CANINE HANDLER MANUAL

CANINE SAFETY LEGISLATION

RESOLUTION 02601 OF 2003 (December 11)

"By which technical and legal criteria are established for the provision of private
security and surveillance services with the use of canines and provisions are
adopted regarding the identification and registration of canines."

THE SUPERINTENDENT OF SURVEILLANCE AND PRIVATE SECURITY,

in exercise of the legal powers conferred on it by Decrees 2453 of 1993, 356 of 1994,
2187 of 2001, 3222 of 2002, and

CONSIDERING:

That it is the responsibility of the Superintendency of Surveillance and Private Security to

instruct those under surveillance about the provisions that regulate this activity,
establishing technical and legal criteria that facilitate compliance with such regulations and
to indicate the procedures for their full application in order to stimulate , guide and develop
the professionalism of the personnel dedicated to the provision of private security and
surveillance services;

That it is up to the Superintendency of Surveillance and Private Security to authorize

surveillance and private security services to use means to carry out their activities and to
carry out inspection, control and surveillance of the activities carried out throughout the
country. National territory;

That by virtue of Law 746 of June 2002, highly dangerous canine breeds are established,
which is why it is necessary to regulate their use for the provision of private security and
surveillance services;

That by virtue of Decree 3222 of 2002, it is necessary to adjust the current regulations on
the use of canine means, training programs and training of handlers and canines, based
on the new reality of citizen security;

That it is necessary to develop and regulate Decree 2187 of 2001, which regulates the
status of surveillance and private security, in its third title of security and surveillance
services without weapons, which in Chapter I deals with security companies. surveillance
and private security with canine means and that establishes their scope, modalities,
definitions, prohibitions and work hours,

See art. 7, National Decree 3222 of 2002 , See the Resolution of the Super. Surveillance
and Private Security 2852 of 2006

RESOLVES:

TITLEI
GENERAL FEATURES

Article 1 . Area of application. This resolution regulates matters related to the use of the
canine medium referred to in article 50 of Decree 356 of 1994, sole paragraph, by private
security and surveillance services.

Article 2 . Definitions. For the purposes of this resolution, the following concepts will be
taken into account:

Instructor: A suitable person who teaches the staff of guides, canine handlers and, in
turn, the canines, within the schools and/or authorized training departments, accredited by
a course, with an hourly intensity of not less than one hundred and twenty (120). hours,
dictated by the Canine Training Center of the National Army, by the Guide Training and
Dog Training School of the National Police or by other public or private entities authorized
by the Superintendency of Surveillance and Private Security for this purpose.

To be an Instructor, it is a prerequisite to have completed and passed the guide or trainer

course, or to present the theoretical and practical knowledge exams, to be approved by
the Superintendency of Surveillance and Private Security or the entities that it delegates.

Guide or Trainer: Person who has general knowledge in each specialty, about training,
handling and working with canines, who provides training to canines within their specialty,
within schools and/or authorized training departments, accredited by a course. , with an
intensity of no less than four hundred and fifty (450) hours, dictated by the Canine Training
Center of the National Army, the Guide Training and Dog Training School of the National
Police or by other public or private entities authorized by the Superintendency of
Surveillance and Private Security for this purpose.

Canine Supervisor: Person who has been trained to exercise control, supervision and
leadership functions, accredited with a course of no less than eighty (80) hours, taught by
authorized training schools and/or departments.

Handler: Person who has received a basic induction within each specialty, training for the
management and control of canines through private security and surveillance services
authorized by the Superintendency, to practice the canine environment and accredited by
a course with an intensity hours of not less than one hundred and twenty (120) hours,
dictated by the Canine Training Center of the National Army, the Training School for
Guides and Dog Training of the National Police and/or schools or training departments
authorized by the Superintendency of Surveillance and Private Security.

Specialty: Activity for which an Instructor, Guide or Handler has been trained and a
canine has been trained for a specific task, such as: Search for Narcotics, Search for
Explosives, Controlled Defense, Search and Rescue of People.

Canine unit: It is the structure that has physical means such as adequate facilities for the
maintenance of canines such as: Kennels (one per dog), storage of training elements,
storage of concentrated food, canine infirmary, training track for each specialty and canine
kardex.

Basic training: This is the teaching that the canine receives during the training phases.
Muzzle: Safety element, which is located on the dog's snout, to keep the canine under
control and especially for the breeds contemplated in Law 746 of 2002. The muzzle will be
made in such a way that the dog is guaranteed to pant.

Mobile kennel and house in stall: Adequate room that meets the necessary conditions
for the canine to rest.

Choking collar: Element made up of the training link, attached to the leash, used to
control the canine at the site of service provision.

Fixed collar: Element made up of a strap and buckle, used in service in different
modalities.

Kennel: Suitable place for housing canines with special specifications such as spaces for
the bed, well for water and with sufficient ventilation.

Guacal: Element used to transport canines from one place to another, proportional to the
breed standard.

Leash: Element used for the control and management of the canine in work areas, this
being the main means of communication between the handler and the canine.

Affiliation card: It is the identification document of the canine, which establishes: Name of
the parents, name of the canine, sex, breed, color, particular signs, specialty or specialties,
microchip number and name of the entity that certified the specialty or specialties,
indicating the record number and date.

Canine Kardex: It is the general file of previously organized and systematized data of the
canines that a canine unit has, which must have documents of great importance for its
proper functioning, such as: affiliation card, life folio, vaccination record , medical history,
breeding registry, among others.

TITLE II

RULES FOR THE PROVISION OF SERVICE WITH CANINE MEANS

Article 3 . Authorization. Surveillance and private security services that intend to carry out
their activity with the use of canine resources must obtain prior authorization from the
Superintendency of Surveillance and Private Security.

Article 4 . Modalities. Surveillance and private security services with canine means may
operate in fixed and mobile surveillance modalities, which are defined as follows:

a) Fixed modality: It is the one provided by the handler-canine pairing in a fixed and
determined place. Guarding with a canine on a rail or guide is considered fixed guard for
all purposes;
b) Mobile mode: It is the one provided by the handler-canine binomial, in an open or
closed area over which it will make the movements in accordance with the requirement
provided by the recipient or contractor of the service.

Paragraph. The Canine Handler may perform his function as long as he is duly trained to
do so and authorized by the Superintendency of Surveillance and Private Security.

Article 5 . ID. Canine handlers must wear a uniform that fully identifies them in the work
they carry out and that determines the private security and surveillance service to which
they are linked.

For the purposes of providing the service, staff must carry:

a) The respective uniform, in accordance with the standards issued by the

Superintendency of Surveillance and Private Security;

b) The identification credential issued for this purpose by the Superintendency of

Surveillance and Private Security;

c) Card of the private security and surveillance service where the service is provided;

d) Authenticated photocopy of the non-contractual civil liability policy that covers risks,
damages and injuries caused to third parties by canines;

e) Canine affiliation card.

Article 6 . Extracontractual civil liability policy. In accordance with article 48 of Decree 356
of 1994, private security and surveillance services that use canine means to provide the
service must subscribe to a non-contractual civil liability policy for a value of no less than
four hundred (400) minimum wages. current monthly laws, issued by a legally authorized
insurance company, that covers damages and personal injuries caused to third parties by
the canine, whose term of validity will be the same as that of the operating license and will
be part of the contract between the parties.

