NAME:

Heidi Massiel Paredes

TUITION:
LR-18-30250

SUBJECT:
Theology (Human Formation)

ISSUE:
Old Testament Writers

TEACHER:
Atty. Blasdimil Espinal Bera

La Romana, Dominican Republic,

April 22, 2020
 INTRODUCTION

Old Testament Writers

The first section of 39 books of the Bible from Genesis to the

prophet Malachi is called the Old Testament (OT) .

The names of those who wrote the Old Testament sometimes

remain a complete mystery to the beginner who approaches to
discover them.

While in the New Testament the names of the authors are quite
clear, the Old Testament is a little more mysterious regarding its
authors.
Be that as it may, the Church affirms that “God is the author of
sacred Scripture because he inspires his human authors: he acts in
them and for them. Thus he gives the assurance that his writings
teach the saving truth without error.”
We cannot know for sure who wrote the Old Testament, but we
should not reject the traditions that have been passed down through
the centuries. In fact, they are important and help us understand the
cultural context of each of the books of the Bible.

In the work below we will look at the traditional authors of the Old
Testament, who played a role in various events in Salvation history.

Essentially, above and beyond human authors, the Bible was written
by God. 2 Timothy 3:16 tells us that the Bible was “inspired” by God.
God supervised the human authors of the Bible so that, although
they used their own writing styles and personalities, they still
recorded exactly what God wanted written. The Bible was not
dictated by God, but was perfectly guided and entirely inspired by
Him.

Humanly speaking, the Bible was written by approximately 40 men

from various backgrounds, over a period of 1500 years. Despite
having been written by different authors over the centuries, the Bible
does not contradict itself, nor does it contain any errors. All the
authors present different perspectives, but they all proclaim the
same one true God, and the same way to salvation — Jesus Christ.
Few books of the Bible specifically name their author. These are the
books of the Old Testament, along with the name of whom most
biblical scholars assume to be the author, as well as the
approximate date of their authorship:

INDEX

Moses
The Five Books of Moses

 Genesis
 Exodus
 Levitical
 Numbers
 Deuteronomy

Josue

 Book of Joshua

Samuel

Books of Samuel

 Book of Judges
 Book of Ruth
 Book 1 of Samuel
 Book 2 of Samuel

David

 Book The Psalms

Solomon

Books of Solomon

 Song of songs
 Ecclesiastes
 Proverbs

joel
 Book of Joel

Amos
 Book of Amos

Hosea
 Book of Hosea

Micah
 Book of Micah
Isaiah
 Book of Isaiah

Nahum
 Book of Nahum

Zephaniah
 Book of Zephaniah
Obadiah
 Book of Obadiah

Jeremiah

The Books of Jeremiah

 Jeremiah
 Wailing
 Book 1 of Kings
 Book 2 of Kings

Habakkuk
 Book of Habakkuk

Ezequiel
 Book of Ezekiel

Daniel
 Book of Daniel

Haggai
 Book of Haggai

Zechariah
 Book of Zechariah

Malachi
 Book of Malachi

Mordecai

 Book of Esther

Ezra

The books of Ezra

 Book of Ezra
 Book of Nehemiah
 Book 1 of Chronicles
 Book 2 of Chronicles

Old Testament
Languag
# Book Date Author Chapters
e
1 Genesis 1445-1400 BC Moses Hebrew 50
2 Exodus 1445-1400 BC Moses Hebrew 40
3 Levitical 1445-1400 BC Moses Hebrew 27
4 Numbers 1445-1400 BC Moses Hebrew 36
5 Deuteronomy 1445-1400 BC Moses Hebrew 34
6 job 1445-1400 BC Moses Hebrew 42
7 Josue 1400-1350 BC Josue Hebrew 24
8 Judges 1000-900 BC Samuel Hebrew 21
9 1 Samuel 1000-900 BC Samuel / Nathan / Gad Hebrew 31
10 2 Samuel 1000-900 BC Samuel / Nathan / Gad Hebrew 24
11 Ruth 1000-900 BC Samuel Hebrew 4
Mainly David (The Sons of Korah,
12 Psalms 1000-400 BC Asaph, Heman, Ethan, Hezekiah, Hebrew 150
Solomon)
13 Song of Songs 900 BC Solomon Hebrew 8
14 Proverbs 900 BC Solomon Hebrew 31
15 Ecclesiastes 900 BC Solomon Hebrew 12
16 joel 850 BC joel Hebrew 3
17 Amos 750 BC Amos Hebrew 9
18 Hosea 750 BC Hosea Hebrew 14
19 Jonah 700 BC Jonah Hebrew 4
20 Micah 700 BC Micah Hebrew 7
21 Isaiah 700 BC Isaiah Hebrew 66
22 Nahum 650 BC Nahum Hebrew 3
23 Zephaniah 650 BC Zephaniah Hebrew 3
24 Obadiah 600 BC Obadiah Hebrew 1
25 Jeremiah 600 BC Jeremiah Hebrew 52
26 Wailing 600 BC Jeremiah Hebrew 5
27 1 Kings 600 BC Jeremiah Hebrew 22
28 2 Kings 600 BC Jeremiah Hebrew 25
29 Habakkuk 600 BC Habakkuk Hebrew 3
30 Ezequiel 550 BC Ezequiel Hebrew 48
31 Daniel 550 BC Daniel Hebrew 12
32 Haggai 520 BC Haggai Hebrew 2
33 Zechariah 500 BC Zechariah Hebrew 14
34 Malachi 450 BC Malachi Hebrew 4
35 Ester 450 BC Mordecai Hebrew 10
36 Ezra 450 BC Ezra Hebrew 10
37 Nehemiah 450 BC Ezra Hebrew 13
38 1 Chronicles 450 BC Ezra Hebrew 29
39 2 Chronicles 450 BC Ezra Hebrew 36
MOSES

He is an important figure in the Abrahamic religions, where he is

revered as a prophet, lawgiver, and spiritual leader.

