Current Affairs

June 2024

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Compilation of UPSC relevant news from 1st May to 31st May 2024
Contents Floating Solar Energy Technology....................................................................... 67
Navratna Status of IREDA........................................................................................ 68
Thirty years of Marrakesh Agreement...................................................................6 Electronic Trading Platforms (ETPs)..................................................................... 68
EWRs of PRIs...................................................................................................................9 Front Running............................................................................................................ 69
Carbon Farming......................................................................................................... 11 Rise in Cocoa Prices.................................................................................................. 69
IMF’s Regional Economic Outlook....................................................................... 69
Chabahar’s Opportunities and Challenges....................................................... 13
GI Tag to Kutch Ajrakh............................................................................................. 70
Areca Nut..................................................................................................................... 71
Participatory Notes................................................................................................... 71
Functioning of CBI.................................................................................................... 16 Drip Pricing................................................................................................................. 71
Meditech Stackathon 2024.................................................................................... 71
Need for the Reforms in Indian Arbitration System....................................... 18
Wilful Defaulter.......................................................................................................... 72
Online Gaming Sector............................................................................................. 20
Status of Market and Non Market Economy..................................................... 72
Lack of Public Expenditure in Healthcare Sector............................................ 22 Decline in India's Agricultural Exports............................................................... 72
State of Fire Safety Standards in India................................................................ 25 Streamlining the Pharma Sector in India........................................................... 73
India to Fund Port Development in Sri Lanka.................................................. 26 Meghalaya Coal Mining Damage......................................................................... 74
Corporate Governance Charter for Startups.................................................... 28 Hybrid Annuity Model (HAM)................................................................................ 75
Critical Minerals Summit......................................................................................... 31 India VIX....................................................................................................................... 75
India's Import Dependency on China................................................................. 33 Tea Board of India..................................................................................................... 76
India International Bullion Exchange (IIBX)...................................................... 76
Increase in Goods and Services Tax (GST) Revenues..................................... 34
World Telecommunication Day............................................................................. 76
Indian Spices under Scrutiny Amid Global Safety Worries........................... 36
Economic Capital Framework (ECF).................................................................... 77
U.N. Counter-Terrorism Trust Fund...................................................................... 37 Port of Call................................................................................................................... 77
Warming of Indian Ocean....................................................................................... 40 Structural Shift Towards Formal Employment in India.................................. 78
Water for Shared Prosperity Report.................................................................... 42 Cost Inflation Index.................................................................................................. 79
Need of Global Plastics Treaty............................................................................... 44 World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Treaty.............................. 79
World Migration Report 2024................................................................................ 46 ZiG: Zimbabwe’s Gold Backed Currency............................................................ 80
Landslide Vulnerability in India............................................................................ 48 New Initiatives of RBI for Enhancing Public Access to Bank........................ 80
GST Appellate Tribunal............................................................................................ 80
163rd Birth Anniversary of Rabindranath Tagore........................................... 50
Foot Rot Disease........................................................................................................ 81
Legal Status of Live-In Relationships.................................................................. 52
Optimizing Hydro Capacity to Meet Rising Peak Demand.......................... 81

1 Polity & Governance 4 Environment

Article 31(C) of Indian Constitution..................................................................53
Red Colobus................................................................................................................ 83
GANHRI to Review India’s Human Rights Accreditation Status.................53
Antarctic Treaty.......................................................................................................... 83
‘Eggshell Skull’ Rule................................................................................................54
Blackbucks................................................................................................................... 83
An Accused Persons in Prison Contest Polls...................................................55
Harnessing Rainwater with Percolation Wells.................................................. 84
SC Reserves 33% Seats for Women in Bar Association Committee..........56
Conserving Tigers in the Sahyadri Tiger Reserve: A Strategic
Competition Commission of India (CCI)...........................................................57
Translocation Initiative............................................................................................ 84
Supreme Court of India on Hindu Marriage...................................................58
Hippopotamuses....................................................................................................... 85
Interim Bail...............................................................................................................58
Market-based Approaches to Forest Conservation........................................ 85
Overseas Citizenship of India (OCI)...................................................................59
Orangutan................................................................................................................... 86
Consumer Protection Act.....................................................................................59
Nitrogen dioxide Pollution..................................................................................... 86
SC Outlines State’s Duty before Acquiring Private Property......................60
Sperm Whale............................................................................................................... 87
Article 22 of the Constitution..............................................................................61
Constructed Wetlands............................................................................................. 87
Juvenile Justice Board (JJB).................................................................................61
Special Categories of Voters, and their Voting Methods.............................62 Oleander...................................................................................................................... 87
Sailfin Catfish.............................................................................................................. 88

2 International Relation
Sea Anemone............................................................................................................. 88
Nairobi Declaration.................................................................................................. 89
International Criminal Court (ICC)....................................................................... 63 Baobab Forests of Madagascar............................................................................. 89
India and Indonesia Collaboration...................................................................... 63 Semal Trees................................................................................................................. 89
Nepal’s New Currency Note has Reignited Discourse Over Border East Sundarbans........................................................................................................ 90
Disputes....................................................................................................................... 64
World Wildlife Crime Report 2024....................................................................... 90
Ireland, Spain, Norway to Formally Recognise Palestine.............................. 64
Iberian lynx.................................................................................................................. 91

3 Economy
Sea Otters.................................................................................................................... 91
Venezuela Loses its Last Glacier........................................................................... 92
Paradox of Thrift........................................................................................................ 66 Manipuri Pony (Meitei Sagol)................................................................................ 93
Fertilizer subsidy in FY24 exceeds Revised Estimates................................... 66 IMD Issues Red Alert for Heat Waves................................................................... 93
ii
6 million Trees Disappeared from Farmlands................................................... 93 NASA Creating a Standard Time for the Moon.............................................. 112
Orcas (Killer Whales)................................................................................................. 94 World Thalassemia Day......................................................................................... 113
Emblica Chakrabartyi............................................................................................... 94 Widal Test For Typhoid........................................................................................... 114
World Bee Day............................................................................................................ 94 Global Report on Neglected Tropical Diseases 2024................................... 114
Challenges of Combating Oil Spills..................................................................... 95
World’s Largest Facility Designed to Remove CO2 from Atmosphere... 115
Shallow Aquifer Management (SAM).................................................................. 96
Aurora Lights in India............................................................................................. 116
Minor Forest Produce............................................................................................... 96
NISAR Satellite will Monitor Tectonic Movements........................................ 116
Supreme Court Order for Aravallis Range......................................................... 97
National Technology Day...................................................................................... 117

5 Geography Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs)........................................................................... 117

Xenotransplantation.............................................................................................. 118
Climate change is Slowing Earth’s Rotation..................................................... 98 Sangam: Digital Twin with AI-Driven Insights Initiative.............................. 118
Catatumbo Lightning.............................................................................................. 98 Agnikul Cosmos and Agnibaan SOrTeD........................................................... 119
Graphite....................................................................................................................... 99 India Discussing Setting of ETO Limits with CODEX.................................... 119
La Nina.......................................................................................................................... 99 PREFIRE Mission....................................................................................................... 120
Blood Minerals........................................................................................................... 99 TAK-003 (Vaccine for Dengue)............................................................................ 120
Cook Islands.............................................................................................................. 100
Periyar River.............................................................................................................. 101
Kanwar Lake.............................................................................................................. 101 8 Society
Nor’westers (Kalbaisakhi)..................................................................................... 101 Menstrual Hygiene in Indian Prisons................................................................ 121
Nile River and High Pyramid Density................................................................ 102
No Age Bar for Health Insurance in India........................................................ 121
Baltic Sea.................................................................................................................... 102
National Building Code (NBC)............................................................................. 122
Panama Canal........................................................................................................... 103
Use of Mother Tongue in Early Stages of Education.................................... 123
Mount Nemrut......................................................................................................... 103

6 Internal Security 9 Culture & History

Victory Day of Russia.............................................................................................. 124
INS Vikrant................................................................................................................. 104
Patachitra Painting.................................................................................................. 124
Rampage Missile1................................................................................................... 104
Koothandavar Festival........................................................................................... 124
Phishing Attacks in India...................................................................................... 104
Sahitya Akademi Fellowship................................................................................ 125
Supersonic Missile-Assisted Release of Torpedo (SMART) System.......... 105
Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed........................................................................................... 125
Opposing Forces (OPFOR) Unit........................................................................... 105
Deda Method of Muria Tribe................................................................................ 126
Border Roads Organisation (BRO)...................................................................... 106
Saint Lalon Shah Fakir............................................................................................ 126
Kamikaze Drone....................................................................................................... 106
Hampi’s Virupaksha Temple................................................................................. 126
Exercise SHAKTI....................................................................................................... 106
Neolithic Discoveries in Mauxi Village.............................................................. 127
Igla-S Air Defence System..................................................................................... 107

10 Miscellaneous
Digital Arrest............................................................................................................. 107
BHISHM Cube........................................................................................................... 107
50 Years of Pokhran-I.............................................................................................. 108
Padma Awards 2024............................................................................................... 128

7 Science & Technology

Booker Prize.............................................................................................................. 128
Para Athletics World Championship.................................................................. 129
2023 Military Gender Advocate of Year Award.............................................. 129
50 Years of Essential Programme on Immunization..................................... 109 World Press Freedom Index (2024).................................................................... 129
Oldest Remnants of Earth’s Early Magnetic Field.......................................... 109 UNESCO's Memory of the World Asia-Pacific Regional Register.............. 130
Phi-3-Mini.................................................................................................................. 109 Nakba Day................................................................................................................. 130
Chakisaurus Nekul.................................................................................................. 110
Bisphenol A............................................................................................................... 110
Thrombosis with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome (TTS)............................... 110
11 Data Recap
..............................................................................................................................131
Liquid Nitrogen........................................................................................................ 111
Eta Aquariid Meteor Shower................................................................................ 111
Chloropicrin.............................................................................................................. 111
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)................................................................. 112 Mains Questions..............................................................................................132
 Current Affairs Feature Articles
Edition: June 2024

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Cover Story Current Affairs
Edition: June 2024

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 Current Affairs
COVER STORY
Edition: June 2024 THIRTY YEARS OF
Cover Story

MARRAKESH AGREEMENT
India has called for re-energising discussions in the World Trade Organisation (WTO)
on the development dimension to achieve tangible progress and meaningful outcomes.

About:  Origin: GATT 1947 was signed in Geneva by 23 nations

• Scope of Concerns: The development agenda encompasses in 1947 and came into force on January 1, 1948.
issues advocated by developing and least developed  Objective: Its primary goal was to phase out import
nations, centering on vital aspects such as access to finance quotas and reduce tariffs on merchandise trade.
and technology, ensuring food security, and bolstering  Issues:
supply chain resilience.  Despite numerous issues, such as non-inclusivity
• India's Call to Action: and institutional limitations, GATT 1947 conducted
 In a recent submission titled '30 years of WTO: how has eight rounds of multilateral trade negotiations.
the development dimension progressed? – A 'way forward'  The last of these, the Uruguay Round (1986-1994), led
to the WTO General Council, India urged all members to to the Marrakesh Agreement and the establishment
present proposals addressing these pressing concerns. of the WTO.
 The objective is to reignite attention towards the • Need for the Marrakesh Agreement: Limitations of GATT 1947:
developmental dimension of the WTO and foster  Non-binding Nature: GATT 1947 was not a binding
substantive discussions on pertinent issues. treaty; its provisions applied only if consistent with a
• Collaborative Engagement: country's laws.
 Collaboration among member nations is essential to formulate  Limited Participation: Initially signed by only 23 nations,
actionable proposals and initiatives aimed at addressing the GATT 1947 lacked inclusivity.
development agenda within the WTO framework.  Institutional Support: There was a growing need for a
 By actively engaging in dialogue and cooperation, nations proper institutional organization to support and enforce
can collectively navigate challenges and pursue equitable trade agreements.
policies that prioritize the needs of developing economies.
World Trade Organization (WTO):
OVERVIEW OF THE MARRAKESH AGREEMENT AND
• WTO is the international organization that deals with the rules
THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE WTO
of trade between countries.
• Signing and Significance:
• Headquarters: Geneva, Switzerland
 Date and Place: On April 15, 1994, in Marrakesh,
• Member: The WTO is run by its 164 members.
Morocco, the Marrakesh Agreement, also known as the
World Trade Organization Agreement, was signed. • Mandate: Its aim is to promote free trade, which is done
 Purpose: through trade agreements that are discussed and signed by
 This agreement outlined the scope, functions, and the member states.
structure of the World Trade Organization (WTO).  The preamble of the Marrakesh Agreement accords primacy
 It includes various agreements negotiated under to the developmental objectives of this organization.
the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
Organizational Structure of WTO:
and during the Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade
Negotiations. • Ministerial Conference: The WTO’s apex decision-making
body is the Ministerial Conference, which usually takes place
• Key Elements:
every two years.
 Annexes: The annexes to the Marrakesh Agreement
 All members of the WTO are involved in the Ministerial
include agreements from GATT and new accords
Conference and they can take decisions on all matters
from the Uruguay Round, now classified as WTO
covered under any multilateral trade agreements.
agreements.
 Binding Nature: The Marrakesh Agreement is binding • General Council: It is just below the Ministerial Conference
on all WTO members, including those who joined after that meets several times a year at the WTO’s headquarters in
its signing. Geneva.
• Historical Background: General Agreement on Tariffs and  It meets as the Trade Policy Review Body and the Dispute
Trade (GATT) 1947: Settlement Body.

