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    Physycs Project

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    Papa singh

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Physycs Project

    Uploaded by

    Papa singh
    17 views14 pages

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    17 views14 pages

    Physycs Project

    Uploaded by

    Papa singh

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 14

    PHYSICS

    PROJECT

    PROJECT ON

    MUTUAL
    INDUCTANCE

    PRESENTED BY:-
    Pranav Dwivedi
    Acknowledgement

    It is my duty to record sincere


    thanks and deep sense of
    gratitude to my respected
    teacher

    Mr. Pavan Ojha

    for his valuable guidance and


    constant encouragement for
    the fulfilment of the project.
    I would also like to express my
    special gratitude and thanks
    to school authorities for
    giving me such attention and
    time.
    Index

    Principle of electromagnetic induction 01

    History of electromotive induction 02

    Eddy current 03

    Self- Inductance and it’s Formula 04

    Mutual Inductance 05

    Problems of Mutual Inductance 06

    Application of Mutual Inductance 07


    Principle of
    electromagnetic induction
    The induction of an
    electromotive force by the
    motion of a conductor across a
    magnetic field or by a change
    in magnetic flux in a magnetic
    field is called ‘Electromagnetic
    Induction’.
    This either happens when a conductor is set in a moving
    magnetic field (when utilizing AC power source) or when a
    conductor is always moving in a stationary magnetic field.

    This law of electromagnetic induction was found


    by Michael Faraday. He organized a leading wire
    according to the setup given underneath,
    connected to a gadget to gauge the voltage over
    the circuit. So when a bar magnet passes through
    the snaking, the voltage is measured in the circuit.
    The importance of this is a way of producing
    electrical energy in a circuit by using magnetic
    fields and not just batteries anymore. The
    machines like generators, transformers also the
    motors work on the principle of electromagnetic
    induction.
    History of Electromotive
    Induction
    Faraday’s law
    First Law:- Whenever a conductor is placed in a varying
    magnetic field, EMF induces and this emf is called an
    induced emf and if the conductor is a closed circuit than
    the induced current flows through it.

    Second Law:- The magnitude of the induced EMF is equal


    to the rate of change of flux linkages.

    Based on his experiments we now have


    Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction
    according to which the amount of voltage
    induced in a coil is proportional to the number
    of turns and the changing magnetic field of the
    coil.

    Lenz’s law
    Lenz law of electromagnetic induction states that, when an emf
    induces according to Faraday’s law, the polarity (direction) of that
    induced emf is such that it opposes the cause of its production.

    According to Lenz’s law


    E = -N (dΦ/ dt) (volts)
    Eddy current
    By Lenz law of electromagnetic induction, the current swirls
    in such a way as to create a magnetic field opposing the
    change. Because of the tendency of eddy currents to
    oppose, eddy currents cause a loss of energy. Eddy currents
    transform more useful forms of energy, such as kinetic
    energy, into heat, which isn’t generally useful. In many
    applications, the loss of useful energy is not particularly
    desirable, but there are some practical applications. Like:

    In the brakes of some trains. During braking, the brakes


    expose the metal wheels to a magnetic field which
    generates eddy currents in the wheels. The magnetic
    interaction between the applied field and the eddy
    currents slows the wheels down. The faster the wheels
    spin, the stronger is the effect, meaning that as the
    train slows the braking force is reduces, producing a
    smooth stopping motion.

    There are few galvanometers having a fixed core which


    are of nonmagnetic metallic material. When the coil
    oscillates, the eddy currents that generate in the core
    oppose the motion and bring the coil to rest.