His mission was to take the Hebrew (and later Jewish) people out of
the slavery in which they lived in Egypt and lead them 40 years
through the desert until they reached God's Promised Land.

THE FIVE BOOKS OF MOSES

Genesis ; Exodus ; Leviticus ; Numbers ; Deuteronomy ;
The first five books of the Old Testament are known as the books of
Moses, which were engraved on the bronze plates that Nephi took
from Laban.

BOOK OF GENESIS
Genesis is the first book of the Old Testament and was written by
the prophet Moses. It tells of the beginning of many stages, such as
the creation of the earth; the placement of animals and man on it;
the Fall of Adam and Eve; the revelation of the Gospel to Adam; the
beginning of tribes and races; the origin of various languages in the
tower of Babel; and the beginning of the family of Abraham, which
led to the establishment of the house of Israel. Emphasis is also
placed on the role Joseph played in preserving Israel.
The revelation of the last days verifies and clarifies the story told in
Genesis
In the book of Genesis, chapters 1 through 4 contain the account of
the creation of the world and the formation of Adam's family. In
chapters 5 to 10 , the story of Noah is found. In chapters 11 to 20 ,
Abraham and his family are spoken of until the time of Isaac. In
chapters 21 to 35 , the relationship of Isaac's family is followed. In
chapter 36 , we talk about Esau and his family. In chapters 37 to 50 ,
the history of Jacob's family is told and the life of Joseph, sold to
Egypt, and the role he played in saving the house of Israel is
narrated.

BOOK OF EXODUS
Book of the Old Testament, written by Moses, which describes the
departure of the Israelites from Egypt. The history of Israel's early
times, as recorded in Exodus, can be divided into three parts: (1)
The slavery of the people in Egypt, (2) their departure from Egypt
under the direction of Moses, and (3) their dedication to the service
of God in religious and political life.
The first part comprises Exodus 1:1–15:21 . It recounts the
oppression of Israel in Egypt; the early stages of history and the
calling of Moses; the various events that ultimately led to the
liberation; the exodus of the people and the institution of Passover;
the journey to the Red Sea, the destruction of Pharaoh's army and
Moses' song of victory.

The second part comprises Exodus 15:22–18:27 . It talks about the

redemption of Israel and the events of the journey from the Red Sea
to Sinai; the bitter waters of Marah, the miracle of the quails and the
manna, the observance of the Sabbath, the miraculous appearance
of water from the rock when they were at Rephidim, and the battle
there against the Amalekites; Jethro's arrival at the camp and his
advice regarding the civil government of the people.

The third part includes chapters 19 to 40 and has to do with the

consecration of Israel to the service of God during the solemn
events that occurred at Sinai. The Lord set apart the people to be a
kingdom of priests and a holy nation; gave him the Ten
Commandments and other laws; He gave him instructions regarding
the tabernacle, its furniture and how to use it in worship. Next, the
sin of the people in worshiping the golden calf is referred to and,
finally, the construction of the tabernacle and the stipulations for the
services that would be carried out.

LEVITICUS BOOK
Old Testament book that talks about the priestly duties of Israel. It
emphasizes the holiness of God and the code by which His people
must be governed to become holy. Its purpose is to teach the moral
precepts and religious truths of the law of Moses through rituals. The
author of the book was Moses.
In chapters 1 through 7 , the ordinances related to sacrifices are
explained. In chapters 8 to 10 , the rite observed in the consecration
of priests is described. In chapter 11 , it explains what can and
cannot be eaten, what is clean and what is unclean. In chapter 12 ,
we talk about the woman after childbirth. In chapters 13 to 15 , the
laws related to ceremonial impurity are set forth. In chapter 16 , the
rite that was to be observed on the Day of Atonement is discussed.
In chapters 17 to 26 , a systematic code of laws that had to do with
religious and social observances is given. In chapter 27 , it is
explained that the Lord commanded Israel to consecrate their crops,
flocks and herds to the Lord.

BOOK NUMBERS

Fourth book of the Old Testament, whose author was Moses. In the
book of Numbers, the story of Israel's journey from Mount Sinai to
the plains of Moab along the border with Canaan is told. One of the
important lessons taught is that God's people must walk by faith and
trust in His promises if they are to continue to prosper. It also
describes the punishment that God imposed on Israel for their
disobedience and provides information about Israelite laws. The
name of the book derives from the fact that it highlights the data
from the census or registration of the town ( Num. 1–2; 26).
In chapters 1 to 10 , Israel's preparations to leave Sinai are
discussed. In chapters 11 to 14 , the march itself, the sending of
spies to Canaan, and Israel's obstinacy not to enter the promised
land are described. In chapters 15 to 19 , various laws and historical
events are recorded. In chapters 20 to 36 , there is the story of the
last year that the people spent in the desert.

BOOK DEUTERONOMY
It is the fifth book of the Old Testament.
The book contains Moses' last three speeches, which he gave on
the plains of Moab shortly before his translation. The first discourse
is found in chapters 1 through 4 , and is an introduction. The second
speech ( chs. 5 to 26 ) is composed of two parts: (1) 5 to 11 , the
Ten Commandments and a practical exposition of them; and (2) 12
to 26 , a code of laws that forms the core of the entire book. The
third speech ( chs. 27 to 30 ) contains a solemn renewal of the
covenant between God and the people of Israel and an
announcement of the blessings that come with obedience and the
curses that come with disobedience. Chapters 31 to 34 describe the
story of the giving of the law to the Levites, the song of Moses and
the last blessing and departure of this prophet.

JOSUE
Joshua or Yehoshua is the name of Moses ' successor, whose
meaning is Yahweh saves or Yahweh of salvation . Joshua is a
prominent biblical prophet , whose life is narrated in the Book of
Joshua .