Article 7 . Races. Private security and surveillance services that intend to offer canine
resources will only be authorized to use the following breeds of dogs, with a temperament
consistent with the required specialty:

● German Shepherd and Belgian Shepherd: Defense and/or Search for Narcotics or
Explosives.

● Giant Schnauzer: Defense and/or Search for Narcotics or Explosives.

● Rottweiller: Controlled defense, with the restrictions of Law 746 of 2002, especially the
use of the muzzle.

● Boxer: Controlled Defense and/or Search for Narcotics or Explosives.

● Doberman: Controlled Defense, with the restrictions of Law 746 of 2002, especially the
use of the muzzle.

● Retriever: Search for Narcotics or Explosives or Search and Rescue of Persons.

● Spaniels: Search for Narcotics or Explosives or Search and Rescue of People.

Paragraph. In the case of use of other breeds not described in this resolution, prior
approval is required from the committee made up of the Superintendent of Surveillance
and Private Security or his delegate, who will chair it; Commander of the Canine Training
Center of the National Army or his delegate and the Commander of the Guide Training and
Dog Training School of the National Police or his delegate.

This authorization will be legalized by means of a document, which will individually identify
the authorized canine(s). The Secretariat of this committee will be exercised on a rotating
basis by its members.

Article 8 . Use of canines. For the use of canines in private security and surveillance
services, the following standards will be taken into account:

● Only trained and trained canines may be used for private surveillance and security,
which must be in optimal hygiene and health conditions, allowing them to be used without
violating public integrity and health.

● The age of the canine must be between twelve (12) months and eight (8) years.

● Canines must comply with the requirements indicated in Law 746 of 2002.

● The canines that are destined to provide the service must have an updated veterinary
medical certificate stating: Record of current vaccinations (rabies-triple-parvo virus),
deworming, indication of the good health of the canines, breed, color, age, microchip and
sex; documents that may not have an issue date greater than twelve (12) months. This
certificate must be issued by a veterinarian who certifies his or her professional registration
and identification document.

● Under no circumstances will dogs in heat or pregnant dogs with more than thirty (30)
days of gestation and/or during sixty (60) days of lactation be used to provide private
security and surveillance services.

● When the canine provides fixed guard on the rail, a fixed collar must be placed on it.

Article 9 . Prohibition. All private security and surveillance services that have authorized
canine means are prohibited from providing service in the specialty of controlled defense
in closed places, such as: shopping centers, residential complexes, stadiums and other
places that, at the discretion of the Superintendency of Surveillance and Private Security
offer risk to citizen security. Consequently, such service must be provided on the periphery
of said sites.
Paragraph. Smell specialty services, such as Search for Narcotics and/or Explosives, are
authorized to provide services in shopping centers, stadiums, residential complexes and
other places that warrant it due to their high-risk conditions.

Article 10 . Facilities and media. Private surveillance and security services that use the
canine environment must have facilities and means for exclusive use, which will be
adequate, with appropriate areas for the motivation of the canine in its specialty, veterinary
medical service and other requirements indicated in the present resolution.

Article 11 . Kennels. Private security and surveillance services that use canine means
require kennels designed for each working dog to provide the service. Kennels must
provide the canine with rest, independence and ease of feeding, meeting the following
minimum standardized technical specifications:

● Area of: Width 1.50 meters, length 2.50 meters and height 1.80 meters.

● Refined cement floor.

● Brick or wood enclosure with mesh.

Paragraph 1. The location of the kennels and kennels must be outside the urban
perimeter, but close to the city where the service is provided.

Article 12 . Elements of the job. The job must have the necessary elements for the
development of the work, such as:

● Choking and fixed collar.

● Scraper with an extension of 1.20 meters

● Wells for water and food.

● Grooming implements for the canine and the workplace.

● Mobile home or guacal.

Article 13 . Canine work day. The working day of the canines per shift may not exceed six
(6) hours for the smell specialty and eight (8) hours for defense, as follows:

● Search for Narcotics and/or Explosives: Maximum six (6) hours, alternating every two (2)
hours when the canine performs sporadic searches or every thirty (30) minutes, when the
search work is continuous. To do this, you must have at least two (2) canines.

● For Controlled Defense: Maximum eight (8) hours, in shifts of four (4) hours of work and
one (1) of rest.

Paragraph. Surveillance and private security services with canines that cannot transport
the animals for the change of shift, within the workplaces, must prepare special resting
places suitable for the animals, placing crates for transport or providing them with kennels
or houses. mobile, in such a way that they allow the canine to move and/or move within
them comfortably, with the possibility of feeding and watering them. Canines will not be
able to rest in parking lots or places where toxic gases are emanated.

Article 14 . Veterinary medical service. Private surveillance and security services that
have the authorization of canine resources must have within their canine units an
appropriate place for medical-veterinary care in first aid, with the proper hygiene and
health conditions to deal with illnesses or accidents that occur. dogs suffer. To comply with
the provisions, agreements may be made with legally authorized veterinary clinics and/or
veterinary doctors, attaching an authenticated photocopy of the current agreement.

Article 15 . Reserve canines. Private surveillance and security services with canine
resources are obliged to maintain reserve dogs in case of illness or accident of an animal,
in a proportion of two (2) reserve dogs for every ten (10) in service.

For special cases of accident or illness of canines, the company must leave a written
record of this fact and of the use of another canine to provide the service.

Article 16 . Documents. Private surveillance and security services with canine resources
must keep the following documents up to date:

● Medical history of the canine, which will contain the following information: Name, date of
birth, origin, breed, sex, color, microchip, specialty or specialties, particular signs and
vaccination record.

● Life folio.

● Membership card.

The formats for said documents will be implemented by the Superintendency of

Surveillance and Private Security.

Article 17 . Ownership of canines. Private security and surveillance services that use
canine means to provide the service must be exclusive owners of the animals used for the
development of this activity; Therefore, the rental or leasing of canines is prohibited.

Paragraph 1. Private surveillance and security services that do not have a canine in the
specialty of Searching for Narcotics and/or Explosives may contract them with companies
with a canine authorized by the Superintendency of Surveillance and Private Security
through the rental or leasing modality of the service formed. by the handler-canine
binomial.

Paragraph 2. Private security and surveillance services that use canine resources will
have in their inventories at least one (1) canine specialized in Search and Rescue of
People, with a duly trained handler, to be used in the event of catastrophes or accidents as
a function. social.

Article 18 . Inventories. The private surveillance and security services that, as of the
effective date of this Resolution, wish to operate with canine means, must prove, at the
time of requesting authorization from the Superintendency of Surveillance and Private
Security, the documentary evidence that certifies that they are owners of a number of no
less than ten (10) dogs of authorized breeds and duly certified in accordance with the
provisions of article 9 of Resolution 02599 of December 11, 2003.

TITLEIII

REGISTRATION AND IDENTIFICATION

Article 19 . Identification of the Canine Handler. By virtue of the provisions of article 87 of

Decree 356 of 1994, the dog handler linked to the surveillance and private security
services who is on duty must carry in a visible place the identification credential issued by
the Superintendence of Surveillance and Security. Private, whose validity will be for a
period of one (1) year, extendable for equal periods.

Article 20 . Credential for Canine Instructor, Guide and Handler. Requirements. Personnel
who wish to work in legally constituted companies with canine resources must process
personally or through the company to which they provide their services, the credential that
accredits them as a handler in the different specialties before the Superintendence of
Surveillance and Private Security, attaching for this the following documents:

● Duly completed application form (according to the model approved by the

Superintendency of Surveillance and Private Security).

