Material Science and Technology Course

(Material Science I)

CRYSTAL STRUCTURES

Prof.Dr. Mohamed A. Alaalam

‫ محمد أحميدة العالم‬/‫د‬.‫أ‬
 Introduction

 Crystal structure.

 Metallic crystal structure

 Atomic Packing Factor.

 Density Computations

 INTRODUCTION TO CRYSTAL PHYSICS

 CRYSTALLINE AND NONCRYSTALLINE SOLIDS

 SPACE LATTICE

 CRYSTAL STRUCTURE

 LATTICE PARAMETERS

 CRYSTAL SYSTEMS

 BRAVAIS LATTICES
At the end of this Lecture on crystallography,
one should be able to

 Understand Space lattice, Unit cells,7 crystal structure

and 14 Bravais lattices.

 Understand atomic arrangement and packing in

different unit cells.

 Derive point coordinates

 Correlate some properties to crystal structure.

• An atom consists of a nucleus composed of protons and neutrons and
electrons which encircle the nucleus.
•Protons and electrons have same & opposite charge of 1.6 x 10-19 C.
•Atomic number (Z) = Number of protons = number of electrons.
•Atomic mass (A) = proton mass + neutron mass.
Crystal structure is one of the most important
aspects of materials science and engineering as
many properties of materials depend on their
crystal structures.
The basic principles of many materials
characterization techniques such as X-ray
diffraction (XRD), Transmission electron
microscopy (TEM) are based on
crystallography. Therefore, understanding the
basics of crystal structures is of paramount
importance.
 Some Definitional information

Unit cell:
 IT is Smallest repetitive volume which contains the complete lattice
pattern of a crystal.
 IT is the smallest group of atoms whose repetition makes a crystalline
solid.
 Unit cells are parallelepipeds or prisms having three sets of parallel faces
 IT is the basic structural unit or building block of the crystal structure
 IT is chosen to represent the symmetry of the crystal structure.
 Unit cell dimensions measured in angstroms with 1A = 10-10m.
 IT is a regularly ordered arrangement of atoms with a fixed geometry
relative to one another.
 It small repeating entity of the atomic structure.
 IT is a spatial arrangement of atoms which is tiled in three-dimensional space to describe the
crystal.

 IT is a fundamental building block of a crystal structure, which can generate the complete crystal
by repeating its own dimensions in various directions.

 IT is the smallest part of the unit cell, which when repeated in all three directions, reproduces
the lattice.

 A unit cell of the crystal is an imaginary parallel-sided region from which the
entire crystal can be built up.

 IT is a fundamental building block of a crystal structure, which can generate the complete
crystal by repeating its own dimensions in various directions.
 IT is Smallest repeat unit/entity of a lattice.
 The basic building block of the crystal structure.
 Defines the crystal structure by its geometry and atom positions.
 Represents symmetry of the crystal structure.
 IT is the smallest 3D repeating unit of a
crystal structure representative of its:
• atomic structure

• chemical composition

• crystal symmetry.

 The atoms are arranged in a „box‟ with parallel

sides, the unit cell, which is repeated by simple
translations to make up the crystal.
 Fundamental Concepts
Crystalline:
Repeating/periodic array of atoms; each atom bonds to nearest
neighbor atoms.

Crystalline: Repeating or periodic array over large atomic distances.

3-D pattern in which each atom is bonded to its nearest neighbors

Crystalline material is a material comprised of one or many

crystals. In crystal, atoms or ions show a long-range periodic
arrangement.

Non-crystalline or Amorphous – random

arrangement of atoms. 9
 A crystalline material is one in which the atoms are situated in a
specific order (repeating or periodic array over large atomic
distances)
 All metals, many ceramics, and some polymers make crystalline
structure
 Some of the properties of crystalline solids depend on the crystal
structure (manner in which atoms, ions or molecules are
spatially arranged) of the material
 Ordered arrangement of atoms.
 Atom positions are regularly repeated in space following a pattern
defined by crystal lattice
 Distribution of atoms in crystal structure follows one of 14 Bravais
Lattices derived from Crystal System.
 When describing crystalline structures, atoms are considered as being
solid spheres having well-defined diameters
 Atomic hard sphere model -> in which spheres representing nearest-
neighbor atoms touch one another
 Lattice is a regularly spaced 3D array of points coinciding with atom
positions (or centers)
Crystal structure: the manner in which atoms, ions, or molecules
are spatially arranged.