He is a prominent biblical Prophet, leader of the Old Testament and

successor of Moses. He was chosen by God to succeed Moses as
leader of the Israelites during the conquest of Canaan ; Joshua
conquered most of the territory of the Promised Land and distributed
it among the twelve Tribes of Israel . This possibly took place around
1230-1210 BC.
He died at the age of 110 ( Joshua 24:29 ), having been a great
example of what it means to be a devout warrior and prophet.

THE BOOK OF JOSHUA

So called not because Joshua was the author, but because he is the
main character of the narrative. In chapters 1 to 12 , the conquest of
Canaan is described. In chapters 13 to 24 , the division of the lands
among the tribes of Israel is discussed and Joshua's final
exhortations are given.
Two notable verses from the book are the Lord's command to
Joshua to meditate on the Scriptures ( Joshua 1:8 ) and Joshua's
call to the people to be faithful to the Lord ( Joshua 24:15 ).

SAMUEL
(AUTHOR OF THE BOOKS 1ST OF SAMUEL AND 2ND OF SAMUEL, JUDGES, AND RUT)

Samuel means " God has heard me" (Samu: El: God has heard
me). Samuel. Well-known biblical character, prophet who lived
before Christ . Samuel is the main figure of two of the books of the
Old Testament . In the Holy Bible, the story of Samuel is one of the
most interesting and beautiful. It is narrated in the books titled 1st
and 2nd Samuel, in the Old Testament .

THE BOOKS OF SAMUEL

FIRST BOOK OF SAMUEL

In chapters 1 through 3, it is reported that Jehovah cursed and
punished Eli's family and instead called Samuel as high priest and
judge. In chapters 4 to 6 , the way in which the ark of the covenant
fell into the hands of the Philistines is recounted. In chapters 7 and 8
, we find Samuel's admonitions about having false gods and a
wicked king. In chapters 9 to 15 , Saul's coronation and reign are
described. In chapters 16 to 31 , the story of David and how he
obtained power is told: Samuel anointed David, who had killed
Goliath. Saul hated David, but David refused to kill Saul even though
he had the opportunity to do so.

SECOND BOOK OF SAMUEL

This book contains a detailed account of David's reign as king of

Judah and eventually all of Israel. In chapters 1 to 4 , we talk about
the long struggle between the followers of David, after he was
crowned by Judah, and the followers of Saul. In chapters 5 to 10 , it
is made known that David became powerful over many lands. In
chapters 11 to 21 , it is reported that David's spiritual strength was
diminishing due to his sins and rebellion within his own family. In
chapters 22 to 24 , David's efforts to be reconciled to the Lord are
described.

THE BOOK OF JUDGES

Old Testament book that contains the history of the Israelites

from the death of Joshua to the birth of Samuel.
 Chapters 1 through 3 are a preface to the entire book of Judges.
They explain that because the Israelites did not expel their enemies
( Judges. 1:16–35 ), they must suffer the consequences: loss of
faith, marriages with unbelievers, and idolatry. In chapters 4 to 5 ,
the experiences of Deborah and Barak, who freed Israel from the
people of Canaan, are recounted. Chapters 6 through 8 recount the
inspiring experiences of Gideon, whom the Lord blessed to deliver
Israel from the Midianites. In chapters 9 through 12 , several men
are reported to have served as judges in Israel at a time when most
Israelites were in apostasy and subject to foreign powers. In
chapters 13 to 16 , we talk about the rise and fall of Samson, the last
judge. The final chapters, from 17 to 21 , constitute an appendix and
in them the gravity of Israel's sins is revealed.

THE BOOK OF RUTH

In chapter 1 , the life of Elimelech and his family in Moab is

described. After the death of their respective husbands, Naomi and
Ruth went to Bethlehem. In chapter 2 , it is explained that Ruth
worked in the harvest, gathering grain in Boaz's field. In chapter 3 , it
is reported that Naomi instructed Ruth to go and lie down at the feet
of Boaz on the threshing floor. In chapter 4 , the story of the
marriage of Ruth and Boaz is told, who had a son, Obed, through
whose lineage David and Christ were born.
DAVID
(AUTHOR OF THE BOOK PSALMS)

The name David means in the Hebrew language “the beloved”,

“the chosen one of God”. David has been a very important king of
the Kingdom of Israel whose work and life is reflected in the Bible,
more precisely in the Old Testament in the books of the prophet
Samuel and in The Psalms.
Also, history remembers him for having been the father of another
very important king for the Hebrew people, Solomon .

David was the son of Jesse, of the tribe of Judah. He was a brave
young man who killed a lion, a bear and the Philistine giant Goliath.
David was chosen and anointed to be king of Israel. Like Saúl, as an
adult he was guilty of serious crimes; but unlike him, he was able to
feel true contrition and, therefore, achieved forgiveness of his sins,
except in the case of the murder of Uriah. His life is divided into four
stages: (1) in Bethlehem, where he was a shepherd; (2) in the court
of King Saul; (3) that of a fugitive; (4) as king of Judah in Hebron
and later king of all Israel.

The sin of adultery that David committed with Bathsheba brought

upon him a series of misfortunes that undermined the last twenty
years of his life. The nation as a whole prospered during his reign,
but David suffered the consequences of his sins. He had continuous
family problems that, in the case of his sons Absalom and Adonijah,
ended in complete rebellion. These events were the fulfillment of the
prophet Nathan's declaration to David, because of his sin.
Despite these disasters, David's reign was the most outstanding in
Israelite history, for (1) he united the tribes into a single nation, (2)
he acquired absolute possession of the country, (3) he was based
on the true religion. to govern the people, so the will of God was the
law of Israel. For these reasons, in times after David's reign it was
considered the golden age of the nation and the symbol of the most
glorious era that the people awaited: that of the coming of the
Messiah.
David's life illustrates the need for all people to persevere in
righteousness to the end. When he was young, David was
characterized as a man “after Jehovah's heart” as a man, he spoke
by the Spirit and received many revelations. But he paid a high price
for his disobedience to God's commandments.