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 Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Council: It WTO’s Main Challenges:
is for the Goods, Services, and Intellectual Property, and • Agricultural Goods Disagreement: WTO members are unable to
it reports to the General Council. agree on new rules for agricultural goods, reflecting conflicting
interests between developing and developed countries.
India and WTO:
• Appellate Body Blockage:
• India has been a WTO member since 1 January 1995.
 Since 2016, the US has been blocking appointments to the
• Peace Clause: WTO members at the Bali ministerial meeting WTO Appellate Body, arguing it was exceeding its mandate.
in 2013 put in place a mechanism called the Peace Clause to  As a result, the Appellate Body is inoperative, impairing
tackle the differences between nations on food subsidy. the WTO's dispute settlement system (DSS).
 Under this clause, developing nations could not be  WTO members are working on reforming the dispute
dragged to arbitration if they did breach the prescribed settlement mechanism.
limit of 10 per cent on support to farmers. • Rising Protectionism and Trade Restrictions:
 However, there was confusion over whether the temporary  Increased trade restrictions by developed and advanced
reprieve would continue after four years. economies have negatively impacted international trade.
• Concerns of Western nations: Large agriculture commodity  Businesses are postponing investments due to uncertain
exporters such as the US and Canada are critical of such trade policies.
a move as they believe that higher subsidies are distorting • Trade Distortion by Misusing Special and Differential Treatment
agriculture prices in the global market. (S&DT):
 It is also argued that public stockholding at administered  Misuse of provisions for agricultural and industrial subsidies
prices gives countries such as India an unfair competitive by developed countries, causing trade distortions.
advantage in trade, contradicting the WTO’s principles of  High-income countries like South Korea and China have
open and fair trade. exploited concessions meant for developing countries
• Protectionist Measures: India has expressed serious concerns due to the self-declaration basis for defining developing
in a WTO meeting over an increase in the use of trade countries.
protectionist measures by certain countries in the name of • Shift to Plurilateral Agreements:
environment protection.  Increasing shift towards plurilateral agreements like the
Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) Agreement.
MFN: ADDITIONAL INFORMATION  Plurilateral agreements tend to favor developed countries
as they can push their interests more effectively compared
• The Most-Favored Nation (MFN) clause mandates that a
to the WTO’s consensus-based approach.
country must offer the same trade terms to all its trading
partners. • Lack of Consensus:
 Lack of agreement on WTO reforms, with differing priorities
• The MFN clause is a core principle of the WTO, though
between the Global South and developed nations.
there are specific exceptions allowed under WTO rules.
 The Global South demands rationalization of fisheries
• Losing MFN status subjects a country to discriminatory
subsidies and support for public stockholding programs.
import tariffs on its goods.
 Developed nations are pushing for new rules on
• If a country that is a member of the WTO reduces or eliminates e-commerce, an area where they hold a competitive
a tariff on a specific product for one trading partner, it must advantage.
extend the same tariff reduction to all WTO members.
Way Ahead:
India's Stand: • Dynamic Adaptation:
• India, proposed that domestic support provided by  The World Trade Organization (WTO) must evolve in
a developing country for “Public Stockholding” (PSH) tandem with the changing landscape of global trade to
Programmes should be considered compliant with the WTO’s uphold its effectiveness and relevance in the years ahead.
AoA (Agreement on Agriculture) rules and not subject to  Ensuring the WTO's agility and responsiveness is
reduction commitments. imperative to address emerging challenges and
• The external reference price for calculating the subsidy opportunities in the realm of international trade.
element is pegged to 1986-88 prices, which leads to inflated • Thematic Sessions for Specific Needs:
subsidy calculations because existing international prices  India advocates for the allocation of dedicated
are much higher. sessions within WTO bodies to deliberate on the unique

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requirements of Least Developed Countries (LDCs),  By enhancing the functionality and coherence of
Landlocked Developing Countries (LLDCs), and Small these bodies, synergies can be fostered with relevant
Island Developing States (SIDS). intergovernmental organizations, thereby amplifying the
 These sessions would provide a platform to impact of their deliberations and initiatives.
comprehensively address the distinctive challenges • Collaborative Action:
faced by these nations and formulate targeted solutions  Collaborative efforts among WTO members are essential
for their sustainable development. to implement these proposed reforms and initiatives
• Reinvigorating Underutilized Bodies: effectively.
 India proposes the revitalization of underutilized WTO  By fostering a culture of inclusivity and cooperation, the
bodies such as the Working Group on Trade and Transfer WTO can strengthen its capacity to address diverse trade
of Technology and the Working Group on Trade, Debt, challenges and uphold its mandate of promoting open,
and Finance. fair, and rules-based global trade.

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EWRS OF PRIs
Elected Women Representatives (EWRs) of PRIs participated in the United Nations Commission on Population and
Development (CPD57)Event: “Localizing the SDGs: Women in Local Governance in India Lead the Way” at New York.

Role of Women in Local Governance:  Example: In Tamil Nadu, women-led panchayats have
• Enhanced Representation and Participation: Women's successfully implemented microcredit schemes and skill
representation in local governance ensures that their voices development programs, boosting the local economy and
and perspectives are included in decision-making processes. empowering women financially.
This leads to more inclusive and diverse policies that reflect • Infrastructure Development: Women representatives often
the needs of the entire community. Over a million women advocate for better infrastructure in their communities,
across India are elected members of around 2.6 lakh gram such as roads, water supply, and electricity, which directly
panchayats in the country. improves the quality of life for all residents.
 Example: In Haryana, women leaders have successfully  Example: In Maharashtra, women sarpanches have been
advocated for improved health and sanitation facilities, key in initiating and completing infrastructure projects
addressing issues that directly impact women and children. that have improved connectivity and access to basic
amenities in rural areas.
STATUS OF RESERVATION FOR WOMEN IN • Social Change and Gender Equality: Women in local governance
PANCHAYATI RAJ INSTITUTIONS (PRIS) IN INDIA challenge traditional gender roles and patriarchal norms,
paving the way for greater gender equality in society.
• The 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act mandated the
 Example: In Gujarat, women leaders have led campaigns
reservation of one-third of seats for women in Panchayati
against domestic violence and child marriage, raising
Raj institutions and offices of the chairperson at all levels
awareness and advocating for legal and social changes
of Panchayati Raj institutions, and in urban local bodies
to protect women and girls.
respectively.
• Role Models: Women in leadership positions serve as role
• Out of the total 1/3rd seats reserved for women, 33% had
models for young girls and women, inspiring them to aspire
to be reserved for the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled
to leadership roles and pursue their ambitions.
Tribes women.
 Example: The success stories of women leaders in states
• One-third of the seats of office-bearers and chairpersons like Kerala and Himachal Pradesh have inspired many
at all levels had to be reserved for women as well. young women to engage in community service and
leadership roles.
• Transparency and Accountability in Governance: Studies have
shown that women leaders often bring greater transparency • Implementation of Women-Centric Policies: Women leaders
and accountability to local governance. They tend to be are more likely to advocate for and implement policies that
more community-focused and are less likely to be involved in address women's issues, such as maternal health, female
corrupt practices. literacy, and women's safety.
 Example: In Karnataka, women panchayat leaders have  Example: In Odisha, women panchayat leaders have
successfully implemented schemes aimed at improving
been instrumental in ensuring proper utilization of funds
maternal and child health, resulting in better health
and reducing instances of corruption in local projects.
outcomes in their communities.
• Focus on Social Issues: Women in local governance often
prioritize social issues such as education, healthcare, Challenges:
sanitation, and child welfare, leading to tangible improvements • Patriarchal Norms and Attitudes: Despite legal provisions,
in these areas. traditional patriarchal attitudes persist, restricting women’s
 Example: In Bihar, women leaders have spearheaded active participation and decision-making in local governance.
initiatives to improve school infrastructure and promote  In many rural areas, women sarpanches often face
female education, leading to higher enrollment and resistance from male members of their community, who
retention rates for girls. may undermine their authority or refuse to cooperate.
• Economic Empowerment: Women leaders in local governance • Societal Pressure and Family Responsibilities: Women leaders
play a crucial role in promoting economic development by often struggle to balance their public responsibilities with
supporting women’s self-help groups, small businesses, and domestic duties, due to societal expectations around gender
vocational training programs. roles.

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 According to a study by the National Institute of Rural merely nominal but effective. Introduce mechanisms to
Development and Panchayati Raj (NIRDPR), women penalize the practice of proxy representation (e.g., 'Sarpanch
representatives spend an average of 7-8 hours daily Pati') and ensure that elected women leaders exercise their
on household chores, limiting their time for governance authority independently.
activities. • Provide Comprehensive Training and Capacity Building
• Lack of Education and Training: Lower literacy rates among  Establish mandatory training programs for elected women
women, especially in rural areas, hinder their ability to effectively representatives focusing on governance, legal literacy,
participate in governance. The female literacy rate in rural India financial management, and leadership skills. Partner with
is 57.93%, compared to 77.15% for males (Census 2011). NGOs and academic institutions to deliver these programs.
• Insufficient Training and Capacity Building: Many women  The government could initiate a nationwide campaign,
representatives lack the necessary training and capacity- similar to the "Panchayat Mahila Shakti Abhiyan," to train all
building opportunities to perform their roles effectively. newly elected women representatives within six months
 In states like Bihar and Uttar Pradesh, there are reports of of their election.
women panchayat leaders relying heavily on male relatives
• Promote Public Awareness and Societal Attitude Change:
to carry out their duties due to lack of adequate training.
 Launch nationwide awareness campaigns to challenge
• Tokenism and Proxy Representation: In some cases, women
patriarchal norms and promote the importance of
are elected as nominal leaders while male relatives
women's leadership in local governance. Use media,
(often husbands or fathers) exercise the actual power, a
educational institutions, and community programs to shift
phenomenon known as ‘proxy representation’.
societal perceptions.
 In Rajasthan, the practice of 'Sarpanch Pati' (where husbands
 Implementing programs in schools and colleges to
of elected women sarpanches wield power) is widely
educate young people about gender equality and the
reported, undermining the spirit of women's empowerment.
role of women in leadership, alongside community
• Political Violence and Intimidation: Women in politics often
engagement initiatives to sensitize older generations.
face threats, harassment, and violence, which deter them
• Improve Infrastructure and Support Systems:
from fully engaging in their roles.
 Develop infrastructure that supports women's
 According to a study by the Centre for the Study of
Developing Societies (CSDS), 23% of women in local participation, such as creating childcare facilities
governance reported experiencing violence or threats. near panchayat offices and ensuring safe and reliable
transportation for women leaders.
• Financial Dependence: Many women leaders lack independent
 Establishing "Women Leadership Support Centers" at
financial resources, making them reliant on male family members,
district levels to offer legal aid, counseling services, and
which can limit their autonomy and decision-making power.
 In Jharkhand, many women representatives depend on safe transportation options for women representatives,
their husbands or fathers for financial support, affecting ensuring they can perform their duties without fear or
their ability to function independently. hindrance.

• Limited Access to Funds and Resources: Women leaders often

PANCHAYATI RAJ SYSTEM IN INDIA
have less access to development funds and resources, affecting
their ability to implement projects and policies effectively. • In the early 1950s, the first National Development Council
 A report by the United Nations Development Programme (Balwant Rai Mehta Committee report) recommended the
(UNDP) found that women panchayat leaders in India formation of a democratic system of governance at the
receive significantly less financial and logistical support grassroot level.
compared to their male counterparts. • In 1993, by the 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act, the
• Inconsistent Implementation of Reservation Policies: While Panchayat system came to be implemented in the rural
reservation policies exist, their implementation is inconsistent, areas to allow for development to happen at grassroot level.
and enforcement mechanisms are weak. • There are three levels:
 In some states, seats reserved for women are often rotated,  Gram Panchayat: This is the village council, the most
preventing women from building long-term political careers. basic level.
 Block Panchayat: This council looks after a group of
Suggestions: villages.
• Strengthen Legal and Policy Frameworks: Enact and strictly  Zila Panchayat: This is the district council, overseeing a
enforce laws that ensure women's representation is not larger area.

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 COVER STORY Cover Story Current Affairs
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CARBON FARMING
Techniques within carbon farming can reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

About: Common Techniques used in Carbon Farming:

• Conceptual Framework: • Reduced Chemical Inputs:
 Carbon farming, also known as carbon sequestration  Chemical fertilizers diminish the soil's natural carbon-
farming or regenerative agriculture, encompasses a suite trapping capacity, particularly with excessive application.
of agricultural practices aimed at capturing carbon dioxide  Embracing organic alternatives such as vermicompost,
from the atmosphere and storing it within the soil or biomass. dung, and mulch not only enriches soil health but also
 By leveraging natural processes, such as plant growth promotes carbon sequestration, contributing to long-term
and soil carbon storage, carbon farming endeavors to soil fertility and resilience.
mitigate climate change by reducing the concentration of • Regenerative Tillage Practices:
greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.  Conventional tillage practices accelerate the release
of carbon dioxide from the soil and compromise soil
structure, leading to erosion and reduced productivity.
 Transitioning to regenerative tillage methods,
characterized by minimal or no tillage and the use of mulch
to cover shallow seed beds, preserves soil integrity while
fostering carbon retention and moisture conservation.
• Enhanced Residue Management:
 Preserving crop residue in fields and employing mulch
coverings promote soil moisture retention, fertility
enhancement, and microbial activity, thereby fostering a
conducive environment for carbon sequestration and soil
health improvement.
• Fallow Field Alternatives:
 Instead of leaving fields bare fallow, planting nitrogen-
• Environmental Considerations: fixing crops such as maize and chickpea maintains soil
 Regions characterized by extended growing seasons, carbon levels and prevents degradation by minimizing
ample rainfall, and access to irrigation are particularly exposure to environmental stressors.
conducive to carbon farming practices.
• Utilizing Cover Crops:
 These environmental conditions facilitate optimal
 Introducing cover crops alongside primary crops serves
vegetation growth, thereby enhancing the capacity to
as a protective measure for soil health, reducing surface
sequester carbon from the atmosphere. disturbance, enhancing nutrient capture, and fostering
 Through the cultivation of vegetation, such as trees, soil organic carbon accumulation, thereby bolstering
carbon farming promotes the conversion of atmospheric agricultural sustainability and resilience.
carbon dioxide into solid carbon, contributing to carbon
• Companion Planting Practices:
sequestration and climate stabilization efforts.
 Companion planting practices diversify plant species
• Carbon Sequestration Mechanisms: within agricultural systems, offering mutual benefits for
 Carbon sequestration within soil and biomass occurs crops and soil health.
through various mechanisms, including photosynthesis,  By strategically pairing crops to deter pests and enrich
root exudation, and microbial activity. soil composition, companion planting fosters ecosystem
 During photosynthesis, plants absorb carbon dioxide resilience and carbon sequestration.
from the atmosphere and convert it into organic carbon • Agroforestry Integration:
compounds, which are subsequently stored within plant  Integrating trees into agricultural landscapes through
tissues and root systems. agroforestry practices offers multifaceted benefits,
 Additionally, soil microbes play a crucial role in carbon including carbon sequestration in both soils and trees,
cycling, facilitating the decomposition of organic matter enhanced farm productivity, soil conservation, and
and the stabilization of carbon within soil aggregates. biodiversity preservation.