Crystal structures deals with atomic arrangements in solids.

They are the regular 3D pattern of atoms in a space.

Crystal structures described in terms of idealized geometric

concept called „ Space Lattice ‟.
The space lattices formed by unit cells are marked by the following symbols.

Primitive lattice: P having lattice points only at the corners of the unit cell.

Body centred lattice: I having lattice points at the corners as well as at the

body centre of the unit cell.

 All crystal structures can be envisaged as:

• the packing together of spherical ions/atoms

• bonded by ionic and/or covalent and/or metallic bonds

Ionic bond:
• Electrical attraction between ions of opposite charge (Na+, Cl-)
•90% minerals are ionic compounds.

Covalent bond:
• shared electrons where electrons not readily lost/gained
•E.g. Diamond.

Metallic bond:
• free-electron sharing in metallic atoms (loose electrons)

e.g. NaCl - Salt

Can be made up of atoms of one or more
kinds of elements.
when the unit cell repeated in the three
dimensions generates the crystal structure.
Is solid material whose constituents (atoms ,
molecules or ions) are arranged in highly
ordered microscopic structure forming
crystal lattice that extend in all direction
 A crystal is composed of a structural unit that is repeated in three
dimensions.
 This is the basic structural unit of a crystal of sodium chloride.
 The properties of materials are directly related to
their crystal structures
 Significant property differences exist between
crystalline and non-crystalline materials .
Common crystal structures for metals:
 BCC- alpha iron, chromium, molybdenum, tantalum, tungsten, and
vanadium.
 FCC - gamma iron, aluminum, copper, nickel, lead, silver, gold and
platinum.
 HCP - beryllium, cadmium, cobalt, magnesium, alpha titanium, zinc and
zirconium.
 IT is a three dimensional array of points, each
of which has identical surroundings.
 Space lattice is arrangement of points with
each point having exactly same surroundings.
 The space lattice points in a crystal are
occupied by atoms.
 Space Lattice :
It‟s a 3D network of imaginary lines connecting
the atoms, which arrange themselves in a
distinct pattern in a space, called “ Space
Lattice ”
OR
It can be considered as an infinite array of
points in a space so arranged that it divides the
space into equal volumes with no space
excluded.
 Space Lattice :
 Every point in space lattice has identical
surrounding with that of every other point, these
point in the space lattice with identical
surrounding are called as “ Lattice Points ”
 The repeating unit of the space lattice is called
“Unit Cell”
 Crystallographic axes – X, Y, Z ( a, b, c & α, β, ϒ
)
 If the vectors which defines the cell are chosen so
that, the lattice points are only at corners of the
cell, such a unit cell is called „ Primitive Cell ‟ &
has only one lattice point per unit cell
 SPACE LATTICE
A lattice is a regular and periodic arrangement of points in three dimension.

It is defined as an infinite array of points in three dimension in which every

point has surroundings identical to that of every other point in the array.

The Space lattice is otherwise called the Crystal lattice.

Therefore, in the arrangement of points, if the surrounding environment

looks the same when the arrangement is viewed from different lattice points,
then that arrangement is said to be a space lattice.

