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    Mud Weight

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    Mohammed Omran

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Mud Weight

    Uploaded by

    Mohammed Omran
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    Mud weight

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    Mud Weight

    Uploaded by

    Mohammed Omran

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 11

    University of Tripoli

    Factually of Engineering
    Petroleum Engineering Department

    Experiment : Mud Density

    Drilling Fluid Lab


    PE-(383)L

    NAME : mohammed fathi omran

    ID : 022181053

    Spring 2023
    Introduction
    Drilling fluids can be classified on the basis a principal component.
    These the objective of a drilling operation is to drill, evaluate and
    complete a well that will produce oil and/or gas efficiently. Drilling
    fluids perform numerous functions that help make this possible. The
    most common drilling fluid functions are:

    1. Remove cuttings from the well.


    2. Control formation pressures.
    3. Suspend and release cuttings.
    4. Seal permeable formations.
    5. Maintain well bore stability.
    6. Minimize reservoir damage.
    7. Cool, lubricate, and support the bit and drilling assembly.

    A drilling fluid specialist called a mud engineer frequently is kept on


    duty at all times to maintain the drilling fluid in good condition at the
    lowest possible cost.
    The drilling fluid is commonly a suspension of clay and other materials
    in water and called drilling mud.

    Types of drilling fluids


    1. Water base mud.
    2. Oil base mud.
    3. Air mud.
    4. foam

    The water-base mud consists of a mixture of solids, liquids, chemicals


    and water (continues phase).
    Mud Additives
    Any material added to a drilling fluid to achieve a particular
    purpose.

    The chemical substances added to the mud such as:

    #Caustic Soda (NaOH): used primarily to impart a higher pH.

    # Soda Ash (Na2CO3): a material used extensively for treating


    out various types of calcium contamination.

    #Bentonite: Plastic colloidal clay used primarily for


    increase the viscosity.

    #Barite (BaSO4): used for increasing the density of drilling


    fluids. If required, it is usually upgraded to a specific gravity of
    4.20.

    #CMC: an organic material used to control filtration, suspend


    weighting material and build viscosity in drilling fluids;

    There are two types of CMC:


    High volume CMC (H.V).
    Low volume CMC (L.V).

    Down hole pressure analysis


    ➢ The hydrostatic pressure is the weight of water from the bottom
    of the well to the surface.
    ➢ Hydrostatic pressure increases with increase mud density, for
    example figure1 shown below: -
    Test instruments & Materials
    Test Equipment:

    Description:
    The Mud Balance as shown below is used to determine density of the
    drilling fluid. The instrument consists of a constant volume cup with
    a lever arm and rider calibrated to read directly the density of the
    fluid in ppg (water 8.33), p/cf (water 62.4), specific gravity (water =
    1.0) and pressure gradient in psi/1000 ft. (water 433 psi/1000 ft.)
    1- Mud Balance

    2- Mud Mixture 3- Barite Powder

    4- Cup 5- weight sensor

    Test Procedures
    1- Step1: clean the mud balance & let it to dry
    2- Step2: start with mud balance calibration
    Fill the mud balance cup with water, close the cup
    tightly until water expelled from the hole in the cap ( to
    free the trapped air ), place the beam on the support and
    balance it by moving the rider along the graduated scale.
    The beam is horizontal when the bubble is on center line.
    (Calibration point).
    3- Step3: Read the values at each side of the rider.
    4- Step4: Empty the cup & repeat step2 but refill the cup with
    the new mud
    5- Step5: Read the values again including calibration.
    6- Step6: Stir 15min while adding 35gm of Barite to the mud.
    7- Step7: Repeat step4 & step5.
    8- Step8: Stir again but only add 15 gm this time.
    9- Step9: Repeat steps 4,5,6 ,4,5 and finally
    10- Step10: Clean all equipment's & tools.

    Tabulated Test Results:-

    of mud Type lb/gal lb/cu ft Sp.gr P/D

    Water 8.4 63 1.01 435

    Mud 9 67 1.07 470

    Mud + 5gr
    9.1 68 1.1 475
    Barite

    Mud + 10 gr
    9.2 69 1.11 480
    Barite

    Mud +15 gr
    9.3 70 1.12 485
    Barite
    • Data analysis:-
    relation between sp.gr and types of mud:-

    sp.gr vs types of mud


    1.13

    1.12

    1.11

    1.1

    1.09

    1.08

    1.07

    1.06
    0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

    relation between mud density (PPG) and types of mud:-

    Density vs gm of Baraite
    9.35

    9.3

    9.25

    9.2

    9.15

    9.1

    9.05

    8.95
    0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
    relation between mud density (Psi/ft) and types of mud:-

    lb/sq.inch per 1000 ft


    500

    490

    480

    470

    460

    450

    440

    430

    420

    410

    400
    0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

    relation between mud density ( Ib/Cf ) and types of mud:-

    lb/Cf vs Baraite

    75

    74

    73

    72

    71

    70

    69

    68

    67

    66

    65
    0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
    Experiment No.1 (Mud Density)

    1- Measure the water density using the 4 units. Tabulated results.