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 Agroforestry systems contribute to climate resilience while • Carbon credit systems can incentivise farmers by providing
providing additional ecosystem services such as wildlife additional income through environmental services.
habitat and diversified income sources.  Studies have shown agricultural soils can absorb 3-8
• Sustainable Livestock Management: billion tonnes of CO2-equivalent every year over 20-30
 Adopting sustainable livestock management practices, years.
such as rotational grazing, high-quality feed provision,  This capacity can bridge the gap between feasible
and efficient waste management, mitigates methane emissions reductions and the indispensable stabilisation
emissions and promotes carbon storage in pasture lands. of the climate.
 These practices optimize livestock production while  So carbon farming could also be a sustainable strategy to
minimizing environmental impacts and enhancing soil
mitigate climate change and enhance food security in India.
carbon retention.
Challenges to Carbon Farming:
Significance:
• Dependent on Other Factors: Carbon farming effectiveness
• Climate Change Mitigation: By increasing carbon storage
varies depending on multiple factors — geographical location,
in agricultural lands, carbon farming helps mitigate climate
soil type, crop selection, water availability, biodiversity, and
change by reducing the concentration of greenhouse gases
farm size and scale.
in the atmosphere.
 It can be challenging in hot and dry areas where the
• Soil Health Improvement: Many carbon farming practices,
availability of water is limited, and prioritised for drinking
such as cover cropping, crop rotation, and no-till farming,
and washing needs.
enhance soil health and fertility.
 Limited water availability can hinder the growth of plants,
• Biodiversity Conservation: Carbon farming methods often
thus restricting the potential for sequestration through
prioritize the preservation and restoration of natural habitats
photosynthesis
within agricultural landscapes.
 These practices provide crucial habitat for native species, • Selecting which plants to grow also becomes crucial because
support pollinators, and enhance overall biodiversity, not all species trap and store carbon in the same amounts or
contributing to ecosystem resilience. in an equally effective manner.
• Resilience to Climate Change: Climate-resilient agriculture  Fast-growing trees and deep-rooted perennial grasses
practices, such as agroforestry and diversified cropping tend to be better at this task — but on the flip side, these
systems promoted within carbon farming, help farmers adapt types of plants may not be well-suited to arid environments.
to the impacts of climate change. • Financial Assistance: Adoption of carbon farming practices
require financial assistance for farmers to overcome the costs
Opportunities in India:
of implementing them.
• Agro-Ecological Practices: Grassroots initiatives and
 In the context of developing countries like India, small-
pioneering agrarian research in India are demonstrating the
scale farmers lack the resources to invest in sustainable
viability of organic farming to sequester carbon.
land management practices and environmental services.
 In this regard, agro-ecological practices in India could
yield significant economic benefits, with the potential
Conclusion:
to generate $63 billion in value from approximately 170
• Scaling up Carbon Farming requires concerted efforts to
million hectares of arable land.
address several challenges, including limited awareness,
 This estimate includes an annual payment of around
`5,000-6,000 per acre for farmers to provide climate inadequate policy support, technological barriers, and an

services by adopting sustainable agricultural practices. enabling adoption environment.

 Yet promoting carbon farming is in India’s interests
• Topography of India: Regions with extensive agricultural land,
such as the Indo-Gangetic plains and the Deccan Plateau, are — to mitigate climate change while improving soil

well suited to adopt carbon farming whereas the mountainous health, enhancing biodiversity, and creating economic
terrain of the Himalayan region is less so. opportunities for its adopters.
 Coastal areas are prone to salinisation and have limited • In sum, while carbon farming holds promise as a mitigation
access to resources, thus limited the adoption of traditional strategy, addressing these challenges is essential to realize
farming practices. its full potential in combating climate change.

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 CHABAHAR’S
COVER STORY Cover Story Current Affairs
Edition: June 2024

OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES

The recent renewal of the contract between India and Iran, allowing New Delhi to invest in and operate
the Shahid-Beheshti terminal at Chabahar Port highlights the strategic and economic importance of this project.

About:  Chabahar helps reduce the transportation time and costs

• Chabahar is Iran's oceanic port.It is situated in Sistan and of goods moving between these regions.
Baluchistan Province of Iran on the Makran coast in the Gulf  This reduces India’s dependence on a single corridor and
of Oman. It is called the “Golden Gate” to Central Asian land- enhances India’s connectivity and trade prospects in the
locked countries of Afghanistan,Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. region.
 India invested in the Chabahar-Zahedan railway line,which
• Chabahar project has two main ports called Shahid Kalantari
will connect Chabahar to Afghanistan and further into
Port and Shahid Beheshti Port.
Central Asia.
• India signed a MoU for the development of Chabahar port in
3. Accessibility to Indian Ocean for Afghanistan & Central Asia:
May 2015.
 Chabahar is situated closer to Afghanistan and Central
• Recently, India and Iran signed a 10-year contract for
Asia as compared to other regional ports and is a
operating Chabahar port in Iran.
strategic gateway & a vital trade artery for India to access
• This is the first time India will take over the management of a landlocked resource-rich Afghanistan and Central Asia
foreign port project. and gives India the opportunity to tap into the vast natural
gas riches of Central Asia.
Chabahar’s Opportunities:
 Central asian nations having resources see Chabahar as
1. Geo-Strategic Significance:
a gateway to the Indian Ocean Region and Indian Market.
 By developing and operating Chabahar,India enhances
India will gain enhanced access to these markets.
its strategic influence in Indian Ocean region,thus
 India invested in the Chabahar-Zahedan railway line,which
strengthening its geo-strategic position.
will connect Chabahar to Afghanistan and further into
 Chabahar lies to the west of Iran’s border with Pakistan
Central Asia.
and close to the competing port of Gwadar,making it
 Chabahar is easily accessible from India’s western
an attractive investment for India.Chabahar’s location
coasts and is vital for both India and Iran to reduce their
reduces the dependency on the Strait of Hormuz,that is
dependence on the Suez Canal for transporting cargo to
often subject to geopolitical tensions.
Europe,especially given the geopolitical tensions.
 Chabahar provides India with geopolitical leverage in the
 Kandla port in Gujarat is the closest to Chabahar while
region.It allows India to engage with Iran,Afghanistan and
Mumbai is next.
Central Asia and contribute to regional stability.
 Chabahar’s compliments India's 'Connect Central Asia'
Policy as it provides a direct, alternative & a faster route to
central Asia.

CONNECT CENTRAL ASIA POLICY

• It is a very comprehensive policy which includes political,
security, economic and cultural cooperation.
• India should make efforts to step up multilateral engagement
with Central Asian partners using the synergy of existing
forums like the SCO, Eurasian Economic Community (EEC)
etc.
• The Connect Central Asia Policy is based on - 4Cs:
Commerce, Connectivity, Consular and Community.

2. Geo-Economic Benefits:
 Chabahar provides a direct sea-land route for
trade between India,Iran,Afghanistan and Central
Asia,bypassing Pakistan.

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4. Integration with INSTC: 8. Enhancement of Indian trade & enhanced security:

 INSTC is a 7200 KM multi-modal transportation route  Chabahar will serve as an anchor for Indian trade in the
envisaged to link the Indian Ocean and Persian Gulf to the West Asian region.It also enhances India’s role in the
Caspian Sea through Iran and onward to northern Europe Global Supply Chain.
via St Petersburg in Russia.Chabahar’s connection to  Chabahar extends India’s maritime reach in the Indian
INSTC facilitates trade between India,Iran,Azerbaijan and Ocean.It bolsters India’s maritime capabilities,ensures
Russia. maritime security and freedom of navigation in the region.
 INSTC aims to connect the Indian Ocean and Persian Gulf It reduces transit time and shipping costs for Indian goods.
to the Caspian Sea and further to northern Europe.
 Chabahar is seen as a critical link in the International Chabahar’s Challenges
North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC), a multi-modal 1. Potential Sanctions & International Relations:
transportation route initiated by Russia, India, and Iran.  US issued a warning to nations considering business
5. Humanitarian & Development projects: deals with Iran that run the "potential risk of sanctions."
 Chabahar serves as a crucial entry point for humanitarian This raises concerns about repercussions for India.
assistance and reconstruction efforts in Afghanistan.  Sanctions faced by Iran have hindered foreign investment
 The port facilitates the flow of humanitarian aid and and financing for the Chabahar project.
development projects to Afghanistan,contributing to  Fluctuations in Iran’s relations with key players can impact
reconstruction and stability. the project’s progress and viability.
6. India & Iran Bilateral relations:  The western sanctions on Iran have led to a significant
drop in India’s energy imports and volume of trade with
 Chabahar has given a boost to bilateral relations.
Iran.
 The port and associated infrastructure projects generate
employment opportunities and contribute to local 2. Security Concerns & Regional Tensions:
economic development.  US exit from Afghanistan and return of Taliban have
Soft Power Diplomacy: created an unstable situation which has negatively
 India could complement its economic efforts with soft influenced trade relations with India.
power diplomacy in the region. This could involve cultural  Unstable relations between Iran and some of its neighbours
exchanges, educational partnerships, and people-to- such as Israel and Saudi Arabia, as well as the unstable
people initiatives. political situations in neighbouring countries are taking a
 Such efforts could help build goodwill, foster toll on India’s economic interests at Chabahar.
understanding, and potentially ease geopolitical tensions  Region surrounding Chabahar experiences security
that could impact the Chabahar project. challenges including piracy, insurgency and smuggling
 The development of Chabahar Port will increase trade activities.
between India and Central Asia, with a potential bilateral  Ensuring the safety and security of maritime and land
trade value surpassing US$ 200 billion. transportation routes is essential for the port’s operations
Augmenting Energy Security: and the success of associated trade corridors.
 Chabahar allows India to access Iran’s energy resources 3. Competition:
and opens up opportunities to invest in Iran’s energy  Competition from transport routes like the India-Middle
sector and secure a stable energy supply. East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC) poses a challenge
7. Balancing Chinese Influence: to Chabahar as both corridors link Asia with Eastern
 Chabahar is located near the Chinese-operated Gwadar Europe.
Port in Pakistan,which is part of the China-Pakistan  Chinese investment in Chabahar can undermine India's
Economic-Corridor(CPEC). interest in Iran.
 It will act as a counter to Gwadar port in Pakistan.India’s  Pakistan’s Gwadar Port,developed in collaboration with
presence in Chabaar counters China’s influence and allows China as part of the CPEC poses competition to Chabahar.
India to protect its interests in the Indian Ocean region. 4. Infrastructure development:
 The port could strengthen Indo-Iranian ties,which balance  Despite India’s commitments to develop the port’s
out growing Sino-Pakistani cooperation. infrastructure,progress has been slow due to challenges
 Iran itself has remained open to Chinese and Pakistani such as bureaucratic hurdles,funding constraints
investment in Chabahar along with India. Iran has a 25- and logistical complexities.Delays in infrastructure
year agreement with China (comprising USD 400 billion development can impede the port’s capacity to handle
for infrastructural development). cargo and fulfil its potential.

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 Inadequate transportation, connectivity and logistics 7. Challenges in India-Iran relations:

infrastructure extending into Afghanistan and Central  Chabahar alone is a significant major bilateral project.
Asia, customs procedures and border crossings can  This over-reliance on a single project makes the bilateral
create bottlenecks and increase transit times and costs. relationship vulnerable to fluctuations in political and
5. Geopolitical Implications: economic conditions.
 The agreement could complicate relations with the US  Other joint initiatives such as Farzad-B gas field discovered
and its allies. by ONGC Videsh and the IranoHind shipping company.
 The project operates in a geopolitically sensitive These issues reflect the complexities and difficulties in
region,with tensions between Iran,Pakistan and expanding bilateral relations.
neighbouring countries.
Way Forward:
 Geopolitical rivalries and conflicts can affect the
project’s stability and hinder cooperation between • Addressing these challenges requires sustained political
stakeholders. will, diplomatic engagement, connectivity, investment in
 The war in Ukraine and the destruction of Europe’s infrastructure, securing waivers from US sanctions, Public-
relationship with Russia has complicated the integration Private partnerships, Increase in bilateral trade, security
of Chabahar with INSTC. cooperation and the establishment of conducive regulatory
frameworks.
6. Economic Viability & Trade Volume
 Uncertainties regarding trade agreements,tariffs • Despite these obstacles, remains a crucial component of
and market demand can affect the port’s economic regional connectivity efforts with the potential to significantly
viability,trade volume and attractiveness to investors. enhance trade and economic integration in the broader South
Asian and Central Asian regions.

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 Current
PolityAffairs
& Gov. Feature Articles
Edition: June 2024

FUNCTIONING OF CBI
The Supreme Court has rejected the Centre’s contention that
it has no authority over the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI).

About: • Specific Consent: When a general consent is withdrawn, CBI

• The Supreme court was dealing with a suit filed by the state needs to seek case-wise consent for investigation from the
of West Bengal under Article 131 of the constitution, accusing concerned state government.
the Union government of “interfering” in cases originating  If specific consent is not granted, the CBI officials will not have
within the state’s jurisdiction by unilaterally authorizing the the power of police personnel when they enter that state.
CBI to probe them.
Issues in Functioning of CBI:
• West Bengal said the Centre continues to employ the CBI
• Legislative Problems: The conduct or continuance of
despite withdrawal of general consent to CBI investigations
investigation into offenses committed within the territory of a
within its territory under Section 6 of the Delhi Special Police
state, consent of the state is required which most of the time
Establishment (DSPE) Act, 1946.
is delayed or even denied.
Types of Consent: • Political Interference: The CBI has faced criticism for being
• There are two types of consent for a probe by the CBI. These susceptible to political influence, with accusations of
are General and Specific. selective targeting and shielding of individuals based on
• General Consent: When a state gives a general consent to the political affiliations.
CBI for probing a case, the agency is not required to seek  In 2013, the Supreme Court described the CBI as “a
fresh permission every time it enters that state in connection caged parrot speaking in its master’s voice” (Politicization
with investigation or for every case. of CBI). The observation was made in the context of

CENTRAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION (CBI)

• CBI, functioning under the Ministry of Personnel, Pension & Public Grievances, Government of India, is the premier investigating
police agency in India.
• History:
 The Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) traces its origins to the Special Police Establishment (SPE), set up in 1941 by the
Government of India.
 The SPE was tasked with investigating cases of bribery and corruption in transactions with the War & Supply Department of
India during World War II.
 The SPE was initially under the supervision of the War Department.
 After World War II, the need for a central agency to investigate bribery and corruption by Central Government employees
persisted.
 The Delhi Special Police Establishment Act was enacted in 1946, transferring the SPE's supervision to the Home Department
and expanding its functions to cover all departments of the Government of India.
 The SPE's jurisdiction extended to all Union Territories and could be extended to States with their consent.
 The SPE was renamed the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) by a Home Ministry resolution dated April 1, 1963.
 The Santhanam Committee on Prevention of Corruption recommended the establishment of the CBI.
 Initially, the CBI focused on offences related to corruption by Central Government employees.
• Functions: CBI was established with a view to investigate serious crimes related to the defense of India, corruption in high
places, serious fraud, cheating, and embezzlement and social crime, particularly hoarding, black marketing, and profiteering
in essential commodities, having all-India and inter-state ramifications.
 It is also the nodal police agency in India that coordinates investigations on behalf of Interpol member countries.
• Jurisdiction: CBI derives power to investigate from the Delhi Special Police Establishment Act, 1946.
 Section 2 of the Act vests DSPE with jurisdiction to investigate offenses in the Union Territories only.
 The jurisdiction can be extended by the Central Government to other areas including Railway areas and States under
Section 5(1) of the Act, provided the State Government accords consent under Section 6 of the Act.

