MM222 Lectures

Strength of Materials
MM-222
Instructor: Dr. Rashid Ali

Spring 2024
GHULAM ISHAQ KHAN INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING

SCIENCES & TECHNOLOGY
FACULTY OF MATERIALS & CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

Course Learning Outcomes (CLOs)
 To demonstrate the application of fundamental concepts of
stresses, deformation and their relationships for the
structural/machine members subjected to axial, torsional,
and bending loads.
 To develop the ability to analyze a given problem in a simple

& logical way & to apply its solution a few fundamental &
well understood principles.
 To get understanding of stress analysis and failure

analysis which is an important part of engineering science,
as failure of most engineering components is usually due to
stresses.
2
Course Learning Outcomes (CLOs)
 Emphasis should be on analytical & predictive
methods which are useful to the engineering designer in
avoiding structural failure.
 The methods are based on engineering mechanics,

and the resistance of materials to failure is
quantified by properties such as yield strength, and
stress life curves for fatigue.
3
OUTCOME-BASED EDUCATION (OBE)
Programme Learning Outcomes
1. Engineering knowledge
2. Problem Analysis Bloom’s
3. Design/Development of solutions Taxonomy
4. Investigation
Levels
1. Remembering
5. Modern tool usage
6. The Engineer and Society 2. Understanding
7. Environment and sustainability 3. Applying
8. Ethics 4. Analyzing
9. Individual and team work 5. Evaluating
10. Communication 6. Creating
11. Project management
12. Lifelong learning
4
http://www.pec.org.pk/downloadables/Accreditation/PEC%20OBA-
Manual%202014.pdf (Page 18)
Course Learning Outcomes
Sr. No Course Learning Outcomes PLOs Bloom’s Taxonomy
Demonstrate the application of

fundamental concepts of
stresses, deformation and their C3
CLO_1 PLO1
relationships for structural (Apply)
members subjected to axial,
torsional, and bending loads.
The intelligent use of materials
properties as far as the C4
CLO_2 reliability, safety and economy of PLO2
engineering materials are (Analyze)
concerned.
To get understanding of stress
analysis which is an important
part of engineering science, as C3
CLO_3 PLO1
failure of most engineering (Apply) 5
components is usually due to
stresses.
Course Grading Policy
Assignments Quiz (02) 6%
Quiz (06) 24 %
Mid Term Exams 30 %
Final Term Exams 40 %
o Attendance as per Institute Policy is 80% and is

compulsory to appear in final exams.
o No make-up quiz, assignment session or exam
6
Books
 Mechanics of Materials by Beer and Johnston, 7th ed.
(Course textbook)
 Strength of Materials and Structures by JOHN CASE,

4th Ed.
 Fundamentals of Strength of Materials by Debabata Nag
 Mechanical Behavior of Materials by William F. Hosford
 Applied Mechanics of Solids by Allan F. Bower (available

online at http://solidmechanics.org/contents.htm)
7
Course Book
8
MecMovies 2.0
http://web.mst.edu/~mecmovie/
Lab Experiments
 Tensile testing for elastic modulus and yield strength of
engineering materials.
 Torsion testing for modulus of rigidity of engineering

materials.
 Impact testing of engineering materials.
 Fatigue testing of engineering materials.
 The least squares regression using Microsoft-excel
9
Course Contents
Week Topics Wise Course Contents
Chapter-1;Introduction-Concept of Stress: A short review of methods of statics
with example, free body diagram, method of joints, Forces and Stresses, Axial
1
Loading; Normal Stress, Shearing Stress, Bearing Stress in Connections,
Application to the Analysis of Simple Structures,
Stress on an Oblique Plane under Axial Loading, Stress under General Loading
Conditions; Components of Stress, Ultimate and Allowable Stress: Factor of
2
Safety, Chapter-2;Stress & strain- axial loading: Normal strain under axial
loading, stress strain diagram,
True stress & true strain, modulus of elasticity, elastic Vs plastic behavior of a
material, comparison of true strain & conventional strain. Elastic Vs plastic
3
behavior of a material, fatigue, Deformation under axial loading, Material
Selection for Engineering Components, problem involving temperature change
Poisson’s ratio, generalized Hook’s law, Dilatation, bulk modulus, shearing
4 strain, relation among E, ν, & G, stress strain relationship for fiber reinforced
composite, stress concentration, plastic deformation, and residual stresses. 10
Course Contents
Chapter-3; Torsion: Stresses in a shaft, deformation in circular shaft,
stresses in elastic range, angle of twist and problems, Statically
5
indeterminate shafts& problems, Design of transmission shaft&
problems.
Stress concentration in circular shaft, thin walled hollow shafts &
6 problems, Shear force & bending moment diagram with example,
Moment of a force & moment of inertia with example.
Chapter-4; Pure Bending: symmetric members in pure bending,
7 deformation in pure bending, stresses and deformation in elastic range,
deformation in transverse cross section.
Bending of member made of several materials, stress concentration,
8 plastic deformation, members made of elasto-plastic materials,
residual stresses, eccentric axial loading. 11
Course Contents
Chapter-5; Analysis & Design of beam for bending: Shear force and
9 bending moment diagram, Design of prismatic beam for bending.
Chapter-6; Shearing stress in beams & thin walled members:
10 Derivation of transverse shear stress formula, nailing two box beam
problem, analysis & design of beam with example.
Chapter-7;Transformation of stress & strain: Transformation of plane
11 stress, principal stresses, Mohr’s circle for plane stress, general state of
stress
Yield criteria for ductile materials under plane stress, fracture criteria
12 for brittle materials under plane stress, stresses in thin walled pressure
vessels and problems
12
Course Contents
Transformation of plane strain, Mohr’s circle for plane strain, Three
13
dimensional analysis of strain, measurement of strain; strain rosette.
Chapter-8; Principal stresses under given loading: Introduction,
14 Principal stresses in beam, design of transmission shafts, stresses
under combined loadings.
Chapter-10; Columns: Introduction, stability of structures, Euler’s
formula to columns and extension of Euler’s formula with other end
15
conditions.
13
Class Schedule (Manu. + Nano)
MM222
Day Class
Tuesday 9:00 AM FMCE LH1
Thursday 2:30 AM FMCE LH1
Friday 9:00 AM FMCE LH1
14
Class Rules
 No attendance after five minutes, however you can sit in
the class.
 No noise in the class.
 All the quizzes will be considered.
 Any student can visit in the office hours.
15
Contact hours
Tuesday 9:00-12:30
Thursday 9:00-12:30
Friday 9:00-12:30
E-mail: [email protected]
Phone Ext: 2423
16
MM-222
Dr. Rashid Ali

Spring 2024
Lecture # 3

FACULTY OF MATERIAL & CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

Introduction
Analyze the response of bodies and structures to forces.
 Statics: The Analysis of Bodies at Rest.
 Dynamics: The Analysis of Bodies in Motion.
 Strength of Materials: The Analysis of Deformable

Bodies, either statically determinate or not.
 Strength: The ability of the structures to carry or
transmit loads.
 Theory of Elasticity & theory of plasticity are the
subjects of advanced mechanics.
18
Assumptions in Strength of Materials
 Continuity
o Matter fills up the whole space of solid.
o Neither vacancies can be produced, nor more materials can be

added.
o Arbitrary section or volume element can be extracted for force

or deformation analysis.
19
Face-centered cubic lattice
 Homogeneity
o Macroscopic material properties can be represented by those
of any arbitrary representative volume element (RVE).
o A RVE should be composed of at least the number of
"elementary entities" (usually atoms or molecules) in one
mole, i.e. 6.022×1023
A representative volume element in a solid. 20

 Isotropy
o Mechanical properties of materials are independent of
directions.
o Mechanical properties of materials are taken as the statistical
average of those along every direction.
o Strong transversely isotropic materials such as wood and fiber
reinforced composites are still viewed as non-isotropic
materials.
Carbon fiber reinforced composites

21
Cross section of woods
Directional dependence of Young’s
modulus
MM-222
Dr. Rashid Ali

Spring 2024
Lecture # 4


 Small Deformation or Linear Elasticity
o Small Deformation: of structural elements under mechanical
loads are negligible compared to their original size.
o Elasticity: a structural element can restore to its original size
and shape upon the removing of its external loading.
o Linear Elasticity: deformation is linearly proportional to load.
23
Introduction to Basics
Analyze the response of bodies and structures to forces.
 Force: action of one body on another; characterized by its

point of application, magnitude, line of action, and sense.
 Classification of Bodies:
Plates: two dimensions are far greater than

third.
24
Bodies: three dimensions are equivalent. Bar: one dimension is far greater than others
Geometric characteristics of Prismatic Bars

o Cross section (may vary)
o Axis (may be curved)
o Axis is perpendicular to cross sections
o We are mainly concerned with straight and equal cross-sectional

prismatic bars in this course. The theory, however, can also be
applied to:
o Curved bars with small curvature
25
o Slightly varying cross-sectional bars
 Surface Forces: are caused by direct contact of one body with the surface of another.
o Concentrated forces (F)
o Linear distributed forces (F/L)
o Distributed forces (F/L)
 Body Forces: occur when one body exert force on another body without direct contact
b/w bodies.
o Force due to gravity (F)
o (Acts through the centroid of the body.)
26
Newton’s Three Laws
 Newton’s Firs Law:
A particle originally at rest, or moving in a straight line with constant
velocity, tends to remain in this state provided the particle is not subjected
to an unbalanced force.
 Newton’s Second Law:

A particle acted upon by an unbalanced force F experiences an acceleration a
that has the same direction as the force and a magnitude that is directly
proportional to the force.
 Newton’s Third Law:

The mutual forces of action and reaction between two particles are
equal, opposite, and collinear.
27
Force never exist alone. It
exist in pairs.
MM-222
Dr. Rashid Ali

Spring 2024
Lecture # 5


Support Reactions
Many machine elements

are pin connected to
enable free rotation at
their connections. These
supports exert a force on
a member, but no
moment. 29
Equation of Equilibrium
For equilibrium:
o Balance of forces
o Balance of moments
 Draw a free-body diagram to take into account

for all forces acting on body.
For the forces in x-y plane (coplanar forces):
This is how you compute the support reaction.