21
 When describing crystalline structures, atoms are considered as being solid
spheres having well-defined diameters.
 Atomic hard sphere model -> in which spheres representing nearest-
neighbor atoms touch one another
 Lattice is a regularly spaced 3D array of points coinciding with atom
positions (or centers).
 The periodicity of atoms in crystalline solids can be described by a network of
points in space called lattice.
 Lattice - infinite , perfectly periodic array of points in a space.
 Lattice: 3D array of points coinciding with atom positions (center of spheres).
 It‟s the regular geometrical arrangement of points in a crystal space, such a
way that every point has identical surrounding.
 Translationally periodic arrangement of points in space is called a lattice


 Lattice Crystal

Translationally periodic Translationally periodic

arrangement of points arrangement of motifs

Crystal = Lattice + Motif

Lattice  the underlying periodicity of the crystal
Basis  atom or group of atoms associated with each lattice points

Lattice  how to repeat

Motif  what to repeat
Lattice

Motif
+ 
 Crystal

      
      
      
=       
      
      
      
      
 BASIS
 A crystal structure is formed by associating every lattice point with
an unit assembly of atoms or molecules identical in composition,
arrangement and orientation.

 This unit assembly is called the `basis’.

 When the basis is repeated with correct periodicity in all directions,

it gives the actual crystal structure.

 The crystal structure is real, while the lattice is imaginary.

26
 CRYSTAL STRUCTURE

= +

Crystal structure = Lattice + Basis

Motif or basis: an atom or a group of atoms associated with each lattice point

Crystal = Lattice + Motif 27

Lattice Points
 The unit vectors a, b and c are called lattice parameters.
 Based on their length equality or inequality and their
orientation a total of 7 crystal systems can be defined.
 With the centering (face, base and body centering) added to
these, 14 kinds of 3D lattices, known as Bravais lattices, can be
generated.
 Lattice points can be arranged in only 14 different arrangements
(arrays), called Bravais lattice.
 Bravais demonstrated that, there exist an 14 types of
arrangement of lattice points which are having identical
surrounding.
 Actual crystal structures can be obtained by placing atoms at
Bravais lattice points / at some other points which have fixed
relation to the Bravais lattice points .
 Metals may not exist with all the above structures . The most
common structures observed in metals are BCC, FCC, HCP.
 Bravais Lattice
A lattice is a set of points constructed by translating
a single point in discrete steps by a set of basis
vectors. In three dimensions, there are 14 unique
Bravais lattices (distinct from one another in that
they have different space groups) in three
dimensions. All crystalline materials recognized
till now fit in one of these arrangements.
or
In geometry and crystallography, a Bravais lattice
is an infinite set of points generated by a set of
discrete translation operations. A Bravais lattice
looks exactly the same no matter from which point
one views it.
 Bravais Lattice
 Bravais in 1948 showed that 14 types of unit cells
under seven crystal systems are possible. They are
commonly called as `Bravais lattices’.
 If the surroundings of each lattice point in a space
lattice is the same or if the atom or all the atoms at
lattice points are identical, then such a lattice is
called the Bravais lattice.
 On the other hand, If the surroundings of each lattice
point is not the same, then it is called the Non-
Bravais lattice.
 Originated from 7 Crystal systems and 4 lattice
types, 14 Bravais lattices are possible in 3-
dimensional space.
The 14 Bravais Lattices
 Crystallographic axes & Lattice parameters
 Let OA, OB and OC are the intercepts  Consider a unit cell consisting of three
made by the unit cell along X, Y and Z mutually perpendicular edges OA, OB
axes respectively. and OC as shown in figure.
 These intercepts are known as  Draw parallel lines along the three
primitives. In crystallography the
edges.
intercepts OA, OB and OC are  These lines are taken as crystallographic
represented as a , b and c . axes and they re denoted as X, Y and Z
axes.

All unit cells may be described via these vectors and angles.
33
 LATTICE PARAMETERS

 The angle between X and Y axes is represented as .

 Similarly the angles between Y and Z and Z and X axes are

denoted by  and  respectively as shown in the above figure.
These angles ,  and  are called as interaxial angles or
interfacial angles.

 To represent a lattice, the three interfacial angles and their

corresponding intercepts are essential. These six parameters are said
to be lattice parameters.

34
Unit cell: smallest repetitive volume which contains the complete lattice
pattern of a crystal.

7 crystal systems

14 crystal lattices

a, b, and c are the lattice constants

Fig. 3.4, Callister & Rethwisch 8e.

