok display and, once this is finished, in the execution of the
comes out of adjustment, and you have to readjust them, exercise Specific heating cycles. The latter with consist of
doing so. You slap the symbols out of respect. To the turn performing elongation and stretching exercises through
that has been ce within the formation to make these calisthenics , where joint rotations (standing and sitting) c)
readjustments is called tora shooting in Korean. The and stretching. These exercises complement each other so
teacher (or in his case the instructor) is the one who with push-ups , abdominals and lumbar. Ends two of these,
teaches the class and teaches the philosophy and the we move on to the final part of the warm-up.
different techniques learned. of his teacher, being the one
closest to the symbols, standing in the center, with his back • 5. Breathing techniques and ac exercises tives: this part
to them and looking towards the students (the teacher - or of the training consists of performing the breathing
in his case the instructor - only looks towards the symbols techniques of danchen hohup and performing intensive
those at the time of the ritual greeting and farewell). The active exercises (through different punching techniques
order in the positions of the hapkidokas within the and simple kicking techniques, all projected into the air).
different ranks is made from highest to lowest rank. go of At the end of this part is when the form breaks tion and the
belts and within each rank or color they are ordered from entire warm-up is considered finished, going on to take a
highest to lowest seniority or level of ex acquired short three-minute break. nutes. The total duration of the
experience. The ranks by belts, co Like most traditional warm-up (which goes from point “1.” to “5.”) is
and modern martial arts, it does so following the kyu-dan approximately mind, thirty minutes.
(or gup-dan ) model originated in Japanese judo , with
different cias in some colors (for the different ranges or • 6. Kicking and fighting techniques: this part of the
colors see the term dobok ). training consists, on the one hand, of performing and
The distribution of the different rows within the do chang , practicing all the kicking techniques. tadas that hapkido
as well as the sense of order of the hapki-dokas within has, techniques that are done in pairs or groups and using
them, may differ depending giving from each federation or sea arts mittens cials, and, on the other hand, the carrying
school. However, the most traditional distribution is the out of regulated combats. The best way to learn and
one shown in the photo (remember that in the photo the perfection ning a leg technique is with repetition and I
students are turned 180º), that is, (seen from someone who continuous work, so dedicate time to this pair training is
my towards the symbols) the order of the students within important and even more so when learning is done with
the rows is from left to right and the order of the rows from both legs. In the com regulated bats is where all the
front to back, with the highest ranking student (not knowledge acquired by the student is put into practice
counting the teacher or instructor) being the one in front of during You spend days, months or years of training, while
the the left, the next (second) to the right of the highest gaining experience in hand-to-hand combat. When
rank, the next (third) to the right of the second and so on practicing this type of techniques and combats between
2.2 Origin and development 9

students, before eating zar and at the end, they always day of training. The techniques are associated by levels
greet each other and at the same time (with a bow) as a or waist range nes and, as a level is surpassed (they
symbol of respect. Both for performing the different kicks pass the corresponding exam), the techniques are more
and for combat (regulated or not), one always starts, after complex and are combined with each other. The use of
performing the salute, from a combat position . The time traditional weapons is usually incorporated in the more
spent for this part of the training is approximately slowly, advanced levels and the time spent for this part of the
thirty minutes. After completing the practice of these training is approximately thirty minutes. nutes. After
techniques, you take a three-minute break again, and then completing the practice of these techniques, the class
move on to the last part of the training. ends with a ritual farewell.

• 7. Blocking techniques, blows, dislocations and • 8. The ritual farewell: this consists of the reve
projections: this part of the training with It consists of references that all the students make, at the same time
the technical-tactical realization and practice of the (from the “firm” or attention position called chariot ),
different techniques of makki , chigui , kokki and towards the symbols and the teacher himself - or in his
donchigui . These techniques are learned with both case the instructor -, as a symbol of respect at the
hands and in pairs, and, depending on the level, they moment of finish the training. It should be noted that if
use using or not traditional weapons . At practice time a student, for whatever reason, is in the dochang but is
carlas, the students, before starting and at the end, not in the training (because he is exercising separately,
always greet each other and at the same time once (with for example), he must also make the ritual greeting
a bow) as a symbol of res overalls. The best way to from the place where he is. .
learn and perfect a technique of this type is, as with the
paws das, with repetition and continuous improvement,
so dedicating time to this part of the training also well it Before leaving the dochang , and as happens before entering,
is important. Generally, only teachers (4th dan black the students must bow to the teacher. tro -or to the highest
belt and above) can teach these types of techniques and ranking student who is in it- and to the symbols (in that order)
it is normal for the student to learn one technique per as a symbol of respect.