Support reaction are treated as external loads. 30
Internal Forces
Internal forces act between the parts of a system.
Coplanar system of forces
Shear forces,V=>
ΣFy=0
Bending moment,
M=> ΣMo=0
Normal force,
N=>ΣFx=0
31
Which useful means did you use to show all the forces or moments?
Procedure for Analysis
To determine the resultant internal loadings at a
point located in section of body:
Determine Support Reactions:
o Draw free-body diagram of whole body
o Keep all external loadings at exact locations
o Apply equations of equilibrium
Choose segment to analyze:

o Take direction of force as obtained after
support reactions
o Method of sections
32
Example Problem
Two solid cylindrical rods AB and BC are welded together at B and loaded
as shown. Knowing that d1 = 20 mm and d2 = 50 mm, find the average
normal stress at the midsection of: (a) rod AB and (b) rod BC.
33
MM-222
Dr. Rashid Ali

Spring 2024
Lecture # 6


Example Problem
Two solid cylindrical rods AB and BC are welded together at B and loaded
as shown. Knowing that d1 = 30 mm and d2 = 50 mm, find the average
normal stress at the midsection of: (a) rod AB and (b) rod BC.
Two solid cylindrical rods AB and BC are welded together at B and

loaded as shown. Knowing that the average normal stress must not
exceed 150 MPa in either rod, determine the smallest allowable values of
35
the diameters d1 and d2.
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Edition
Third
Beer • Johnston • DeWolf
Example Problem
Three bars AB, BC and CD are welded together at B, C and loaded as shown in Fig. below.
The bars have a constant width of 35 mm and a thickness of 10 mm. Determine the
maximum average normal stress in the bar when it is subjected to the static equilibrium
loading shown in Fig. below. (10pts)
© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 36

Determine the resultant internal loadings acting on the cross section
at C of the machine shaft shown in Fig.. The shaft is supported by
bearings at A and B, which only exert vertical forces on the shaft.
37
38
Alternatively, For Right Section:
VC
VC
-Ve means opposite VC to assumed
Now assume VC and solve for VC
VC
VC +Ve VC means similar to assumed
39
-Ve means opposite to assumed
MM-222
Dr. Rashid Ali

Spring 2024
Lecture # 8


Third Edition
CHAPTER MECHANICS OF
MATERIALS
Ferdinand P. Beer
E. Russell Johnston, Jr.
John T. DeWolf
Introduction –
Concept of Stress
Lecture Notes:
J. Walt Oler
Texas Tech University
© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Edition
Third
Concept of Stress
• The main objective of the study of mechanics
of materials is to provide the engineer with the
means of analyzing and designing various
machines and load bearing structures.
• Both the analysis and design of a given
structure involve the determination of stresses
and deformations. This chapter is devoted to
the concept of stress.
The bolts used for the connections of this

steel framework are subjected to stress.
How engineers design these connections
and their fasteners.
© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 42

Edition
Third
Review of Statics
• The structure is designed to

support a 30 kN load
• The structure consists of a
boom and rod joined by pins at
the junctions and supports
• Perform a static analysis to

determine the internal force in
each structural member and the
reaction forces at the supports
© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 1 - 43

Edition
Third
Structure Free-Body Diagram

• Structure is detached from supports and
the loads and reaction forces are indicated
• Conditions for static equilibrium:
 M C  0  Ax 0.6 m   30 kN 0.8 m 
Ax  40 kN
 Fx  0 Ax  C x
C x   Ax  40 kN
 Fy  0  Ay  C y  30 kN  0
Ay  C y  30 kN
• Ay and Cy can not be determined from

these equations

Edition
Third
Component Free-Body Diagram

• In addition to the complete structure, each
component must satisfy the conditions for
static equilibrium
• Consider a free-body diagram for the boom:
 M B  0   Ay 0.8 m 
Ay  0
substitute into the structure equilibrium
equation
C y  30 kN
• Results:
A  40 kN  C x  40 kN  C y  30 kN 
Reaction forces are directed along boom

and rod

Edition
Third
Method of Joints
• For equilibrium, the forces must be parallel to

an axis between the force application points,
equal in magnitude, and in opposite directions
• Joints must satisfy the conditions for static
equilibrium which may be expressed in the
form of a force triangle:

 B 0
F
FAB FBC 30 kN
 
4 5 3
FAB  40 kN FBC  50 kN

Edition
Third
Stress Analysis
Can the structure safely support the 30 kN
load?
• From a statics analysis
FAB = 40 kN (compression)
FBC = 50 kN (tension)
• At any section through member BC, the

internal force is 50 kN with a force intensity
or stress of
dBC = 20 mm P 50  103 N
 BC    159 MPa
A 314 10-6 m 2
• From the material properties for steel, the

allowable stress is
 all  165 MPa
• Conclusion: the strength of member BC is
sufficient

Edition
Third
Design
• Design of new structures requires selection of
appropriate materials and component dimensions
to meet performance requirements
• For reasons based on cost, weight, availability,
etc., the choice is made to construct the rod from
aluminum all = 100 MPa). What is an
appropriate choice for the rod diameter?
P P 50 103 N
 all  A   500 10 6 m 2
A  all 100 106 Pa
d2
A
4
d
4A


4 500 10 6 m 2   2.52 102 m  25.2 mm
 
• An aluminum rod 26 mm or more in diameter is

adequate
MM-222
Dr. Rashid Ali

Spring 2023
Lecture # 9


Edition
Third
Axial Loading: Normal Stress

• The resultant of the internal forces for an axially
loaded member is normal to a section cut
perpendicular to the member axis.
• The force intensity on that section is defined as

the normal stress.
F P
  lim  ave 
A0 A A
• The normal stress at a particular point may not be

equal to the average stress but the resultant of the
stress distribution must satisfy
P   ave A   dF    dA
A
• The detailed distribution of stress is statically

indeterminate, i.e., can not be found from statics
alone.

Edition
Third
Centric & Eccentric Loading

• A uniform distribution of stress in a section
infers that the line of action for the resultant of
the internal forces passes through the centroid
of the section.
• A uniform distribution of stress is only

possible if the concentrated loads on the end
sections of two-force members are applied at
the section centroids. This is referred to as
centric loading.
• If a two-force member is eccentrically loaded,

then the resultant of the stress distribution in a
section must yield an axial force and a
moment.

Edition
Third
Shearing Stress
• Forces P and P’ are applied transversely to the
member AB.
• Corresponding internal forces act in the plane
of section C and are called shearing forces.
• The resultant of the internal shear force
distribution is defined as the shear of the section
and is equal to the load P.
• The corresponding average shear stress is,
P
 ave 
A
• Shear stress distribution varies from zero at the
member surfaces to maximum values that may be
much larger than the average value.
• The shear stress distribution cannot be assumed to
be uniform.
Edition
Third
Shearing Stress Examples

Single Shear Double Shear
P F
 ave  
A A
P F
MecMovies 2.0  ave  
A 2A
http://web.mst.edu/~mecmovie/
https://drbuc2jl8158i.cloudfront.net/shared/Engeneering/mecmovies
Edition
Third
Announcement
o Quiz-1 on Thursday (15th February 2024) at 5:40 PM in LH4 in
FMCE

Edition
Third
Bearing Stress in Connections
• Bolts, rivets, and pins create

stresses on the points of contact
or bearing surfaces of the
members they connect.
• The resultant of the force

distribution on surface is equal
and opposite to the force exerted
on the pin.
• Corresponding average force

intensity is called the bearing
stress,
P P
b  
A td

MM-222
Dr. Rashid Ali

Spring 2024
Lecture # 10


Edition
Third
Stress Analysis & Design Example
• Would like to determine the

stresses in the members and
connections of the structure
shown.
• From a statics analysis:

FAB = 40 kN (compression)
FBC = 50 kN (tension)
• Must consider maximum

normal stresses in AB and
BC, and the shearing stress
and bearing stress at each
pinned connection

Edition
Third
Rod & Bar Normal Stresses

• The rod is in tension with an axial force of 50 kN.
• At the rod center, the average normal stress in the

circular cross-section (A = 314x10-6m2) is BC = +159
MPa.
• At the flattened rod ends, the smallest cross-sectional

area occurs at the pin centerline,
A  20 mm 40 mm  25 mm   300 10 6 m 2
P 50  103 N
 BC ,end    167 MPa
A 300 10 6 m 2
• The boom is in compression with an axial force of 40

kN and average normal stress of –26.7 MPa.
• The minimum area sections at the boom ends are

unstressed since the boom is in compression.

Edition
Third
Pin Shearing Stresses

• The cross-sectional area for pins at A, B,
and C,
2
2  25 mm  6 2
A  r     49110 m
 2 
• The force on the pin at C is equal to the

force exerted by the rod BC,
P 50 103 N
 C , ave    6 2
 102 MPa
A 49110 m
• The pin at A is in double shear with a

total force equal to the force exerted by
the boom AB,
P 20 kN
 A, ave    6 2
 40.7 MPa
A 49110 m

Edition
Third
Pin Shearing Stresses

• Divide the pin at B into sections to determine
the section with the largest shear force,
PE  15 kN
PG  25 kN (largest)
• Evaluate the corresponding average

shearing stress,
PG 25 kN
 B, ave    6 2
 50.9 MPa
A 49110 m

Edition
Third
Pin Bearing Stresses
• To determine the bearing stress at A in the boom AB,

we have t = 30 mm and d = 25 mm,
P 40 kN
b    53.3 MPa
td 30 mm 25 mm 
• To determine the bearing stress at A in the bracket,

we have t = 2(25 mm) = 50 mm and d = 25 mm,
P 40 kN
b    32.0 MPa
td 50 mm 25 mm 

Edition
Third
Pin Bearing Stresses

MM-222
Dr. Rashid Ali

Spring 2024
Lecture # 11


Edition
Third
Sample problem 1.1

In the hanger shown, the upper portion of link ABC is 3/8 in. thick and the lower portions
are each 1/4 in. thick. Epoxy resin is used to bond the upper and lower portions together at
B. The pin at A has a 3/8-in. diameter, while a 1/4-in. diameter pin is used at C.
Determine: (a) the shearing stress in pin A,
(b) the shearing stress in pin C,
(c) the largest normal stress in link ABC,
(d) the average shearing stress on the bonded surfaces at B, and
(e) the bearing stress in the link at C.