35
 Crystal system
Crystal Systems: Crystal ―C‖ (vertical axis) is elongated
One side not equal
structures are divided into
groups according to unit cell
geometry (symmetry). One side not equal

Face centred lattice:F 

having lattice points at the Equal sides
corners as well as at the face Not at 90°
centres of the unit cell.
Three unequal sides
Base centred lattice:C 
having lattice points at the
corners as well as at the top and
bottom base centres of the unit
cell.
Source: William D. Callister 7th edition , chapter 3 page 47

36
 x, y, z : Coordinate systems

 a, b, c : Edge lengths

 α, β, γ : Inter axial angles

 Cubic system: a=b=c α=β=γ=90°

 Lattice parameter (e.g., a,b,c, α, β, γ) determine the crystal system. There are seven
crystal systems which are Cubic, Tetragonal, Hexagonal, Rhombohedral (Trigonal),
Monoclinic, Triclinic.

A three dimensional space lattice is generated by repeated translation of three

translational vectors a, b and c.
Crystals are grouped under seven systems on the basis of the shape of the unit cell.
The seven crystal systems are distinguished from one another by their lattice
parameters .


 For a crystalline solid, when the repeated arrangement of
atoms is perfect or extends throughout the entirety of the
specimen without interruption, the result is a single
crystal
 If the extremities of a single crystal are permitted to grow
without any external constraint, the crystal will assume a
Garnet
regular geometric shape having flat faces
 Within the past few years, single crystals have become
extremely important in many of our modern technologies.
 Single crystal is a crystalline material that is made of only
one crystal ( no grain boundaries).
 Most crystalline solids are composed of a collection of many
small crystals or grains; such materials are termed
polycrystalline
 Initially, small crystals or nuclei form at various positions.
These have random crystallographic orientations.
 Polycrystalline material is a material comprised of many
crystals (single-crystal material that has only one crystal).
 Growth of the crystallites; the obstruction of some grains
that are adjacent to one another
 Upon completion of solidification, grains having irregular
shapes have formed
 The grain structure as it would appear under the
microscope; dark lines are the grain boundaries
 there exists some atomic mismatch within the region where
two grains meet; this area, called a grain boundary
 3. Anisotropy
The physical properties of single crystals of some substances depend on the crystallographic
direction in which measurements are taken
This directionality of properties is termed anisotropy
The extent and magnitude of anisotropic effects in crystalline materials are functions of the
symmetry of the crystal structure.
For many polycrystalline materials, the crystallographic orientations of the individual grains
are totally random.
Under these circumstances, even though each grain may be anisotropic, a specimen
composed of the grain aggregate behaves isotropically
Also, the magnitude of a measured property represents some average of the directional
values.
The magnetic properties of some iron alloys used in transformer cores are anisotropic—that
is, grains (or single crystals) magnetize in a <100>-type direction easier than any other
crystallographic direction
 CLASSIFICATION OF SOLIDS
Solids can broadly be classified into two types based on the
arrangement of units of matter.
The units of matter may be atoms, molecules or ions.
They are,
Crystalline solids and
Non-crystalline (or) Amorphous solids
In a Crystalline solid, atoms are arranged in an orderly manner. The
atoms are having long range order.
Example : Iron, Copper and other metals, NaCl etc.

In an Amorphous solid, atoms are not present in an orderly manner.

They are randomly arranged.
Example : Glass
 CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS
A substance is said to be crystalline when the arrangement of units of matter is regular
and periodic.
A crystalline material has directional properties and therefore called as anisotropic
substance.
A crystal has a sharp melting point.
It possesses a regular shape and if it is broken, all broken pieces have the same regular
shape.
A crystalline material can either be a single (mono) crystal or a polycrystal.
A single crystal consists of only one crystal, whereas the polycrystalline material consists
of many crystals separated by well-defined boundaries.
Examples
Metallic crystals – Cu, Ag, Al, Mg etc,
Non-metallic crystals – Carbon,Silicon,Germanium,