Hapkido is a hybrid discipline, since it is composed ne since

4 Hapkido Techniques
its origins, of various methods of fighting. For this reason,
some teachers focus their art on one of their specific
techniques, while others focus on others. From the technical-
tactical point of view, it is observed that this martial art has a
clear influence of the Japanese daitō-ryū aiki-jūjutsu (also the
father of aikido ), Judo and kung-fu (or wushu ) originating in
China , in its section of chin-na (luxacio joint problems,
retentions, impingements). Regarding blocks and punches, it
is influenced by Tangsudo / Tang Soo Do; On the other hand,
the influence of sam rang do tek gi is observed in the
techniques of projection of ki energy and Taoist meditation,
as well as the art of co master of taekkyon in the different
kicking techniques.
The way to apply hapkido techniques are divided into three
categories: [1]

• Empty hands against empty hands.

• Empty hands against weapon.

• Weapon against weapon.

Hapkido is technically made up of about 270 techniques. cas,

which are the basis of art. If we add its variants to these basic
techniques, there are a total of about 3800. This total includes
Hapkido instructor applying a wrist dislocation or kokki sul
technique (1960s). striking techniques (punches, ma punches and kicks ),
10 2 HISTORY

dislocations , projections and the handling of traditional • Chukbang or jump upwards with a fall on one side (left
weapons . [1] or right) where, when falling, only with They touch the
The renowned North American hapkido combat instructor ground, and at the same time, the arm, hip and the
and historian John Pellegrini , founder of the Interna tional outside of the leg (semi-flexed).
Combat Hapkido Federation, states, however, that: “despite • Woljang or head jump in height upwards (pa to
the fact that some instructors claim that "It is said that overcome a high physical obstacle) with a semi-sided
hapkido contains around 3,600 techniques, including 120 forward turn when reaching the ground and, by inertia,
different kicks, this was not the case at the beginning of the returning to standing.
art." On the other hand, Grandmaster Suh Bok Sup, who was
the first student of the founding Grandmaster Choi, states that • Molli koorugi or long distance head jump ha forward
the original system The origin of hapkido , as taught by Choi, movement (to overcome a physical obstacle with
“encompassed only about 100 self-defense techniques.” horizontal length) with semi-lateral turn forward when
reaching the ground and, by inertia, returning to stand
up
4.1 The technical-tactical principles • Kong joong hoejun or jump with a 270º turn in the air
forward (semi-sided) and landing on one side (left or
There are three technical-tactical principles that any hapkido
right) where, when falling, they only contact the
student must consider when applying the different techniques. ground, and at the same time, the arm, hip and the
They are the following: [1] outside of the leg (semi-flexed).

• The hwa ( hangul : ^; hanja : ^) or principle of the

armo nia : also called the principle of non-resistance , 4.3 The nae gong
this speaks of not opposing the strength or energy of the
Due to the influence he had on the development of this
opponent, but rather taking control of it to use it for
one's own benefit. martial art, both daitō-ryū Aiki jujutsu and sam rang do tek
gi ; Hapkido develops what is known in Korean as nae gong (
qui gong in Chinese). These are technical unique techniques
• The yu ( hangul : ^; hanja : ^) or principle of water : is of Chinese meditation and breathing, associated with the
The beginning talks about having to penetrate the Taoist tradition and the “soft or internal” martial arts called
defense of the adversary in a fluid, flexible and nèijiā . The purpose of nae gong is, among others, to develop
changing way, similar to water.
inner energy or ki . In the human body, according to these
oriental arts, there are two manifestations tions of energy: one
• The won ( hangul : ^; hanja : ^) or principle of the is external, which is limited and is given by physical
circle : this principle speaks of the adversary's force capabilities such as strength, resistance, speed and flexibility;
must be deflected, controlled and directed in the the other energy gy is the internal one, which has no limits
direction desired tion in the form of circles. and is worked through the aforementioned techniques.

4.2 The falls 4.3.1 The meditation

In hapkido there are different falling techniques ( nak bop in The meditation ( hangul : ^; hanja : ^; McCune-Reischauer :
Korean), derived from Judo and Daito Ryu Aiki jujutsu, sŏn; revised romanization : seon ) practiced in hapkido comes
which help the student acquire skills. trick when overcoming from the Chan Buddhist school , which He went to Korea
physical obstacles and to avoid getting hurt when a from China. This is a variant of the bu dhyana dismo arrived
dislocation technique is applied tion or projection. The from India, since, upon arrival it is tea to China, was
different falls that exist in this martial art are: [4] influenced by Taoism . meditates tion in hapkido is done
sitting ( hangul : ^^; hanja : ^^; McCune-Reischauer :
chwasŏn; romanization revises da : jwaseon ) and,
• Koorugi or fall with a semi-sided forward turn on the specifically, in the kneeling position ( hangul : ^^; hanja : ^^;
ground and, due to inertia, returning to standing.
McCune-Reischauer : chŏngjwa; revised romanization :
• Junbang or upward jump with a front fall where, when jeongjwa ) with the total body relaxed mind. The position of
falling, it is done in a plank, with the head turned to one the hands is on the thighs or, joined by the fingers in a circle
side and the legs open, contact Only your arms, palms, and so open the abdomen -at the level of the hypogastrium-.
and toes touch the ground. A type of meditation used in training This is the hohup jung
joabup technique, which consists of a meditation with deep,
• Hoobang or upward jump with a fall backwards on the slow breathing, with your eyes closed and your head forward.
back where, when falling, they only contact the ground This meditation ends with a bow towards the ground, resting
the arms, palms of the hands and shoulder blades cough. your hands on it and in the same position you were in
2.2 Origin and development 11