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 Feature Articles Current Affairs
Edition: June 2024

government interference in the functioning of the CBI in its

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
investigation of the coal blocks allocation cases.
• Recently, the Union government has urged the Supreme
• Lack of Autonomy: The agency's dependence on the central
Court to dismiss the West Bengal government's petition
government for key appointments, funding, and operational
autonomy raises concerns about its impartiality and accusing the CBI of registering FIRs and launching
independence. investigations without the state's consent. The solicitor
• Resource Constraints: Limited resources, including manpower general argued that CBI is an independent agency. CBI
and technology, hinder the CBI's ability to conduct thorough is not a limb of the Centre. It is a statutory body under the
and timely investigations, resulting in delayed justice. Delhi Special Police Establishment (DSPE) Act,”
• Legal and Procedural Challenges: Procedural complexities • The opposing counsel Senior advocate Kapil Sibal, who
and legal challenges, such as jurisdictional issues and appeared for West Bengal, said the CBI is not a statutory
delays in court proceedings, impede the CBI's efficiency in authority and it is an investigating agency.
delivering justice.
 "It (CBI) is an investigating arm of the government." He
 Insufficient specialized training for CBI personnel in
referred to the provisions of the DSPE Act, including
handling emerging crimes like cybercrime and white-
section 4 which deals with superintendence and
collar offenses affects the agency's effectiveness in
tackling modern challenges. administration of special police establishment.

• Public Trust and Accountability:

 Perception of Corruption: Allegations of corruption within
Way Ahead:
the CBI have eroded public trust and confidence in the • The Second Administrative Reforms Commission (2007)
agency's integrity and credibility. proposed the enactment of a new law to regulate the
 Transparency and Accountability: Calls for greater functioning of the CBI.
transparency and accountability in the agency's  This recommendation aims to address the need for
operations, including the need for robust mechanisms for comprehensive legislation to govern the operations of the
oversight and accountability. agency and ensure transparency and accountability in its
 The CBI is also exempted from the purview of the Right functioning.
to Information (RTI) Act, 2005. • Furthermore, the 19th and 24th reports of the parliamentary
• Overlapping Functions: There is an overlap in jurisdictions standing committees (2007 and 2008) underscored the
of Central Vigilance Commission (CVC), CBI and Lokpal in urgent need to bolster the CBI's capabilities in terms of legal
certain cases leading to problems. mandate, infrastructure, and resources.

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 Current
PolityAffairs
& Gov.
Edition: June 2024 NEED FOR THE REFORMS
Feature Articles

IN INDIAN ARBITRATION SYSTEM

Vice President Jagdeep Dhankhar underlined the need for reformation in the Indian Arbitration system.

About: • Arbitral Tribunal: The arbitral tribunal, composed of one or

• He highlighted that the process has become very complex. more arbitrators, is appointed by the parties or as per the
Award (by arbitration court), objection to award, appeals, and procedure agreed upon by them.
then invocation of Article 136 by Supreme Court followed by  The decision on the dispute is mostly binding on the
review and Curative petitions, has become the norm. parties.
• Therefore, he stressed the need for streamlining to enhance  Generally, there is no right to appeal an arbitrator’s
efficiency. decision.
• Arbitration Proceedings: The Arbitration Act provides a
ARTICLE 136 framework for conducting arbitration proceedings, including the
• It allows citizens to file Special Leave Petitions (SLPs) to appointment of arbitrators, the conduct of hearings, submission
appeal before the Supreme Court against any “judgment, of evidence, and issuance of the final arbitral award.
decree, determination, sentence or order in any cause • Enforcement: The Act empowers arbitral tribunals to grant
or matter passed or made by any court or tribunal in the interim measures to preserve the rights of parties, pending
territory of India". the final resolution of the dispute.
• It is up to the apex court to decide whether it wants to hear  Arbitral awards, once granted, are enforceable in the
an appeal or not. same manner as court judgments.
• Institutional and Ad Hoc Arbitration: Arbitration in India can
Arbitration Mechanism in India: be conducted through institutional arbitration bodies like the
• Arbitration is a quasi-judicial process of settlement of disputes Indian Council of Arbitration (ICA), International Chamber of
between Trading Member, Investor, Clearing Member, Commerce (ICC), or through ad hoc arbitration where parties
Authorized Person, Listed Company etc. directly appoint arbitrators.
• Arbitration aims at quicker legal resolution for the disputes. • Amendment in 2019: In 2019, further amendments were made
• The Arbitration and Conciliation Act 1996 has been modeled to the Arbitration Act to streamline the arbitration process,
on lines of the UNCITRAL (United Nations Commission on expedite proceedings, and reduce the scope of interference
International Trade Law) framework of laws. by courts.

ARBITRATION & CONCILIATION (AMENDMENT) ACT, 2021 INDIAN COUNCIL OF ARBITRATION

• Qualifications of Arbitrators: It does away with the
• The Indian Council of Arbitration, India’s premier arbitral
qualifications of the arbitrators under 8 Schedule of the institution, is a registered society under the Societies
Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 which specified Registration Act, 1860, operating on a not-for-profit basis.
that the arbitrator must be: • The ICA was established in 1965 as a specialized arbitral
 An advocate under the Advocates Act, 1961 with 10 years body at the national level.
of experience, or An officer of the Indian Legal Service.
• The main objective of ICA is to promote amicable, quick and
 The qualifications for accreditation of arbitrators is inexpensive settlement of commercial disputes by means of
proposed to be prescribed by regulations to be framed arbitration, conciliation, regardless of location.
by an arbitration council to be set up.
• Unconditional Stay on Awards: If the Award is being given Need for the Arbitration Mechanism:
on the basis of a fraudulent agreement or corruption, then
• Overburdened Judiciary: Arbitration provides an alternative
the court can grant an unconditional stay as long as an mechanism for resolving disputes efficiently and expeditiously,
appeal under Section 34 of the arbitration law is pending. thereby relieving the burden on the courts.
• Arbitration Agreement: Parties can agree to resolve their • Promotion of Business and Investment: A robust arbitration
disputes through arbitration either before or after a dispute framework is essential for fostering a conducive business
arises. environment and attracting foreign investment.

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• International Trade and Commerce: Arbitration offers a neutral • Lack of Specialized Arbitrators: Despite efforts to promote
and internationally recognized forum for resolving cross- arbitration, there is a shortage of qualified and experienced
border disputes, providing certainty and predictability to arbitrators, particularly those with expertise in specialized
parties engaged in international transactions. fields.
• Confidentiality and Privacy: Arbitration proceedings are • Confidentiality Concerns: Despite provisions for confidentiality
generally confidential, allowing parties to maintain the privacy in arbitration proceedings, concerns persist regarding the
of their disputes and sensitive business information. disclosure of sensitive information and the potential for
breaches of confidentiality.
• Specialized Expertise: Arbitration allows parties to choose
arbitrators with expertise in the relevant subject matter or • Institutional Infrastructure: While there are several arbitral
institutions in India, the institutional infrastructure for arbitration
industry, ensuring that disputes are resolved by professionals
remains underdeveloped compared to other jurisdictions.
who understand the complexities and nuances of the issues
involved. Way Ahead:
• Speed: Arbitration generally provides a faster resolution than • Efficient Arbitrator Selection:
the court system, which can be bogged down with a backlog  Pre-Agreed Lists: Maintain pre-agreed lists of acceptable
of cases. The process is more streamlined, with a fixed arbitrators to expedite the selection process.
timetable set by the parties and the arbitrator.  Institutional Assistance: Utilize arbitration institutions’
• Cost-Effectiveness: While arbitration can be expensive, it often expertise to help select arbitrators efficiently and fairly.
ends up being less costly than prolonged litigation due to the • Specialized Expertise:
shorter time frame and reduced procedural formalities. There  Panel of Experts: Maintain a panel of experts for technical
are also savings in terms of legal fees and other court-related or specialized disputes to ensure appropriate expertise.
expenses.  Arbitrator Training: Provide continuous training and
development programs for arbitrators to keep their
Challenges:
expertise current.
• Judicial Interference: Courts often entertain challenges to
• Clarity in Arbitration Agreements:
arbitral awards on grounds that go beyond those permitted
 Comprehensive Clauses: Draft comprehensive and precise
under the law, leading to delays and undermining the finality
arbitration clauses to preempt disputes over the validity
of arbitral awards.
and scope of the arbitration agreement.
• Delays and Backlogs: Factors contributing to delays include  Legal Review: Regularly review and update arbitration
procedural complexities, frequent adjournments, and clauses with the assistance of legal professionals to
challenges in enforcing procedural timelines. ensure their enforceability.

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 Current
PolityAffairs
& Gov. Feature Articles
Edition: June 2024

ONLINE GAMING SECTOR

The Prime Minister’s vision to establish India as a prominent global gaming hub
has received renewed attention as he engaged with seven of the top gamers in the country.

Government Initiatives to Promote Online Gaming: Factors Leading to the Rise of the Gaming Industry in
• Digital Gaming Research Initiative: The government has India:
started a digital gaming research initiative, and the SERB-INAE • Enhanced Internet Infrastructure and Connectivity: The
Conclave was organized recently to support the Indian digital expansion of broadband networks into Tier-II and Tier-III
gaming research space and industry. cities has broadened the accessibility of online gaming
• The Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB) of the beyond metropolitan areas.
Department of Science and Technology has identified three  Initiatives such as BharatNet and the National Broadband
main directions for its Digital Gaming Research Initiative; Mission have been pivotal in extending high-speed
 R&D in learning and leisure gaming platforms, internet access to rural and remote regions.
 immersive game prototypes with an emphasis on Indian  Furthermore, the widespread adoption of 4G and the
culture and values, and upcoming deployment of 5G networks have significantly
 a collaborative technical design process, which was improved internet speeds and reduced latency, crucial for
made by SERB Game Labs. delivering seamless online gaming experiences.
• AVGC Promotion Task Force: The Ministry of Information and • Increased Affordability of Data and Smartphones: Intense
Broadcasting has established the Animation, Visual Effects, competition among telecom operators has led to a decrease
Gaming and Comic (AVGC) Promotion Task Force. in mobile data costs, making data more affordable and
 The government recognizes that the Indian AVGC industry accessible for online gaming enthusiasts.
has the ability to carry the "Make in India" and "Brand India"  This democratization of technology has fueled the growth of
banners. online gaming across diverse socio-economic segments.
 India's considerable smartphone base, with over 680
INDIA'S ONLINE GAMING INDUSTRY million users, predominantly comprising 4G smartphones,
• India is one of the largest gaming markets in the world. It is underscores the widespread accessibility of gaming
predominantly a home-grown start-up ecosystem growing platforms.
at 27% Compound annual growth rate (CAGR). • Cultural Shift and Evolving Perceptions: The Covid-19
• The Indian gaming industry’s revenue stands at 3.1 billion lockdown accelerated the adoption of online gaming as a
dollars in the financial year 2023. preferred form of virtual entertainment and social interaction.
 According to a June 2021 KPMG report, Indians' average
• It is widely estimated that AI and online gaming can add up
weekly gaming time increased from 2.1 hours to 4.5 hours
to $300 billion to India’s GDP by 2026-27.
post-lockdown, indicating a significant shift in behavior.
 Consequently, online gaming has evolved from being
Regulation of Industry:
perceived solely as a recreational activity to a viable
• At present, there is no uniform federal law regulating the skill career option, reflecting changing societal attitudes.
gaming industry in India.
• Government Endorsement and Regulatory Clarity: Government
• The Public Gambling Act, 1867 and Prize Competitions Act, initiatives, such as the IT (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital
1955 currently govern India’s online gaming industry at the
Media Ethics Code) Rules 2021, have established a regulatory
federal level while varying legislation in different Indian states
framework for the online gaming sector, addressing concerns
supersede these Acts.
related to harmful content and addiction.
• This is because state governments in India are empowered by  Additionally, the establishment of self-regulatory bodies
the constitution to legislate on gambling. and the Animation, Visual Effects, Gaming, and Comics (AVGC)
• Recently the government decision to appoint the Ministry of Promotion Task Force signifies the government's commitment
Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) as the nodal to fostering the growth and development of the industry.
ministry for online gaming in India has finally provided • Emergence of E-sports and Competitive Gaming: The
legitimacy to the sector. recognition of e-sports as a medal event at prestigious
• The government will shortly draft regulations for intermediaries competitions such as the Commonwealth Games 2022 and
in the online gambling industry and initiate a public Asian Games 2023 has elevated its stature and acknowledged
consultation process. it as a legitimate sporting pursuit.

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Edition: June 2024

 The notable achievements of Indian teams and players • Infrastructure and Connectivity Hurdles: Despite notable
on global e-sports platforms have further enhanced the progress, ensuring consistent and high-speed internet
industry's reputation and served as a source of inspiration connectivity remains a challenge across many parts of India,
for aspiring gamers. especially in rural and remote areas.
 Online gaming in India currently contributes only 1.1% to  According to the India Inequality Report 2022, only 31% of
the global online gaming revenue, indicating significant the rural population utilizes the Internet compared to 67%
untapped potential for growth and expansion. of their urban counterparts.