    Solution:

    Measured Units

    Units lb/gal lb/ft^3 Psi/1000ft g/cc


    Result 8.2 61.2 430 0.98

    Original Units

    Units lb/gal lb/ft^3 Psi/1000ft g/cc


    Result 8.33 62.4 433 1

    Difference(Error)

    Units lb/gal lb/ft^3 Psi/1000ft g/cc


    Result 0.13 1.2 3 0.02

    2- Measure the mud density of the pre-mix mud using the 4 units.
    Tabulated and compare results. (The pre-mix mud is prepared using 25
    lb/bbl bentonite only).

    Solution:

    Before the correction

    Units lb/gal lb/ft^3 Psi/1000ft g/cc


    Result 9 67.8 468 1.08

    After the correction

    Units lb/gal lb/ft^3 Psi/1000ft g/cc


    Result 9.13 69 471 1.1
    3- Add 50 grams/350cc barite to sample of the pre-mix mud. Measure its
    density using the 4 units. Tabulate and compare results with the results
    of step 1 and 2.

    Solution:

    Before the correction

    Units lb/gal lb/ft^3 Psi/1000ft g/cc


    Result 9.7 73.2 511 1.171

    After the correction

    Units lb/gal lb/ft^3 Psi/1000ft g/cc


    Result 9.83 74.4 514 1.191

    4- Calculate the mud hydrostatic pressure at 10,000 ft (TVD) using the


    mud density measured in step 2 and 3. Calculate the pressure gradient
    of the mud mixed in step 2 & 3.

    Solution:

    - pressure gradient of the pre-mix mud= 0.052*9.13(ppg) = 0.475 psi/ft

    ➔ and, GP=0.433*1.1 =0.476 psi/ft

    - pressure gradient of the Add 50 grams barite to the pre-mix mud=

    ➔ 0.052*9.83(ppg) =0.511 psi/ft

    ➔ and, GP=0.433*1.191 =0.516 psi/ft

    5- It is planned to drilling formation having 4000 psi pressure at 9000 ft.


    with 250 psi overbalance. Determine:

    A) The required mud density.

    Solution:

    Pf=4000 psi, D=9000 ft, ΔP=250 psi, ρm=??

    ΔP=Pm –Pf ➔ Pm= ΔP + Pf ➔ (0.052)*(ρm)*(9000) = 250 + 4000

    ➔ ρm = (250+4000)/((0.052)*(9000)) = 9.081 ppg = 1.088 g/cc


    B) The equivalent mud density of the 250 psi overbalance.

    Pf= 0.052*ρ*D ➔ ρ= (Pf)/(0.052)*(D) = (4000)/(0.052)*(9000) =

    ➔ 8.54 ppg = 1.02 g/cc

    6- What is the chemical formula of:

    A) Barite. ➔ BaSO4

    B) Soda Ash. ➔ Na2CO3

    C) Caustic Soda. ➔ NaOH

    7- What is the purpose of adding?

    A) Barite. ➔ Increase the density of the mud, and The sole purpose of
    barite in drilling mud is as a weighting agent. It is a dense, inert rock
    ground to powder and added to drilling mud to adjust its weight to the
    required density.

    B) Bentonite. ➔ Increase the viscosity of the mud, and The bentonite is


    used in the flush fluid lubricates and cools the cutting tools while
    protecting against corrosion.

    C) Caustic Soda. ➔ is used in most water-base muds, the purpose is to


    increase and maintain pH and alkalinity.

    D) Soda Ash. ➔ Soda Ash is the common name for sodium carbonate
    (Na2CO3) used to precipitate soluble calcium in drilling fluids and is used
    to treat most types of calcium ion contamination in freshwater and
    seawater muds.

    E) CMC. ➔ A high viscosity grade of drilling-fluid additive used primarily for


    fluid-loss control, and is a high-viscosity sodium carboxymethylcellulose
    designed to control fluid loss and provide viscosity in water-based drilling
    fluids ranging from fresh water to saturated salt water.

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