THE BOOK OF PSALMS

 Old Testament book containing a collection of psalms, most of
which are about Christ. The book of Psalms is cited repeatedly in
the New Testament.
David was the author of many of the psalms, which were written
to praise God. Many of them had musical accompaniment.

SOLOMON
(AUTHOR OF THE BOOKS SONGS, SCHLIASTES AND PROVERBS)

Solomon, also called Jedidiah, was according to the Bible the third
and last monarch of the kingdom of Israel (that is, before the
separation of the Israelite territory into the kingdoms of Judah and
Israel). Son of King David , during the reign of Solomon it was built
the first Temple in Jerusalem and to him is attributed the authorship
of the biblical texts titled Book of Ecclesiastes , Book of Proverbs
and Song of Songs .

THE BOOKS OF SOLOMON

SONG OF SONGS

Old Testament book. It is about two lovers, Solomon and Shulamit,

who have been forced to separate.

THE BOOK ECCLESIASTES

Old Testament book that contains reflections on some of life's

deepest problems.
The Preacher, author of the book, writes much of it from the point of
view of those who do not have an understanding of the Gospel. He
writes according to the way of thinking of the inhabitants of the
world, of those who are “under the sun” ( Ecclesiastes. 1:9). Much of
the book appears to be negative and pessimistic ( Ecle. 9:5, 10 );
This is not the way God wants us to perceive life, but it is the
perception that the Preacher has observed in the men of the earth,
lacking light. The most spiritual part of the book is found in chapters
11 and 12 , where the author concludes that the only thing of lasting
value is obedience to God's commandments.
THE BOOK OF PROVERBS

Old Testament book containing many parables, maxims, and

poems, some of which were written by Solomon. This book is
frequently cited in the New Testament.
In chapters 1 to 9 , there is an exposition of what true wisdom is. In
chapters 10 to 24 , there is a collection of proverbs and maxims
about the right and wrong ways to live. In chapters 25 to 29 , are the
proverbs of Solomon recorded by the men of Hezekiah, the king of
Judah. In chapters 30 and 31 , the virtuous woman is described.

JOEL

In the Old Testament, prophet of Judah. The exact time in which he

lived is unknown; It may have been in the period between the reign
of Joash, before 850 BC, and the return of the tribe of Judah from
their Babylonian captivity.
THE BOOK OF JOEL
It centers on a prophecy that Joel made after Judah was devastated
with a severe punishment of drought and a plague of locusts. Joel
assures the people that through repentance they will once again
receive God's blessings.
In chapter 1 , it is requested that a solemn assembly be called in the
house of the Lord. In chapter 2 , we talk about the war and
desolation that will precede the Millennium. In chapter 3 , it speaks
of the last days and states that all nations will be at war, but that
ultimately the Lord will dwell in Zion.
Peter cited Joel's prophecy about the outpouring of the Spirit on the
day of Pentecost.
AMOS

Amos was one of the twelve Hebrew prophets known as the Minor
Prophets . He was a shepherd and fig grower in Tekoa, on the edge
of the desert of Judah . He was a prophet in Israel and the Northern
Kingdom during the reign of Jeroboam II. The book of the Bible that
bears his name is attributed to him.

THE BOOK OF AMOS

Old Testament book. Many of Amos's prophecies admonish Israel
and the surrounding nations to return to righteousness.
In chapters 1 through 5 , Israel and the surrounding nations are
called to repent. In chapter 3 , it is explained that the Lord reveals
His secrets to the prophets and Israel is warned that, because of
their transgression, they will be destroyed by an adversary. In
chapters 6 to 8 , the fall of Israel is prophesied, many years before
the Assyrian invasion. In chapter 9 , it is prophesied that Israel
would be restored to their own land.

HOSEA

Old Testament prophet who prophesied in the northern kingdom of

Israel during the latter part of the reign of Jeroboam Ⅱ. He lived
during a period of national decline and ruin, which was the result of
Israel's wickedness.

THE BOOK OF HOSEA

The fundamental theme of the book is God's love for His people. All
punishments were imposed with love, and Israel's restoration will
also be due to His love. In contrast, Hosea describes Israel's
betrayal and unfaithfulness. Despite this, God can see the final
redemption of Israel in the future.

JONAH

He was a prophet of Yahweh , in the Old Testament , he is the fifth

of the minor prophets called by the Lord to preach repentance to the
city of Nineveh.

THE BOOK OF JONAH

Book of the Old Testament in which an episode in the life of Jonah is

recounted. It is likely that Jonah was not the author of the book. The
main concept of the book is that Jehovah reigns everywhere and
does not limit His love to a single nation or people.
In chapter 1 , the Lord calls Jonah to preach to the people of
Nineveh, but instead of doing what the Lord commands, Jonah flees
by boat and is swallowed by a large fish. In chapter 2 , Jonah prays
to the Lord, and the fish vomits him up onto the ground. In chapter
3 , Jonah is recorded as going to Nineveh and prophesying its
downfall; However, the people repent. In chapter 4 , the Lord
rebukes Jonah for being angry because the Lord saved the people.
Jesus taught that Jonah's being swallowed by the fish foreshadowed
His own death and resurrection.
MICAH

Old Testament prophet from Moresheth-gat, on the plains of Judah,

who prophesied during the reign of Hezekiah.

THE BOOK OF MICAH

The only book in the Old Testament that designates Bethlehem as
the place of the expected birth of the Messiah In this book, the Lord
counseled His people and reminded them of the kindness He had
shown them in the past; asks them to be fair, merciful and humble

The book of Micah belongs to the prophetic books of the Old

Testament (the Bible). It was written at the end of the 8th century
BC. C. by the prophet who bears his name. This book contains 7
chapters.