● Recent color photograph, white background, size 3 x 4 cm.

679; Authenticated photocopy of the citizenship card.

● Authenticated photocopy of the current national judicial certificate.

● Authentic copy of the original of the certificate or diploma that certifies the suitability of
the handler, Guide or Instructor, issued by the Guide and Dog Training School of the
National Police, the Canine Training Center of the National Army or by schools and
departments training in the canine area, authorized by the Superintendency of
Surveillance and Private Security.

● Authentic photocopies of the titles granted in other countries, duly consularized, proving
suitable training.

● Carbon copy of the consignment made in favor of the National Treasury Directorate or
the entity designated at the time, for a value equivalent to two (2) legal daily minimum
wages in force on the date of the request.

Paragraph 1. No natural person who carries the credential of the Superintendency of

Surveillance and Private Security, in the specialty granted, may provide surveillance
service with a canine on a personal or individual basis; It may only be provided through
surveillance and private security services, authorized by the Superintendency of
Surveillance and Private Security.

Paragraph 2. The Superintendency of Surveillance and Private Security will monitor

compliance with the previous provision and may coordinate for this purpose what is
necessary with the Public Force and the national, regional and/or municipal administrative
authorities.

Article 21 . Unique Code - Certification. The Superintendency of Surveillance and Private

Security, through the Directorate of Registration and Identification or whoever acts in its
place, will assign a unique code to each canine that uses the surveillance and private
security services, through a microchip, which will be inserted into the canine at the time the
suitability of the acquired specialty is certified, in accordance with what is stated in article 9
of Resolution 02599 of December 11, 2003. The certification must be carried out annually,
in order to guarantee the continuous retraining of the canine specimen.

Paragraph. In the event that there are companies with authorized canine resources and
that prior to the issuance of this resolution they have adopted an internal registry and a
canine tattoo, these may be endorsed, upon request, by the Superintendency of
Surveillance and Private Security .

TITLEIV

FINAL PROVISIONS

Article 22 . Control Operations. The Superintendency of Surveillance and Private Security

may carry out operations at the sites where surveillance and private security services are
provided and in the canine units, it may have the support of the Canine Training Center of
the National Army, the Guide Training School and Training of Dogs of the National Police,
of entities attached to the Ministry of Social Protection, of Animal Protection Societies or of
any citizen reporting mistreatment of canines, in order to verify compliance with the legal
provisions contained in this administrative act.

When, by virtue of their function, the Animal Protection Societies carry out controls or
become aware of mistreatment of any canine used in surveillance and private security
services, they will immediately inform the Superintendence of Surveillance and Private
Security, so that it can carry out the relevant actions.

Article 23 . Application of precautionary measures and sanctions. Those who carry out
surveillance and private security activities with canine resources without having an
operating license issued by the Superintendency of Surveillance and Private Security or,
who, having the respective license, misuse it, will be subject to the precautionary
measures and sanctions that contemplates the law.

Article 24 . Term. Private security and surveillance services that currently have authorized
canine resources, within a period of no more than six (6) calendar months, counted from
the date of publication of this resolution, must comply with what is established here. .

Article 25 . Prohibition on the carrying of firearms. Canine handlers may not carry firearms
while providing the service.

Article 26 . Validity - Repeal. This resolution takes effect from the date of its publication
and repeals those that are contrary to it, especially Resolution number 11101 of January
22, 1999.
CANINE ETIOLOGY

Ethology is the branch of behavioral biology that studies the natural behavior of animals,
focusing mainly on instinctive behaviors.
Starting in the 1940s, some scientists used wolves as models to study, from an ethological
perspective, relationships in groups of social animals. These studies gave rise to the ideas
of dominance and the "alpha" status of dominant wolves.
Because behavioral biologists focused almost exclusively on wild species, there were few
studies conducted on dogs . So, the ideas of dominance and "alpha wolf" were adopted by
trainers, under the assumption that the ethology of the dog is the same (or almost the
same) as the ethology of the wolf.
Unfortunately, two very big mistakes were made when transferring studies in wolves to
dog training . The first of these errors was that the initial studies were biased and had
many assumptions that do not hold true in reality. Interactions had been studied between
wolves from groups formed in captivity and at random, whose behavior did not correspond
to that of naturally formed packs.
About wolf ethology
If you want to deepen your knowledge about wolf ethology, you can start with the works of
L. David Mech, who studied the behavior of wolves in the wild (not in captivity) for 13
years. In their electronic document (in English) " Alpha Status, Dominance, and Division of
Labor in Wolf Packs " you will find more information and references.
The second mistake was considering that the relationship between wolves in a pack was
similar to the relationship between people and their dogs. Thus, the "translation" of these
ethological studies to dog training was forced and dog behaviors that could fit the idea of
dominance and the "alpha dog" were sought.
Below you will learn some myths about dominance that you should avoid, and some signs
of dog stress that will help you better approach training sessions.
Dominance in dog training
In dog training we often talk about hierarchies, dominance, "alpha dog" (dominant dog),
hierarchical punishment and other similar things. It is common for dog behavior problems
to be wrongly associated with dominance: if the dog pulls on the leash it is dominant, if it
climbs onto the bed it is dominant, if it eats first it is dominant, if it growls or barks it is
dominant, etc.
The truth is that hierarchies between dogs are not stable, but dynamic, and are usually not
determined by force. Furthermore, in many interactions between dogs there are no
dominance attitudes of any kind, since it is not necessary to establish hierarchies in all
social contact. The only interactions that usually result in fighting are those that have to do
with access to limited resources, such as females in heat or food (in certain
circumstances).
Therefore, forget about the ideas of dominance and the "alpha dog." You don't need to
appeal to these misconceptions to train your dog. In fact, these ideas have caused more
harm than good in dog training.
You will be able to control your dog's behavior by controlling the resources that are
important to him, such as food, toys, walks, etc.
There are four techniques for subduing the dog, which are particularly dangerous because
they can provoke a defensive reaction on the part of the animal. You should NEVER do
them because, in addition to being risky, they will ruin the relationship you have with your
dog. These techniques are:
Keep the dog on his back, holding him by the cheeks or neck until he stops offering
resistance. This technique is known as "alpha roll-over" or "dominance down" and is very
damaging.
Lift the dog by holding the skin of the rump and neck.
Grabbing the dog by the scruff of its neck and dragging or shaking it.
Drag the dog by holding it by the snout.
I mention these techniques so that you recognize them in case some old school trainer
suggests them to you, but please do not do them. Your dog does not deserve that
abuse .
Signs of stress
Although many training manuals talk about canine ethology (real or fictitious), few explain
dog body language. This language is important because it allows you to interpret your
dog's emotional state, even if only in a general way.
Although I can't explain dog body language in detail in an article, here are some basic
behaviors that dogs exhibit when they feel stressed, confused, or threatened. If your dog
feels stressed, confused or threatened during training sessions, he may exhibit one or
more of the following behaviors:
Turn your head to the side, avoiding eye contact.
Does not accept food.
He scratches.
He nibbles on himself.
Nibbles on objects constantly.
He licks his body.
Repeatedly licks his lips or nose.
Sniff the ground.
Stays still or makes very slow movements.
He lies on his back (belly up).
Yawn.
He pees.
In males, penile erection without sexual motivation.
These are not the only signs of stress and anxiety in dogs, but they are the most common.
Of course, these signs depend on the context. If your dog has just eaten, he may not
accept food because he is full. Or he may scratch because he is itchy, sniff the floor
because he found an interesting smell, chew on his toys because he is playing, pee
because he wants to, etc. However, these behaviors will be very rare during training
sessions.
So don't think your dog is damn disobedient if he starts scratching or sniffing the floor in
the middle of a training session . Maybe you are confused or stressed.