Edition
Third
Sample problem 1.1

B. The pin at A has a 3/8-in. diameter, while a 1/4-in.-diameter pin is used at C.

Edition
Third
Sample problem 1.1

B. The pin at A has a 3/8-in. diameter, while a 1/4-in.-diameter pin is used at C.

Edition
Third
Announcement
o Quiz-2 on Thursday (22nd February 2024) at 5:00 PM in LH4

Edition
Third
For Concepts Application

o Solve sample problem 1.2
Assignment No: 1
o Problem 1.1
o Problem 1.2
o Problem 1.3
o Problem 1.4
o Problem 1.5

MM-222
Dr. Rashid Ali

Spring 2024
Lecture # 12


Edition
Third
Stress in Two Force Members
• Axial forces on a two-force

member result in only normal
stresses on a plane cut
• Transverse forces on bolts and

pins result in only shear stresses
on the plane perpendicular to bolt
or pin axis.
• Will show that either axial or

transverse forces may produce both
normal and shear stresses with respect
to a plane other than one cut

Edition
Third
Stress on an Oblique Plane

• Pass a section through the member forming
an angle q with the normal plane.
• From equilibrium conditions, the

distributed forces (stresses) on the plane
must be equivalent to the force P.
• Resolve P into components normal and

tangential to the oblique section,
F  P cosq V  P sin q
• The average normal and shear stresses on

the oblique plane are
F P cosq P
   cos 2 q
Aq A0 A0
cosq
V P sin q P
   sin q cosq
Aq A0 A0
cosq
Edition
Third
Maximum Stresses
• Normal and shearing stresses on an oblique
plane
P P
 cos 2 q  sin q cosq
A0 A0
• The maximum normal stress occurs when the

reference plane is perpendicular to the member
axis,
P
m    0
A0
• The maximum shear stress occurs for a plane at

+ 45o with respect to the axis,
P P
m  sin 45 cos 45   
A0 2 A0
Mechmovies:
https://drbuc2jl8158i.cloudfront.net/shared/Engeneering/mecmo
vies/index.html
MM-222
Dr. Rashid Ali

Spring 2024
Lecture # 13


Edition
Third
Stress Under General Loadings

• A member subjected to a general
combination of loads is cut into
two segments by a plane passing
through Q
• The distribution of internal stress

components may be defined as,
F x
 x  lim
A0 A
V yx Vzx
 xy  lim  xz  lim
A0 A A0 A
• For equilibrium, an equal and

opposite internal force must be
exerted on the other segment of
the member.

Edition
Third
Components of Stress for 2-D State of Stress

• Stress components are defined for the planes
cut parallel to the x, y and z axes. For
equilibrium, equal and opposite forces are
exerted on the hidden planes.
• The combination of forces generated by the

stresses must satisfy the conditions for
equilibrium:
 Fx   Fy   Fz  0
Mx  M y  Mz  0
Consider the moments about the z axis:
 M z  0   xy Aa   yx Aa
 xy   yx
similarly,  yz   zy and  yz   zy
• It follows that only 6 components of stress are

required to define the complete state of stress
Edition
Third
Factor of Safety
Factor of safety considerations:
Structural members or machines
must be designed such that the • Uncertainty in material properties
working stresses are less than the
• The no of loading that may be expected
ultimate strength of the material.
during the life of structure or M/C: fatigue
FS  Factor of safety
• Uncertainty of analysis: assumption
 ultimate stress
FS  u 
 all allowable stress • Type of loading cycles: impact, dynamic
• types of failure: sudden versus yielding
• maintenance requirements and deterioration
effects: Corrosion
• importance of member to structures integrity
• risk to life and property
• influence on machine function
MM-222
Dr. Rashid Ali

Spring 2023
Lecture # 14


Edition
Third
Sample Problem 1.3

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Third
Solution

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Third
Solution

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Third
Solution

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Third
For Concept Application

Assignment
o Problem 1.29No: 2
o Problem 1.30
o Problem 1.31
o Problem 1.32
o Problem 1.35
o Problem 1.36

MM-222
Dr. Rashid Ali

Spring 2024
Lecture # 15


Third Edition
MATERIALS
Ferdinand P. Beer
John T. DeWolf
Stress and Strain
– Axial Loading
Lecture Notes:
J. Walt Oler

Edition
Third
Stress & Strain: Axial Loading
• Suitability of a structure may depend on the deformations in the structure

as well as the stresses induced under loading. Statics analysis alone are
not sufficient as statics is based on the assumption of undeformable, rigid
structures.
• Considering structures as deformable allows determination of member
forces and reactions which are statically indeterminate.
• Determination of the stress distribution within a member also requires

consideration of deformations in the member.
• Chapter 2 is concerned with deformation of a structural member under

axial loading. Later chapters will deal with torsional and pure bending
loads.

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Third
Normal Strain
 
  normal strain 
L L 2 
 
P 2L L
   stress 2P P
A   P
2A A 
A
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Third
Stress-Strain Test

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Stress-Strain Diagram: Ductile Materials

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Stress-Strain Diagram: Brittle Materials

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Yield strength by Offset Method

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Compression test of Concrete

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True Stress and True strain

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Third
Hooke’s Law: Modulus of Elasticity

• Below the yield stress
  E
E  Youngs Modulus or
Modulus of Elasticity
• steel has brittle behavior when it
contains a high carbon content, and it is
ductile when the carbon content is
reduced
• The proportional limit for a

particular type of steel alloy
depends on its carbon content;
however, most grades of steel,
from softest rolled steel to hardest
tool steel, have about the same
modulus of elasticity.

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Third
Elastic vs. Plastic Behavior
• If the strain disappears when the

stress is removed, the material is
said to behave elastically.
• The largest stress for which this

occurs is called the elastic limit.
• When the strain does not return

to zero after the stress is
removed, the material is said to
behave plastically.

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Third
Fatigue
• An automobile crankshaft is loaded

about half a billion times if the
automobile is driven 200,000 miles
• Fatigue properties are shown on

S-N diagrams.
• A member may fail due to fatigue

at stress levels significantly below
the ultimate strength if subjected
to many loading cycles.
• When the stress is reduced below

the endurance limit, fatigue
failures do not occur for any
number of cycles.

MM-222
Dr. Rashid Ali

Spring 2024
Lecture # 16


Edition
Third
Deformations Under Axial Loading
• From Hooke’s Law:

 P
  E  
E AE
• From the definition of strain:


L
• Equating and solving for the deformation,
PL
 
AE
• With variations in loading, cross-section or
material properties,
Pi Li
 
i Ai Ei

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Third
Example 2.01
SOLUTION:
• Divide the rod into components at
the load application points.
• Apply a free-body analysis on each

E  29  106 psi component to determine the
internal force
D  1.07 in. d  0.618 in.
• Evaluate the total of the component
Determine the deformation of deflections.
the steel rod shown under the
given loads.

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Third
SOLUTION: • Apply free-body analysis to each

component to determine internal forces,
• Divide the rod into three
components: P1  60 103 lb
P2  15 103 lb
P3  30 103 lb
• Evaluate total deflection,
Pi Li 1  P1L1 P2 L2 P3 L3 
      
i Ai Ei E  A1 A2 A3 

1     
 60  103 12  15 103 12 30  103 16 
 

6 0 .9 0.9 0 .3

29 10  
 75.9 103 in.
L1  L2  12 in. L3  16 in.
  75.9 103 in.
A1  A2  0.9 in 2 A3  0.3 in 2

Edition
Third
Sample Problem 2.1
SOLUTION:
• Apply a free-body analysis to the bar
BDE to find the forces exerted by
links AB and DC.
• Evaluate the deformation of links AB
The rigid bar BDE is supported by two and DC or the displacements of B
links AB and CD. and D.
Link AB is made of aluminum (E = 70 • Work out the geometry to find the

GPa) and has a cross-sectional area of 500 deflection at E given the deflections
mm2. Link CD is made of steel (E = 200 at B and D.
GPa) and has a cross-sectional area of (600
mm2).
For the 30-kN force shown, determine the
deflection a) of B, b) of D, and c) of E.