ISAIAH

Isaiah was one of Jehovah's prophets and wrote one of the books of
the Old Testament, the book of Isaiah. We know of him that he lived
in Jerusalem, the capital of Judah, and that he was the son of Amos
from 740 to 701 BC. He exercised great religious and political
influence during the reign of Hezekiah, of whom he was the main
advisor.
Jesus quoted Isaiah more frequently than any other prophet. In the
New Testament, it is also frequently cited by Peter, John, and Paul.
According to biblical chronology, his prophetic work and his role as
advisor to the monarchs of Judah lasted for more than forty years
throughout the 7th century BC. C. As the Bible mentions, Isaiah died
as a martyr, since his body was cut in two with a wooden saw.

Like the rest of the Old Testament prophets, Isaiah received a divine
mission: to speak to men about God.

The words of a prophet become relevant when the announced

events are fulfilled. In the case of Isaiah, there were several
prophecies that finally came true: the fall of the northern kingdom of
Israel, the destruction of the city of Jerusalem, the conquest of
Babylon and, most especially, the arrival of the Messiah.

THE BOOK OF ISAIAH

This book is made up of 66 chapters. The first chapters describe the
future destruction of Jerusalem, which would take place as a
consequence of the sins of its inhabitants. Chapter 6 refers to the
invitation he received from Jehovah to be one of his messengers. In
several chapters there are statements against the Babylonians,
because they gave cruel treatment to the people chosen by God.
In other episodes, acts of infidelity appear carried out by the people
of Israel, who sought the protection of Assyria instead of seeking
help from God. Just as the prophet predicted, the sins of the people
of Judah caused the destruction of Jerusalem and the Jews were
driven into exile in Babylon.
Likewise, Isaiah prophesied valuable information about the Messiah,
as he stated that he would be born of a virgin, that he would come
from the lineage of King David, that he would live in Galilee and that
he would heal the sick.
Finally, in his book he recalled that many Israelites would not accept
the Messiah and would consider him an impostor.
Both Jesus Christ and his apostles mentioned their prophecies on
numerous occasions and in this way they claimed the figure of
Jesus as the authentic Messiah.
Jesus himself remembered the words of the prophet and in the
synagogue of Nazareth said that the message of Jehovah is always
fulfilled (Isaiah 61: 1, 2).

NAHUM

Nahum Prophet of the Old Testament from Galilee, who wrote his
prophecies between 642 and 606 BC
Nahum's poems reflect the heart of a patriot who believes that God
governs the history of people, he is concerned that only He be
recognized as God in everything that happens in nature and in his
fidelity to his friends.

THE BOOK OF NAHUM

The Book of Nahum prophesies the imminent demise of the

Assyrian Empire and the destruction of its capital Nineveh .

The objective of Nahum's prophecy was to announce the judgment

on Nineveh. Jonah had already prophesied about Nineveh, but he
had lived 150 years before Nahum. In the book of Jonah, Yahweh's
grace triumphs, while in the book of Nahum only the just wrath of
God and the inevitable destruction of this wicked city are
announced. Nahum's vision is focused on this enemy of God's
people; It is very surprising that nothing is mentioned about the sins
of Israel and Judah. Indeed, at the same time that God's holy and
just wrath against enemies is announced, God's people receive
comforting words (1:12-15). In chapter 1 (which is similar to a
psalm), we see God jealous and avenging in all his majesty. The
next two chapters accurately prophesy the fall and destruction of
Nineveh. Nahum prophesies the destruction of Nineveh, symbolizing
liberation from all slavery .

In chapter 1 , God's avenging wrath at the Second Coming and His

mercy and power are discussed. In chapter 2 , the destruction of
Nineveh is described, which is a foreshadowing of what will happen
in the last days. In chapter 3 , the prediction of the terrible
destruction of Nineveh follows.

SOPHONIAS

Zephaniah Old Testament prophet who lived during the reign of

Josiah (639 to 608 BC)

THE BOOK OF ZEPHONIAH

The Book of Zephaniah is a book of the Bible . He belongs to the

group of Minor Prophets of the Old Testament . It consists of three
chapters with a total of 53 verses. It is the ninth book among the
twelve prophets .

In chapter 1 , it speaks of a coming day that will be full of wrath and

desolation. In chapter 2 , the people of Israel are admonished,
urging them to pursue righteousness and meekness. In chapter 3 ,
we talk about the Second Coming, when all nations will gather to
wage war; However, the Lord will reign among them.

OBADIAH

The name Obadiah means "servant of God." He is the fourth minor

prophet and is credited with the shortest of the prophetic books of
the Old Testament. Prophet of the Old Testament era who predicted
the end of Edom The title of the book is dedicated to the name of the
author.

THE BOOK OF ABADIAYS

Book of the Old Testament containing a single chapter, in which

Obadiah wrote about the fall of Edom and prophesied that saviors
would ascend to Mount Zion. With only twenty-one verses, it is the
shortest of the Holy Scriptures and one of the least precise since the
chronological point of view.

The content of the book can be divided into two parts. The first
(verses 1-16) contains adverse judgments against presumptuous
Edom, which dwells among inaccessible rocks. Her very allies will
turn against her and ravage her for having done violence against the
"sons of Jacob, her brothers," and for having rejoiced at the fall of
Jerusalem and preventing the flight of its inhabitants. The second
(verses 17-21) prophesies the restoration of the house of Jacob and
the restitution of their territories. Both prophecies were fully fulfilled.
Obadiah's Hebrew is very lively and flows quickly; Its frequent
apostrophes and interrogations give it liveliness and ease. The style
is often very poetic and almost always limpid and pure.

JEREMIAH
(AUTHOR OF THE BOOKS JEREMIAS, LAMENTATIONS, 1ST OF KINGS AND 2ND OF KINGS )
Jeremiah Old Testament prophet who was born into a family of
priests and prophesied in Judah from 626 to 586 BC
Jeremiah was ordained in the premortal life to be a prophet. During
the approximately forty years that he served as a prophet, he
preached against idolatry and immorality among the Jewish people.
He had to face constant opposition and insults. After the fall of
Jerusalem, the Jews who escaped to Egypt took Jeremiah with
them, where, according to tradition, they stoned him to death.