(kneeling). [4] leg backwards (45º), leaving both slightly bent, and
positioning the right arm cho in high block position or
sangdan makki and the left in low block position or
4.3.2 The breathing hadan makki . The opposite position to this would be
the woo kumkang jase where the displaced leg would be
In hapkido there are breathing techniques ( danchen hohup in the left and the two blocks would each be done with the
Korean) that are used to train, develop llar and project the opposite arm.
vital flow of inner energy or ki . The body position to perform
these techniques goes through three states or positions: 1. • Paljang keen jase , which involves crossing the arms
Position of attention or attention, called chariot ; 2. “Ready” over the chest.
position calls da chumbi , which consists of separating the
legs at the height of the shoulders (moving the left leg) and
positioning the fists towards the front, at the height of the 4.5 The blockages
fingers. gles (without touching them); 3. Danchen hohup
position where the left leg moves again a little to the left Blocks or defenses ( makki in Korean) are an important part
(keeping both feet at a height further apart where the of hapkido , derived from Tangsudo /tang soo do; since, in
shoulders and legs are slightly bent) and where the hands are many techniques, they are used as a means to initiate different
positioned (with open palms) at waist level (without touching striking techniques, dislocations and projections against fist
it). At the end of this movement, a shout is given and the attacks, open hands, etc. shots and attacks with weapons.
danchen hohup position is completed, leaving the hapkidoka Some of the blockages that exist are: [4]
ready to perform the breathing techniques. These techniques
have been cen by contracting the abdominals to generate
internal energy at the danchen point (located in the abdominal
• Sangdan makki or upward lock with a bra zo to stop a
high attack with up-down movement.
area nal, below the navel) while the arms move and this
energy is projected through the tips of the arms. two of the
• Yup makki or blocking to the side with one arm (inward
hands. The four most basic movements are: [4]
or outward) to stop a high attack with straight or
outside-in movement.
• Rush or forward.
• Hadan makki or downward block with one arm (in or
• Weero or up. out) to stop an ata that I lower with straight movement
or from outside to inside.
• Yupuro or opening his arms.

• Mituro or downwards. • Dooson ollyo makki or block to the sides with both
arms at the same time (both opposite and outward) to
stop a double high attack.
4.4 The combat position
• Dooson naeryo makki or downward block with both
There are several positions ( jase in Korean) that are used zan arms at the same time (both opposite and outward) to
to perform the different techniques and combats in hapkido . stop a double low attack.
Some of these positions can be in two directions, left or right,
depending on the leg that moves when making the • Bal chagui makki (leg locks):
movement. to. If the displaced leg is the right, the position is
• Balmaga joogui: this technique is used to blo
“left” and if the displaced leg is the left, the position is
quear, with the outside of the leg or the edge of
“right”. When adopting a position tion of this type, you start
the foot, a kick from the opponent, hitting you on
from the natural position of the body ( pyung jase in Korean)
the inside of your knee or ca nilla. It consists of
and, at the end of the combat position, you shout. The three
raising the knee and leg frontally to the height of
basic positions are: [4]
the head, and, after this movement, hitting by
lowering the leg. na, with a straight movement,
• Joa jase , which is the most common and consists of from the inside out. At the moment of the blow,
displacement lift the right leg backwards (45º) and the toe of the foot is turned outward and, after
position the arms, semi-flexed and with closed fists two, this, the leg is drawn up, without it touching the
at the height of the chest (without touching it), with the dochang , until returning to the initial position.
left arm being further forward than the right. The
opposite position to this would be the woo jase where
the displaced leg would be the left and the most forward 4.6 Bumps and pinching
arm would be the right.
Hapkido uses striking techniques derived from Tangsudo /
• Joa kumkang jase , which consists of moving the right tang soo do, as well as finger pinching, to nerve points. To all
12 2 HISTORY

goal techniques But they are called chigui sul or taerigui sul , outwards and through the baek hwa hyul point, a point found
and the clamping techniques chiap sul , all said in Korean. in the palm of the hand. With this blow it is possible to affect
These are very precise in their application and objectives, and the internal organs of the person who receives it. Other
are carried out They fight against grips on different parts of teachers, recently They also added other fist blows based on
the body, against attacks with fists, kicks or weapons. Western boxing techniques.
Both the chigui sul and chiap sul techniques ( atemi in
Japanese) are done with linear, angular, percussive, pressure 4.6.1 The kicks
or friction movements, and always on vulnerable or vital
points ( kupso in Korean), or on nerve points ( hyoldo in In hapkido there are a wide variety of leg techniques ( jok sul
Korean, also known in Japanese as kyusho ). Strikes can be in Korean) and most come from the classical Korean art of
made with the fist, fingertips, knuckles, palm or cane. hand taekkyon , and Tangsudo / tang soo do. Among the different
(the inside or outside), the elbow, the knee, the heel or the techniques that can be done with the legs are kicks ( chagui in
edge, sole or instep of the foot. Regarding body position, you Korean). Is These are used both to attack and defend against a
can hit standing, sitting or fighting on the ground. grab or blow of any kind.
Regarding open hand strikes, one of the strikes that hapkido The different types of kicks can be: high, medium, low and
has and is offensive in nature (brought from Chinese kung-fu sweeping kicks - with and without turning -, combination
or wu shu ) is the “live hand” strike. This consists of the use kicks,
of the open hand to allow flow jo of the inner ki energy