• Integration of Advanced Technologies: The integration of • Localization of Content and Cultural Relevance: Developing
cutting-edge technologies such as Augmented Reality games and content that resonate with India's diverse cultural
(AR), Virtual Reality (VR), cloud gaming, and blockchain has and linguistic milieu poses a significant challenge for game
revolutionized the gaming experience and opened avenues developers.
 While some games like Ludo King have effectively tailored
for innovation.
their offerings to local preferences, many international
 AR and VR technologies offer immersive and interactive
games struggle to achieve similar cultural resonance
gameplay, while cloud gaming eliminates the need for
among Indian audiences.
high-end hardware, ensuring accessibility across various
devices. • Promotion of Responsible Gaming and Addressing Addiction
Concerns: As the gaming industry expands, concerns about
 Blockchain integration facilitates ownership of digital
gaming addiction, particularly among younger demographics,
assets, tokenized economies, and interoperability across
have become increasingly prominent.
games and platforms, fostering increased engagement
 Studies indicate varying prevalence rates of internet
and user participation.
gaming disorder among different age groups in India,
• Robust Start-up Ecosystem and Investment Inflow: India's
ranging from 1.3% to 19.9%.
thriving start-up ecosystem has nurtured a multitude of  Instances such as the installation of 'Beware of Smartphone
gaming companies and platforms, fostering innovation Zombies' signboards in Bengaluru underscore the
and catering to the diverse gaming preferences of Indian growing awareness of digital distractions and the need for
consumers. responsible gaming practices.
 Notably, India has witnessed the emergence of three
gaming unicorns: Game 24X7, Dream11, and Mobile Way Forward:
Premier League, showcasing the sector's growth potential • Regulatory Clarity and Unified Policies: Create a comprehensive
and attracting significant investment inflows. national regulatory framework for online gaming, addressing
licensing, taxation, player protection, and fair play.
Challenges: • Sustainable Taxation Policies: Consider lowering the 28%
• Regulatory Ambiguity and Policy Fragmentation: The absence GST on bets to support startups and innovation. Implement
of a unified and comprehensive regulatory framework a tiered tax system based on company size and revenue to
for India's gaming industry has led to uncertainty and ease the burden on smaller entities.
inconsistency for industry stakeholders. • Enhancing Infrastructure and Connectivity: Continue initiatives
 Varying laws and regulations across different states to improve rural and remote internet connectivity and
contribute to a fragmented policy environment. For prioritize high-speed internet and 5G rollout. Use targeted
instance, while some states like Telangana and Andhra interventions, public-private partnerships, and community
Pradesh have prohibited certain types of online games, projects to improve connectivity in underserved areas.
others like Karnataka have adopted a more lenient • Cultural Localization and Content Development: Encourage
stance. the development of culturally relevant games with incentives
• Taxation Challenges and Sustainability Concerns: The recent for incorporating local languages, stories, and traditions.
imposition of a 28% Goods and Services Tax (GST) on the Provide grants, mentorship, and incubators to foster an
total face value of bets has raised apprehensions regarding ecosystem for Indian game developers.
the industry's long-term viability, particularly for smaller • Responsible Gaming Initiatives: Introduce measures like age
startups and players. verification, time limits, and spending caps to prevent gaming
 Critics fear that the high tax rate could force many addiction. Launch campaigns and collaborate with schools
smaller gaming companies to shutter operations, stifling and organizations to educate about gaming addiction risks
innovation and impeding industry growth. and promote healthy gaming habits.

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 Current
PolityAffairs
LACK OF PUBLIC
& Gov.
Edition: June 2024
Feature Articles

EXPENDITURE IN HEALTHCARE SECTOR

The Union Government’s spending on health has
decreased post-pandemic while States have continued to spend more.

About: CHART 2: The chart shows expenditure on health ministries

• Public spending on health in India has historically remained and departments (as % of GDP) by the Union and all state
low. Recently, many think tanks claimed that India, which has governments.
always spent a little more than 1% of its GDP on healthcare,
is inching close to 2% under the current regime.
• First, public spending on health in India continues to be
abysmal compared to many countries. Second, while public
spending on health has indeed increased, much of the rise is
due to the States and not the Centre.
• In fact, the Union Health Ministry has been transferring a lower
share of its resources to States in recent years. Moreover, the
Centre has also cut the budget for the National Health Mission
(NHM) in recent years, while increasing disproportionately the
spending on government-funded health insurance schemes
(GFHIs).
• Chart 3 shows the decline in the share of resources transferred
• Chart 1 shows the per capita public spending on health in to the States by the Union Health Ministry.
India compared to other countries in 2021. Bhutan’s spending
• In FY14, three-fourth (75.9%) of the Union spending on health
on health was 2.5 times more than India’s while Sri Lanka’s
was transferred to the States. Within the first three years of the
was three times more. Many BRICS nations (old list) spent
current government, the share came down to little more than
14-15 times more than India.
half (53.4%) and declined consistently to reach a new low of
CHART 1: The chart compares India’s public spending on health 43% in FY24 (Budget Estimates).
with other countries (2021) (in $ PPP) • The trend reflects increased centralisation of financial
resources on health, a subject which largely falls within the
domain of States.

CHART 3: The chart shows the share of transfer to states in the

Union expenditure on health (%)

• Chart 2 shows the increase in public spending on health in

recent years, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic,
can be attributed to the States and Union Territories.
• The States have sustained the increase post-COVID-19
Healthcare Sector of India:
as well. Given the resource constraints they face, this is • Healthcare Sector: It comprises hospitals, medical devices,
commendable. In contrast, the Union government’s spending clinical trials, outsourcing, telemedicine, medical tourism,
on health as a percentage of GDP, which increased health insurance and medical equipment.
moderately during the pandemic, has decreased post- • India’s healthcare delivery system is categorized into two
pandemic. major components - public and private.

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Edition: June 2024

• Public Sector: It comprises limited secondary and tertiary  Outdated Equipment and Supplies: Lack of funds can mean
care institutions in key cities and focuses on providing basic that healthcare providers have to work with outdated or
healthcare facilities in the form of Primary Healthcare Centers insufficient equipment and supplies, compromising the
(PHCs) in rural areas. quality of care and patient safety.
• Private Sector: The private sector provides the majority of • Public Health Implications:
secondary, tertiary, and quaternary care institutions with a  Inadequate Public Health Infrastructure: Low investment in
major concentration in metros, tier-I, and tier-II cities. public health can hinder the ability to respond effectively
to health emergencies, such as epidemics and natural
Structure of Financing of Public Healthcare Sector in disasters.
India:  Weak Preventive Measures: Programs for vaccination,
• In India, states bear the responsibility for public health and health education, and disease prevention may be
sanitation, including hospitals and clinics. underfunded, leading to higher incidences of preventable
• The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare broadly takes diseases.
responsibility for formulating policy for public health. • Economic Consequences:
 It provides administrative and financial support to states to  Increased Out-of-Pocket Expenditure: The lack of public
operate public health facilities and infrastructure, and to healthcare infrastructure has led people to use private
deal with specific health issues, such as maternal health and health services more, and that has increased the financial
nutrition. burden on citizens.
 It also establishes and runs medical Institutes of National  Lost Productivity: Poor health among the workforce can
Importance such as AIIMS as well as establishments in reduce productivity, leading to economic losses for
union territories including Delhi. individuals, businesses, and the economy as a whole.
• Social and Equity Issues:
• The Ministry comprises: the Department of Health and Family
 Health Inequities: Low expenditure in health can
Welfare, which is responsible for implementing public health
exacerbate health inequities, disproportionately affecting
schemes and regulating medical education, and
vulnerable populations, including low-income groups,
 The Department of Health Research is responsible for
minorities, and marginalized communities.
conducting medical research.
 Reduced Social Cohesion: Poor health outcomes and
Concerns with low Public Expenditure on Healthcare: disparities in access to healthcare can contribute to social
unrest and reduced trust in public institutions.
• Reduced Access to Healthcare Services:
 Limited Availability of Services: With low health expenditure, • Long-Term Development:
healthcare facilities may be scarce, inadequately  Hindered Human Capital Development: Poor health can
equipped, or lacking in essential services, leading to affect cognitive development and educational outcomes,
longer wait times and reduced access to care. limiting individuals' potential and the development of
human capital.
 Geographical Disparities: Rural and remote areas may face
 Impacts on Future Generations: Chronic underfunding of
severe shortages of healthcare providers and facilities,
health services can have long-term negative effects on
exacerbating inequalities in access to care.
future generations, perpetuating cycles of poverty and
• Poor Health Outcomes:
poor health.
 Higher Mortality Rates: Insufficient health spending can
result in higher mortality rates from preventable and Recent Steps taken by the Government for the Growth
treatable conditions, including infectious diseases, of Healthcare Sector:
maternal and infant mortality, and chronic diseases. • National Digital Health Mission (NDHM): Launched in 2020,
 Increased Morbidity: People may experience higher rates NDHM aims to create a digital health ecosystem, including
of illness and disability due to inadequate preventive health IDs for citizens and the establishment of a national
measures, early diagnosis, and treatment options. digital health infrastructure.
• Quality of Care: • Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB-
 Inadequate Staffing: Low expenditure often leads to PMJAY): AB-PMJAY, launched in 2018, is a national health
understaffed healthcare facilities, which can reduce the protection scheme that provides financial protection to
quality of care, increase the burden on existing staff, and over 100 million families for secondary and tertiary care
lead to burnout and lower morale. hospitalization.

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Edition: June 2024

• National Health Policy 2017: The National Health Policy outlines  Enhance Workforce Capacity: Increase the training,
the government's vision to achieve the highest possible level recruitment, and retention of healthcare professionals
of health and well-being for all and emphasizes preventive to address staffing shortages and improve the quality
and promotive healthcare. of care. This includes offering competitive salaries,
• Health and Wellness Centers (HWCs): The government is continuous professional development, and support for
working towards transforming primary health centers into healthcare workers.
HWCs to provide comprehensive primary healthcare services,  Leverage Technology: Utilize digital health technologies,
including preventive and promotive care. such as telemedicine and electronic health records, to
• Pradhan Mantri Swasthya Suraksha Yojana (PMSSY): PMSSY improve service delivery, enhance patient outcomes, and
aims to enhance tertiary care capacities and strengthen streamline healthcare processes.
medical education in the country by setting up new AIIMS • Promote Preventive Health and Public Health Initiatives:
(All India Institutes of Medical Sciences) institutions and  Invest in Preventive Care: Allocate resources to preventive
upgrading existing government medical colleges. health measures, including vaccination programs, health
• Research and Development Initiatives: The government has education, and screenings for early detection of diseases.
been encouraging research and development in healthcare, Emphasize the importance of lifestyle changes and
including support for the development of vaccines, drugs, preventive practices to reduce the burden of chronic and
and medical technologies. infectious diseases.
 Strengthen Public Health Systems: Develop robust public
• National Medical Commission (NMC) Act: The NMC Act,
health infrastructure capable of responding to health
passed in 2019, aims to bring reforms in medical education
emergencies, conducting disease surveillance, and
and practice by replacing the Medical Council of India (MCI)
implementing effective health promotion strategies.
and promoting transparency and accountability.
• Jan Aushadhi Scheme: The Pradhan Mantri Bhartiya
Janaushadhi Pariyojana (PMBJP) aims to provide quality
generic medicines at affordable prices through Jan Aushadhi
Kendras.

Way Ahead:
• Increase Health Funding and Resource Allocation:
 Prioritize Health in National Budgets: Governments should
allocate a higher percentage of their GDP to health
expenditures, ensuring that health is treated as a priority
in national development plans.
 Mobilize Additional Resources: Seek innovative financing
mechanisms, including public-private partnerships,
international aid, and community-based funding models,
to supplement existing health budgets.
 Efficient Resource Management: Improve the efficiency
and effectiveness of health spending by reducing waste,
curbing corruption, and ensuring that funds are used for
their intended purposes.
• Strengthen Healthcare Infrastructure and Workforce:
 Expand Healthcare Facilities: Invest in building and
upgrading healthcare infrastructure, particularly in
underserved and rural areas, to ensure equitable access
to quality healthcare services.

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 Current Affairs
Polity & Gov.
STATE OF FIRE
Feature Articles
Edition: June 2024

SAFETY STANDARDS IN INDIA

Recent devastating fires in Delhi and Rajkot have
brought to light the critical lack of fire safety measures in Indian cities.

About: • The BIS sets standards for fire safety equipment like
• Despite established fire preparedness disciplines worldwide extinguishers, hoses, and alarms.
and repeated fire outbreaks over the past three decades, • Director-General of Civil Defense, Home Guards, & Fire Services
public spaces, housing, hospitals, and commercial buildings under the Ministry of Home Affairs oversees fire management.
in India remain vulnerable. • National Fire Service College, Nagpur provides training and
• In 2022, over 7,500 fire accidents resulted in the deaths education for fire service personnel.
of 7,435 people in India, according to the National Crime
Steps taken for Fire Safety:
Records Bureau (NCRB).
• Scheme for Expansion and Modernization of Fire Services in the
• Maharashtra and Gujarat, two of the most urbanized states,
States: Launched by the Centre in 2023, this scheme aims to
account for approximately 30% of fire-related deaths in the
strengthen fire services in states until 2025-26 by providing
country. financial assistance for upgrading equipment, training
• Past incidents like the Uphaar Cinema fire (1997), AMRI personnel, and establishing new fire stations.
hospital fire (2011), Kamala Mills inferno (2017), and various • Model Bill to Provide for the Maintenance of Fire and Emergency
hospital fires during the COVID-19 pandemic reveal a Service for the State: This model bill, circulated by the Centre,
persistent neglect of safety standards. aims to facilitate the establishment and maintenance of
efficient fire and emergency services at the state level.
Challenges in Preventing Fire Accidents in India:
• National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) guidelines:
• Non-compliance with Safety Regulations: Many establishments,
The NDMA has released guidelines covering scaling, types of
like the Rajkot gaming center, operate without necessary fire
equipment, and training for fire services across the country.
safety clearances and flout basic safety norms.
• Fire Safety Audits: Mandating fire safety audits in all buildings
• Weak Municipal Oversight: Municipal bodies responsible over 15 meters tall every two years by an independent entity.
for fire safety inspections are often understaffed and lack
resources, leading to infrequent and ineffective checks. Way Ahead:
• Neglect of Existing Guidelines: Detailed guidelines in the • Strict Enforcement of Regulations: Authorities must rigorously
National Building Code and state-specific fire safety rules are enforce fire safety regulations and penalize violators.
often ignored, resulting in hazardous conditions. • Investing in Infrastructure: A 2018 FICCI-Pinkerton study
 National Building Code of India, 2016, it includes revealed that urban India has less than 40% of the required
provisions for ‘Fire and Life Safety’ audits, these are only fire stations. The 15th Finance Commission highlighted the
recommendatory, not mandatory. need for modernizing firefighting infrastructure.
• Inadequate Firefighting Infrastructure: A study indicates • Strengthening Municipal Capacity: Municipal bodies need
urban India has less than 40% of the required fire stations, increased resources and training to conduct regular and
and the existing infrastructure needs modernization. thorough fire safety inspections.
• Policy Implementation and Monitoring: Ensure strict
Fire Safety Standards in India: adherence to the National Building Code and state-specific
• Fire safety standards in India are governed by the National fire safety regulations.
Building Code (NBC) 2016, which provides comprehensive  Regular audits of compliance, particularly in vulnerable
guidelines for fire prevention, protection, and life safety in facilities like hospitals.
buildings. • Accountability and Legal Reforms: Hold violators accountable
• Part 4 of the NBC details fire and life safety requirements, through stringent penalties and legal action.
including building materials, fire exits, firefighting equipment,  Fast-track the implementation of recommendations from
and alarm systems. past disaster investigations.
• Each state has its own Fire Services Act, which outlines the • Prioritizing Healthcare Facilities: Special attention must be
powers and responsibilities of fire services and enforces fire given to fire safety in healthcare facilities, considering the
safety regulations. presence of flammable materials and vulnerable patients.

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 Current
INDIA TO FUND
Affairs
Int. Relations
Edition: June 2024
Feature Articles

PORT DEVELOPMENT IN SRI LANKA

The Sri Lankan Cabinet has decided to renovate the Kankesanthurai Port in
the Northern Province, with India agreeing to fund the entire project at a cost of USD 61.5 million.