THE BOOKS OF JEREMIAH

THE BOOK OF JEREMIAH

In chapters 1 to 6 , there are the prophecies that were given during
the reign of Josiah. In chapters 7 to 20 , there are the prophecies of
Jehoiakim's reign. In chapters 21 to 38 , the reign of Zedekiah is
discussed. In chapters 39 to 44 , prophecies are found and the
historical events that occurred after the fall of Jerusalem are
described. In chapter 45 , there is a promise to Baruch, his scribe,
that his life would be preserved. Finally, in chapters 46 to 51 , there
are prophecies against foreign nations. Chapter 52 constitutes a
historical conclusion. Some of Jeremiah's prophecies were among
Laban's bronze plates that Nephi obtained ( 1 Ne. 5:10–13).
Jeremiah is also mentioned two more times in the Book of Mormon (
1 Ne. 7:14 ; Hel. 8:20).
The premortal existence of man and the preordination of Jeremiah
are also exposed in the book of Jeremiah ( Jer. 1:4–5 ); a prophecy
is given of the return of Israel from its scattered condition, of the
gathering into Zion of one from each city and two from each family, a
desirable land where Israel and Judah may dwell in safety and
peace ( Jer. 3:12–19 ); and a prophecy that the Lord will gather
Israel from the northern countries through many “fishermen” and
“hunters” that He will send to find them ( Jer. 16:14–21). This last-
day event will outweigh the deliverance of Israel from Egyptian
captivity through Moses ( Jer. 16:13–15; 23:8).

THE BOOK OF LAMENTATIONS

Old Testament book written by Jeremiah. It is a collection of poems

or elegiac songs or songs of regret for the fall of Jerusalem and the
Israelite nation. This book was written after the fall of the city,
around 586 BC.

Both Jewish and Christian traditions attribute the book to the pen of
Jeremiah , supporting their claims on the fact that the content of the
poems corresponds to the time in which the prophet lived.
However, there is no proof of Jeremiah's authorship. The only clue is
a single phrase in II Chronicles : " Jeremiah composed a
lamentation over Yosiyahu ." Although the book was indeed written
immediately after the events, it is difficult to certify the attribution.

FIRST BOOK OF KINGS

In chapter 1 , the final days of King David's life are described. In

chapters 2 to 11 , the life of Solomon is recounted. In chapters 12 to
16 , Solomon's immediate successors are discussed: Rehoboam
and Jeroboam. The latter caused the division of the kingdom of
Israel. Mention is also made of other kings. In chapters 17 to 21 ,
parts of the ministry of Elijah the Prophet are related when he
admonished Ahab, king of Israel. In chapter 22 , a war against Syria
is recounted in which Ahab and Jehoshaphat, king of Judah, joined
forces. The prophet Micaiah prophesies against kings.

SECOND BOOK OF KINGS

In 2 King. follows the story of the life of Elijah the Prophet, including
his ascent to heaven in a chariot of fire. In chapters 2 to 9 , we talk
about the ministry of faith and the great power of Elisha. In chapter
10 , we talk about King Jehu and how he destroyed the house of
Ahab and the priests of Baal. In chapters 11 to 13 , the righteous
reign of Joash and the death of Elisha are described. In chapters 14
to 17 , mention is made of several kings who reigned in Israel and
Judah, often in iniquity. In chapter 15 , the capture of the ten tribes
of Israel by the Assyrians is recorded. In chapters 18 to 20 , the
righteous life of Hezekiah, king of Judah, and the prophet Isaiah is
recounted. In chapters 21 to 23 , we talk about kings Manasseh and
Josiah, the first being, according to tradition, responsible for the
martyrdom of Isaiah, and the second, a just king who reestablished
the law among the Jews. In chapters 24 and 25 , the Babylonian
captivity is described.
HABAKKUC

In the Old Testament, prophet of Judah who spoke of the

wickedness of the people, possibly during the reign of Jehoiakim
(around 600 BC).

THE BOOK OF HABAKKUC

The book of Habakkuk is the eighth book of the 12 minor prophets

of the Bible . It is attributed to the prophet Habakkuk , and was
probably composed at the end of the 7th century BC. c.

Of the three chapters of the book, the first two are a dialogue
between Yahweh and the prophet. The central message, that "the
righteous will live by his faith" ( Habakkuk 2:4 ), plays an important
role in Christian thought. It is used in Romans 1:17 , Galatians 3:11 ,
and Hebrews 10:38 as a starting point for the concept of faith.

The main theme of Habakkuk is about growing from a perplexed and

weak faith to absolute trust in God. Habakkuk writes of his concerns
that God will use the Babylonian empire to execute judgment on
Judah for their sins.
Habakkuk is the only one among the prophets who openly questions
the wisdom of God. In the first part of the first chapter, the prophet
sees the injustice among his people and asks God why he does not
take action. ( How long, O Yahweh, will I cry, and you will not hear;
and will I cry out to you because of violence, and you will not save?,
Habakkuk 1:2 ).

Chapter 1 records a conversation between the Lord and His

prophet, similar to those recorded in Jeremiah 12 and Doctrine and
Covenants 121 . Habakkuk expressed concern because it seemed
to him that the wicked were prospering. In chapter 2 , the Lord
advises him to be patient, and tells him that the righteous must learn
to live by faith. Chapter 3 contains Habakkuk's prayer, in which he
recognizes the justice of God.

EZEQUIEL

Ezekiel Prophet who wrote the book of Ezekiel, from the Old
Testament Ezekiel means "God is my strength." His prophecies are
found in the Book of Ezekiel , his message being one of reverence
for the holiness of God and included reflections on the future
reconstruction of the Temple in Jerusalem , also emphasizing the
moral responsibility of each individual.