43
 Non-crystalline solids lack systematic and regular arrangement of atoms over
relatively large atomic distances. Also called amorphous (without form)
 Compare SiO2 . Crystalline structure has ordered atoms while non-crystalline
structure has disorder atoms.
 Each Si atom is bonded to 3 O atoms in crystalline as well as non-crystalline
structures.
 In amorphous solids, the constituent particles are not arranged in an orderly
manner. They are randomly distributed.
 They do not have directional properties and so they are called as `isotropic’
substances.
 They have wide range of melting point and do
not possess a regular shape. Crystalline Non-Crystalline
Examples:
Glass, Plastics, Rubber etc.,
ATOMIC ARRANGEMENT IN CRYSTALS

(a) mono (or) single crystals

(b) polycrystalline solids
(c) amorphous solids

45
Crystalline materials...
• atoms pack in periodic, 3D arrays
• typical of: -metals
-many ceramics
-some polymers crystalline SiO2
Adapted from Fig. 3.23(a),
Callister & Rethwisch 8e.

Si Oxygen
Noncrystalline materials...
• atoms have no periodic packing
• occurs for: -complex structures
-rapid cooling
"Amorphous" = Noncrystalline noncrystalline SiO2
Adapted from Fig. 3.23(b),
Callister & Rethwisch 8e.

46
 • Some engineering applications require single crystals:
-- diamond single -- turbine blades
crystals for abrasives Fig. 8.33(c), Callister &
Rethwisch 8e. (Fig. 8.33(c)
(Courtesy Martin Deakins,
courtesy of Pratt and
GE Superabrasives,
Whitney).
Worthington, OH. Used
with permission.)

• Properties of crystalline materials often related to crystal structure.

-- Ex: Quartz fractures more easily along some crystal planes than
others.

(Courtesy P.M. Anderson)

47
 Anisotropic
• Most engineering materials are polycrystals.

Adapted from Fig. K,

color inset pages of
Callister 5e.
(Fig. K is courtesy of
Paul E. Danielson,
Teledyne Wah Chang
Albany)
1 mm

• Nb-Hf-W plate with an electron beam weld. Isotropic

• Each "grain" is a single crystal.
• If grains are randomly oriented,
overall component properties are not directional.
• Grain sizes typically range from 1 nm to 2 cm
(i.e., from a few to millions of atomic layers).
48
 • Single Crystals E (diagonal) = 273 GPa
Data from Table 3.3,
-Properties vary with Callister & Rethwisch 8e.
(Source of data is R.W.
direction: anisotropic. Hertzberg, Deformation
and Fracture Mechanics
-Example: the modulus of Engineering
Materials, 3rd ed., John
of elasticity (E) in BCC iron: Wiley and Sons, 1989.)

E (edge) = 125 GPa

• Polycrystals
-Properties may/may not 200 mm Adapted from Fig.
4.14(b), Callister &
vary with direction. Rethwisch 8e.
(Fig. 4.14(b) is courtesy
-If grains are randomly of L.C. Smith and C.
Brady, the National
oriented: isotropic. Bureau of Standards,
Washington, DC [now
(Epoly iron = 210 GPa) the National Institute of
-If grains are textured, Standards and
Technology,
anisotropic. Gaithersburg, MD].)

Grains are the crystals in a polycrystalline material.

Grain boundaries are regions between grains of a polycrystalline material. 50
They are solid solutions of metals.
They are usually prepared by
mixing molten components.
They may be homogeneous, with a
uniform distribution, or occur in a
fixed ratio, as in a compound with a
specific internal structure.
 Aluminium (Al) is ductile while iron (Fe) and
magnesium (Mg) are not. This can be explained from
their crystal structures.
 Al is FCC where as Fe is BCC and Mg is HCP.
 Plastic deformation in metals takes place mainly by a
 process called slip. Slip can broadly be visualized as
sliding
 of crystal planes over one another. Slip occurs on most
 densely packed planes in the most closely packed
directions lying on that plane.
 The slip plane and the direction together is called a
 Slip system
 Relation between atomic radius
and edge length
SC BCC FCC
FCC