About: sharply, causing a devaluation of its currency and

• The Kankesanthurai Port, located in the northern region of spiraling inflation.
Sri Lanka, covers approximately 16 acres and is situated  Role in Debt Restructuring: India has played an active
104 kilometers (56 nautical miles) from Karaikal Port in role in collaborating with the International Monetary Fund
Pondicherry. (IMF) and other creditors to help Sri Lanka restructure
• The direct passenger ship service connecting Nagapattinam its debt. Notably, India was the first country to submit its
in Tamil Nadu to Kankesanthurai port near Jaffna covers a letter of support for financing and debt restructuring for
distance of 111 kilometers (60 nautical miles) in approximately Sri Lanka.
three and a half hours.  Economic and Technology Cooperation Agreement (ETCA):
India and Sri Lanka are exploring the possibility of an
• The project's implementation was delayed due to higher
estimated costs, leading to discussions with India about Economic and Technology Cooperation Agreement
completing it under the Public Private Partnership Method. (ETCA) to integrate their economies and foster mutual
Considering the importance of the project, the Indian government development.
has agreed to grant the entire estimated cost of the project. Adoption of India's UPI:
 Sri Lanka has adopted India's Unified Payments Interface
Significance: (UPI) service, marking a significant step towards
• Historical Ties: India and Sri Lanka share a long history of enhancing fintech connectivity between the two countries.
cultural, religious, and trade connections dating back to Additionally, the use of the Indian rupee for trade
ancient times. settlement is aiding Sri Lanka's economic recovery and
 The two countries have strong cultural ties, with many Sri growth.
Lankans tracing their heritage to India. Buddhism, which • Multilateral Cooperation: Sri Lanka is a member of regional
originated in India, is also a significant religion in Sri Lanka. groupings such as BIMSTEC (Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-
 The Cultural Cooperation Agreement signed in 1977 forms Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation) and SAARC, in
the basis for periodic Cultural Exchange Programmes which India plays a leading role.
between the two countries.
• Tourism and Connectivity: India has traditionally been Sri
• Economic Ties:
Lanka’s top inbound tourism market, followed by China.
 India is Sri Lanka’s third-largest export destination,
 Recently, the two sides adopted a vision document
following the US and UK. Over 60% of Sri Lanka’s exports
to enhance maritime, energy and people to people
benefit from the India-Sri Lanka Free Trade Agreement.
connectivity.
 India is also a major investor in Sri Lanka, with Foreign
 With regard to maritime connectivity, the two sides
Direct Investment (FDI) amounting to approximately USD
plan to cooperate in the development of ports and
1.7 billion from 2005 to 2019.
logistics infrastructure at Colombo, Trincomalee, etc. to
Financial Assistance from India:
consolidate regional logistics and shipping.
 During Sri Lanka's unprecedented economic crisis in
 There are plans to develop a land bridge between the
2022, which was the worst since its independence from
two countries to provide India with land access to the
Britain in 1948.
ports of Trincomalee and Colombo to boost economic
 India, as part of its ‘Neighbourhood First’ policy, extended
support to Sri Lanka in the form of aid (close to $3.5 billion) growth.
to help secure Sri Lanka’s food, health and energy security. • Maritime Security and Defence Cooperation: In 2011, a decision
 India delivered a consignment of tonnes of diesel to Sri was taken to establish the Colombo Security Conclave which
Lanka to help ease the acute fuel shortage during its worst aims to further promote maritime security in the Indian Ocean
economic crisis. Region.
 India extended an additional $500 million credit line to Sri  India and Sri Lanka conduct a joint Military exercise
Lanka to import fuel as it has been struggling to pay for named ‘Mitra Shakti’, Trilateral Maritime Exercise “Dosti",
imports after its foreign exchange reserves plummeted and a Naval exercise named SLINEX.

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Challenges: • Introduction of the 13th Amendment:

• Fisheries Dispute: Created to facilitate the devolution of power through
 One of the longstanding issues between India and Sri constitutional means.
Lanka is related to fishing rights in the Palk Strait and the Integral part of the constitutional reforms to achieve the
Gulf of Mannar. objectives of the Indo-Sri Lanka Accord.
 Indian fishermen have often been arrested by Sri Lankan
authorities for allegedly crossing the maritime boundary • China's Influence:
and engaging in illegal fishing in Sri Lankan waters. This  India has expressed concerns about China's increasing
has led to tensions and occasional incidents involving economic and strategic influence on Sri Lanka, including
fishermen from both countries. Chinese investments in infrastructure projects and the
development of the Hambantota Port.
• Katchatheevu Island Dispute:
 This has sometimes been viewed as a challenge to India's
 The Katchatheevu issue revolves around the ownership
own interests in the region. Some Chinese projects in Sri
and usage rights of the uninhabited island of Katchatheevu,
located in the Palk Strait between India and Sri Lanka. Lanka include:
 In 1974, an agreement between the Prime Ministers of  In 2023, Sri Lanka reached an agreement with the Export-
India and Sri Lanka recognized Katchatheevu as part of Import (EXIM) Bank of China to cover about USD 4.2
Sri Lanka's territory, altering its ownership. billion of its outstanding debt.
 However, the agreement allowed Indian fishermen to  China has invested in the South Asia Commercial and
continue fishing in the surrounding waters, dry their nets Logistics Hub (SACL) at Colombo Port, led by China
on the island, and permitted Indian pilgrims to visit a Merchants Port Holdings.
Catholic shrine there.
Way Forward:
 Despite historical usage by fishermen from both countries,
a supplementary pact in 1976 defined maritime boundaries • Managing China's Influence:
and exclusive economic zones, imposing restrictions on  Strategic Partnerships: Strengthen strategic partnerships
fishing activities without explicit permission. with Sri Lanka to counterbalance Chinese influence,
focusing on collaborative infrastructure projects and
• Border Security and Smuggling: The porous maritime boundary
between India and Sri Lanka has been a concern in terms investment.
of border security and the smuggling of goods, including  Regional Initiatives: Promote regional initiatives through
narcotics and illegal immigrants. BIMSTEC and SAARC that include Sri Lanka, enhancing
regional cooperation and reducing dependency on
• Tamil Ethnic Issue: The ethnic conflict in Sri Lanka, particularly
involving the Tamil minority, has been a sensitive topic in external powers like China.
India-Sri Lanka relations. • Dialogue and Support: Encourage dialogue between the Sri
 India has historically been concerned about the welfare Lankan government and the Tamil minority, offering support
and rights of the Tamil community in Sri Lanka. for inclusive policies that ensure the rights and welfare of the
Tamil community.
INDO-SRI LANKA ACCORD AND 13TH AMENDMENT • Bilateral Dialogue: Reinforce bilateral dialogue to address
• Signing of the Accord: grievances related to the Katchatheevu Island agreement,
Signed in 1987 between Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi of ensuring both sides respect historical usage rights and
India and President J R Jayewardene of Sri Lanka. current legal frameworks.
Location: Colombo, Sri Lanka. • Joint Maritime Patrols: Implement joint maritime patrols to
• Objectives of the Accord: monitor and manage fishing activities around Katchatheevu
To amend the Sri Lankan constitution for power devolution. Island, preventing illegal crossings and fostering cooperation.
To transfer specific powers (e.g., agriculture, health) to
• Joint Fisheries Management: Establish a joint fisheries
the governments of the country’s nine provinces.
management mechanism involving stakeholders from both
To find a constitutional solution to the ongoing civil war
countries to regulate fishing activities in the Palk Strait and
in Sri Lanka.
Gulf of Mannar.

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 Current Affairs
Economy
CORPORATE
Edition: June 2024
Feature Articles

GOVERNANCE CHARTER FOR STARTUPS

Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) launched a corporate
governance charter for startups, including a self-evaluative scorecard.

About: • Long Term Goals: The needs of the business entity should be
• It will provide suggestions on corporate governance tailored separated from the personal needs of its founder(s), but at the
for startups and offer guidelines suitable for different stages same time, the goals and needs of the founders, promoters,
and initial investors should be aligned with the long-term
of a startup which is aiming to enhance governance practices.
goals of the business.
 It comes at a time when startups such as Byju’s, BharatPe,
and Zilingo have raised concern over governance • Separate Legal Entity: The startup should be maintained as
standards in the past 12-18 months. a separate legal entity with the organisation’s assets distinct
from the founders’ assets.
• Corporate governance in India is a set of rules, practices and
processes by which a company is guided and controlled.
CONFEDERATION OF INDIAN INDUSTRY (CII)
• Self Evaluative Governance: The charter includes an online
• The Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) is a non-
self-evaluative governance scorecard that startups can use to
government, not-for-profit, industry-led and industry-
evaluate their current governance status and its improvement
managed business association organization playing a
over time. proactive role in India's development process.
 The tool allows startups to measure their governance
• Founded in 1895, CII has members from the private
progress, with score changes indicating improvements in
and public sectors, including small and medium-sized
governance practices as assessed against the scorecard enterprises and multinational corporations, and an indirect
from time to time. membership of enterprises from national and regional
• Startups will be structured across four key stages: Inception, sectoral industry bodies.
progression, growth and going public. • CII charts change by working closely with governments and
 At the Inception stage, the startups must focus on board thought leaders and enhancing efficiency, competitiveness
formation, setting the tone at the top, compliance and business opportunities for industry.
monitoring, accounting, finance, external audit, policies
for related-party transactions, and conflict resolution Corporate Governance:
mechanisms. • Corporate governance is the system of rules, practices, and
 In the Progression stage, a startup may additionally focus processes by which a company is directed and controlled.
on the expansion of board oversight, monitoring key
• It involves balancing the interests of a company's stakeholders
business metrics, maintaining internal controls, defining
i.e. shareholders, customers, suppliers,, the government, and
a hierarchy of decision-making, and setting up an audit
the community.
committee.
• Corporate Governance consists of;
 For the Growth stage, the startups must also focus on
 Explicit and implicit contracts between the company and
building stakeholder awareness towards the vision,
the stakeholders for distribution of responsibilities, rights
mission, code of conduct, culture, and ethics of an
and rewards.
organisation, form board committees, ensure diversity and
 Procedures for reconciling the conflicting interests of
inclusion on the board and fulfill statutory requirements, stakeholders in accordance with their duties, privileges
according to the Companies Act 2013 and other and roles.
applicable laws and regulations.  Procedures for proper supervision, control, and information
 At the Going Public stage, a startup must expand its that flows to serve as a system of checks and balances.
governance in terms of monitoring the functioning of
various committees, focus on fraud prevention and Regulatory Framework for Corporate Governance in
detection, minimise information asymmetry, plans for India:
succession, and evaluate board performance. • Companies Act, 2013:
• Valuation: Startups may strive for long-term value creation  This legislation comprises crucial provisions related to
rather than short-term valuations. The valuations of businesses corporate governance, including the composition of the
should be kept as realistic as possible. Board of Directors, mandates for appointing women and

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Edition: June 2024

independent directors, director training and evaluation,  This practice can impede effective decision-making and
constitution of audit and risk management committees, oversight, hindering corporate governance standards.
and regulations for managing subsidiary companies. • Director Performance Evaluation:
 The Act sets the foundation for governance practices  Despite calls for transparency, many companies refrain
in Indian companies, ensuring transparency and from publicly disclosing the results of director performance
accountability. evaluations to avoid scrutiny and negative perceptions.
• Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI):  Lack of transparency in this regard diminishes
 As a statutory regulatory authority, SEBI plays a pivotal stakeholders' ability to assess board effectiveness and
role in overseeing the financial market and safeguarding accountability.
investors' interests. • Removal of Independent Directors:
 It regulates the activities of stock exchanges, monitors  Independent directors often face challenges in maintaining
market malpractices, and promotes healthy development their autonomy and integrity, as they can be easily ousted
in the financial sector. by company promoters if their decisions diverge from the
 SEBI's directives and regulations contribute significantly promoters' interests.
to enhancing corporate governance standards across  This undermines the independence of the board and
listed companies. compromises its ability to act in the best interests of all
• Standard Listing Agreement of Stock Exchanges: stakeholders.
 This agreement serves as a fundamental document • Founders' Influence and Succession Planning:
executed between companies and stock exchanges upon  The substantial influence wielded by founders in Indian
listing. companies can overshadow the principles of corporate
 Its primary objective is to ensure adherence to good governance.
corporate governance practices by listed entities.  In many cases, founders' identities are closely intertwined
 The agreement outlines obligations and responsibilities to with their companies, leading to governance structures
uphold transparency, accountability, and ethical conduct that prioritize founders' interests over broader stakeholder
in corporate affairs. concerns.
 Additionally, inadequate succession planning further
• Institute of Chartered Accountants of India (ICAI):
exacerbates governance challenges, as companies may
 Recognized as the apex body of accounting professionals
lack clear leadership transitions and continuity.
in India, ICAI issues accounting standards aimed at
• Risk Management:
facilitating transparent and accurate disclosure of
 While boards are tasked with oversight responsibilities, the
financial information by companies.
formulation and implementation of robust risk management
 These standards provide guidelines for maintaining
policies remain deficient in many Indian companies.
uniformity and consistency in financial reporting, thereby
 Failure to address risk comprehensively leaves companies
fostering investor confidence and promoting good
vulnerable to financial, operational, and reputational risks,
governance practices.
highlighting the need for enhanced risk management
• Institute of Company Secretaries of India (ICSI): frameworks.
 As per the provisions of the Companies Act, 2013,
ICSI issues secretarial standards designed to ensure Committees for Resolving Issues:
compliance with statutory requirements and promote • Kumar Mangalam Birla Committee: It was set up to suggest
effective corporate governance. suitable recommendations for the Listing Agreement of
 These standards cover various aspects of corporate Companies with their Stock Exchanges.
secretarial practices, including board meetings,  The Committee evolved a Code of Governance which
disclosures, resolutions, and governance structures, was accepted by SEBI and a new Clause 49 was inserted
contributing to the overall regulatory framework for into the Listing Agreement of Companies with their Stock
corporate governance in India. Exchanges.
• N R Narayan Murthy Committee: Based on the recommendations
Challenges in Corporate Governance In India: of this committee SEBI published a revised Clause 49 which
• Board Composition: included amendments/additions to provisions relating
 In India, it's prevalent for friends and family of company definition of independent directors, strengthening the
promoters to secure board positions, potentially responsibility of Audit Committees and requiring Boards to
compromising the board's independence and objectivity. adopt a formal Code of Conduct.