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Third
Sample Problem 2.1

SOLUTION: Displacement of B:
PL
Free body: Bar BDE B 
AE
 60 103 N 0.3 m 

500 10-6 m2 70 109 Pa 
 514 10 6 m
 B  0.514 mm 
MB  0
Displacement of D:
0  30 kN  0.6 m   FCD  0.2 m
PL
FCD  90 kN tension
D 
AE
 MD  0 90 103 N 0.4 m 
0  30 kN  0.4 m   FAB  0.2 m

600 10-6 m2 200 109 Pa 
FAB  60 kN compression  300 10 6 m
 D  0.300 mm 
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Third
Sample Problem 2.1

Displacement of D:
BB BH

DD HD
0.514 mm 200 mm   x

0.300 mm x
x  73.7 mm
EE  HE

DD HD
E

400  73.7 mm
0.300 mm 73.7 mm
 E  1.928 mm
 E  1.928 mm 

Edition
Third
Assignment No: 3
o Solve problem M2.1 from MecMovies
o Problem 2.17
o Problem 2.18
o Problem 2.19
o Problem 2.20
o Problem 2.25

MM-222
Spring 2024
Lecture # 17


Edition
Third
Static Indeterminacy
• Structures for which internal forces and reactions
cannot be determined from statics alone are said
to be statically indeterminate.
• A structure will be statically indeterminate

whenever it is held by more supports than are
required to maintain its equilibrium.
• Redundant reactions are replaced with

unknown loads which along with the other
loads must produce compatible deformations.
• Deformations due to actual loads and redundant

reactions are determined separately and then added
or superposed.
  L R  0

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Third
Concept Application 2.3

• A bar AB of length L and uniform cross section is
attached to rigid supports at A and B before being
loaded. What are the stresses in portions AC and
BC due to the application of a load P at point C
• The reactions can be determined if observed from

the geometry that the total elongation of the bar
must be zero.
  1   2  0
• Solve (1) & (3) simultaneously.

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Third

Determine the reactions at A and B for the steel
bar and loading shown, assuming a close fit at
both supports before the loads are applied.
SOLUTION:
• Consider the reaction at B as redundant, release
the bar from that support, and solve for the
displacement at B due to the applied loads.
• Solve for the displacement at B due to the

redundant reaction at B.
• Require that the displacements due to the loads

and due to the redundant reaction be
compatible, i.e., require that their sum be zero.
• Solve for the reaction at A due to applied loads

and the reaction found at B.
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Third

SOLUTION:
• Solve for the displacement at B due to the applied
loads with the redundant constraint released,
P1  0 P2  P3  600 103 N P4  900 103 N
A1  A2  400 10 6 m 2 A3  A4  250 10 6 m 2

L1  L2  L3  L4  0.150 m
Pi Li 1.125 109
L   
A
i i iE E
• Solve for the displacement at B due to the redundant

constraint,
P1  P2   RB
A1  400 10 6 m 2 A2  250  10 6 m 2

L1  L2  0.300 m
δR  
Pi Li


1.95 103 RB 
i Ai Ei E
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Third

• Require that the displacements due to the loads and due to
the redundant reaction be compatible,
  L R  0
  

1.125 109 1.95 103 RB0
E E
RB  577 103 N  577 kN
• Find the reaction at A due to the loads and the reaction at B
 Fy  0  R A  300 kN  600 kN  577 kN

R A  323 kN
R A  323 kN
RB  577 kN

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Third

o Solve Concept Application 2.5

MM-222
Spring 2024
Lecture # 18


Edition
Third
Quiz-2
Q.1 A steel pipe of 400-mm outer diameter is fabricated from 10-mm thick
plate by welding along a helix that forms an angle of 20° with a plane
perpendicular to the axis of the pipe. Knowing that the maximum allowable
normal and shearing stresses in the directions normal and tangential to
the weld are 60 MPa and 36 MPa, respectively. Determine the magnitude P
of the largest axial force that can be applied to the pipe. (20pts)

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Third
Quiz-2

MM-222
Spring 2024
Lecture # 19


Edition
Third
Thermal Strain
• If the temperature of the rod is raised by ΔT,
the rod elongates by an amount ΔL that is
proportional to both the temperature change
ΔT and the length L of the rod.

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Third
Thermal Stresses
• A temperature change results in a change in length or
thermal strain. There is no stress associated with the
thermal strain unless the elongation is restrained by
the supports.
• Treat the additional support as redundant and apply

the principle of superposition.
PL
T    T  L P  
AE
  thermal expansion coef.
• The thermal deformation and the deformation from
the redundant support must be compatible.

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Third
Example Problem
A rectangular bar of 609 mm long having cross-section of (13 mm x 13 mm) is made up of
material having elastic modulus of 200 GPa, thermal expansion coefficient of 6.60x10-6/°C
is just fit between two rigids walls when temperature is 15 °C. Determine the average
normal stress when temperature is increased to 49 °C.

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Third
Example Problem

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Third

• Determine the values of the stress in portions
AC and CB of the steel bar shown.
• When the temperature of the bar is -50 ºF,

knowing that a close fit exists at both of the
rigid supports when the temperature is +75 ºF.
• Use the values E = 29 x106 psi and α = 6.5 x

10–6/ºF for steel.

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Third

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Third

• Determine the strain εAC in portion AC of the bar?

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Third
Assignment No: 4
o Solve Sample Problem 2.3
o Problem 2.41
o Problem 2.42
o Problem 2.43
o Problem 2.44

MM-222
Spring 2024
Lecture # 20


Edition
Third
Poisson’s Ratio
• For a bar subjected to axial loading:

x
x  y z  0
E
• The elongation in the x-direction is

accompanied by a contraction in the other
directions. Assuming that the material is
isotropic (no directional dependence),
y  z  0
• Poisson’s ratio is defined as

lateral strain y z
  
axial strain x x

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Third

• A 500-mm-long, 16-mm-diameter rod made of
a homogenous, isotropic material is observed
to increase in length by 300 μm, and to
decrease in diameter by - 2.4 µm when
subjected to an axial 12-kN load.
• Determine the modulus of elasticity and
Poisson’s ratio of the material.

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Third
Generalized Hooke’s Law

• For an element subjected to multi-axial loading, the normal strain components
resulting from the stress components may be determined from the principle of
superposition. This requires:
1) strain is linearly related to stress
2) deformations are small
 x  y  z
x    
E E E
 x  y  z
y    
E E E
 x  y z
z    
E E E
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Third
Generalized Hooke’s Law

• A sample of a material subjected to a compressive stress σz is confined so that it
cannot deform in the y-direction, but deformation is permitted in the x-direction,
as shown in the Fig. Assume that the material is isotropic and exhibits linear
elastic behavior. Determine the following in terms of σz and elastic constants of
the material:
(a) The stress that develops in the y-direction.
(b) The strain in the z-direction.
 x  y  z
x    
E E E
 x  y  z
y    
E E E
 x  y 
z     z
E E E
MM-222
Spring 2024
Lecture # 21


Edition
Third

• The steel block shown (Fig. 2.34) is subjected
to a uniform pressure on all its faces.
Knowing that the change in length of edge
AB is -1.2 x 10-3 in. Determine:
(a) the change in length of the other two
edges and
(b) the pressure p applied to the faces of
block. Assume E = 29 x 106 psi and
ν = 0.29.

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Third
Dilatation and Bulk Modulus

• Relative to the unstressed state, the change in volume is
   
e  1   x 1   y 1   z   1  1   x   y   z  1  x  y  z
x    
 x y z E E E
 x  y  z
1  2
  x   y   z  y  
E

E

E
E
 x  y z
 dilatation (change in volume per unit volume) z    
E E E
• For element subjected to uniform hydrostatic pressure,

31  2  p
e  p 
E k
E
k  bulk modulus
31  2 
• Subjected to uniform pressure, dilatation must be

negative, therefore
0    12

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Third

• Determine the change in volume ΔV of the
steel block shown in Fig. 2.34, when it is
subjected to the hydrostatic pressure P = 180
MPa. Use E = 200 GPa and ν = 0.29

MM-222
Spring 2024
Lecture # 22


Edition
Third
Measurement of Strain

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Third
Shearing Strain
• A cubic element subjected to a shear stress will
deform into a rhomboid. The corresponding shear
strain is quantified in terms of the change in angle
between the sides,  
 xy  f  xy
• A plot of shear stress vs. shear strain is similar the
previous plots of normal stress vs. normal strain
except that the strength values are approximately
half. For small strains,
 xy  G  xy  yz  G  yz  zx  G  zx
where G is the modulus of rigidity or shear modulus.

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Third

SOLUTION:
• Determine the average angular
deformation or shearing strain of
the block.
• Apply Hooke’s law for shearing stress
and strain to find the corresponding
A rectangular block of material with shearing stress.
modulus of rigidity G = 90 ksi is bonded to
• Use the definition of shearing stress to
two rigid horizontal plates. The lower plate
find the force P.
is fixed, while the upper plate is subjected
to a horizontal force P. Knowing that the
upper plate moves through 0.04 in. under
the action of the force, determine:
a) the average shearing strain in the
material, and
b) the force P exerted on the plate.
Edition
Third
• Determine the average angular deformation

or shearing strain of the block.
0.04 in.
 xy  tan  xy   xy  0.020 rad
2 in.
• Apply Hooke’s law for shearing stress and
strain to find the corresponding shearing
stress.
 
 xy  G xy  90  103 psi 0.020 rad   1800 psi
• Use the definition of shearing stress to find
the force P.
P   xy A  1800 psi 8 in.2.5 in.  36 103 lb
P  36.0 kips
o Solve problem M2.5 about shear strain from MecMovies

MM-222
Spring 2024
Lecture # 23


Edition
Third
Deformation under Axial Load

• An axially loaded slender bar will
elongate in the axial direction and
contract in the transverse directions.
• An initially cubic element oriented as in
figure will deform into a rectangular
parallelepiped. The axial load produces a
normal strain.
• If the cubic element is oriented as in the
bottom figure, it will deform into a
rhombus. Axial load also results in a shear
strain.

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Third
Relation Among E, , and G
Cubic strain unit element

to be sectioned on a diagonal plane. Undeformed section of cubic element Deformed section of cubic element
Small angle approximation

Edition
Third
Relation Among E, , and G

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Third

Edition
Third
Sample Problem 2.5

A circle of diameter d = 9 in. is scribed on an
unstressed aluminum plate of thickness t = 3/4
in. After that, forces acting in the plane of the
plate cause normal stresses x = 12 ksi and z
= 20 ksi.
For E = 10x106 psi and  = 1/3, determine the
change in:
a) the length of diameter AB,
b) the length of diameter CD,
c) the thickness of the plate, and
d) the volume of the plate.