54 23 June 2024
 The Structure of Metals

Metals are usually poly crystalline

 Metallic crystal structure

SC (Simple Cubic)
BCC (Body-Centred Cubic)
1 atom
2 atoms FCC (Face Centred Cubic)

4 atoms

56
 PRIMITIVE CELL
 It is the smallest unit cell in volume constructed by primitives. It consists of only one full
atom .
 A primitive cell is one, which has got the points or atoms only at the corners of the unit
cell.
 If a unit cell consists of more than one atom, then it is not a primitive cell.
 For each crystal structure there is a conventional unit cell, usually chosen to make the
resulting lattice as symmetric as possible. However, the conventional unit cell is not
always the smallest possible choice. A primitive unit cell of a particular crystal structure is
the smallest possible unit cell one can construct such that, when tiled, it completely fills
space.
 Example for primitive cell :Simple Cubic unit cell.

 Examples for non-primitive cell: BCC and FCC unit cell.

57
 Simple cubic (or primitive cubic) unit cells
are relatively rare. The atoms occupy the
corners of a cube.
The coordination number is 6, and
The packing efficiency is only 52.4%.
Atoms per unit cell- SC
Corners atoms = 8 x 1/8 =1 } 1 • Coordination # = 6
(# nearest neighbors)
1 atom in SC unit

Simple cubic (or primitive

cubic) unit cells are
relatively rare. The atoms
occupy the corners of a cube.
The coordination number is
6, and the packing efficiency
is only 52.4%.
59
Note: All atoms are identical; the center atom is shaded differently only for
ease of viewing.
In the (BCC) unit cell there
is one host atom (lattice
point) at each corner of
the cube and one host
atom in the center of the
cube: Z = 2
 BCC
Body atom=1

Corners atoms = 8 x 1/8 =1

Body atom (1) +Corners atoms (1) = 2

Coordination # = 8

Source: Wiliam D. Callister 7th edition, chapter 3 page 42

e.g., Cr, W, Alpha (α)-Iron, Delta (δ)- Iron, Mo, V, Na

62
 The BCC crystal structure: (a) hard-ball model; (b) unit cell; and (c) single
crystal with many unit cells

 BCC -> a cubic unit cell with atoms located at all eight corners and a
single atom at the cube center Center and corner atoms touch one
another along cube diagonals .
 Example: Iron (Fe)
 Good strength
 Moderate ductivity
 Metallic Crystal Structure continue …….
Body Centered Cubic

All sides are equal to dimension ―a‖

a2 + a2 = 2a2

(a√2)2 + a2 = 3a2 = (4R)2

a√3
a√3= 4R a√2

a= 4R / √3
a= lattice parameters for BCC
64
Face atoms= 6 x ½ =3
Corners atoms = 8 x 1/8 =1
Face atoms (3)+Corners atoms(1)= 4

e.g., Al, Ni, Cu, Au, Ag, Pb, Gamma (γ)-Iron

FCC
Source: William D.
Callister 7th edition,
chapter 3 page 40

66
 Metallic Crystal Structure continue ..
Face Centered Cubic
where,

R: Radius of atom

a: cube edge

a2 + a2 = (4R)2
2a2 = (4R)2 = 16R2
a = 4R/ √2
a= lattice parameters for FCC 67
 FCC -> a unit cell of cubic geometry, with atoms located at each of the
corners and the centers of all the cube faces
 For the fcc crystal structure, each corner atom is shared among eight unit
cells, whereas a face-centered atom belongs to only two
 How many atoms in a unit cell? one-eighth of each of the eight corner atoms
and one-half of each of the six face atoms, or a total of four whole atoms,
may be assigned to a given unit cell
 copper, aluminum, silver, and gold have fcc
 Cell volume= cube volume (generated from the center of atom at corner)
FCC crystal structure:
(a) hard-ball model;
(b) unit cell; and
(c) single crystal with many unit cells
Example (Al)
 Moderate strength
 Good ductility
 For metals, each atom has the same number of
touching atoms, which is the coordination
number
 For fcc, coordination number is 12
 The APF (Atomic Packing Factor) is the sum of
the sphere volumes of all atoms within a unit cell
divided by the unit cell volume
 The HCP structure has the primitive cell of the hexagonal lattice, with a
basis of two identical atoms
 Atom positions: 000, 2/3 1/3 ½ (remember, the unit axes are not all
perpendicular)
 Each of top and bottom faces of the unit cell consist of 6 atoms that form
regular hexagons and surround a single atom in the center
 Another plane that provides 3 additional atoms to the unit cell is
situated between the top and bottom planes
 The atoms in this mid-plane have as nearest neighbors atoms in both of
the adjacent two planes.
 The number of nearest- neighbours is 12.