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 Current Affairs Feature Articles
Edition: June 2024

Importance of Corporate Governance: governance supports the strategic growth and development
• Enhances Company Reputation: Good corporate governance of the company, fostering innovation and competitiveness.
practices build trust and confidence among investors,
customers, and stakeholders, enhancing the overall STARTUPS IN INDIA
reputation of the company.
• Increases Accountability: Effective corporate governance
establishes clear roles and responsibilities within the
organization, promoting accountability and transparency in
decision-making processes.
• Ensures Compliance with Laws and Regulations: Adhering to
corporate governance standards helps companies comply
with legal requirements and regulatory frameworks, reducing
the risk of legal penalties and sanctions.
• Promotes Ethical Business Practices: Corporate governance
fosters a culture of integrity and ethical behavior, guiding
companies to operate responsibly and sustainably.
• Improves Risk Management: Strong corporate governance
frameworks enable better identification, assessment, and
management of risks, helping to protect the company’s
assets and shareholder value.
• Facilitates Access to Capital: Companies with robust
governance practices are more likely to attract investment,
as investors seek assurance that their interests will be
safeguarded and managed effectively.
• Enhances Decision-Making: With clearly defined governance
structures, companies can make more informed and
strategic decisions, aligning actions with long-term goals and
stakeholder interests.
• Encourages Long-Term Sustainability: Corporate governance
emphasizes sustainable business practices and long-term
value creation, ensuring the company’s enduring success
and resilience.
• Protects Shareholders' Interests: Effective governance • An entity shall cease to be a Startup on completion of ten
mechanisms protect the rights of shareholders, ensuring their years from the date of its incorporation/ registration or if
interests are represented and respected in corporate actions its turnover for any previous year exceeds one hundred crore
and decisions. rupees.

• Boosts Operational Efficiency: Good governance practices • There are over 1 Lakh+ startups recognized by the
streamline processes and improve operational efficiency by government of India as of 2023.
establishing clear procedures and standards for performance  49% of them have a base in Tier 2 - Tier 3 cities.
and accountability.  These startups are spread over 669 districts from 36
States and Union Territories of India.
• Mitigates Conflict of Interest: Corporate governance
frameworks help to identify and mitigate conflicts of interest, • As of now, India is now home to 113 unicorns with a
ensuring decisions are made in the best interest of the combined valuation of more than $350 Bn.
 Unicorn is a term used in the venture capital industry to
company and its stakeholders.
describe a privately held startup company with a value
• Supports Strategic Growth: By providing a structured
of over $1 billion.
approach to oversight and management, corporate

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 Economy Feature Articles Current Affairs
Edition: June 2024

CRITICAL MINERALS SUMMIT

The 'Critical Minerals Summit: Enhancing Beneficiation and Processing Capabilities' concluded in New Delhi.

About: recognizing their pivotal role in facilitating the transition to

• Background: The Summit was a collaborative effort between a zero-emission future.
the Ministry of Mines, the Shakti Sustainable Energy  India's economic prosperity hinges on its ability to
Foundation (Shakti), the Council on Energy, Environment and leverage its abundant energy and mineral resources
Water (CEEW), and the International Institute for Sustainable effectively while aligning with the global shift towards
Development (IISD). emission reduction.
• Objective: The primary aim of the Summit was to empower • Strategic Importance in Various Sectors:
government and industry stakeholders with the essential  Critical minerals like lithium, graphite, cobalt, titanium,
knowledge, connections, and resources required to expedite and rare earth elements are indispensable for advancing
the domestic production of Critical Minerals, thereby numerous sectors, including high-tech electronics,
bolstering India's economic advancement. telecommunications, transportation, and defense.
 They play a crucial role in powering the transition towards low-
About Critical Minerals: emission economies and renewable energy technologies.
• Critical minerals are those minerals which are essential for
• Opportunities Amidst Global Shifts:
economic development and national security.
 The evolving geopolitical landscape presents India with
• The lack of availability of these minerals or concentration of an opportunity to capitalize on the diversification of global
extraction or processing in a few geographical locations may supply chains.
lead to supply chain vulnerabilities and even disruption of  Recent global trade tensions, supply chain disruptions
supplies. due to the pandemic, and conflicts in Europe have
• Government has released a list of 30 critical minerals for India. underscored the risks associated with concentration in
 These minerals are Antimony, Beryllium, Bismuth, Cobalt, single-country production bases.
Copper, Gallium, Germanium, Graphite, Hafnium,  This has prompted multinational firms to explore
Indium, Lithium, Molybdenum, Niobium, Nickel, diversification strategies, with India emerging as a
PGE, Phosphorous, Potash, REE,Rhenium, Silicon, favorable destination.
Strontium, Tantalum, Tellurium, Tin, Titanium, Tungsten,
• India's Potential as a Destination for Diversification:
Vanadium,Zirconium, Selenium and Cadmium.
 With conducive policy frameworks, India offers itself as a
• Legislative Measures:
credible destination for capital diversification.
 In a proactive move, the government amended the Mines
 The country's focus on leveraging advanced technologies
and Minerals Development and Regulation Act, 1957 (MMDR
for mineral exploration and wealth discovery is crucial for
Act, 1957) through the MMDR Amendment Act, 2023.
building competitive value chains.
 This amendment added 24 critical and strategic minerals
 Identifying critical minerals and planning for their
to part D of Schedule-I of the MMDR Act, 1957, recognizing
acquisition and preservation aligns with India's long-term
them as essential for the nation's strategic and economic
strategic objectives and reduces import dependency on
interests.
certain elements.
Vital Role of Critical Minerals in Modern Technology:
Challenges:
• Foundational Importance:
• One of the key challenges in the critical mineral supply chain
 Critical minerals serve as the cornerstone of modern
lies in the global market dynamics, which can result in price
technology, essential for various products ranging
volatility and supply disruptions.
from solar panels to semiconductors, wind turbines to
advanced batteries for storage and transportation. • Technical difficulties in mineral extraction and the concomitant
 Their presence is indispensable for driving the energy social and environmental impacts could amplify the supply risk.
transition globally. • India faces global and domestic challenges in assuring resilient
• Supply Chain Resilience: critical minerals supply chains.
 Ensuring resilience in the supply chain of critical  The critical mineral supply chains may get affected due to
minerals has become a top priority for major economies, the strategic partnership between China and Russia.

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 Current Affairs Feature Articles
Edition: June 2024

MINERAL SECURITY PARTNERSHIP (MSP) Steps Taken by the Government:

• The Ministry of Mines under its ‘Science and Technology
• It is a US-led collaboration of countries that aims to
Programme’ provides grants for Promotion of Research
catalyse public and private investment in critical mineral
and Innovation in Start-ups and MSMEs in Mining, Mineral
supply chains globally.
Processing, Metallurgy and Recycling Sector (S&T-PRISM).
 It seeks to bolster critical minerals supply chains to
 One of the thrust areas under S&T-PRISM includes focus on
support economic prosperity and climate objectives.
extraction of strategic and critical minerals at elemental level.
 It seeks to ensure that critical minerals are produced,
processed and recycled by catalyzing investments • The Ministry is also actively involved in other multilateral/
bilateral partnerships with various countries to secure the
from governments and the private sector across the full
critical mineral demand of India.
value chain.
 Under India’s G20 presidency, recognizing the significance
• Its member countries are Australia, Canada, Finland, France,
of the role of critical minerals in global energy transition
Germany, Japan, the South Korea, Sweden, the United
the Ministry of Mines got it included in the G20 New Delhi
Kingdom, US, the European Union, Italy and India.
Leaders’ Declaration
• India’s inclusion in the club would pave the way for
• India became the 14th member of the Mineral Security
equitable sharing of resources across the globe.
Partnership (MSP) in June 2023.
• Apart from MSP, India is already a member of the
Intergovernmental Forum on Mining, Minerals, Metals and Way Forward:
Sustainable Development, which supports the advancement • India requires a critical minerals strategy to make the country
of good mining governance. Atma Nirbhar (self-reliant)because they are needed for
• Criticism of MSP: The MSP is elitist in its very idea of sustainable economic growth and green technologies for
formation and induction of members. Countries like climate action, national defence.
Indonesia, Vietnam, the Democratic Republic of Congo, • Therefore it has become imperative to identify and develop
which have abundant reserves of critical minerals are not value chains for the minerals which are critical to our
part of this strategic grouping formed by the US.
country.

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 Current Affairs
Economy
INDIA'S IMPORT
Feature Articles
Edition: June 2024

DEPENDENCY ON CHINA
According to a report published by the Global Trade Research Initiative (GTRI),
Goods imports from China have risen 2.3 times faster than India’s total imports over 15 years.

Key Findings: 2. Machinery 39.7%

• Rising Imports:
3. Textile and clothing 38.2%
 India's imports from China surged to over $101 billion in
4. Chemicals and pharmaceuticals 26.8%
the fiscal year 2023-24, marking a significant increase
from approximately $70 billion recorded in 2018-19. 5. Automobiles 26%
 Over 15 years, China's share of India's industrial goods
imports has escalated from 21% to 30%, reflecting a Concerns of India-China Trade Relations:
growing dependency on Chinese products. • Trade Imbalance: India imports far more goods from China
• Merchandise Imports: than it exports, leading to a large trade deficit.
 In the fiscal year 2023-24, India's total merchandise  This trade imbalance has been a persistent issue and has
imports amounted to $677.2 billion, with China accounting raised concerns about the impact on India’s domestic
for 15% or $101.8 billion worth of goods. industries and employment.
 This substantial reliance on Chinese imports underscores • Quality and Safety of Chinese Goods: There have been
the significance of China as a trading partner for India. concerns in India about the quality and safety of some
• Dominance in Industrial Sectors: Chinese goods, particularly in sectors such as electronics
 China holds the position of the top supplier in eight and consumer products.
major industrial sectors in India, including machinery,  Incidents of substandard or counterfeit products entering
chemicals, pharmaceuticals, textiles, among others. the Indian market have raised regulatory and consumer
 This dominance highlights China's pivotal role in fulfilling protection concerns.
India's industrial and manufacturing needs. • Dumping Practices: India has accused China of engaging in
• Trade Deficit Concerns: dumping practices, whereby Chinese companies allegedly
 Despite the surge in imports, India's exports to China have flood the Indian market with cheap goods at prices below
remained stagnant at around $16 billion annually between production costs. This harms domestic industries in India by
2018-19 and 2023-24. undercutting their competitiveness and market share.
 This trend has led to a widening trade deficit, with India • Market Access and Non-Tariff Barriers: Issues such as
facing a cumulative deficit exceeding $387 billion over the restrictions on foreign investment, complex approval
span of six years. processes, and intellectual property rights protection have
 The growing trade deficit raises concerns about India's hindered Indian businesses’ efforts to expand into China.
economic dependency and the need for strategies to • Strategic Competition: India and China are also engaged in
address the trade imbalance. strategic competition, both regionally and globally.
• Bilateral Trade Relations:  Their growing influence in South Asia and the Indian
 India-China trade relations remain a critical aspect of both Ocean region has led to geopolitical rivalries, which can
countries' economic landscapes. affect trade relations.
 Exploring avenues for mutually beneficial trade • Security concerns related to Chinese investments in critical
cooperation, addressing trade barriers, and fostering infrastructure projects in India have also raised alarms.
a conducive environment for investment can contribute  India has been cautious about allowing Chinese
to fostering a more balanced and sustainable trade companies to participate in sensitive sectors such as
relationship between India and China. telecommunications and infrastructure, citing national
security concerns.
LION'S SHARE:
The table lists commodities imported by India, Conclusion:
where China accounts for the largest share in total imports
• There is a need for reassessment of India’s import strategies.
Commodity China's share
This is imperative not only to mitigate economic risks but also
in imports
to bolster domestic industries and reduce dependency on
1. Electronics/telecom/ electrical products 43.9% single-country imports.

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 Current Affairs
INCREASE IN GOODS
Economy
Edition: June 2024
Feature Articles

AND SERVICES TAX (GST) REVENUES

Revenues from the Goods and Services Tax (GST) crossed
the `2 lakh crore mark for the first time in April. It stood at Rs 1.87 lakh crore in April 2023.

About: • Recently, the GST compensation Act has been enacted which
• This represents a significant 12.4 per cent year-on-year provides a detailed mechanism for compensation to the
growth, driven by a strong increase in domestic transactions states for loss on account of implementation of GST.
(up 13.4 per cent) and imports (up 8.3 per cent). • For the purpose of GST compensation to states, a cess known
as Compensation Cess is being levied on luxury and demerit
Goods and Services Tax (GST): goods and proceeds of such cess is being credited to a
• Goods and Services Tax is an indirect tax used in India on the separate Public Account fund known as Compensation Fund.
supply of goods and services.
• It is a value-added tax levied on most goods and services sold GST COUNCIL
for domestic consumption. • Goods and Services Tax Council is a constitutional body
• It was launched in India in 2017 as a comprehensive indirect for making recommendations to the Union and state
tax for the entire country. government on issues related to GST. The GST Council is
• It is a comprehensive, multistage, destination-based tax: chaired by the Union Finance Minister.
 Comprehensive because it has subsumed almost all the • As per Article 279A of the amended Constitution, the GST
indirect taxes except a few state taxes. Council, which will be a joint forum of the Centre and the
• It is paid by the consumers and is remitted to the government states, shall consist of the following members:
by the businesses selling the goods and services.  The Union finance minister (chairperson).
 The Union minister of state in charge of revenue or
• It is of three types i.e.
finance.
 CGST to be levied by the Centre,
 The minister in charge of finance or taxation or any
 SGST to be levied by the States and
other minister nominated by each state government.
 IGST a tax levied on all Inter-State supplies of goods and/
or services. • As per Article 279A(4), the Council will make
 All these taxes are levied at rates mutually agreed upon recommendations to the Union and the states on important
by the Centre and the States. issues related to GST, like the goods and services that may
be subjected or exempted from GST, model GST Laws,
• The GST Council headed by the Union Finance Minister is the
principles that govern Place of Supply
governing and key decision-making body for GST.

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 Feature Articles Current Affairs
Edition: June 2024

Achievements of GST: • Higher tax burden for some SMEs: Previously, some small
• Better Compliance: GST helped in achieving better tax businesses were exempt from certain taxes. Under GST, the
compliance by subsuming multiple taxation and reduction in registration threshold is lower, bringing more businesses into
taxation burden in the last four years. the tax net, which can strain their resources.