• Dwikumchi chaoligui: this technique is used

in warming up and is used to To increase
flexibility and prepare the legs for the
execution of the rest of the exercises. high
rates. It consists of raising the leg vertically
and frontally, and lowering it back to the
initial position, with the leg completely
relaxed and stretched for the duration. rant
throughout the movement.
• Dwikumchi chanaerigui: this technique is
used to hit, with the heel of the foot, on the
top of the skull. or the face of the ad
versario. It consists of raising the leg, totally
Hapkido master performing a double scissor kick in the air stretched, towards the vertical and front
called kawee bal chagui (1960s). perhaps, after this movement, im press the
leg down, fully stretched and with the toe
facing up ba, and hit. The technique ends
double and triple swims -with and without spin- and single,
reco moving the leg, without it touching the -
double and triple kicks in the air -with and without spin-.
chang , and returning to the initial position.
Although many kicks may resemble those of taekwondo ,
some are different in execution and their names, and others • Dwikumchi chadoligui: this technique is
are exclusive to one art or another, although there are some used to hit the opponent's head with the heel
masters. others who use the kicks of both martial arts in their of the foot. It consists of levan knee in front,
classes. All kicks are generally executed from the joa jase (or above the hip and with the leg bent, while
woo jase ) fighting position and are struck with the back leg, After turning 135º outwards with the
although they can also be kicked. hitting with the front leg. supporting leg and hip, after that movement
When there are double kicks and hitting with both legs (as lie, stretch your leg and hit hard turning it
long as it is (don't do it at the same time), generally, the first again with a movement circular, horizontal
blow is made with the back leg and the second with the front and from inside to outside, with the foot
one. All kicks are accompanied by a blocking movement horizontal. While hitting, the trunk of the
during the execution of the technique. ca and this varies body is lowered 90º towards the side of the
depending on what kick it is. Whether it is a single, double or supporting leg. The tech nica ends by
triple kick, you must always look in the direction in which lowering the leg, without it being ta touch
you are hitting just before executing each blow. The different the dochang , and returning to the po initial
kicks of hapkido , and their names, are as follows: [4] position.
• Ahndari chagui: this technique is used to hit
the opponent's head with the inside edge of
• Danshik bal chagui (simple kicks):
the foot. It consists of the move the leg, with
• High kicks: a circular path of 180º, from the outside to
2.2 Origin and development 13

the inside and, without it touching the

dochang , return it to the return to the initial
position, with the leg fully stretched, with
the toe up, throughout the movement
technical vision.
• Bakatdari chagui: this technique is used to
to hit, with the outside edge of the foot, on
the opponent's head. It consists of raising the
leg, with a circular trajectory cular 180º,
from inside to outside and, without it
touching the dochang , return to move back
to the initial position, it is Keeping the leg
fully extended, with the toe up, throughout
the technical movement.
• Michoo chagui: this technique is used to hit
the opponent's face with the sole of the foot.
It consists of raising the ro dilla above the
hip with a mo circular movement from
outside to inside (counterclockwise) to
stretch the leg while going up na and hit
from the outside in. The technique ends by
picking up the leg, without it touching the
dochang , and returning to the starting
position.
• Sangdan yup chagui: this technique is used
to hit, with the sole of the foot, the
opponent's face or neck. It consists of raising
the knee to the height of the hip and with the
leg bent, while turning 135º outwards with
the support leg and the hip, stopping, after
that movement,
14 4 HAPKIDO TECHNIQUES