Unlike other prophets, Ezekiel had important revelations in the form

of symbolic visions that according to Hebrew belief were transmitted
to him by Yahweh . Ezekiel the dry bones provides detailed
descriptions of his visions. In his first vision, Ezekiel perceived the
tetramorphs , that is, the four living beings pulling a celestial chariot .

His prophecies warned of the imminent destruction of Jerusalem ,

condemned idolatrous practices, and envisioned the restoration of
Israel .

THE BOOK OF EZEKIEL

The book of Ezekiel has four main parts. In chapters 1 to 3 , he talks

about a vision he had of God and Ezekiel's call to serve; In chapters
4 to 24 , the judgments on Jerusalem and the reason why they
occurred are recounted; In chapters 25 to 32 , judgments are
proclaimed on the nations; and in chapters 33 to 48 , there is the
account of the visions that he had of Israel of the last days.

The book of Ezekiel reflects the emotional conflict between the man
who had prepared to be a priest and the one whom God called to be
his messenger (prophetic passion). The young man who always
wanted to officiate in the Temple of Jerusalem had to learn to
worship God without the Temple and without sacrifices, he always
maintained a vivid hope in the complete restoration of the town, the
city and the Temple (Ez capt 33-48).

DANIEL

Daniel main character of the book that bears his name in the Old
Testament; prophet of God and man of great faith The meaning of
Daniel would be “God is my judge or justice of God.”
Nothing is known about his parents, although he appears to have
been of royal lineage. He was taken captive to Babylon, where he
was given the name Belteshazzar Daniel and three other young
captives refused to eat the king's food for religious reasons.

Daniel gained the favor of Nebuchadnezzar and Darius thanks to his

power to interpret dreams. He also read and interpreted the writing
that appeared on the wall. As a result of a conspiracy on the part of
his enemies, he was thrown into a den of lions, but the Lord
preserved his life.

THE BOOK OF DANIEL

The book of Daniel is the only book of the Old Testament that is
apocalyptic in nature. Daniel was also given the revelation of the
time that was determined upon Judah to put an end to disobedience
and to put an end to sin, to atone for iniquity, and to bring in lasting
righteousness, to seal the vision and the prophecy, and to anoint the
Holy One of all. Saints.
The book consists of two parts: chapters 1 to 6 are narratives
concerning Daniel and his three companions; Chapters 7 to 12 are
prophetic visions that Daniel had. In the book of Daniel, the
importance of being faithful to God is taught and the blessings that
the Lord showers on the faithful are pointed out.
One of the main contributions that the book offers is the
interpretation of King Nebuchadnezzar's dream, in which the
kingdom of God in the last days is represented as a stone cut from
the mountain that will roll until it fills the entire earth.
HAGAGEUS

Haggai Prophet of the Old Testament who prophesied in Jerusalem,

approximately in the year 520 BC, shortly after the return of the
Jewish people from their exile in Babylon. His name means festival,
solemnity. He spoke of the rebuilding of the temple in Jerusalem and
admonished the people for not finishing it. He also wrote about the
millennial temple and the reign of the Savior.

THE BOOK OF HAGGAI

In chapter 1 , the Lord admonishes the people for living in finished

houses while the temple remained unfinished. Chapter 2 contains
Haggai's prophecy that the Lord would give peace in His temple.
The book of Haggai basically consists of four messages:

1.- First Message (Hag 1:1-11). Repression for having forgotten

and neglected the construction of the House of God, while each one
sought his own comfort (1:12-15 relates the positive response to this
message).
2.- Second Message (2:1-9). Promises related to the future
greatness of the house of Yejová.
3.- Third Message (2:10-19). Call for meditation to remember the
day the new foundation was laid.
4.- Fourth Message (2:20-23). Promise of protection and special
blessing to Zerubbabel.

These messages are so brief that they could well be the outlines of
speeches given. Each message has an exact date, and they were
all given over a period of three months and twenty-four days.

ZECHARIAH
Zechariah was a Jewish prophet who has played a prominent role in
the Christian Bible and the Jewish Tanakh as a result of having
been the author of one of the books that make up these sacred
books that are so important for the Christian and Jewish religions,
respectively, the so-called Book of Zechariah.

THE BOOK OF ZECHARIAH

This book is noted for its prophecies about Christ's earthly ministry
and His second coming ( Zech. 9:9; 11:12–13; 12:10; 13:6). In
chapters 1 to 8 , a series of visions about the future of God's people
are discussed. In chapters 9 to 14 , there are visions about the
Messiah, the last days, the gathering of Israel, the great final war
and the Second Coming.

In the book Zechariah, he announces the restoration of the temple of

Israel and on the other hand he will also anticipate the arrival of
Jesus and the Kingdom of heaven.

There are many prophecies that are attributed to this prophet

classified within the so-called minor prophets, meanwhile, one of the
most popular, because it was later fulfilled and marked a substantial
fact in the history of Jesus, is the one in which he anticipates the
Judas's betrayal of Jesus, he even talks about the amount of money
that he had agreed to receive for betraying the son of God of whom
he was one of his twelve disciples.

MALACHI

Malachi Old Testament prophet who wrote and prophesied around

430 BC
Malachi, “My messenger” or “Messenger of Yehovah.” The Bible
does not record personal data, not even in its own prophecy.

THE BOOK OF MALACHI

The book, or prophecy, of Malachi is the last book of the Old
Testament, and appears to cover four main themes: (1) the sins of
Israel: (2) the judgments that will come upon Israel for their
disobedience: (3) the promises for the obedient: (4) prophecies
concerning Israel: In his prophecy, Malachi wrote about John the
Baptist, the law of tithing, the second coming of the Lord, and the
return of Elijah the Prophet.
The book can be divided into two parts:

1.- Sin of Israel (1 and 2).