Edition
Third
SOLUTION:
• Evaluate the deformation components.

B A   x d  0.533  10 3

in./in. 9 in.
3
B A  4.8  10 in.
x  
 x  y
E

E

 z
E
C D   z d  1.600  10 3

in./in. 9 in.
1  1  C  14.4 103 in.

 12 ksi   0  20 ksi  D
10  10 6 psi  
 0.533  10 in./in. 3
3
 
 t   y t   1.067 10 3 in./in. 0.75 in.
 x y  z  t  0.800 103 in.

y    
E E E • Find the change in volume
 1.067  10 3 in./in.
e   x   y   z  1.067 103 in 3/in 3
 x  y z
z    
V  eV  1.067 10 3 15 15  0.75in 3
E E E
 1.600  10  3 in./in. V  0.187 in 3
MM-222
Spring 2024
Lecture # 24


Edition
Third
Saint-Venant’s Principle
• Loads transmitted through rigid
plates result in uniform distribution
of stress and strain.
• Concentrated loads result in large

stresses in the vicinity of the load
application point.
• Stress and strain distributions

become non-uniform at a relatively
short distance from the load
application points.
• Saint-Venant’s Principle:
Stress distribution may be assumed
independent of the mode of load
application except in the immediate
vicinity of load application points.

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Third
Stress Concentration: Hole
Discontinuities of cross section may result in 

K  max
high localized or concentrated stresses.  ave

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Third
Stress Concentration: Fillet

Edition
Third
Example 2.12
SOLUTION:
• Determine the geometric ratios and
find the stress concentration factor
from Fig. 2.64b.
Determine the largest axial load P
that can be safely supported by a • Find the allowable average normal
flat steel bar consisting of two stress using the material allowable
portions, both 10 mm thick, and normal stress and the stress
respectively 40 and 60 mm wide, concentration factor.
connected by fillets of radius r = 8 • Apply the definition of normal stress to
mm. Assume an allowable normal find the allowable load.
stress of 165 MPa.

Edition
Third
• Determine the geometric ratios and

find the stress concentration factor
from Fig. 2.64b.
D 60 mm r 8 mm
  1.50   0.20
d 40 mm d 40 mm
K  1.82
• Find the allowable average normal

stress using the material allowable
normal stress and the stress
concentration factor.
 max 165 MPa
 ave    90.7 MPa
K 1.82
• Apply the definition of normal stress

to find the allowable load.
P  A ave  40 mm 10 mm 90.7 MPa 
 36.3 103 N
P  36.3 kN

Edition
Third

o Solve problem 2.63
Assignment No: 5
o Problem 2.94
o Problem 2.97
o Problem 2.99
o Problem 2.105

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Third
Mid Exam Solution

Q.1 A 20-mm-diameter rivet which joins two plates that are each 110 mm wide. The top view
and cross-sectional view of plates and rivet joint are shown with dimensions. The allowable
stresses are 120 MPa for bearing in the plate material and 60 MPa for shearing of rivet.
Determine: (a) the minimum thickness of each plate; and (b) the largest average tensile stress
in the plates. CLO-1 (20pts)

Edition
Third
Mid Exam Solution

Q.2 A 5 m tall circular column shown in Figure. 3a is designed to support a 200 kN load. This
column fails due to the shear stress acting on a plane oriented at 45° from the column axis
(indicated on column in Fig. 3a). Fig. 3b also shows the real failure in column at 45° to the
axis of column. What will be the minimum diameter of this column if shear stress is not
increased than 300 MPa along the plane of failure?

Edition
Third
Mid Exam Solution

Q.2 The steel structure shown below, a 6-mm diameter pin is used at C and 10-mm diameter
pins are used at B and D. The ultimate shearing stress is 150 MPa at all connections, and
ultimate normal stress is 400 MPa in link BD. Knowing that a factor of safety of 3 is desired,
Determine the largest load P that can be applied at A. Note that link BD is not reinforced
around the pin holes. CLO-1 (20pts)

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Third
Mid Exam Solution

Edition
Third
Assignment Problem # 2.25

Link BD is made of brass (E = 105 GPa) and has a cross-sectional area of 240 mm2. Link
CE is made of aluminum (E = 72 GPa) and has a cross-sectional area of 300 mm2. Knowing
that they support rigid member ABC, determine the maximum force P that can be applied
vertically at point A if the deflection of A is not to exceed 0.35 mm.

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Third
Assignment Problem # 2.25

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Third
Mid Exam Spring 2021

Q.3 The structure shown in the figure below is made up of rigid beam LMN and a copper
bar NO having cross- sectional area of 0.31 in2. A bar made up of brass at M having cross-
sectional area of 0.93 in2 is situated under point M with allowable distance of 0.002 in. The
elastic modulus of copper and brass are 10 x106 Psi and 30 x106 Psi, respectively. The
allowable yield stress of copper and brass are 19.9 x103 Psi and 8.5 x103 Psi.
Hint: In this analysis forces and deformation will be within elastic range. CLO-2
Determine:
(a) The allowable forces in link NO and bar at M. (4) pts
(b) The allowable axial deflection of link at NO and bar at M. (4) pts
© The angle of rotation of rigid bar LMN. (6) pts
(d) The maximum allowable force P. (6) pts

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Third

(a) The allowable forces in link NO and bar at M. (4) pts

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(b) The allowable axial deflection of link at NO and bar at M. (4) pts

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© The angle of rotation of rigid bar LMN. (6) pts

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(d) The maximum allowable force P. (6) pts

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Concept Application
A 20 mm diameter steel rod is held snugly between rigid walls as shown in fig.
below. The properties of steel are E = 200 GPa, α = 12.0 x 10-6/°C. Calculate the
temperature drop (∆T), at which shear stress in 15 mm diameter bolt becomes 70
MPa.

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Third
Concept Application

MM-222
Spring 2024
Lecture # 25


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Third
Elastoplastic Materials
• Previous analyses based on assumption of
linear stress-strain relationship, i.e.,
stresses below the yield stress
• Assumption is good for brittle material
which rupture without yielding
• If the yield stress of ductile materials is
exceeded, then plastic deformations occur
• Analysis of plastic deformations is
simplified by assuming an idealized
elastoplastic material
• Deformations of an elastoplastic material
are divided into elastic and plastic ranges
• Permanent deformations result from
loading beyond the yield stress

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Third
Plastic Deformations
 max A • Elastic deformation while maximum

P   ave A 
K stress is less than yield stress
• Maximum stress is equal to the yield

 A
PY  Y stress at the maximum elastic
K
loading
• At loadings above the maximum

elastic load, a region of plastic
deformations develop near the hole
• As the loading increases, the plastic
PU   Y A region expands until the section is at
 K PY a uniform stress equal to the yield
stress

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Third
The bar in Fig is made of steel that is assumed to be elastic perfectly plastic, with σ
y = 250 MPa. Determine: (a) the maximum value of the applied load P that can be
applied without causing the steel to yield and (b) the maximum value of P that the
bar can support. Sketch the stress distribution at the critical section for each case.

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• This load has been calculated using smallest cross

section. The resulting stress distribution is shown in
Fig.b. For equilibrium, the “volume” contained
within this distribution must equal 9.14 KN.
(b) The maximum value of P that the bar can support. Sketch the stress distribution
at the critical section for each case.
• Here Pp equals the “volume” contained within the stress

distribution.
MM-222
Spring 2024
Lecture # 26


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Third

• A rod of length L = 500 mm and cross-sectional area A = 60 mm2 is made of an
elastoplastic material having a modulus of elasticity E = 200 GPa in its elastic
range and a yield point σy = 300 MPa. The rod is subjected to an axial load until
it is stretched 7 mm and the load is then removed. What is the resulting
permanent set? Assume that materials behave elastic perfectly plastic.

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Third
Residual Stresses
• When a single structural element is loaded uniformly

beyond its yield stress and then unloaded, it is permanently
deformed but all stresses disappear. This is not the general
result.
• Residual stresses will remain in a structure after
loading and unloading if
- only part of the structure undergoes plastic
deformation
- different parts of the structure undergo different
plastic deformations
• Residual stresses also result from the uneven heating or

cooling of structures or structural elements

MM-222
Spring 2024
Lecture # 27-28


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Third
Example 2.14 (a), 2.15 (b-c), 2.16 (d)

A cylindrical rod is placed inside a tube
of the same length. The ends of the rod
and tube are attached to a rigid support
on one side and a rigid plate on the
other. The load on the rod-tube
assembly is increased from zero to 5.7
kips and decreased back to zero.
a) draw a load-deflection diagram
for the rod-tube assembly Ar  0.075 in.2 At  0.100 in.2
b) determine the maximum Er  30 106 psi Et  15  106 psi

elongation σY , r  36 ksi σY ,t  45 ksi
c) determine the permanent set
d) calculate the residual stresses in
the rod and tube.

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Example 2.14
a) draw a load-deflection diagram for the rod-
tube assembly
 
PY , r   Y , r Ar  36 ksi  0.075 in 2  2.7 kips
 Y ,r 36 103 psi
δY,r  Y , r L  L 30 in.  36 10-3 in.
EY , r 30 106 psi
 
PY ,t   Y ,t At  45 ksi  0.100 in 2  4.5 kips
 Y ,t 45 103 psi
δY,t  Y ,t L  L 30 in.  90 10-3 in.
EY ,t 15 106 psi
P  Pr  Pt
   r  t

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b,c) determine the maximum elongation and permanent set
Example 2.15 (b , c)
• at a load of P = 5.7 kips, the rod has reached the
plastic range while the tube is still in the elastic range
Pr  PY , r  2.7 kips
Pt  P  Pr  5.7  2.7  kips  3.0 kips
Pt 3.0 kips
t   2
 30 ksi
At 0.1in
t 30  103 psi
 t  t L  L 30 in.  max   t  60  103 in.
Et 15 106 psi
• the rod-tube assembly unloads along a line parallel

to 0Yr
4.5 kips
m -3
 125 kips in.  slope
36 10 in.
Pmax 5.7 kips
     45.6 103 in.
m 125 kips in.
 p   max     60  45.6 103 in.  p  14.4  103 in.