lying, stretch the leg to the side and kick the movement, stretch the leg and foot forward
foot horizontally, while lowering the trunk of and hit, while after lowering the trunk of the
the body 90º towards the side of the supporting body 45º ha back and to the side of the
leg. The technique fi ends by picking up the striking leg. The technique ends by picking
leg, without it touching the dochang , and up the leg, without it touching the dochang ,
returning to the position initial tion. and returning to the starting position.
• Jiguh chagui: this technique is used to hit, • Dwi dora yup chagui: this technique is used
with the instep of the foot, on the ca head or to hit the opponent's abdomen with the sole
chest of the opponent. It consists of raising the of the foot. It consists of turning 225º
knee above the ca Dera with a frontal inwards with the supporting leg (the most
movement to, after this, turn 135º outwards forward one) and the hip, to, after that
with the supporting leg and the hip, while movement, stretch the leg that goal walk to
stretching the leg and striking from the outside the side, with your foot on the horizon such,
in tro. While hitting, the trunk of the body is while the trunk of the body is lowered 45º
lowered 45º towards the side of the supporting towards the opposite side to the movement
leg. The technique ends by picking up the leg, of the striking leg. The fine technique lyse
without it touching the dochang , and returning following the turn while the leg is collected,
to the starting position. without it touching the dochang , until
Medium kicks: completing 360º and returning to the po
initial position.
• Jokdo chaoligui: this technique is used to hit
• Dwi yup chagui: this technique is used to
the opponent's chest with the outside edge of
hit, with the sole of the foot, on the
the foot. It consists of the var the leg fully
abdomen opponent's dominance. It consists
stretched and front ly, striking upwards with
of taking a step backwards with the
the edge-profiled foot (with the toe facing up).
supporting leg, with a small jump or not,
The technique ends by lowering the leg,
while turning 45º inwards during the
without it touching the dochang , and returning
movement. ment, to, after this, stretch the
to the starting position.
leg and hit to the side, with the foot
• Jokdo chanaerigui: this technique is used to horizontally zontal, while lowering the trunk
hit the opponent's chest with the outside edge
of the body po 45º towards the side of the
of the foot. It consists of raising the knee above
supporting leg. The technique ends by
the hip and frontally and, after this movement,
picking up the leg and returning to the initial
stretching the leg and pushing it forward.
place and position, giving take a step
forward and downward, striking with the edge-
forward.
profiled foot (with the toe facing up). The
• Moorup chagui: this technique is used to hit
technique ends re moving the leg, without it
the opponent's abdomen with the knee. It
touching the dochang , and returning to the
consists of grabbing the adversary sary over
initial position.
the head and/or shoulders and Pull the trunk
• Ap chagui: this technique is used for goals of your body forward, while raising your
pear, with the plantar part of the forefoot , on
knee frontally and hitting it. The technique
the opponent's chest or abdomen. With It
ends by releasing the opponent and lowering
consists of raising the knee above the hip and
the knee, without the leg touching the
frontally, after this mo movement, raise the leg
dochang , until returning to the starting
and push it forward and hit (with the tip foot
position.
up). The technique ends by moving the leg
back, without it touching the dochang , and • Low kicks:
returning to the starting position. • Daetweboo chagui: this technique is used to
• Yup chagui: this technique is used for goals hit, with the heel of the foot, on the outer
strike, with the sole of the foot, into the lateral part of the adversary's thigh sary. It
opponent's abdomen. It consists of doing my consists of raising the knee forward and
movement than the “sangdan yup chagui” kick outward (45º) to the height hip to, after this
but hitting with a movement horizontal movement, straighten the leg and retract it
movement and lowering the trunk of the again, goal kicking downwards and with a
body 45º. movement from outside to inside, with the
• Jokki jirugui: this technique is used to hit, toe of the foot up and turned outwards (45º)
with the instep of the foot, on the abdomen at the moment of the blow. While hitting, the
opponent's dominance. It consists of levan trunk of the body is lowered 45º backwards
Bring your knee forward to hip height and and towards the side of the hitting leg, and,
with your leg bent, to ra, after this at the end, the leg is raised, without it
4.6 Bumps and pinching 15