CANINE BEHAVIOR
BASIC SCHEME OF THE ANATOMY OF A DOG
In the image shown below, the main parts of a dog's body are indicated.

The dog, like any other animal, is composed at an anatomical level of: skeleton, muscles,
internal organs, skin and hair.

For a harmonious and stylized movement to occur, it is necessary to establish a good

relationship between the muscles and the skeleton. Since the skeleton supports while the
muscles provide the driving force that results in movement.

In the case of the skeleton, it is made up of different bones. There is not a great variation
between some races and others, at an anatomical level. In a generic way, we can say
that the skeleton is made up of about 321 bones. This figure may vary depending on the
different breeds.

You may wonder, how is it possible for the number of bones that make up the skeleton to
vary?

This is due to the variation in the number of bones that make up the part of the tail and
the breeds that have a vestigial toe.

This may sound extremely confusing, so we will start with a simple question: How many
fingers does a dog have? It seems like a simple question, but would you know how to
answer it?

Dogs have 4 toes on their hind legs and 4 or 5 on their hind legs.

On their hind legs, some breeds have another "toe." It is not a finger itself since it has an
incomplete joint, it has better development (because it receives a lower blood supply)
and it has no connection with the bones since it is formed exclusively by phalanges.

This "fifth finger" is usually called "spur" or "claw" and for example we can see it in the
famous Saint Bernard.

As we have said previously, the skeleton is made up of approximately 321 bones.

Of which, the vertebral column has 7 cervical vertebrae, 13 dorsal, 7 lumbar, 3 sacral and
20 or 22 coccygeal.

The sacral vertebrae together with the pelvis form the hip and this region, in combination
with the muscles in the area, form the Croup, which is where the force that will give rise
to the movement is produced.

Similar to the case of humans, we could differentiate the parts of a dog's body into three:

 Head
 The body
 The extremities

The head has a very variable shape depending on each breed. The main areas into
which it is divided are:

 Forehead
 Occipital crest: its pronunciation varies depending on the breed.
 Stop: Jump between the forehead and the nose, at eye level.
 Nasal passage: part of the nose that goes from the stop to the nose.
 Nose: Final part of the nose-nose
 Lips: under the nose, the lips are provided with lips.
 Cheeks: Formed by a solid part of the meseter muscle and another loose part
called the cheek sac, which covers the teeth
 Eyes: They can be more or less embedded in the orbits
 Ears: The posture of the ears varies depending on the breed. Some of them
require the ear to undergo the necessary cutting to obtain an upright posture.
The ears are completely covered with cartilage called the "conchyle."

In the mouth, dogs have 28 baby teeth that are replaced by 42 permanent teeth after
approximately six months.

The body is composed of:

  The withers: It is the base of the neck and serves as a reference to establish the
height of the dog.
 The neck
 The coastal region
 The back
 The rump: which begins at the tip of the hip and ends at the root of the tail.
 The tail

The extremities: two subgroups are differentiated, the anterior and the posterior. These
are what allow flexions and extensions along with the muscles and tendons. They mainly
distinguish:

 Carpus
 Metacarpus
 Tarsus
 Metatarsus
 Hock

DETAIL: THE DOG SKELETON

1. Maxilla 12. Scapula 23. Hip bone

2. Jaw 13. Humerus 24. Femur
3. Parietal bone 14. Radio 25. Tibia
4. Atlas fifteen. Ulna 26. Fibula
5. Axis 16. carpal bones 27. tarsal bones
6. Fourth cervical vertebra 17. Metacarpal museums 28. Metatarsal bones
7. Sixth cervical vertebra 18. Finger bones (of the hand) 29. Finger (foot) bones
8. Tenth thoracic vertebra 19. Second rib 30. Gastronemius muscle
9. Third lumbar vertebra twenty. Eighth rib bones
10. sacral bone twenty-one. Breastbone 31. Ball joint
eleven. Coccygeal vertebrae 22. Costal cartilages

DETAIL: THE SUPERFICIAL MUSCULATURE OF DOGS

1. Masseter 12. Infraspinatus 22. Músc. external oblique

2. Sternocephalic 13. Scapular part of the abdominis
3. Sternobinideo deltoid 23. rectus abdominis
4. Cleidocephalic 14. acrunual part of the deltoid muscle
5. Cleidobranchial fifteen. latissimus dorsi 24. Músc. internal oblique
6. Manubrium of the sternum muscle abdominis
7. serratus ventralis cervix 16. Long head of the gill 25. gluteus medius
8. Supraspinatus triceps 26. sartorius muscle
9. Omatransverse 17. Lateral head of the 27. Tensor fasciae latae
10. Cervical part of the branchial triceps 28. Femoral biceps
trapezius 18. banchial muscle 29. semitendinosus
eleven. Thoracic part of the 19. Extensor carpi radialis muscle
trapezius twenty. Common extensor of 30. Superficial gluteus
the fingers muscle
twenty-one. deep pectoral 31. external jugular vein
muscle

DETAIL: THE INTERNAL ORGANS OF DOGS

1. Scapula 9. Caudal part of the cranial 17. Greater omentum

2. Humerus lobe of the left lung 18. Spleen
3. First lumbar vertebra 10.Raudal lobe of the left lung 19. Descending colon
4. sacral bone eleven. Heart twenty. left horn of the
5. coxal bone 13. costal part of the uterus
6. Femur diaphragm twenty-one. Jejunum
7. seventh rib 14. Left kidney 22. Straight
8. Cranial part of the cranial fifteen. Liver 23. Urinary bladder
lobe of the left lung 16. Ventricle (stomach) (projection)
24. Diaphragmatic dome
(projection)
CANINE FIRST AID

Correct technique for placing a muzzle or tape around a dog's snout:

Putting on a muzzle prevents the dog from biting and will also divert its attention from the
procedure being performed.

STEPS:
If possible, sit the dog on the floor: in this position the dog is less likely to move away,
back away or bite. If the dog is small, it can be positioned sitting on the table, taking care
that it does not bite along the way.
The helper or owner of the dog should hold the dog from behind by the neck, behind the
ears, leaving the muzzle forward. If the dog moves its head a lot, you can gently hold the
dog by the ears. If the dog moves its head to the side, the muzzle cannot be tied quickly,
risking bite. Great care should be taken with brachycephalic breeds (snub-nosed breeds
such as the Shitzu or Pekingese) due to the risk of prolapse of the eyeballs and episodes
of stress aggravated by brachiocephalic syndrome.