Conventional HCP unit cell

 HCP- Cont.

Source: William D. Callister 7th edition, chapter 3 page 43

6 atoms Coordination # = 12
72
 Metallic Crystal Structure continue
The Hexagonal Close-Packed
6 Atoms at top 12
6 Atoms at bottom
2 Centre face atoms
3 Mid plane atoms
12 x 1/6 = 2
2 x 1/2 = 1 6 atoms/unit cell
Mid plane 3
Co-ordinate number: 12 (HCP or FCC)
e.g., Cd, Zn, Mg, Ti
73
The hexagonal close-packed (hcp) crystal structure:
(a) unit cell; and
(b) single crystal with many unit cells
 Example: Beryllium, Zinc
 Low strength
 Low ductivity
 The equivalent of six atoms is contained in each unit cell
 If a and c represent, respectively, the short and long unit cell
dimensions the c/a ratio should be 1.633
 The coordination number and the APF for the HCP are the
same as for FCC: 12 and 0.74, respectively
 The HCP metals include cadmium, magnesium, titanium, and
zinc, etc
Polymorphism: Some metals and non-metals may have more
than one crystal structure . This phenomenon is known as
Polymorphism, e.g., Iron has BCC structure at room
temperature , but FCC structure at 912C.
Allotropy: When the above phenomenon is found in elemental
solids, called Allotropy, e.g., C has two allotropes: Graphite is
formed at room temperature and Diamond is formed at high
temperature and pressure.
Polymorphism is the ability of solid to exist in more than one
crystal form
Note the difference in properties due to change
in crystal structure of same metal/element
  Atoms may assemble into crystalline or amorphous structures.
 Common metallic crystal structures are FCC, BCC, and HCP.
• Coordination number and APF are the same for both FCC and HCP
crystal structures.
 We can predict the density of a material, provided we know the atomic
weight, atomic radius, and crystal geometry (e.g., FCC, BCC, HCP).
 Crystallographic points, directions and planes are specified in terms
of indexing schemes.
 Crystallographic directions and planes are related to atomic linear
densities and planar densities.
 In crystalline solids, the atoms, ions or molecules are arranged in an
ordered and symmetrical pattern that is repeated over the
entire crystal.
 The smallest repeating structure of a solid is called a unit cell, which is
like a brick in a wall.
 Unit cells combine to form a network called a crystal lattice.
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 SUMMARY-Cont.
Materials can be single crystals or polycrystalline.
Material properties generally vary with single crystal orientation (i.e., they are anisotropic),
but are generally non-directional (i.e., they are isotropic) in polycrystals with randomly
oriented grains.
Some materials can have more than one crystal structure. This is referred to as polymorphism
(or allotropy).
X-ray diffraction is used for crystal structure and interplanar spacing determinations.
The study of repetition in crystals is called crystallography.
To understand X-ray diffraction, must first understand repetition in crystals
"X-ray diffraction" is important method for study of materials.
In crystals, atom groups (unit cells) are repeated to form a solid material.
Lattice - infinite , perfectly ,periodic array of points in a space
Every crystal structure has a unit cell
Smallest unit into which a crystal structure can be broken down
that sill retains the properties of the whole structure
‫?‪Any Question‬‬
‫بالتوفيق ان شاء هللا‬
‫‪Prof.Dr. Mohamed A. Alaalam‬‬
‫أ‪.‬د‪ /‬محمد أحميدة العالم‬
‫‪80‬‬