The sin rebuked includes lack of gratitude to God for choosing
Israel, dishonoring God's name with unacceptable offerings, and
regarding worship as a heavy burden. The most guilty are the
spiritual leaders.
The warning of punishment as a result of these conditions is clear.
Mixed marriages with pagans profane the covenant with God, since
Israel is a set apart people. God hates the marital infidelity that had
become common.
2.- Promise regarding the Messiah (3 and 4).
This promise includes that of the promised messenger and that of
the day of purification.

MORDECAI
(AUTHOR OF THE BOOK ESTHER)
Mordecai is a biblical character and one of the main protagonists of
the Book of Esther , linked to the Jewish heroine who gives its name
to the book Esther.

Mordecai was a Jewish man connected to the genealogy of

Benjamin and Saul (son of Jair, son of Shimi, son of Kish).
Mordecai is Esther 's cousin and is also her adoptive father, taking
her in and raising her when her parents died. Mordecai prevented
the assassination of King Ahasuerus by announcing to Queen
Esther that some of his men were seeking something against the
king.
His figure renews Saul's victory over Agag , defeating the Agagites
of Haman .
It was Esther's cousin who adopted her after her father had died. He
took care of her as if he were her father until the king's charges
arrived to look for a new queen. Among the most beautiful girls in
Persia was Esther. Since she arrived at the palace, the maidens
treated her with special care and after 1 year, Esther was presented
before King Ahasuerus.

THE BOOK OF ESTHER

Old Testament book that contains the story of the great courage that
Queen Esther demonstrated when she saved her people from
destruction.

The biblical book of Esther presents the conspiracy of Haman "son

of Hamedata the Agagite", who wanted to kill Mordecai by hanging
him on a torture stake. However, the beautiful Esther accuses
Haman and King Ahasuerus orders him to hang on that same tree.

ESDRA
(AUTHOR OF THE BOOKS EZRA, NEHEMIAH, 1ST CHRONICLES AND 2ND CHRONICLES )

Ezra means the one God helps. Ezra was Priest of the Jews in
Babylon and recognized as a diligent Scribe in the Law of Moses.
He was the son of Seraiah, a descendant of Aaron. Being among
the captives in Babylon, and due to his request made to the king, he
was allowed to return to visit Palestine. He had prepared his heart to
search the law of the Lord and to do it, and to teach Israel his
statutes and decrees. By decree of King Artaxerxes, Ezra was given
authority to reorganize on the basis of the law of Moses the Jewish
community that had returned to Judea and Jerusalem after the
Babylonian exile. Based on the decree, the temple utensils were
also returned and silver and gold from the king's treasures were
given to Ezra. Placing all their trust in God, they did not ask for an
escort for the trip.

Ezra rebuked the returnees upon discovering the numerous

marriages of Jews with pagan women, and obtained the annulment
of those marriages. Twelve years later he visited Jerusalem again,
publicly teaching the Law, and presiding over the celebration of the
Feast of Tabernacles, with a splendor such as had not been known
since the time of Joshua. Ezra marks the transition from prophets to
scribes.

THE BOOK OF EZRA

In chapters 1 to 6 , the events that occurred some 60 to 80 years
before the arrival of Ezra in Jerusalem, that is, the decree of Cyrus
in 537 BC, are described. and the return of the Jews under the
leadership of Zerubbabel. Chapters 7 to 10 describe how Ezra went
to Jerusalem. He and his company fasted and prayed for protection.
In Jerusalem they found many Jews who had returned there
previously under the reign of Zerubbabel and had married foreign
women, thereby becoming defiled. Ezra prayed for his countrymen
and they made a covenant with God that they would separate
themselves from those wives. The story of Ezra's later years is
found in the book of Nehemiah.
THE BOOK OF NEHEMIAH
This book is a continuation of the book of Ezra. It contains an
account of the progress and difficulties of the work in Jerusalem
after the return of the Jews from their captivity in Babylon. In
chapters 1 to 7 , Nehemiah's first visit to Jerusalem and the
reconstruction of the city walls despite the great opposition that
existed are recounted. Chapters 8 to 10 describe the religious and
social reforms that Nehemiah tried to implement. In chapters 11 to
13 , a list of names of those who were worthy is given and the
dedication of the walls is discussed. In verses 4 to 31 of chapter 13 ,
Nehemiah's second visit to Jerusalem after twelve years of absence
is recounted.

Chronicles
Two books of the Old Testament. They briefly recount the events
from Creation to Cyrus' proclamation that allowed the return of the
Jews to Jerusalem.

FIRST BOOK OF CHRONICLES

Chapters 1 through 9 contain genealogies from Adam to Saul. In

chapter 10 , the death of Saul is recounted. In chapters 11 to 22 ,
the events related to David's reign are described. In chapters 23 to
27 , the duties assigned to the Levites are explained and it is
mentioned that Solomon was crowned king. In chapter 28 , it is
reported that David ordered Solomon to build a temple. In chapter
29 , David's death is recorded.
SECOND BOOK OF CHRONICLES

In chapters 1 to 9 , the events related to Solomon's reign are

recounted. In chapters 10 to 12 , we talk about the reign of
Rehoboam son of Solomon, during which the united kingdom of
Israel was divided, forming the northern and southern kingdoms.
Chapters 13 through 36 describe the reigns of various kings up to
the time when Nebuchadnezzar captured the kingdom of Judah.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion The Holy books frequently speak of created things,

and in them they show us the greatness of the power of the
sovereignty of providence and the glory of God, but since the
mission of the inspired authors was not to teach the human sciences
, that deal with the intimate nature of things and natural phenomena
and will generally not receive any revelation about them, they
describe them to us in metaphorical language .

The books of the Old Testament aim to show us how much God
loves us, how he wanted to make an Alliance with us to lead us to a
life of communion with Him. This divine project turns the history of
Israel, and our history, into “Salvation History.” All the books of the
Old Testament, from different points, refer to the Messiah, Jesus
Christ, who appears in the “fullness of time.” Christ is the axis of the
entire Bible, the one who gives meaning to all the events of salvation
history.