As a muzzle, if you do not have one that is appropriate or works well, you can use
shoelaces or strips of cloth to keep the muzzle closed. The use of plastic strips, such as IV
drips, is not recommended, since these are plastic, they stretch and the animal can
remove them. Very thin cords are also not recommended as they can cause damage. The
rope must be held and made a curve with it in the air and tie the ends with a single turn,
without tightening it to be able to put it on the dog's snout.
Approach the dog calmly, crouching down to his level if he is sitting on the ground.
Bending down prevents attacks due to fear, standing in front of the dog can make it jump
and bite.
Place the rope with the loop around the dog's snout over the nose, with the knot facing up,
taking the rope from the ends, tightening it and tying it firmly. If there are delays in tying the
muzzle, the dog may quickly get rid of it, making the task more difficult as it will put up
more resistance.
After tying a knot over the nose, pass the rope underneath and tie another simple knot
under the jaw. Then take the rope back and tie it with a bow behind the ears. It is important
that it is a bow and not a knot, because this way it is easy to remove in any emergency.
Tying the muzzle behind the ears prevents the dog from removing it with its paws.

This is a safe and quick way to make a muzzle, sometimes even more effective than the
ones we have, since many times these do not adapt well to the animal's snout and allow
them to open their mouth or remove it with their front legs.
IMPORTANT TO REMEMBER: Never leave a muzzled dog unattended, as there is a
risk of suffocation if it vomits, needs to pant or due to excess salivation.

4) How to evaluate an injured dog or cat

To evaluate the general condition of a dog or cat, their normal PARAMETERS must be
known. In any case, always in the event of an emergency it is best NOT to WASTE TIME
trying to diagnose ourselves and go to the vet.

- Respiration (respiratory rate) can be measured by observing the movement of your

chest, normal is 20-40 breaths per minute in dogs and 30-50 in cats. After an accident,
breathing usually increases.
 - Normal heart rate is 80-120 beats per minute in dogs and 80-200 in cats. The correct
way to measure it is by listening to the animal's chest with a stethoscope and thus hear the
heartbeat. They can be heard by resting our ear on the animal's chest on its left side, but
there may be faint heartbeats that we cannot hear in this way.

- The normal temperature in both species is between 38 and 39 ºC (the rectal temperature
is taken, inserting into the animal's anus gently and straight and ONLY THE TIP AND ONE
MORE CM of a common clinical thermometer).
-In case of hypothermia (temperatures lower than 38°C) try to warm the animal with a
blanket, a hot water bottle, or a hair dryer, BE CAREFUL NOT TO EXCEED THE
TEMPERATURE TO NOT BURN THE ANIMAL, if It burns in our hands, it's too much.
-In case of hyperthermia (temperatures greater than 39°C), try to cool the animal with a
fan, cold water from the tap (NOT FROM THE REFRIGERATOR), placing it on a cool
floor.

IN BOTH CASES, GO TO THE VETERINARIAN AS SOON AS POSSIBLE, TO SEE

WHAT WAS THE CAUSE OF THE POOR REGULATION OF BODY TEMPERATURE,
animals have less capacity than us to regulate temperature, and a few degrees of
difference up or down can be fatal quickly for them. (SEE HEAT STROKE, BELOW)

- The mucous membranes (skin on the inside of the cheeks, gums and inside of the
eyelids) can be distinguished according to their color:
.Pink: normal
.White/Pale: shock or blood loss
.Red: hemorrhage, hypertension, fever.
.Bluish/Cyanotic: Lack of oxygen (go to the vet as soon as possible)
.Yellow/Jaundiced: Liver failure or bilirubin accumulation.

If the animal is unconscious, put its neck straight, open its mouth and gently stick out its
tongue so that it can breathe without difficulty.
 5) HOW TO PERFORM CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation) in animals
It is similar to CPR for humans. These instructions are for animals in a state of
unconsciousness (there is no risk of being bitten by the animal), without breathing, with no
heartbeat or a slight heartbeat.

The first thing to keep in mind is that, IF THE ANIMAL DOES NOT BREATHE, IT WILL
DIE, SO THERE IS NOTHING WE DO THAT COULD BE WORSE FOR IT.
Typical concerns: "What if I break his rib with compressions?", "What if I blow badly or too
hard and hurt his lungs?", "What if I do it wrong and don't make him breathe?"
NONE OF THAT CAN BE WORSE THAN THE FACT THAT THE LITTLE ANIMAL IS
NOT BREATHING. IF YOU DO NOT BREATHE, YOU WILL DIE. IF WE TRY CPR, WE
MAY GIVE HIM A CHANCE TO LIVE, FRACTURED RIB AND ALL. Was it understood?

Instructions:
The animal should be lying on its side (lateral decubitus) with the right side resting on the
floor. (that is, left side up)

Open the animal's mouth and ensure the airway is clear of obstructions. Remove any
obstructions, check for heartbeat and/or breathing.
 Extend the animal's head back and give several SHORT but STRONG artificial breaths:
*For large dogs: Close the jaw firmly and cover the animal's nose with your mouth. Exale.
*For small dogs and cats: Firmly close the jaw and cover the entire muzzle of the animal
with your mouth (being smaller, the entire trunk of the animal will enter its mouth). Exale.
If you are doing it correctly the animal's chest should rise.
 Perform chest compressions:
With the animal lying on its right side, perform between 10 and 15 STRONG AND FIRM
compressions with the hard part of the palm of the hands, on the ribs just behind the joint
of the front leg (scapulohumeral).

Intersperse 3 short breaths and 10 compressions in small dogs and cats.

Intersperse 5 short breaths and 15 compressions in medium and large dogs.

The frequency (speed) of the compressions will be a little faster than 1 x second.

6) DROWNING
Many dogs like water or even swimming, but they are not able to discern the dangers to
which they are exposed, so it is not uncommon for them to be placed in risky situations,
especially in the sea, where they can be dragged by the waves It is also not uncommon for
a person to drown when trying to save a dog that is at the mercy of the waves, so in this
case the first thing we have to do is evaluate our own risk and act with care, as the dog
may be too tired and scared, so it is necessary to prevent it from leaning on our body,
bringing it a floating material that it can hold onto in the first instance.

Drowning is rarer in cats, but it can happen in young or unfit kittens who fall into bathtubs
or swimming pools.

If the animal has swallowed too much water, its lungs already have content, so the first
measure is to try to expel that water. If it is a small dog or cat, grab it by its hind legs and
let it hang upside down, shaking it so that the water drains out by gravity. A large dog will
have to stay lying down, but the operation is the same, lifting it by its hindquarters so that
its head is low and it expels the water.
 If as a result of this operation the animal does not begin to cough, it is likely that breathing
has been interrupted, so we have to check its breathing and heart rate, placing the dog or
cat on its side and ensuring that its head is more below your body. If the heart continues to
work but there is no breathing, the only viable method is to perform CPR breaths, and if
there is no heartbeat either, complete CPR will have to be performed.

7) RESPIRATORY BLOCKS
When a dog or cat suddenly starts coughing violently and seems to have difficulty
breathing, it is possible that he has swallowed an object that is blocking his throat, which is
extremely distressing, both for the dog and for those watching him. The object can be a
bite of food, a toy, or anything else. This blockage is extremely dangerous as breathing is
interrupted, so action must be taken immediately to save the dog's life, of course taking the
necessary precautions to avoid being bitten. In the case of the cat, it may be a hairball,
which produces a cough for a short time and then expels the ball; it does not usually cause
too many problems.