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Example 2.16 (d)

• calculate the residual stresses in the rod and tube.
calculate the reverse stresses in the rod and tube
caused by unloading and add them to the maximum
stresses.
 45.6 10 3 in.

    1.52  103 in. in.
L 30 in.
  
 r   Er   1.52 103 30 106 psi  45.6 ksi
 t   Et   1.52 103 15 106 psi   22.8 ksi
 residual , r   r   r  36  45.6  ksi  9.6 ksi

 residual ,t   t   t  30  22.8 ksi  7.2 ksi

MM-222
Spring 2023
Lecture # 29


Third Edition
MATERIALS
Ferdinand P. Beer
E. Russell Johnston, Jr. Torsion
John T. DeWolf
Lecture Notes:
J. Walt Oler

Edition
Third
Contents
Introduction Statically Indeterminate Shafts

Torsional Loads on Circular Shafts Sample Problem 3.4
Net Torque Due to Internal Stresses Design of Transmission Shafts
Axial Shear Components Stress Concentrations
Shaft Deformations Plastic Deformations
Shearing Strain Elastoplastic Materials
Stresses in Elastic Range Residual Stresses
Normal Stresses Example 3.08/3.09
Torsional Failure Modes Torsion of Noncircular Members
Sample Problem 3.1 Thin-Walled Hollow Shafts
Angle of Twist in Elastic Range Example 3.10

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Torsional Loads on Circular Shafts
• Interested in stresses and strains of

circular shafts subjected to twisting
couples or torques
• Turbine exerts torque T on the shaft
• Shaft transmits the torque to the

generator
• Generator creates an equal and

opposite torque T’

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Third
Net Torque Due to Internal Stresses
• Net of the internal shearing stresses is an

internal torque, equal and opposite to the
applied torque,
T    dF     dA
• Although the net torque due to the shearing

stresses is known, the distribution of the stresses
is not
• Distribution of shearing stresses is statically

indeterminate – must consider shaft
deformations
• Unlike the normal stress due to axial loads, the

distribution of shearing stresses due to torsional
loads can not be assumed uniform.

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Axial Shear Components
• Torque applied to shaft produces shearing

stresses on the faces perpendicular to the
axis.
• Conditions of equilibrium require the

existence of equal stresses on the faces of the
two planes containing the axis of the shaft
• The existence of the axial shear components is

demonstrated by considering a shaft made up
of axial slats.
The slats slide with respect to each other when

equal and opposite torques are applied to the
ends of the shaft.

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Third
Shaft Deformations
• From observation, the angle of twist of the

shaft is proportional to the applied torque and
to the shaft length.
 T
L
• When subjected to torsion, every cross-section
of a circular shaft remains plane and
undistorted.
• Cross-sections for hollow and solid circular
shafts remain plain and undistorted because a
circular shaft is axisymmetric.
• Cross-sections of noncircular (non-
axisymmetric) shafts are distorted when
subjected to torsion.

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Shearing Strain
• Consider an interior section of the shaft. As a

torsional load is applied, an element on the
interior cylinder deforms into a rhombus.
• Since the ends of the element remain planar,

the shear strain is equal to angle of twist.
• It follows that

L   or  
L
• Shear strain is proportional to twist and radius

c 
 max  and    max
L c

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Third
Stresses in Elastic Range

• Multiplying the previous equation by the
shear modulus,

G  G max
c
From Hooke’s Law,   G , so

  max
c
The shearing stress varies linearly with the
J  12  c 4
radial position in the section.
• Recall that the sum of the moments from
the internal stress distribution is equal to
the torque on the shaft at the section,
 
T    dA  max   2 dA  max J
c c
• The results are known as the elastic torsion

J  12  c24  c14  formulas,
Tc T
 max  and  
J J
MM-222
Spring 2024
Lecture # 30


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Third
Concept Application
o M6.3 from Mec Movies sign convention for torsional analysis.
o M6.1 Torsional theory for circular shaft.
o M6.2 Polar moment of inertia for hollow circular shaft.
o M6.4 from Mec Movie allowable torque in a pipe shaft
o M6.5 from Mec Movies Minimum diameter for a solid circular
shaft.

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Third
Sample Problem 3.1

SOLUTION:
• Cut sections through shafts AB
and BC and perform static
equilibrium analysis to find
torque loadings
• Apply elastic torsion formulas to
find minimum and maximum
stress on shaft BC
Shaft BC is hollow with inner and outer
diameters of 90 mm and 120 mm, • Given allowable shearing stress
respectively. Shafts AB and CD are solid and applied torque, invert the
of diameter d. For the loading shown, elastic torsion formula to find the
determine (a) the minimum and maximum required diameter
shearing stress in shaft BC, (b) the
required diameter d of shafts AB and CD
if the allowable shearing stress in these
shafts is 65 MPa.
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Third
Sample
SOLUTION:Problem 3.1
• Cut sections through shafts AB and BC
and perform static equilibrium analysis
to find torque loadings
 M x  0  6 kN  m   TAB  M x  0  6 kN  m   14 kN  m   TBC

TAB  6 kN  m  TCD TBC  20 kN  m

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Third
Sample Problem 3.1

• Apply elastic torsion formulas to • Given allowable shearing stress and
find minimum and maximum applied torque, invert the elastic torsion
stress on shaft BC formula to find the required diameter
c24  c14   0.060 4  0.0454 

  Tc Tc 6 kN  m
J  max   65MPa 
2 2 J  c4  c3
2 2
6 4
 13.92 10 m
c  38.9 103 m
TBC c2 20 kN  m 0.060 m 
 max   2   d  2c  77.8 mm
J 13.92  10 6 m 4
 86.2 MPa
 min c1  min 45 mm
 
 max c2 86.2 MPa 60 mm  max  86.2 MPa
 min  64.7 MPa  min  64.7 MPa
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Sample Problem 3.2

The preliminary design of a motor to generator
connection calls for the use of a large hollow
shaft with inner and outer diameters of 4 in. and 6
in., respectively. Knowing that the allowable
shearing stress is 12 ksi, determine the maximum
torque that can be transmitted by (a) the shaft as
designed, (b) a solid shaft of the same weight,
and (c) a hollow shaft of the same weight and an
8-in. outer diameter.

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Sample Problem 3.2

(b) a solid shaft of the same weight, and (c) a
hollow shaft of the same weight and an 8-in.
outer diameter.

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Sample Problem 3.2

(c) a hollow shaft of the same weight and an 8-in.
outer diameter.

MM-222
Spring 2023
Lecture # 31


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Third
Concept Revision
At a certain points during operation, the crankshaft of an automobile engine can be
modeled as shown in Fig. below. In this figure, T1 = T3 = 10 kN-m, T2 = T4 = 5 kN-
m, are external torques and x = 10 mm. This shaft is solid and is to be sized so that
the maximum shear stress does not exceed 150 MPa. What is the minimum
diameter of this shaft?

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Third

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Third
Normal Stresses
• Elements with faces parallel and perpendicular
to the shaft axis are subjected to shear stresses
only. Normal stresses, shearing stresses or a
combination of both may be found for other
orientations.
• Consider an element at 45o to the shaft axis,
F  2 max A0 cos 45   max A0 2
F  max A0 2
 45o     max
A A0 2
• Element a is in pure shear.

• Element c is subjected to a tensile stress on
two faces and compressive stress on the other
two.
• Note that all stresses for elements a and c have
the same magnitude

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Torsional Failure Modes
• Ductile materials generally fail in

shear. Brittle materials are weaker in
tension than shear.
• When subjected to torsion, a ductile

specimen breaks along a plane of
maximum shear, i.e., a plane
perpendicular to the shaft axis.
• When subjected to torsion, a brittle

specimen breaks along planes
perpendicular to the direction in
which tension is a maximum, i.e.,
along surfaces at 45o to the shaft
axis.

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Third
Concept Revision
Describe the failure mode of brittle and ductile material under torsion loading and
explain which stress causes which failure.
The presence of maximum tensile stresses on planes at 45 ˚ to the axis accounts for
the fact that brittle materials that are weak in tensile stress, fail in torsion by
cracking along 45 ˚ helical surface. The presence of maximum shear stresses on
planes at 90 ˚ to the axis accounts for the fact that ductile materials that fail due to
shear stress, fail in torsion along 90 ˚ to longitudinal axis of shaft.
(a) Ductile failure (b) Brittle failure

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Third
Torsional Failure Modes

• If a material is weaker in shear on longitudinal planes than on cross sectional
planes, as in the case of circular bar made of wood, the first crack will appear on
the surface in the longitudinal direction.

