MCE 204 Second Law Note

ENGINEERING
THERMODYNAMICS I
MCE 204/
Engr. Olamide O.O.
2019/2020 ACADEMIC SESSION
1
PART II
MCE 204/ Engineering Thermodynamics I
Second Law of Thermodynamics
2
Entropy & Irreversibilities
Description
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Learning Outcome
Limitations of the first law
• Energy is a conserved property, and no process is known to have taken
place in violation of the first law of thermodynamics.
• Therefore, it is reasonable to conclude that a process must satisfy the
first law to occur.
• However, as explained below, satisfying the first law alone does not
ensure that the process will actually take place.
•
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Entropy and The Second Law
• It is clear from the above that processes proceed in a certain direction and
not in the reverse direction.
• The first law places no restriction on the direction of a process, but
satisfying the first law does not ensure that the process will actually occur.
• This inadequacy of the first law to identify whether a process can take place
is remedied by introducing another general principle, THE
SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS.
• The reverse process discussed above violate the second law of
thermodynamics.
• This violation is easily detected with the help of a property, called
ENTROPY. A process will not occur unless it satisfies both the first and
the second laws of thermodynamics.
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Thermal Energy Reservoirs
• A reservoir that supplies energy in the form of heat is called a
SOURCE, and the one that absorbs energy in the form of heat is called
a SINK. Thermal energy reservoirs are often referred to as
HEAT RESERVOIRS since they supply or absorb energy in the form
of heat.
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Heat Engines
• The heat engine is a work producing device
• Heat engines can be characterized by:
1. They receive heat from a high-temperature

source (solar energy, oil furnace, nuclear
reactor, etc.).
2. They convert part of this heat to work
(usually in the form of a rotating shaft).
3. They reject remaining waste heat to a low-
temperature sink (the atmosphere, rivers, etc.)
4. They operate on a cycle.
Part of the heat received by a heat engine is converted
to work, while the rest is rejected to a sink
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A Typical Heat Engine Cycle
• Qin: amount of heat supplied to
steam in boiler from a high-
temperature source (furnace).
• Qout: amount of heat rejected from
steam in condenser to a low-
temperature sink (the atmosphere, a
river, etc.).
• Wout: amount of work delivered by a
steam as it expands in turbine.
• Win: amount of work required to
compress water to boiler pressure.
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Thermal Efficiency of the Heat Engine
• The net work output of this power plant is simply the difference between the
total work output of the plant and the total work input.
• The fraction of the heat input that is converted to the net work output is a
measure of the performance of a heat engine and is called the THERMAL
EFFICIENCY ( ηth )
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Thermal Efficiency of the Heat Engine
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Example 1
• A steam power plant produces 50 MW of net work while burning fuel
to produce 150 MW of heat energy at the high temperature. Determine
the cycle thermal efficiency and the heat rejected by the cycle to the
surroundings.
• A heat engine cycle can not be completed without rejecting some heat
to the low temperature sink
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Second Law: Kelvin-Plank Statement
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Refrigerators and Heat Pumps
• We known that the Heat flows in the direction of decreasing temperature, i.e., from high temperature
mediums to low-temperature ones. This heat transfer occurs in nature without requiring any devices.
• The reverse process, however, cannot occur by itself. The transfer of heat from a low-temperature
medium to a high-temperature one requires special devices called REFRIGERATORS
• Refrigerators, like heat engines, are cyclic devices. The working fluid used in the refrigeration cycle is
called a REFRIGERANT.
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Coefficient of Performance
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Heat Pumps
• Another device that transfers heat from a low-temperature medium to a high-
temperature one is the HEAT PUMPS.
• Refrigerators and heat pumps operate on the same cycle but differ in their
objectives.
• The objective of a refrigerator is to maintain the refrigerated space at a low
temperature by removing heat from it.
• Discharging this heat to a higher-temperature medium is merely a
necessary part of the operation, not the purpose.
• The objective of a heat pump, however, is to maintain a heated space at a high
temperature. This is accomplished by absorbing heat from a
low-temperature source, such as well water or cold outside air in winter, and
supplying this heat to the high-temperature medium such as a house.
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Other Equations of State
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Second Law: Clausius Statement
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Perpetual Motion Machines (PMMs)
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Reversible and Irreversible Processes
• A REVERSIBLE PROCESS is defined as a PROCESS THAT CAN BE
REVERSED WITHOUT LEAVING ANY TRACE ON THE
SURROUNDING.
• Both the system and the surrounding are returned to their initial states at
the end of the reverse process.
• This in possible only if the net heat and net work exchange between the
system and the surrounding is zero for the combined (original and
reverse) process.
• Process that are not reversible are called IRREVERSIBLE
PROCESSES.
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Irreversibilities
• The factors that cause a process to be irreversible are called IRREVERSIBILITIES.
• They include friction, unrestrained expansion, mixixng of two gases, heat transfer across a finite
temperature difference, electric resistance, inelastic deformation of solids, and chemical reactions.
• The presence of any of these effects renders a process irreversible.
• A process is an interaction between a system and its surrounding, and a reversible process involves
no irreversibilities associated with either of them.
• A process is called INTERNALLY REVERSIBLE if no irreversibilities occur within the
boundaries of the system during the process.
• A process is called EXTERNALLY REVERSIBLE if no irreversibilities occur outside the system
boundaries during the process.
• A process is called TOTALLY REVERSIBLE, or simply REVERSIBLE, if it involves no
irreversibilities within the system or its surroundings
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The Carnot Heat Engine
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The Carnot Refrigerator and Heat Pump
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Example 2
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Example 3
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Example 4
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Example 4 Solution
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ENGINEERING

2019/2020 ACADEMIC SESSION

Second Law of Thermodynamics

1. They receive heat from a high-temperature

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