The ideal situation is for two people to intervene, one firmly holding the animal and
immobilizing it between his legs while opening its mouth as much as possible with his
hands, while the second person tries to locate the stuck object and remove it, either with
his fingers or using tweezers. Of course, this operation is easier if the animal has lost
consciousness, but in any case you must act quickly.
In common cases, the object can be seen, since it is something so large that it protrudes
in the mouth; but it is also common for the object to be inserted in the trachea and cannot
be seen, so other methods will have to be tried; If it is a large dog, you can use the so-
called “Heimlich maneuver”, which consists of placing the dog standing on its hind legs,
while the person stands behind it, hugging the dog's chest tightly, freeing one arm, and He
will press strongly just below the ribs and this operation will be repeated several times,
until the object is thrown. This operation is also carried out with people. If the dog is
unconscious and it is difficult to perform this maneuver standing up, you can try it with the
dog lying on its side, pressing firmly with one hand on the ribs and the other underneath,
trying to produce a “bellows” effect, that is, the air pressure in the lungs will tend to
dislodge the object. In the case of a small dog, this operation can be attempted by holding
the dog by its hind legs and placing it face down, which has the advantage of taking
advantage of gravity.

When the animal's breathing has been suspended for a long time, it may continue not to
breathe even if it has already freed itself from the foreign object, so it will be necessary to
give it artificial respiration or cardiopulmonary resuscitation, depending on the
circumstances. If the dog is saved, it is still necessary to take it to the vet to be checked.

8) INTOXICATION
Symptoms of poisoning are vomiting, diarrhea, excessive salivation, convulsions and
muscle tremors, dizziness and staggering.
If we know what he has been poisoned with, I can follow some instructions on the
packaging until I get to the vet. It is important to bring the container of what our pet has
consumed.

In the case of insecticide , we must induce vomiting URGENTLY by giving the animal to
drink with a syringe about two or three tablespoons of hydrogen peroxide reduced to 50%
with water, it must vomit in 5-10 minutes, otherwise repeat the operation.
If you have ingested an acidic or caustic substance, we should NOT induce vomiting as it
can cause serious burns to the esophagus. In case of caustic, such as bleach, we can give
milk, in case of acid, give a lot of WATER to lower the concentration of the acid, go to the
veterinarian immediately.
In the case of rat and mouse poisons (anticoagulants), we will not see any of the
symptoms that I have explained before, since it is a slow-acting poison, in one or two days
it will stop eating, it will appear apathetic and it will bleed from some orifice like the nose,
any blow can cause bruising or internal bleeding, its gums will be white and if we squeeze
it it will bleed easily, if we have seen the animal ingest this poison, we induce vomiting with
the hydrogen peroxide and immediately go to the veterinarian.
Car antifreeze liquid is a sweet substance that can be spilled in garages or home
workshops (little rooms where one keeps those things), or from leaks in parking lots or on
the street. It is extremely toxic, even in small quantities. If you saw him drink it, induce
vomiting as we explained before. Unfortunately, if the animal presents symptoms and it is
not known when it was consumed, it can be fatal in a couple of hours, or there may be
lifelong damage to its kidneys.
Household products that are poisonous to your dog or cat: bleach, boric acid, cleaners,
deodorizers, detergents, disinfectants, polishers, drain unclogs, gasoline, hair dyes,
herbicides, insecticides, kerosene, matches, nail polish remover or acetone, paint,
mothballs, medications, alcohol, shoe polish, sleeping pills, turpentine, and granulated bait
to control snails and slugs.
Plants that can cause vomiting, abdominal pain and diarrhea if ingested (very common in
puppies, adult dogs or cats know not to chew these plants: azaleas, garden laurel, ferns,
ivies, malvón, pothos (vine) , Paraguayan jasmine, painter's palette, paradise, almond tree,
mistletoe, among others. Sometimes animals PURGE, that is, they eat grass or some
vegetable fibers from some flowerbed or pot, to "cleanse" their stomach. Many times this
causes slight vomiting, but it is nothing serious.
If your dog consumed hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs such as marijuana, cocaine ,
etc. You may have seizures or die depending on the amount consumed. Take him urgently
to the vet.

9) DISLOCATIONS OR BROKEN BONES

The result of a fall, accident or sudden movement can be a dislocation or break of bones,
the most common cause being run over, which is precisely a situation of extreme urgency
and normally requires first aid; but in this case it is necessary to evaluate the
characteristics of the damage so as not to aggravate the animal's situation.

Below we will see some of the most common fractures and the risks they represent:

LOIN: If the spinal column is broken, the damage is very severe and paralysis of the
posterior part of the body may occur from the fracture, so it is necessary to keep the
animal immobile. If it is necessary to move it, it is preferable to carefully drag it to a board
that acts as a stretcher, so that it can be transported without further injuring the spine.

RIBS: If it is suspected that some ribs have been fractured, what we should do is wrap the
animal's rib cage with elastic bandages or other material at hand, ensuring that the
bandage is firm but not too tight. If you have difficulty breathing, it is assumed that a
broken rib has punctured a lung; In this case you have to move it as little as possible until
veterinary help arrives.

LEGS: If the animal has been injured in one of its legs, it will have to be kept lying down
and the damaged limb should be wrapped with a towel, so that it has as little movement as
possible, especially if we notice that the bone protrudes from the skin.

TAIL: The most common fracture in dogs and cats is in the tail, as it easily gets stuck
when playing or jumping, and it is also very common for them to get caught in the car door.
If a fracture is noticed, the only thing that can be done is to splint it to prevent movement
and take the animal to the veterinarian.

In all cases in which a fracture or dislocation is suspected, the animal must be listened to
by the veterinarian and it is not advisable to give it anything to eat or drink beforehand, as
it is likely that it will have to be anesthetized, either to operate, or simply to check it,
because in a conscious state the animal would not allow it.

10) STATE OF SHOCK

Physiological shock is a serious condition in which blood pressure drops too much, so that
the body suffers from a lack of oxygenation. In animals, this state can occur as a result of
disease, injury or trauma. It can occur immediately after an accident or in a crisis due to
illness, but sometimes it occurs in a phase of apparent recovery. As this is a critical
situation, immediate action is necessary.

The indicators that a dog or cat is about to go into shock are an extreme paleness of the
gums, when touched and pressed a little with the fingers that portion turns red, which
indicates that blood accumulates there. Rapid breathing, a rapid heart rate, and anxiety
also occur. Later, breathing becomes slow and the heart rate appears irregular. At these
times, the animal may lose consciousness, its gums turn blue and its temperature drops to
36.7°C or more.

First aid treatment consists of placing the animal lying on its side and stretching its head
slightly away from the body to encourage breathing; Then you should put a mat, pillow or
whatever you have at hand to raise your hindquarters, so that the blood flows to the head.
Artificial respiration, cardiac massage, or resuscitation may be needed; It is also advisable
to cover the animal with a blanket to increase its temperature.

11) HEMORRHAGE
Blood flow can be internal or external. The first case is caused by damage to internal
tissues or organs, and the second by wounds that go from the skin inward.

External hemorrhages are as dangerous as the blood loss and its type, but when a rapid
flow that does not contain itself is evident, it is urgent to act, applying a bandage to stop
the flow as much as possible; The ideal is an elastic bandage of those sold in the
pharmacy, but in these emergency cases you will have to use any material that works.
Before attempting the bandage, we must try to reduce the blood flow, closing the wound
with the fingers and pressing it for about two minutes, to promote pre-healing. As soon as
we see that the wound remains stuck for a few moments, we will proceed to bandage. the
area firmly but without squeezing so much that circulation stops. Under no circumstances
use a tourniquet. With compresses, the time it takes to get to a veterinarian should be
enough.