touching the dochang , until reaching the it continues turning (90º more) while
initial position. bathing. With the striking leg, without it
• Hadan yup chagui: this technique is used to hit, having touched the dochang , the trunk of
with the sole of the foot, on the knee or shin of the body is raised and returned to the initial
the ad's leg versario. It consists of doing the same position. The total rotation that is given is
mo movement like the “sangdan yup cha-gui” 360º and conti Nuo. This technique
kick but hitting downwards and lowering the generates a lot of power with its movement
trunk of the body slightly. and has three elements. important coughs: [4]
• Ahndari chanukki: this technique is used to hit, • º. The kinetic energy that comes from the
with the inside edge of the foot, on the shin of the sin chronization of the whole body.
opponent's leg river. It consists of raising the knee • º. The explosive force that flows from the
forward about 45º and with the leg retracted. compressed energy in the danchen .
Then, after this movement, stretch the leg forward • º. The elastic force that comes from the
and strike with the foot turned horizontally, with muscle culture and flexibility.
the toe outside. While punching, the trunk of the When these three factors are combined
body is lowered 45º backwards and towards the correctly, this technique is lethal. Another
side of the striking leg. The technique ends by way to do this technique is to start do of the
picking up the leg, without it touching the pyung jase position. In this case so, he
dochang , and returning to the position. initial jumps upwards, propelling himself with both
tion. The blocks that accompany this kick are the legs, making the turn in the air re and resting
sangdan makki (with the arm on the side of the the leg right on the mo ment in which it is
supporting leg) and the hadan makki (with the hit, to, after this, continue turning while the
arm on the side of the striking leg). hitting leg is lowered, without it touching
• Dwikumchi hatweboo mollae chagui: this the dochang , the trunk of the body is raised
technique is used to hit, with the sole of the foot, and it returns to the initial position.
the shin of the opponent's leg. It consists of • Dwi dora chagui: this technique is used to
raising the ro dilla forward about 45º to, after hit, with the heel of the foot, at the level of
move, stretch and turn the leg (and foot) from the the opponent's abdomen. It consists of use
inside out, hit do. While punching, the trunk of the same technique as the sangdan dwi dora
the body is lowered 45º backwards and towards chagui , but lowering the trunk of the body
the side of the striking leg. The final technique za only 45º and turning, with a movement
picking up the leg, without it touching the horizontal movement, the kicking leg.
dochang , and returning to the starting position
• Anja dwi dora chagui: this technique is
cial.
sweeping and is used to hit, with the heel of
• Jokdo hadan mollae chagui: this technique ca is
the foot, on the opponent's shin or ankle
used to hit, with the edge out rior of the foot, on
sary. It consists of doing the same technique
the shin of the opponent's leg. It consists of lifting
as the sangdan dwi dora chagui , but, at the
the knee lla forward about 45º to, after movement, moment of starting the turn and during
stretch your leg and turn your toe inward, while
hitting it from the outside in with a horizontal
movement. While the goal pea, turns 90º
outwards with the supporting leg and hip. The
technique ends by picking up the leg, without it
touching the dochang , and returning to the
starting position.
• Tuksoo bal chagui (special kicks):
• Sangdan dwi dora chagui: this technique is
the one invented by the Grand Master Ji Han
Jae and is used to hit the opponent's head
with the heel of the foot. Consis It involves
turning the support foot and hip inward (90º)
while loading the weight of the body on said
leg to ra, after that movement, continue to
rotate do (180º more), using your arms to to
push off, while lowering the trunk of the
body forward (90º) and hitting pee, moving
the striking leg at the same time, backwards,
upwards and from outside to inside. Finally,
16 4 HAPKIDO TECHNIQUES

the first part of this, he bends his leg support • Dwikumchi hatweboo mollae chago jiguh
and the hip is lowered vertically mind, rotating chago sangdan dwi dora chagui.
the striking leg with a horizontal movement • Kawee bal chago jiguh chagui.
and resting the palms of the hands, at the
• Sangdan dwi dora chago dwi dora chago anja
moment in which it is struck, on the ground
dwi dora chagui.
and towards the side of the supporting leg.
After the blow, you continue turning while you • Sadan hoejun chagui.
raise your body again and move the leg that
scored the goal back. pea, without it touching
4.7 The dislocations
the dochang , until returning to the initial
position. In hapkido there is a wide variety of luxa techniques joint
• Junmyun chagui: this technique is ba rrido and tions ( kokki sul in Korean). Derived from Judo and Daito
is used to hit, with the em comb of the foot, on Ryu aiki-jujutsu. These techniques can be simple or
the opponent's shin or ankle. It consists of combined and are performed against grips of different parts
bending the supporting leg and lowering the of the body, against fist attacks, more and kicks.
hips vertically while turning both 135º Dislocations can be executed in the direction of the range of
outwards. ra, stop, when you reach the bottom, the joint or against it, and I always using general circular or
rest the palms of your hands towards the side semicircular movements small mind. The position of the
of the supporting leg while stretching the goal body, at the time of perform a technique, it can be standing,
leg It hits and hits from the outside in. The sitting or wrestling on the ground.
technique ends by picking up the leg, without it
touching the dochang , while raising the body
and returning to the starting position. 4.8 The projections
• Bokshik bal chagui (double kicks):

• Hitting with the same leg:

• Jokki jirugo jiguh chagui.
• Jokki jirugo ap yup chagui.
• Jokki jirugo yup yup chagui.
• Jokki jirugo dwi yup chagui.
• Ahndari chago bakatdari chagui.
• Ahndari chago ap yup chagui.
• Balmaga joogo jiguh chagui.
• Daetweboo chago jokki jirugui.
• Jokdo hadan mollae chago dwikumchi
chadolligui.
• Hitting with both legs. Hapkido student doing a projection technique from a wrist
• Ap chago jiguh chagui. dislocation or donchigui sul .
• Jiguh chago jiguh chagui.
In hapkido there is a wide variety of pro techniques. injection
• Jiguh chago dwi dora chagui.
( donchigui sul in Korean). Also derived from Judo and Daito
• Jokki jirugo jiguh chagui. Ryu aiki-jujutsu. These techniques are performed standing
• Jokki jirugo dwi yup chagui. and against grips on different parts of the body, against fist
• Yup yup chago yup chagui. attacks, weapons attacks and kicks.
• Tuksoo bal chagui (special kicks): The projections are made by deflection and with control of
• Yang bal jiguh chagui. the opponent's strength/energy (using the different parts of
the body as leverage) or by imbalance bookish The
• Yang balmodom bal chagui.
trajectories used to carry out the
• Yang bal beollyo chagui.
• Junmyun chago anja dwi dora chagui.
• Kawee bal chagui.
• Yang bal moa yup chagui.
• Mok keoro myungchi chagui
• Dari keoro dwi dora chagui.
• Dari kama numguigui.
• Special triple and quadruple kicks:
 1
7