    Induction furnace can be used to prepare alloys, by


    melting the metals. The eddy currents generated in the
    metals produce high temperature enough to melt it.
    Self-Inductance Formula
    Self-inductance is the property of the
    VL = −N (dϕ / dt)
    current-carrying coil that resists or
    opposes the change of current flowing Where:
    through it. This occurs mainly due to the VL = induced voltage in volts
    self-induced emf produced in the coil N = number of turns in the coil
    itself. In simple terms, we can say that
    dφ / dt = rate of change of
    self-inductance is a phenomenon where
    there is the induction of a voltage in a
    magnetic flux in webers / second
    current-carrying wire. Alternatively, the induced
    The self-induced emf present in the coil voltage in an inductor may also
    will resist the rise of current when the be expressed in terms of the
    current increases, and it also resists the
    inductance (in henries) and the
    fall of current if the current decreases. In
    essence, the direction of the induced emf rate of change of current.
    is opposite to the applied voltage if the VL = −L (di / dt)
    current is increasing, and the direction of Or
    the induced emf is in the same direction
    E = −L (di / dt)
    as the applied voltage if the current is
    falling.
    Mutual
    Inductance
    Mutual inductance is the main operating principle of
    generators, motors and transformers. Any electrical device
    having components that tend to interact with another
    magnetic field also follows the same principle. The interaction
    is usually brought about by a mutual induction where the
    current flowing in one coil generates a voltage in a secondary
    coil.

    When two coils are brought in proximity to each other, the


    magnetic field in one of the coils tends to link with the other.
    This further leads to the generation of voltage in the second
    coil. This property of a coil which affects or changes the
    current and voltage in a secondary coil is called mutual
    inductance.
    In the first coil of N1 turns, when a current I1 passes through it, magnetic
    field B is produced. As the two coils are closer to each other, a few
    magnetic field lines will also pass through coil 2.

    We know that on increasing the current in the primary coil, the flux in the
    secondary coil increases.

    I.e., (ф2)T α I

    (Image will be uploaded Soon)

    We are not sure of the number of turns in the S coil. So, to calculate the
    total flux, we have taken the subscript T in (ф2)T.

    On removing the sign of proportionality constant, we get,

    (ф2)T = MI

    Where M is the constant of proportionality and is called the coefficient of


    mutual induction or mutual inductance of two coils.

    The unit of mutual inductance is:

    M = (ф2)T /I =
    WeberAmpere𝑊𝑒𝑏𝑒𝑟𝐴𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑒
    =
    Volt−secAmpere𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡−𝑠𝑒𝑐𝐴𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑒
    = Henry

    ∴ The unit of M is Henry.

    If I = 1, (ф2)T = M x 1 M = (ф2)T

    Thus the coefficient of mutual inductance of two coils is equal to the


    amount of flux that generates in one coil because of the current flow in
    the primary coil.

    M doesn’t depend on (ф2)T, and I because it is a constant term.


    However, it depends upon the following factors:
    1. Geometry (shape) of the coils,
    2. Their separation (or the radius of the coils),
    3. The orientation (coils kept parallel or inclined at some
    angle), and
    4. The medium in which we keep these coils.

    We know that an EMF is induced in the secondary coil. Now


    we will apply Faraday’s law here:

    e2 = - d(ф2)T/dt = - d(MI1)/dt

    (Its because the flux of S coil, i.e., (ф2)T depends on the


    current (I1) in the P coil)

    e2 = - M dI1/dt

    If dI1/dt = 1, then M = - e2

    EMF in the secondary coil generates only when there is a


    change in the current I1.

    ∴The coefficient of mutual inductance of two coils is equal


    to the induced emf in the S coil when the rate of change of
    current in the P coil is unity.
    Mutual Inductance Problems

    (1) Mutual induction between circular coils.

    Consider two circular coils (closely packed) coaxially placed to


    each other. The coil with a larger radius has N1 turns, and that
    with a smaller radius has N2 turns. Also, assume that R1>>
    R2.uction between circular coils.

    The above-mentioned calculation is the same for the following


    case as well.
    Mutual inductance of two concentric coplanar loops.

    Mutual induction between two solenoids


    Applications of Mutual
    Inductance
    The principle of mutual inductance is followed in various
    electronic devices. Some of them are as follows:

    Motors

    Transformer
    Applications of Mutual
    Inductance

    Generators

    The induced EMG in a generator by electromagnetic induction


    is shown below. The direction of induced emf is given by Lenz
    law.
    Bibliography

    For successfully completion of my project,


    I have taken help from the following:-

    www.google.com

    www.wikkipedia.org

    www.byjus.com

    www.youtube.com

    Google images

    NCERT Books

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