The dog's ears are very sensitive and bleeding easily occurs due to small wounds. In the
event that the dog is bleeding from one ear, a gauze or cotton pad will have to be placed
over the affected area and press for about two minutes, to produce the union of the
cartilage and begin the healing process, ensuring that the head of the ear dog is facing
upward so that there is less irrigation in the affected ear.

If the bleeding comes from a wound on the tongue or any part of the mouth, it is difficult to
apply direct pressure on a conscious dog, as he will not allow it and may even bite us. In
this case it is preferable to keep the dog's head down to prevent it from swallowing blood
and take it immediately to the veterinarian, where it will surely have to be anesthetized to
cure it.

If the blood comes from the nose, you should not squeeze the nasal cavities or plug them,
but rather moisten a cloth with very cold water and place it over the bridge of the nose,
which could stop the bleeding because the cold produces vasoconstriction; But it may
happen that the bleeding comes from an internal wound. In these conditions, cold water
promotions will not work and the dog must be treated professionally.

If the bleeding is from the eyes, the cold cloth procedure can be very effective, since it is
very likely that it is only a rupture of capillaries.

It is very common for the dog to break a nail at the root, which causes profuse bleeding;
However, it is not a true emergency, so you only need to clean the wound and bandage it
before taking the dog to the vet.

NEVER DISINFECT WOUNDS WITH ALCOHOL, ALWAYS USE OXYGENATED

WATER, DILUTED PERVINOX OR ESPADOL.

12) SEIZURES
If the animal is unconscious, it should be placed completely lying down, on the ground,
away from objects that could harm it. Put something soft such as a pillow or a folded
blanket under the animal's head to prevent it from being hit by shaking.
If we can, we put a cloth in the mouth to prevent him from biting his tongue. If we see that
this is difficult, we keep our hands away from the animal's mouth.
When the seizures stop, go to the vet quickly.

13) INFLAMMATION OF THE BELLY / ROTATION OF THE STOMACH

It is a sudden and excessive growth of the belly that is produced by the accumulation of
gases, being so pronounced that it even interferes with breathing and circulation in the
abdomen. It is more common to occur in large breeds, although it is not ruled out that it
happens in small dogs. Suddenly, in the middle of an exercise, the dog collapses, appears
to be in pain, breathing becomes difficult and a great deal of salivation occurs. It generally
occurs after eating and drinking excessively and then performing sudden exercises. In
reality, this is a serious case and must be treated immediately, as the dog is in danger of
going into shock and dying.
 14) HEAT STROKE
It is a problem that usually occurs in summer and when pets are locked in cars with poor
ventilation or closed cars exposed to the sun. Other causes may also be lack of shade for
pets that have their shelter outside, lack of drinking water, excessive excitement or
exercise in hot weather.

Animals do not have the same human ability to regulate their body temperature, since
they do not sweat. Breathing is very difficult and the heart rate increases. We must lower
the animal's temperature immediately, wetting it with water AT ROOM TEMPERATURE
(NOT COLD) for a long time, when it is better to give it a drink and go to the veterinarian,
preventing it from becoming even more agitated.

15) BURNS
Burns caused by hot water, oils or other liquids, we wash them well with cold water and
soap and apply burn cream (furacin, for example or if we have the wonderful 6A cream). If
it is a large burn, we cover it with a bandage, but never tight, just so it doesn't get infected.
In case of a burn caused by a chemical, we wash it WITHOUT soap, and apply the cream
to relieve it. If we do not have any cream, we do not put any type of bandage or gauze.

16) PROBLEMS IN BIRTH

Large breeds give birth to numerous litters of tiny puppies and suffer fewer birth problems
than smaller breeds, which have smaller litters of relatively large puppies. Likewise, breeds
with large heads often have more difficulty giving birth than other breeds.
Once delivery begins, we must have a good supply of towels, thread to tie the umbilical
cord, and hand sanitizer on hand. Childbirth should not be interfered with unless absolutely
necessary. However, in some cases we will have to assist at the birth and even take the
puppy out by hand.

When to go to the vet?

After the start of contractions, the first puppy should appear within half an hour. If not, you
will have to call the vet.

emergency action
The female should give birth to a cub within two hours after her water breaks. Subsequent
offspring may arrive at intervals ranging from a few minutes to two hours. If the dog has
been pushing unsuccessfully for more than half an hour, you will need to call the vet, as
the puppies may be too big for the female to bear. The doctor may recommend a cesarean
section, which involves making an incision in the abdomen and removing the puppies by
hand.

Birth assistance
Cubs are normally born upside down and curled up, as if they were swimming, although
they can also do so on their backs. If the mother is having difficulties, we can very gently
pull the emerging puppy while the dog uses force. If only the legs appear, you will have to
call the vet.

If the mother does not lick the newborn to clean it, we remove the membrane from its
face, eliminate the liquids that obstruct the mouth and snout, and rub it vigorously with a
towel to stimulate breathing. Do not handle the puppy more than necessary.

The mother should bite the umbilical cord. If it does not, we tie the cord with thread about
5 cm from the puppy's navel and cut it on the opposite side of the knot, a little away from
the puppy. There is no need to pull the umbilical cord.
 The mother could reject the puppy if we have taken it away from her; therefore, we must
allow it to lick its young. Then we will place the puppy where it can nurse.

How to help a weak puppy

If a puppy appears normal but appears weak or lifeless, massage it with a towel,
especially around the head and chest. A prolonged stay in the outflow channel can result
in a lack of oxygen in the brain.
 If, after rubbing the puppy with a towel, it is still not breathing, we must suspend the puppy
by its hind legs for a few seconds, so that it can expel fluids accumulated in the respiratory
tract. Holding him safely by his hind legs, we gently shake him. This should stimulate
breathing

Once the puppy is breathing, it will have to be kept warm, wrapping it in a towel until the
mother finishes giving birth.
 Once the birth is complete, we show the weak pup to the mother and make sure she finds
a productive nipple. It will have to be watched for a few days to prevent the stronger
puppies from displacing it.

17) HOOK
It usually happens in summer on beaches or when we find an animal near fishing areas. If
the hook is stuck in the mouth or in a foot, it is easy to extract, we push it until the tip
comes out and cut it with pliers, then we push it through the other side and disinfect the
wound and make sure it does not bleed too much while We arrived at the vet.
 18) EYE AND HEARING EMERGENCIES
If our animal moves its head a lot and scratches its ears, do not try to insert any object or
SWAB, go to the veterinarian.
In case of injury to an eye, if it is closed DO NOT FORCE it to open.
If the eye is out of its socket, DO NOT try to put it back in place, keep it moist and
protected until you get to the vet.
If the eyeball suffers a chemical burn, wash it quickly and, with a moist, sterile gauze,
remove any remains of the offending agent.

19) INSECT BITES

In case of wasp (alkaline poison) wash the area with vinegar diluted in water.
In case of a bee sting (acid poison), apply baking soda from what we have at home.
If it is very inflamed, apply cold water compresses.
If the stinger is in the eyes, nose or mouth, take your pet to the vet and avoid giving it
water.