Projections are circular or semicircular and for this purpose

5 Hapkido as a possible discipline
the different parts of the body are used, such as the hips,
arms, shoulders, back or legs. olympic na
The International Olympic Committee rejected, for one wave
of votes, the participation of hapkido as a discipline Olympic
4.9 The use of traditional weapons plina in 1987, 1994 and 2005, reaching only 2/5 of the total. [
citation needed ]
The International Association of World Games
As occurs in the traditional arts of which riva ( daitō-ryū decided to group, due to its great si militancy, to the
aiki-jūjutsu and sam rang do tek gi with bong sul techniques) International Hapkido Federation (HKD) along with Japanese
hapkido uses a varied number of traditional weapons in its jujutsu , to be able to include these, as an “exhibition sport”,
practices, such as the long staff ( yang bong in Korean) of in the future IOC Olympic games. [ citation needed ]
approximately te 180 cm, the medium stick ( chang bong in
Korean) approximately 90-110cm, the short stick or baton (
dan bong in Korean) approximately 35-45 cm, the body da or
lasso (including the uniform belt), the elder or ear stick (
6 Some renowned teachers
chipang yisul in Korean), the wooden sword ( mok do in
Korean), the saber made of bamboo cane ( jook do in • Myung Hong Sik: Korean Grandmaster 9th Dan
Korean) and the metal saber ( shim gum in Korean, a weapon Founder and President of Hapkidowon . [5]
similar to the Japanese katana ). The degree and emphasis in
the training of these weapons, of It depends on the instructor, • Myung Jae Nam Founding master of hankido and
or the association/federation to which one belongs, or on the hankumdo .
degree program.
• Doo Hyung Cho Grandmaster 9th Dan. Sheath dor of
Some instructors, whether due to ignorance or eclecticism, the Kido Spain Hapkido Association (KIDOHAE). [6]
have decided to incorporate meta elements. dological
weapons and other traditional weapons from other systems • Lee Dong Keun : 9th Dan by the Korean New Martial
such as the Japanese kobudo and/or the Filipino arnis ( Arts Hapkido Federation. [7]
escrima ), an art where medium-double batons stand out.
bles, or have taken up the traditional weapons of the ar • Myung Kwang Sik Founder of the World Hapkido Federation . [
citation needed ]
Chinese martial arts, such as the fan, the whip or the ssahng
jol gohn (better known as the nunchaku ).
• Yoon Sang Go Grand Master 9th Dan, founder of the
Biyeon Kwan school affiliated with Ki Do H ae . [ citation
needed ]

4.10 The five technical foundations of • Manuel Gómez Hevia Founding teacher and president
hapkido You from the Shen Uh kwan school. [ citation needed ]

• Lee Kyoung Sun Grand Master 7th dan International

• Slow foot: The movement of the feet must be slow to HHA/WKF, founder and president of the Hanminjok H
be surprising. ap kid o Spain . [ citation needed ]

• Victor Mora Rodríguez Grand Master HAP HWA

• Quick hand: The movement of the hands must be very SOOL president and founder of the BLACK BELT
fast and fluid. INTERNATIONAL HAPKIDO HAP HWA SOOL,
7°DAN/KIDO HAE.
• Low position: Body position should be low ha at the
end of most self-defense movements. • Myung, Jae Ok Grandmaster 10th Dan Founder and
Director of the World Federation of Hoi Jeon Moo Sool
Hapkido. [8]
• Front view: The view should always be to the front. te'
that is, in the direction where the technique is • In Sun Seo Grand Master President of the World Ki do
performed. Federation and founder of the Hanminjok Hapkido
Federation.

• Calm mind: First of all, you must maintain a calm • Chang Nam Khal Master disseminator of Hapkido in
mind to perform the respective technique. taking the Latin America, mainly Colombia and Brazil.
basic principles and making it effective.
• Young Ho Cha Lee Master disseminator of Hapkido in
Latin America, founder of the renowned Casa Ko rea
World Hapkido Federation and representative for Latin
18 9 NOTES AND REFERENCES

America of the Korean Hapkido Association / Korea samurai warriors belonging to the Takeda clan, in Japan
Hapkido Association. [9] .

• Yoo Choi Kym 8th Dan , In the 80s, great master who • Taekkyon : traditional Korean martial art, spice used in
spread Hapkido in Chile . kicks, sweeps and catches with the feet.