MM-222
Spring 2024
Lecture # 32


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Third
Angle of Twist in Elastic Range

• Recall that the angle of twist and maximum
shearing strain are related,
c
 max 
L
• In the elastic range, the shearing strain and shear
stress are related by Hooke’s Law,
 max Tc
 max  
G JG
• Equating the expressions for shearing strain and
solving for the angle of twist,
TL

JG
• If the torsional loading or shaft cross-section
changes along the length, the angle of rotation is
found as the sum of segment rotations
Ti Li
 
i J i Gi

MM-222
Spring 2024
Lecture # 33


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Third
Statically Indeterminate Shafts
T  TA  TB  0
T L TB L
B  A AC B  B  0 and B 
JG JG
TLAC TB L
 0
JG JG
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Third
Statically Indeterminate Shafts
TA LAC TB L
B  and B 
JG JG
B  B  0
TLAC TB L TLAC
 0 TB 
JG JG L
L  LAC
T  TA  TB  0 TA  T .
L LBC
LBC  L  LAC TA  T .
L
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Third
Assignment-1 (After Mid)

o Sample problem 3.3
o Sample problem 3.5
o M6.19 shear stress in coaxial shafts from Mec Movies
o M6.20 shear stress in end-to-end shafts
o M6.21maximum torque for composite shaft
o Concept application 3.5
o M6.16 determine power transmit by shaft
o M6.17 shaft diameter based on power

MM-222
Spring 2024
Lecture # 34


Edition
Third
Design of Transmission Shafts

• Principal of transmission shaft • The rate of change of angular
performance specifications are: displacement φ is angular speed ω
- power
• Determine torque applied to shaft at
- speed
specified power and speed,
• Designer must select shaft P  T  2fT
material and cross-section to P P
meet performance specifications T 
 2f
without exceeding allowable
shearing stress. • Find shaft cross-section which will
not exceed the maximum allowable
• The work done by torque of constant shearing stress,
magnitude T is equal to the product of
Tc
the torque & angle through which it  max 
J
rotates. i.e W= Tφ
J  3 T
• Where φ is angle of rotation measured in  c  solidshafts
c 2  max
radians.
• Power is time rate at which work is
J

 4 4
c2 2c2

c2  c1 
T

 max
hollowshafts
done: P = dW/dt = Td φ/dt
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Third

What size of shaft should be used for the rotor of a 5-hp motor operating at 3600 rpm if the
shearing stress is not to exceed 8500 psi in the shaft?

Edition
Third

A shaft consisting of a steel tube of 50-mm outer diameter is to transmit 100 kW of power
while rotating at a frequency of 20 Hz. Determine the tube thickness that should be used if
the shearing stress is not to exceed 60 MPa.

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Third
Stress Concentrations
• The derivation of the torsion formula,
Tc
 max 
J
assumed a circular shaft with uniform
cross-section loaded through rigid end
plates.
• The use of flange couplings, gears and
pulleys attached to shafts by keys in
keyways, and cross-section discontinuities
can cause stress concentrations
• Experimental or numerically determined
concentration factors are applied as
Tc
 max  K
J

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Third
Sample Problem 3.6

The stepped shaft shown is to rotate at 900
rpm as it transmits power from a turbine to a
generator. The grade of steel specified in the
design has an allowable shearing stress of 8
ksi. (a) For the preliminary design shown,
determine the maximum power that can be
transmitted.

Edition
Third
Stress Concentration Factor

Edition
Third
Sample Problem 3.6

The stepped shaft shown is to rotate at 900
rpm as it transmits power from a turbine to a
generator. The grade of steel specified in the
design has an allowable shearing stress of 8
ksi. (a) For the preliminary design shown,
determine the maximum power that can be
transmitted.

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Third
Sample Problem 3.6

(b) If in the final design the radius of the fillet
is increased so that r = 15/16 in., what will be
the percent change, relative to the preliminary
design, in the power that can be transmitted?
The grade of steel specified in the design has
an allowable shearing stress of 8 ksi.

MM-222
Spring 2023
Lecture # 33


Edition
Third
• With the assumption of a linearly elastic material,
Tc
 max 
J
• If the yield strength is exceeded or the material has
a nonlinear shearing-stress-strain curve, this
expression does not hold.
• Shearing strain varies linearly regardless of material
properties. Application of shearing-stress-strain
curve allows determination of stress distribution.
• The integral of the moments from the internal stress
distribution is equal to the torque on the shaft at the
section,
c c
T    2 d   2   2 d
0 0

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Third
Elastoplastic Materials
• At the maximum elastic torque,
J 
TY   Y  12 c3 Y and    m ax
c c
• As the torque is increased, a plastic region 
(   Y ) develops around an elastic core (     Y )
Y
c c
T    2 d   2   2 d
0 0

2 c 3 1  1 Y3  
4 T 1  1 Y3 
T Y  3 Y
3 4
 c 
3

4
c3 
 using Y  L Y and
3
T 4 T 1  1 Y 
3 Y 4 3 c
  
• As Y  0 , the torque approaches a limiting value,

TP  43 TY  plastic torque

MM-222
Spring 2024
Lecture # 34


Third Edition
MATERIALS
Ferdinand P. Beer
John T. DeWolf
Pure Bending
Lecture Notes:
J. Walt Oler

Edition
Third
Pure Bending
Pure Bending Example 4.03
Other Loading Types Reinforced Concrete Beams
Symmetric Member in Pure Bending Sample Problem 4.4
Bending Deformations Stress Concentrations
Strain Due to Bending Plastic Deformations
Beam Section Properties Members Made of an Elastoplastic Material
Properties of American Standard Shapes Plastic Deformations of Members With a Single
Deformations in a Transverse Cross Section Plane of S...
Sample Problem 4.2 Residual Stresses
Bending of Members Made of Several Example 4.05, 4.06
Materials Eccentric Axial Loading in a Plane of Symmetry
Example 4.03 Example 4.07
Reinforced Concrete Beams Sample Problem 4.8
Sample Problem 4.4 Example 4.08
Members Made of an Elastoplastic Material

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Third
Pure Bending
Pure Bending:
Prismatic members
subjected to equal
and opposite couples
acting in the same
longitudinal plane.

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Third
Other Loading Types
• Eccentric Loading: Axial loading which

does not pass through section centroid
produces internal forces equivalent to an
axial force and a couple
• Transverse Loading: Concentrated or

distributed transverse load produces
internal forces equivalent to a shear
force and a couple
• Principle of Superposition: The normal

stress due to pure bending may be
combined with the normal stress due to
axial loading and shear stress due to
shear loading to find the complete state
of stress.
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Third
Symmetric Member in Pure Bending

• Internal forces in any cross section are equivalent
to a couple. The moment of the couple is the
section bending moment.
• From statics, a couple M consists of two equal
and opposite forces.
• The sum of the components of the forces in any
direction is zero.
• The moment is the same about any axis
perpendicular to the plane of the couple and
zero about any axis contained in the plane.
• These requirements may be applied to sums of
components and moments of the statically
indeterminate elementary internal forces.
Fx    x dA  0
M y   z x dA  0
M z    y x dA  M
MM-222
Spring 2024
Lecture # 34


Edition
Third
Bending Deformations
Beam with a plane of symmetry in pure
bending:
• member remains symmetric
• bends uniformly to form a circular arc
• cross-sectional plane passes through arc center
and remains planar
• length of top decreases and length of bottom
increases
• a neutral surface must exist that is parallel to the
upper and lower surfaces and for which the length
does not change
• stresses and strains are negative (compressive)
above the neutral plane and positive (tension)
below it
Edition
Third
Strain Due to Bending

Consider a beam segment of length L.
After deformation, the length of neutral surface
remains L. At other sections,
L    y q L  q
  L  L    y q  q   yq
 yq y
x    (strain varies linearly)
L q 
c c
m  or ρ
 m
y
x   m
c
y
E x   E m
c
y
 x    m (stress varies linearly)
c
Edition
Third
Stress Due to Bending

• For a linearly elastic material,
y
 x    m (stress varies linearly)
c
• For static equilibrium,
y
Fx  0    x dA     m dA • For static equilibrium,
c
m  y 
M    y x dA    y    m  dA
0  y dA  c 
c
  I
First moment with respect to neutral M  m  y 2 dA  m
c c
plane is zero. Therefore, the neutral
Mc M
surface must pass through the m  
I S
section centroid.
y
Substituting  x    m
• Demonstration of moments, bending c
stresses and centroid from My
x  
MecMovies M8.5. I
Edition
Third
Beam Section Properties

• The maximum normal stress due to bending,
Mc M
m  
I S
I  section moment of inertia
I
S   section modulus
c
A beam section with a larger section modulus
will have a lower maximum stress
• Consider a rectangular beam cross section,
1 3
I 12 bh
S   16 bh3  16 Ah
c h2
Between two beams with the same cross

sectional area, the beam with the greater depth
will be more effective in resisting bending.
• Structural steel beams are designed to have a
large section modulus.
Edition
Third
First and Second Moment of Area

• The first moment of area equals the summation of area time’s distance to
an axis. It is a measure of the distribution of the area of a shape in
relationship to an axis.
• First moment of area is commonly used in engineering applications to
determine the centroid of an object
First moment of the area A with First moment of the area A with
respect to the x axis respect to the y axis
• The second moment of area, also known as

moment of inertia of plane area, is a
geometrical property of an area which
reflects how its points are distributed with
regard to an arbitrary axis.
General area A with infinitesimal area dA
referred to xy coordinate system

Edition
Third
Moment of Inertia of Rectangular Area

• Select a horizontal strip of length b and thickness dy. Since
all of the points within the strip are at same distance y from
the x axis, the moment of inertia of the strip with respect to
that axis is:

Edition
Third
Polar Moment of Inertia of Circular Area

• Select an element of ring of radius ρ with a thickness of dρ,
the polar moment of inertia of ring is:

Edition
Third

A steel bar of 0.8 x 2.5-in. rectangular cross section is subjected to two equal and
opposite couples acting in the vertical plane of symmetry of the bar (Fig.).
Determine the value of the bending moment M that causes the bar to yield. Assume
σy = 36 Ksi.
Mc
m 
I

Edition
Third
Example
A beam has a rectangular cross section and is subjected to the stress distribution
shown in Fig. Determine the internal moment M at the section caused by the stress
distribution: (a) using the flexure formula, (b) by finding the resultant of the stress
distribution using basic principles.
(a)

Edition
Third
Example
A beam has a rectangular cross section and is subjected to the stress distribution
shown in Fig. Determine the internal moment M at the section caused by the stress
distribution: (b) by finding the resultant of the stress distribution using basic
principles.
(b) The resultant force for each of the two triangular
stress distributions is graphically equivalent to
volume contained within each stress distribution.
Forces act through the centroid of each volume, from

the neutral axis of the beam.

