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    of 10

    2024-2025

    INVESTIGATING THE CHARGING AND


    DISCHARGING OF A CAPACITOR
    PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT
    Submitted by: Aathithiya Kumaaaran
    Regd. No:
    To the faculty of Physics
    In partial fulfillment of the requirements of the project work of
    GRADE XII
    BRANCH OF PHYSICS

    SRI NACHAMMAL VIDYAVANI SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL


    (CBSE)

    BATCH: 2024- 2025

    CENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDARY EDUCATION


    1
    2024-2025

    SRI NACHAMMAL VIDYAVANI SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL

    Affiliated to the Central Board of Secondary Education, New Delhi


    Devarayampalayam, By Pass Road, Avinashi, Tirupur – 641654

    Phone: +914296291744, 7708007968


    Email:[email protected]

    INVESTIGATORY PROJECT 2023-2024

    042-PHYSICS

    NAME : AATHITHIYA KUMAARAN A.B

    CLASS : XII –B

    REGISTER NO :

    2
    2024-2025

    SRI NACHAMMAL VIDYAVANI SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL


    PHYSICS Investigatory Project
    2024-2025

    BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE Certificate to be the bonafide work done by


    AATHITHIYA KUMAARAN
    Of class XII in Sri Nachammal Vidyavani Senior Secondary School, Physics
    department during the academic year 2024-2025.

    DATE: TEACHER INCHARGE


    Submitted for the practical examination held on ....................... at Sri
    Nachammal Vidyavani Senior Secondary School, Devarampalayam, Avinashi.

    NAME OF CANDIDATE AATHITHIYA KUMAARAN A.B

    REGISTER NO

    CENTRE CODE

    EXTERNAL EXAMINER SCHOOL SEAL PRINCIPAL

    3
    2024-2025

    CONTENTS

    S.NO CONTENT PAGE

    01 INTRODUCTION 08

    02 AIM 08

    03 APPARATUS REQUIRED 08

    04 DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL USED 09

    05 PROCEDURE 10

    06 OBSERVATION 12

    07 CONCLUSION 13

    08 BIBILIOGRAPHY 13

    4
    2024-2025

    ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

    “Showing gratitude is one of the simplest yet most powerful things human can do for
    eachother”.
    First and foremost, I would like to thank God Almighty for giving me the strength,
    knowledge, ability and opportunity to undertake this research study and to persevere
    andcomplete it satisfactorily.
    I respect and thank our Correspondent, for providing me an opportunity to do the
    project work in Sri Nachammal Vidyavani Senior Secondary School and giving us
    all support and guidance made me to complete the project duly.
    I owe my deep gratitude to our Principal Ms. V. Sharmila Sunitha M.Sc., M.Ed.,
    who took keen interest in my project work and guided us all along till the completion
    of my project.
    I am thankful and fortunate enough to get constant encouragement, support and
    guidance from my PHYSICS Teacher Mr.M.Santhanaraj who helped me in
    completing my project successfully.
    I would like to thank my Parents and Friends who helped me a lot in finalizing this
    projectand helped me in completing the project.
    Finally I would like to thank CBSE for giving me this opportunity to undertake this
    project.

    5
    2024-2025

    Investigating the Charging and Discharging of a Capacitor

    INTRODUCTION:

    Capacitors are fundamental components in electrical and electronic

    circuits. They store and release electrical energy, making them crucial

    in various applications, including filtering, timing circuits, and energy

    storage. This project aims to investigate the behavior of capacitors

    during the charging and discharging processes in an RC circuit

    (Resistor-Capacitor circuit). Understanding these processes is vital as

    they illustrate fundamental concepts of transient response in electrical

    engineering.

    AIM:

    To analyze the charging and discharging curves of a capacitor in an RC circuit and

    understand the time constants associated with these processes.

    APPARATUS REQUIRED:
    • Capacitor (various capacitances, e.g., 100 μF)
    6
    2024-2025

    • Resistors (various resistances, e.g., 1 kΩ)

    • DC Power supply (e.g., 9V battery)

    • Switch

    • Connecting wires
    • Breadboard
    • Multimeter (to measure voltage)
    • Stopwatch (for timing)
    • Oscilloscope (optional for detailed voltage observation)

    DESCRIPTION OF MATERIALS USED:


    • Capacitor: An electronic component that stores electrical energy in an electric field,
    defined by its capacitance (measured in farads).

    •
    • Resistor: An electronic component that opposes the flow of electrical current, defined by
    its resistance (measured in ohms).
    • DC Power Supply: Provides the necessary voltage for charging the capacitor.
    • Switch: Controls the connection and disconnection of the power supply to the circuit.
    • Breadboard and Wires: Used for constructing the circuit and making connections.
    • Multimeter: Measures the voltage across the capacitor.
    • Oscilloscope (optional): Provides a visual representation of the voltage change over
    time.

    PROCEDURE:
    1. Connect the circuit as shown in the diagram below, ensuring all connections are secure.

    7
    2024-2025

    2. Ensure the switch is open, then connect the DC power supply to the circuit.
    3. Close the switch to start charging the capacitor.
    4. Use the multimeter to measure the voltage across the capacitor at regular intervals (e.g.,
    every 5 seconds) until it reaches the supply voltage.
    5. Record the voltage readings in a table.

    6. Once the capacitor is fully charged, open the switch to disconnect the power supply.

    7. Immediately connect a resistor across the capacitor to form the discharging circuit.

    8. Measure the voltage across the capacitor at regular intervals (e.g., every 5 seconds) until
    it drops to near zero.
    9. Record the voltage readings in a table.

    Circuit Diagram:

    8
    2024-2025

    OBSERVATIONS:

    Charging:

    Time (s) Voltage (V)


    0 0.00
    5 3.45
    10 5.70
    15 7.21
    20 8.14
    25 8.67
    30 8.91
    ... ...

    Discharging:

    Time (s) Voltage (V)


    0 9.00
    5 5.55
    10 3.42
    15 2.11
    20 1.30
    25 0.80
    30 0.50
    ... ...

    9
    2024-2025

    CONCLUSION:

    The charging and discharging of a capacitor in an RC circuit follow an exponential pattern.


    During charging, the voltage across the capacitor increases rapidly at first and then more slowly,
    asymptotically approaching the supply voltage. Conversely, during discharging, the voltage
    decreases rapidly at first and then more slowly, asymptotically approaching zero.

    The time constant (τ), given by τ = R * C, determines how quickly these processes occur. It
    represents the time required for the voltage to change by approximately 63% of the difference
    between its initial value and its final value.

    Understanding these characteristics is crucial in designing and analyzing circuits involving


    capacitors, especially in timing and filtering applications.

    BIBLOGRAPHY:

    • NCERT Class 12 Physics Textbook, Chapter 2 - Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance.


    • Resnick, Halliday, and Walker, "Fundamentals of Physics," 10th Edition.
    • Serway and Jewett, "Physics for Scientists and Engineers," 9th Edition.

    • HyperPhysics, Capacitor and RC Circuits http://hyperphysics.phy-


    astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/capac.html.

    10

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