20) ELECTRIC SHOCK

It usually happens to puppies from chewing on wires.
If the animal collapses, the first thing we should do is unplug the device before touching it.
Then, cover him with a blanket, and check vital signs. If necessary, resort to CPR
maneuver.

21) BICHES / WORMS

Open wounds in both dogs and cats, especially in summer, are extremely attractive to
flies, which will deposit larvae in them. The larvae eat all the tissues in their path, and their
feces infect the wound. The rotten smell produced by the boat traps is very characteristic.
The larvae continue eating without stopping, being able to perforate cavities and organs.
They can cause general sepsis if the animal's condition is deteriorated, putting its life at
risk.

In front of a boat trap: have a small container with alcohol on hand where we will deposit
the worms that we will remove with tweezers (office tweezers, or hair removal tweezers
also work), gauze, or our hands (GLOVES PLEASE!). While we remove the larvae, we
wash the wound with a mixture of hydrogen peroxide and pervinox in equal parts. DO NOT
PUT ALCOHOL ON THE WOUND!!!
Repeat these two actions (extraction of maggots and washing) until we see that there are
no more maggots left and the wound is clean. Peeling around the wound, the dirty and
sticky hairs that surround it complicate healing.
Add a little sugar to promote healing.
Place "curabichera", it comes in paste, aerosol, liquids, etc. BE CAREFUL when we apply
it near the eyes.

22) MALNUTRITION AND DEHYDRATION

An animal with vomiting and/or diarrhea can quickly become dehydrated, especially if it is
puppies.
In these cases there is no home remedy. GO TO THE VETERINARY IMMEDIATELY.
When we find very malnourished animals, it is okay to feed them, but we have to be
careful about what we are giving them and how much. It is always advisable to give
several small portions 1 or 2 hours apart, rather than offering a huge portion at once, as it
can cause vomiting.
Milk can be offered but in small quantities, as it causes diarrhea.

What to offer? water, at room temperature, clean and abundant. If the animal vomits,
instead of water we can give it 1 or 2 ice cubes to lick.
Food: chicken or pieces of meat COOKED ON THE GRILL OR ON A PAN OR IN THE
MICROWAVE, NEVER RAW, well-cooked rice (the cheaper the better, it has more starch),
boiled noodles without sauce or cheese or pesto or oil or anything, dry or soaked balanced
food, or in its wet pâté-type versions.

23) OTHER ACCIDENTS

It may be that our pet has occasional vomiting or diarrhea, in this case we should not be
alarmed, they can vomit for many reasons, and if it is a recently acquired animal it could
be due to a change in diet, stress, emotion, in case of For this to happen, we must fast our
animal for about 12 hours and let it drink after six hours. If in the 2 hours following the first
vomiting the animal continues to vomit or has more diarrhea, we will go to the veterinarian.
We should not feed our pet and take it outside to exercise immediately, as it may suffer a
stomach twist. If our dog's abdomen is distended and full of gas, we will immediately go to
the veterinarian; he must undergo urgent surgery otherwise death will be imminent.

24) IMPORTANT TIPS

It is important to know our veterinarian's schedule to consult him in case of emergency. If it
does not have an emergency service, consult it for a referral to a specialized center for
when we need it. This is the most important.

Unless we have decided on a balanced homemade diet by a veterinarian, our pets should
not eat anything other than their balanced food, and since it can be of good quality, any
“extra snack” can cause gastrointestinal disorders, obesity, health problems such as
cholesterol long term, etc...

With their balanced food we will avoid these problems, and remember that they should
always have clean, fresh water at their disposal.
Never give bones of any kind, especially chicken, as these break and obstruct our animal,
with imminent danger of death. In case of bone ingestion and obstruction, take it urgently
to the nearest veterinary clinic. The matter tends to worsen minute by minute.
Complications such as pneumothorax, heart failure, visceral and esophageal perforation
are very common due to this neglect and end the life of our loved one.

Never give human medications such as ibuprofen or aspirin OR ANY OTHER, they can
cause vomiting, ulcers, even death.
Our pets must be dewormed internally. Monthly would be best to end the parasite cycle,
which lasts about 21 days.
Externally deworm fleas and ticks.
To prevent diseases such as leishmaniasis in dogs, and filaria in cats and dogs, there are
several preventatives on the market, consult with your veterinarian which one they can
offer us.

EMERGENCY KIT

.Thermometer (for rectal temperature).

.Sterile gauze.
.Cotton.
.Bandages.
.Pervinox.
.Hydrogen peroxide.
.Tweezers.
.Cream 6A
.Burn cream

This guide is a reference. It is essential that it be circulated among all those who
have pets to educate about prevention. Following these tips saves lives.

DOG TRAINING

BASIC ORDERS OF CANINE TRAINING

Let's start with the basic orders. Please note that we use English words because they are
short and some are standardized commands, but or you can replace them with the words
that suit you, as long as they are short, so that your dog can understand.

dog training
1. “SIT” OR “SIT”
It is a monosyllabic word that requires the authoritative tone that you would use to put your
dog in a sitting position.
2. “DOWN” OR “BELOW”
The same as command 1, this also requires an abrupt tone for the dog to traditionally lie
down.
3. “HEEL”
The dog's head or shoulder to the side of the owner's left leg.
4. “EAT” OR “HERE”
You just have to call your dog with enthusiasm.
5. “STAY”
Another command that requires particularity in tone for the dog to remain in a sitting
position ("sit", "down", "stand"), as well as reiterating that it must stay in that place until the
owner calls it again.

ADVANCED CANINE TRAINING ORDERS

1. “STOP”
Ideally, when the dog is told this he will simply stop what he is doing and lie down, no
matter the distance between the dog and the owner. Some coaches use the German word
“Platz” (related to a place, e.g. “Wait at that place”) for this action. A little demanding, but
who knows when your dog will need it.
2. “BACK UP”
Owners of large dogs or dogs with a reputation (let's put it that way!) for aggression may
feel more comfortable teaching the dog to desist when they attack. This command is very
useful with police dogs.
3. “GROWL” OR “BARK”
This is the inverse of giving up. Some owners teach non-aggressive dogs to bark at the
signal of some gesture, not necessarily with the word "growl", it can be with a hand
movement.
4. “STEADY”
Keep the dog close to you. You can move freely, but not run away. This can be very useful
with sports dogs and/or during competitions.
5. “STAND” OR “QUIET”
In this command, the dog is sitting still. It can be helpful when taking the dog for a haircut.
You can also use this command when you want your dog to wait for you on the street
while you buy an espresso.
6. “GET IN” OR “DONE”
This command orders the dog to lie down on its bed and stay there. This is somewhat
useful for keeping the dog from being stepped on and stepped on, and also for keeping the
dog safe in a busy or complicated situation.

dog training
7. “DROP”
Let him drop what he just picked up, very useful when the dog is about to bite your shoes.
8. “LEAVE IT”
Similar to the “Drop” command, ordering the dog NOT to touch the object.
9. “TAKE IT”
The dog does not touch any object until told with this command.
10. “GIVE”
A command teaching the dog to be generous and to let go of something he has put in his
mouth and place it in your hand.
11. “SPEAK”
Another way of saying “Bark only when I say so.”
12. “ROLL”
This may be a basic order. It is when the dog lies down, rolls and stands up again. It may
be more of an exercise.
13. “ATTACK”
This in conjunction with the “growl” order, you (the owner) will be the king of your
neighborhood. It is generally only used on police dogs.