• Enrique Acosta Master 7th Dan, student of re well- • Judo : Olympic sport of Japanese origin, speciali used
in throws, locks, strangulations and ground fighting. It
known teachers such as Ji Han Jae, Chang Nam Kahl
gave all traditional and modern martial arts of the 20th
and Young Ho Cha. Director of the Sung Moo Kwan
century the uniform and structure of degrees by belts, or
Hapkido Kumdo Tolima organization, affiliated with
format (kyu - Dan).
the International Korean Martial Arts Society.
• Jujutsu : classic martial art of the samurai warriors of
• Ung-Seob Shim President Master of the Sung Moo
Japan, direct father of judo and aikido . Cons ta of
Kwan school founded by Ji Han Jae and founder of the
several classical and modern schools.
International Korean Martial Arts (IKMAS).
• Aikido : traditional Japanese descendant martial art
• Fabian Duque Master 7th Dan, reco student Well- direct tooth of the daitō-ryū aiki-jūjutsu , but with fi
known masters such as young ho cha lee, . Address tor fundamentally defensive philosophy that seeks neu
of the jungsoolkwankorea organization, affiliated with destroy the opponent, avoiding destroying him.
the Korean Hapkido Federation, Secretary pa ra
america. • Tangsudo / Tang Soo Do: Korean martial art is
specialized in blocking, striking with fists, with the
open hand and with the feet, derived from Japanese
karate, Chinese kung-fu and Korean Taekkyon (in its
7 Some styles derived from hapkido kicking techniques).

• Hankido , a style to which, based on hapkido , energetic • Karate : martial art from the island of Okinawa , desa
and technical-tactical principles of Japanese aikido later developed in Japan . Specialized in blocking,
have been added, adapting them to Korean culture. hitting with fists, open hand and feet, former direct
advisor of Tangsudo and Taekwondo.
• Combat Hapkido , style developed by John Pelle grini.
• Kobudo : or martial art of traditional ja weapons Ponsas
• Shen Uh Do Hapkido Style that seeks to apply Taoist and the island of Okinawa .
philosophical origins to hapkido , using the principles
of um-yang (ying-yang) and the cin co elements oh • Taekwondo : Korean Olympic sport specializing skilled
in kicking techniques, and combat to the point.
haenn according to the Shen Uh Kwan school.
• Mixed martial arts : combat sport, where the rules are
• Susinkwan Chaui Moo Do , style developed by Master pushed to the limit and combat is allowed, both
Vicente Becerra that combines Taekwondo and Jiujitsu standing and on the ground.
techniques.

• Hap kido Kar-Mar , style developed by Maes Another

Carlos Marquez who adapts defensive techniques 9 Notes and references
against street attacks and penetrating weapons and
firearms. against attacks on the battlefield, and for [1] Carbonel, André (1989). HAPKI-DO, PERSO DEFENSE
personal defense. Roman azocar black ribbon hapkido DYNAMIC NAL (1st part) . Wings Editorial.
kar mar. [2] www.sangmoohapkido.org . " Great Masters Lee Dong
Keun and Hwang In Shik with several students and after a
• Sipalki , Style developed by Soo Nam Yoo seminar in Lanzarote, 2002. " Accessed May 30, 2014.
• Hwa Rang Do , Style developed by the Lee brothers.

• Kuk Sool Won , Style developed by the Seo brothers

(Suh)

8 See also
• Martial Arts .
• South Korea : country where hapkido was developed.
• Wu shu : ancient Chinese martial art with influence on
all martial arts.

• Daitō-ryū aiki-jūjutsu : classic martial art of medieval

 1
9

[3] « Book reference ». Accessed June 13, 2012.

[4] Chang Soo Lee and Myung Yong Kim ( Hapkido Grandmasters) - THE KOREA HAPKIDO FEDERATION (2003).
HAPKIDO ESSENTIALS (DVD). Korea: Turtle Press.

[5] Official website of the Grand Master.

[6] Kido Spain Hapkido Association Website (KIDOHAE)

[7] www.sangmoohapkido.org . « Official Website of the Grand Master tro and his gym ». Accessed November 3, 2011.

[8] Web page

[9] Web page .

10 Bibliography
• Kimm, He-Young. Hapkido (alternative title: The Hapkido Bible ). Andrew Jackson Press, Baton Rou ge, Louisiana
1991.

• Kimm, He-Young. Hapkido II . Andrew Jackson Press, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 1994.
• Myung, Kwang-Sik. Korean Hapkido; Ancient Art of Masters . World Hapkido Federation, Los Angeles gels,
California 1976.

11 external links

• Wikimedia Commons hosts multi-content media on Hapkido Commons .

• Hapkidowon - World Hapkido Headquarters (WHH)

• World KiDo Federation

• Defensive Services International (DSI) - Internatio nal Combat Hapkido Federation (ICHF)
• World Doo Won Hapkido Federation

• Lee Dong Keun International Hapkido Association

• The International Ho Shin Hapkido Association (IHSHA)
• Lineage of The Korean Martial Arts

• Spanish Yang Hum Kwan Hapkido Association

• Wha Do Kwan Hapkido - International Wha Do Kwan Hapkido Association

• IHF HKD Spain - Hapkido / Hankido / Hankumdo

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