Edition
Third
Deformations in a Transverse Cross Section

• Deformation due to bending moment M is
quantified by the curvature of the neutral surface
1   1 Mc
 m  m 
 c Ec Ec I
M

EI
• Application of curvature through Stoney’s Formula

MM-222
Spring 2024
Lecture # 35


Edition
Third
Sample Problem 4.2

SOLUTION:
• Based on the cross section geometry,
calculate the location of the section
centroid and moment of inertia.
Y 
 yA
A

I x   I  A d 2 
• Apply the elastic flexural formula to
find the maximum tensile and
compressive stresses.
Mc
m 
I
A cast-iron machine part is acted upon
by a 3 kN-m couple. Knowing E = 165 • Calculate the curvature
GPa and neglecting the effects of 1 M

fillets, determine (a) the maximum  EI
tensile and compressive stresses, (b)
the radius of curvature.
Edition
Third
Sample Problem 4.2

SOLUTION:
Based on the cross section geometry, calculate
the location of the section centroid and
moment of inertia.
Area, mm 2 y , mm yA, mm3
1 20  90  1800 50 90  103
2 40  30  1200 20 24  103
3
 A  3000  yA  114  10
3
 yA 114 10
Y    38 mm
A 3000
  
I x   I  A d 2   12
1 bh3  A d 2 
 
1 90  203  1800  12 2  1 30  403  1200  182
 12 12

I  868 103 mm  868 10-9 m 4

Edition
Third
Sample Problem 4.2

• Apply the elastic flexural formula to find the
maximum tensile and compressive stresses.
Mc
m 
I
M c A 3 kN  m  0.022 m  A  76.0 MPa
A  
I 868  109 mm 4
M cB 3 kN  m  0.038 m
B     B  131.3 MPa
I 868 109 mm 4
• Calculate the curvature

1 M

 EI
3 kN  m 1
 20.95  103 m -1
165 GPa 868 10-9 m 4 


  47.7 m

Edition
Third
Concept Application
o M8.1, M8.2 and 8.5 The centroid and moment of inertia game from
Mec Movies.
o M8.3 The bending stresses in flanged shape from Mec Movies.
o M8.4 Visualize bending stresses from Mec Movies.
o M8.7 T-Shape section properties from Mec Movies.
o Concept application 4.2 (problem from book).
o Sample problem 4.1.

MM-222
Spring 2024
Lecture # 41


Edition
Third
Bending of Members Made of Several Materials

• Consider a composite beam formed from
two materials with E1 and E2.
• Normal strain varies linearly.
y
x  

• Piecewise linear normal stress variation.
E1 y E2 y
 1  E1 x    2  E2 x  
 
Neutral axis does not pass through
section centroid of composite section.
• Elemental forces on the section are
Ey E y
dF1   1dA   1 dA dF2   2 dA   2 dA
 
My
x   • Define a transformed section such that
I
1   x  2  n x dF2  
nE1  y dA   E1 y n dA E
n 2
  E1

Edition
Third
Example 4.03
SOLUTION:
• Transform the bar to an equivalent cross
section made entirely of brass
• Evaluate the cross-sectional properties

of the transformed section
• Calculate the maximum stress in the

transformed section. This is the correct
maximum stress for the brass pieces of
the bar.
Bar is made from bonded pieces of
steel (Es = 29x106 psi) and brass • Determine the maximum stress in the
(Eb = 15x106 psi). Determine the steel portion of the bar by multiplying
maximum stress in the steel and the maximum stress for the transformed
brass when a moment of 40 kip*in section by the ratio of the moduli of
is applied. elasticity.
Edition
Third
Example 4.03
SOLUTION:
• Transform the bar to an equivalent cross section
made entirely of brass.
Es 29 106 psi
n   1.933
Eb 15 106 psi
bT  0.4 in  1.933  0.75 in  0.4 in  2.25 in
• Evaluate the transformed cross-sectional properties

1 b h3  1 2.25 in.3 in 3
I  12 T 12
 5.063 in 4
• Calculate the maximum stresses

Mc 40 kip  in 1.5 in 
m   4
 11.85 ksi
I 5.063 in
 b max   m  b max  11.85 ksi

 s max  n m  1.933 11.85 ksi  s max  22.9 ksi

Edition
Third
Reinforced Concrete Beams

Edition
Third
Reinforced Concrete Beams

• Concrete beams subjected to bending moments are
reinforced by steel rods.
• The steel rods carry the entire tensile load below
the neutral surface. The upper part of the concrete
beam carries the compressive load.
• In the transformed section, the cross-sectional area
of the steel, As, is replaced by the equivalent area
nAs where n = Es/Ec.
• To determine the location of the neutral axis, y A= y B
bx  x  n As d  x   0
2
1 b x2  n As x  n As d  0
2
• The normal stress in the concrete and steel

My
x  
I
c   x  s  n x

Edition
Third
Sample Problem 4.4

SOLUTION:
• Transform to a section made entirely
of concrete.
• Evaluate geometric properties of

transformed section.
• Calculate the maximum stresses in the

concrete and steel.
A concrete floor slab is reinforced with

5/8-in-diameter steel rods. The modulus
of elasticity is 29x106psi for steel and
3.6x106 psi for concrete. With an applied
bending moment of 40 kip*in for 1-ft
width of the slab, determine the maximum
stress in the concrete and steel.

Edition
Third
Sample Problem 4.4

SOLUTION:
• Transform to a section made entirely of concrete.
Es 29 106 psi
n  6
 8.06
Ec 3.6 10 psi

 
nAs  8.06  2 4 85 in   4.95 in 2
2

• Evaluate the geometric properties of the
transformed section.
 x
12 x   4.954  x   0 x  1.450 in
 2
 
I  13 12 in 1.45 in 3  4.95 in 2 2.55 in 2  44.4 in 4
• Calculate the maximum stresses.

Mc1 40 kip  in 1.45 in
c    c  1.306 ksi
I 44.4 in 4
Mc 40 kip  in  2.55 in  s  18.52 ksi
 s  n 2  8.06
I 44.4 in 4

Edition
Third
Problem 4.49
The reinforced concrete beam shown is subjected to a positive bending moment of
175 kN.m. Knowing that the modulus of elasticity is 25 GPa for the concrete and
200 GPa for the steel, Determine: (a) the stress in the steel, (b) the maximum stress
in the concrete.
Es 200GPa
n  8
Ec 25GPa
As  4  4  25    1963.49 mm 2
2
 
As  1.96 X 103 mm 2
nAs  15.7 X 103 mm 2

Edition
Third
Problem 4.49

Edition
Third
Stress concentrations may occur: Mc

m  K
I
• in the vicinity of points where the
loads are applied
• in the vicinity of abrupt changes

in cross section
Edition
Third

• Grooves 10 mm deep are to be cut in a steel
bar which is 60 mm wide and 9 mm thick.
Determine the smallest allowable width of the
grooves if the stress in the bar is not to
exceed 150 MPa when the bending moment
is equal to 180 N.m.
Mc
m  K
I
• The moment of inertia of the critical cross section about its neutral axis is:

Edition
Third

• Grooves 10 mm deep are to be cut in a steel
bar which is 60 mm wide and 9 mm thick
(Fig. 4.26). Determine the smallest allowable
width of the grooves if the stress in the bar is
not to exceed 150 MPa when the bending
moment is equal to 180 N.m.
• Using the curve corresponding to D/d = 1.5, we find that the value K = 2
corresponds to a value of r/d equal to 0.13. Therefore,

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Strength of Materials

Instructor: Dr. Rashid Ali

GHULAM ISHAQ KHAN INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING

FACULTY OF MATERIALS & CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

 To develop the ability to analyze a given problem in a simple

 To get understanding of stress analysis and failure

 The methods are based on engineering mechanics,

Demonstrate the application of

Mid Term Exams 30 %

Final Term Exams 40 %

o Attendance as per Institute Policy is 80% and is

 Strength of Materials and Structures by JOHN CASE,

 Fundamentals of Strength of Materials by Debabata Nag

 Mechanical Behavior of Materials by William F. Hosford

 Applied Mechanics of Solids by Allan F. Bower (available

 Torsion testing for modulus of rigidity of engineering

 Impact testing of engineering materials.

 Fatigue testing of engineering materials.

 The least squares regression using Microsoft-excel

Thursday 2:30 AM FMCE LH1

Friday 9:00 AM FMCE LH1

 No noise in the class.

 All the quizzes will be considered.

 Any student can visit in the office hours.

Dr. Rashid Ali

GHULAM ISHAQ KHAN INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING

FACULTY OF MATERIAL & CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

 Statics: The Analysis of Bodies at Rest.

 Dynamics: The Analysis of Bodies in Motion.

 Strength of Materials: The Analysis of Deformable

o Neither vacancies can be produced, nor more materials can be

o Arbitrary section or volume element can be extracted for force

A representative volume element in a solid. 20

Carbon fiber reinforced composites

Dr. Rashid Ali

GHULAM ISHAQ KHAN INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING

FACULTY OF MATERIAL & CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

 Force: action of one body on another; characterized by its

Plates: two dimensions are far greater than

Geometric characteristics of Prismatic Bars

o We are mainly concerned with straight and equal cross-sectional

 Newton’s Second Law:

 Newton’s Third Law:

Dr. Rashid Ali

GHULAM ISHAQ KHAN INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING

FACULTY OF MATERIAL & CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

Many machine elements

 Draw a free-body diagram to take into account

This is how you compute the support reaction.

Coplanar system of forces

o Keep all external loadings at exact locations

o Apply equations of equilibrium

Choose segment to analyze:

Dr. Rashid Ali

GHULAM ISHAQ KHAN INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING

FACULTY OF MATERIAL & CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

Two solid cylindrical rods AB and BC are welded together at B and

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 36

-Ve means opposite VC to assumed

Now assume VC and solve for VC