• Automated tax ecosystem: It helped the country in transitioning • Software costs: Migrating to a new tax system often requires
to an automated indirect tax ecosystem. From electronic upgrading accounting software to be GST-compliant. This
compliances, generation of e-invoices to tracking movement can be an additional expense for businesses.
of goods through e-waybill - everything is now online. • Impact on the unorganized sector: The unorganized sector,
• E-invoice & More Revenue: The E-invoicing system helped reduce a large part of the Indian economy, has faced challenges
fake invoicing. Use of technology with online bill generation adapting to GST. Formalizing these businesses can take time.
has resulted in smoother consignment movement and much • GST rates and complexities: The current multi-tier GST structure
fewer disputes with officials. After the introduction of E-invoice, with various tax rates can be intricate for businesses to deal
GST collections have risen steadily since November 2020, with.
surpassing the Rs. 1 lakh crore mark on several occasions. • Adoption & Technical Issues: Small and medium businesses
• Logistical efficiency, production cost cut: Another major are still grappling to adapt to the tech-enabled regime. The
achievement of this regime is the fact that over 50% of logistics fundamental principles on which the GST law was built viz.
effort and time is saved since GST has ensured the removal of seamless flow of input credits and ease of compliance has
multiple checkpoints and permits at state border checkpoints. been impaired by IT glitches,
• Lesser transaction costs: After the introduction of GST, there • Other Concerns: Further, the 15th Finance Commission, in its
has been a significant reduction in transaction costs. This report, has also highlighted several areas of concern in the
reduction has been a huge breakthrough in the interstate GST regime relating to:
movement of products, allowing the country to boast of a  multiplicity of tax rates,
single national unified market for businesses.  shortfall in GST collections vis-à-vis the forecast,
• Cooperative Federalism: The customs portals are linked with  high volatility in GST collections,
the GST portal for credit availing on imports constitution of  inconsistency in filing of returns,
the GST Council and ensuring Centre-State partnership in the  dependence of States on the compensation from Centre
decision-making process. It ensured cooperative federalism
Reforms Needed:
to be its major part.
• Simplification of GST compliance: This could involve reducing the
• Ease of doing business: India's ease of doing business ranking
number of tax return filings, streamlining the return format, and
has improved significantly in the last four years. Before GST
making the process more user-friendly for small businesses.
was implemented, India's Ease of Doing Business ranking
was 130 in 2016. In 2020, India was ranked 63rd on the list. • Reviewing the GST rate structure: There's discussion about
potentially:
• More Freedom: Since the GST rate is the same across the
 Reducing the number of tax slabs: This would make the
country for a particular supply, traders and manufacturers in
system less complex for businesses to manage.
the organised sectors have gained more freedom to choose
 Raising the threshold for GST registration: This could
the best vendors, suppliers, and other stakeholders with
exempt some small businesses from GST altogether,
better pricing, regardless of their location.
reducing their compliance burden.
• Improved Competitiveness: GST has improved the
 Rationalizing tax rates: This might involve merging some
competitiveness of domestic industries in the international
tax slabs or adjusting rates to ensure a balance between
market by removing hidden and embedded taxes.
revenue collection and affordability for consumers.
• Boosting Make in India Initiative: GST will give a major boost
• Technological solutions: Investing in user-friendly technology
to the ‘Make in India’ initiative of the Government of India by
platforms can simplify GST filing and compliance for businesses.
making goods and services produced in India competitive in
• Addressing the challenges of the unorganized sector: Initiatives
the National as well as International market.
to help informal businesses transition smoothly into the GST
Shortcomings of GST: system could be beneficial.
• Increased compliance burden: GST involves multiple tax returns • Improving coordination between Central and State authorities:
and can be complex for small and medium-sized enterprises Streamlined communication and data sharing between federal
(SMEs) to navigate. This can be especially challenging for and state GST authorities can enhance efficiency and reduce
businesses that operate in multiple states. compliance hassles for businesses operating across states.

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 Current Affairs
Economy
INDIAN SPICES UNDER
Edition: June 2024
Feature Articles

SCRUTINY AMID GLOBAL SAFETY WORRIES

Recently, few countries have been raising concerns about the quality of Indian spices.

About: • Major Markets: China, the USA, Bangladesh, and the UAE are
• Hong Kong and Singapore have prohibited the sale of popular key export destinations.
Indian spice brands MDH and Everest due to the detection
Government’s Initiatives:
of the carcinogenic chemical ethylene oxide (it is a flammable
colorless gas with a sweet odor) in their products. • Spices Board of India: It is the flagship organization for the
development and worldwide promotion of Indian spices. It
• Consequently, a mandatory recall from shelves has been
was established by the Spices Board Act, 1986. It acts as a
initiated to safeguard consumer health.
link between Indian exporters and importers abroad.
• Response from India:
• Export Development and Promotion of Spices : It aims to support
 Spices Board Initiative:
the exporter to adopt high-tech processing technologies and
 The Spices Board of India has responded by implementing
upgrade the existing level of technology for the development
mandatory testing of products destined for export.
of industry and to meet the changing food safety standards of
 Additionally, efforts are underway to collaborate with
the importing countries.
exporters in identifying the source of contamination.
• Setting up and maintenance of infrastructure for common
 Regulatory Attention:
processing (Spices Parks)
 The incident has drawn regulatory attention to other
 Spices Board has launched eight crop-specific Spices
consumables like protein drinks, fruit juices, health
Parks in key production/market centers intending to
drinks, and Nestle baby products.
facilitate the farmers to get an improved price realization
 Regulatory lapses are being scrutinized, intensifying
and wider reach for their produce.
health concerns among consumers.
• Implications and Actions: Issues and Concerns:
 Consumer Protection: The bans underscore the importance • Indian spice traders and producers are facing challenges like
of stringent quality control measures to protect consumers food safety, sustainability and traceability.
from harmful substances.
• Operational: India’s diverse food landscape, the lack of
 Export Compliance: Indian authorities are working to ensure
standardized recordkeeping and intentional food fraud may
compliance with international standards to maintain the
prevent manufacturers from efficiently tracing ingredients
integrity of export products and preserve market reputation.
and assessing potential risks, compromising the safety of the
Spices Industry in India: entire food supply chain.

India holds a prominent position in the global spice market as both the • Logistic barriers: At least 10 States/Union Territories lack
largest producer and consumer. government or private notified food testing labs, as mandated
under the FSS Act.
• Continuous Growth: India’s spice production reached 11.14
 These labs are distributed unevenly across regions; have
million tonnes in 2022-23, up from 11.12 million tonnes in the
insufficient number of food safety officers; and were found
previous year.
to operate ineffectively due to resource constraints.
• Export Performance: Spice exports surged to US$ 3.73 billion
• The absent accountability and consequences often mean
in 2022-23, compared to US$ 3.46 billion in 2021-22.
enforcement agencies fail to penalize unscrupulous food
• Wide Variety: India cultivates approximately 75 out of the 109
operators
spice varieties listed by the ISO.
 Under Section 59 of the FSS Act, food businesses found
• Key Spices: Chilli, cumin, turmeric, ginger, and coriander guilty of selling, storing or manufacturing sub-standard
make up 76% of total spice production.
foods can be penalized with a ₹3 lakh penalty and a three-
• Leading States: Top spice-producing states include Madhya month jail term.
Pradesh, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana,
• FSSAI’s operations often lack transparency, which “hinders
Karnataka, Maharashtra, Assam, Orissa, etc. (As per Spices
efforts to meet safety standards”, build accountability and trust
Board of India).
 Surveys that flagged contamination in products like milk
• Global Reach: In 2023-24, India exported spices to 159 and jaggery “have not resulted in positively addressing
destinations worldwide. the rampant practice of adulteration”.

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 Security
U.N. COUNTER-
Feature Articles Current Affairs
Edition: June 2024

TERRORISM TRUST FUND

India has contributed $500,000 to the fund, underscoring commitment to support the global fight against
the terrorism. With its current contribution, India's cumulative financial support now stands at $2.55 million.

About: Terrorism and its Types:

• India’s contribution would support United Nations Office of • Terrorism encompasses a range of complex threats:
Counter-Terrorism’s (UNOCT) global programmes — mainly organized terrorism in conflict zones, foreign terrorist fighters,
Countering Financing of Terrorism (CFT) and Countering radicalized ‘lone wolves’, and attacks using chemical,
Terrorist Travel Programme (CTTP). biological, radiological, nuclear and explosive materials.
• It typically involves the deliberate targeting of civilians and it
U.N. COUNTER-TERRORISM TRUST FUND aims to create a sense of terror. It's a complex and multifaceted
• The Fund was established in 2009 by the Secretary-General phenomenon, often rooted in socio-political grievances,
and transferred to the United Nations Office of Counter- extremism, or radical ideologies.
Terrorism when it was created in 2017. • Terrorism manifests in various forms, each driven by distinct
• The Fund accepts contributions from Governments, goals and ideologies:
inter-governmental and non-governmental organizations,  Ethno-Nationalist Terrorism: Perpetrated by sub-national
private institutions and individuals. ethnic groups aiming to advance their cause, such as
seeking independence or promoting the dominance of
• Since its inception in 2009, UNOCT mobilized US$379.5
one ethnic group over others. Examples include Tamil
million in pledges from 42 funding partners and through
nationalist organizations in Sri Lanka and insurgent
allocations from the United Nations Peace and Development
groups in the North-east.
Trust Fund.  Religious Terrorism: Motivated by religious ideals, terrorists
United Nations Office of Counter-Terrorism: view violence as a divine duty or holy act. Religious
terrorism, exemplified by groups like ISIS, employs distinct
• The United Nations General Assembly established the
legitimization and justification methods, often leading to
United Nations Office of Counter-Terrorism (UNOCT) in
more extreme and brutal actions.
2017.
 Left-Wing Terrorism: Associated with movements like
• Purpose of UNOCT: It was created to provide leadership on the Naxal insurgency, left-wing terrorism targets state
the General Assembly’s counter-terrorism mandates and institutions, particularly in marginalized regions. These
to enhance coordination and coherence across the UN militants seek to disrupt governmental control and
system's counter-terrorism activities. establish alternative governance structures.
 Right-Wing Terrorism: Right-wing terrorists aim to maintain
or revert to a perceived historical status quo, often with
ethnic, racist, or religious undertones. Their objectives
range from establishing hyper-nationalist regimes to
expelling perceived threats to native populations.
 Cyber Terrorism: Utilizing the internet, cyber terrorists
orchestrate attacks on computer networks to intimidate
states and populations. Such attacks disrupt vital services
and infrastructure, posing significant security challenges.
 Bio-Terrorism: Involves the use of biological weapons, either
naturally occurring or modified, to inflict mass casualties
and instill fear. Instances include the deployment of
chemical agents like Sarin gas in Syrian conflicts.
 Nuclear Terrorism: Involves the threat or use of nuclear
weapons by individuals or groups. This includes attacks
on nuclear facilities, acquisition or development of nuclear
weapons, and the potential detonation of such devices,
posing catastrophic risks to life and property.

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 Current Affairs Feature Articles
Edition: June 2024

• Root Causes
MODUS OPERANDI OF
 Addressing the root causes of terrorism, such as poverty,
THE GLOBAL TERRORISTS GROUPS (GTGS)
inequality, political grievances, and extremist ideologies,
• Use of Advanced Technology: There has been a shift in terms requires long-term strategies that extend beyond
of access to advanced technology by terrorist groups that traditional security measures.
has given terrorist groups a tactical edge to carry out their  Comprehensive approaches should include socio-
operations seamlessly. economic development, political reforms, education, and
• Encrypted Messaging: GTGs are highly dependent on community engagement to mitigate the conditions that
the encrypted messaging platforms for instructions and foster terrorism.
preparations of terror attacks, revival of their sleeper cells. • Civil Liberties and Human Rights Concerns:
• Funding: Crowd funding and virtual currencies like bitcoins  Balancing security measures with the protection of civil
are heavily used for terror financing. liberties and human rights presents a significant challenge.
• Lone Wolf Attacks: GTGs continue to urge sympathizers and Measures such as surveillance, detention without trial, and
followers across the world to carry out lone wolf attacks. restrictions on freedom of speech raise ethical concerns.
 It is crucial to ensure that counter-terrorism efforts do not
• Radicalisation: They radicalized youth through
infringe upon fundamental rights and freedoms, maintaining
misinformation and false narrative via extensive use of
a balance that upholds democratic values and the rule of law.
social media platforms.
• Cyberterrorism:
 The internet provides a platform for terrorist propaganda,
Challenges in Tackling Terrorism:
recruitment, and coordination. Addressing online
• Absence of Universal Terrorism Definition: The lack of globally radicalization and countering terrorist narratives in
agreed-upon definitions for terrorism makes it challenging to cyberspace requires collaboration between governments,
classify specific activities as terrorist acts. tech companies, and civil society organizations.
 This ambiguity provides an advantage to terrorists and  Efforts should focus on monitoring and removing extremist
enables some nations to abstain from action by vetoing content, promoting counter-narratives, and enhancing
proposals in international forums. cybersecurity to prevent cyber-attacks.
• Growing Network of Terrorism: The internet offers a largely • Financing and Resources:
unregulated and expansive space where terrorists can create  Tracking and disrupting terrorist financing networks is
and distribute propaganda across numerous websites and challenging due to the use of informal channels, money
social media platforms. They tailor their messages to attract laundering techniques, and legitimate financial institutions.
thousands of potential recruits, furthering their organizational  Efforts should include enhancing financial regulations,
improving international cooperation on financial
goals and spreading their cause.
intelligence, and utilizing advanced technologies to
• Use of Evolving Techniques:
detect and prevent illicit financial flows.
 Terrorist groups continuously adapt their tactics,
• Lone Actors:
techniques, and procedures to evade detection and carry
 The rise of homegrown terrorists and lone actors presents
out attacks. Notably, there has been an increase in the a challenge for counterterrorism efforts. These individuals
use of drones for cross-border trafficking of arms and may not have direct connections to established terrorist
drugs, as well as for launching terror attacks. groups, making them harder to detect and prevent.
 These technological advancements pose significant  Strategies should include community policing, public
challenges to traditional security measures, requiring awareness campaigns, and monitoring of social media
continuous innovation and adaptation in counter-terrorism and other platforms for signs of radicalization.
strategies.
Global Measures Taken:
• Transnational Nature:
• United Nations Counterterrorism Framework: The UN Security
 Terrorism often transcends national borders, complicating
Council has adopted several resolutions that provide a legal
efforts to address the threat effectively on a unilateral basis. framework for counterterrorism actions, including measures
 The international nature of terrorist networks necessitates to prevent terrorist financing, stem the flow of foreign fighters,
robust cooperation and intelligence-sharing among and strengthen border security.
nations. Joint operations, extradition treaties, and • Financial Action Task Force (FATF): FATF is an intergovernmental
collaborative legal frameworks are essential to combat organization that sets standards and promotes policies to
transnational terrorism effectively. combat money laundering and terrorist financing.

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 Member countries implement FATF recommendations • Financial Counter-Measures:

to strengthen their anti-money laundering and  Anti-Money Laundering: Implementing stringent anti-money
counterterrorism financing regimes. laundering regulations like PMLA and FEMA to disrupt
• Global Counterterrorism Forum (GCTF): GCTF is a multilateral terror financing.
forum that facilitates cooperation and capacity-building  Financial Intelligence Unit (FIU): Strengthening the FIU to
initiatives to strengthen counterterrorism efforts worldwide. track and analyze financial transactions linked to terrorism.
• Terrorism Prevention Branch (TPB) of the United Nations Office:
Way Forward:
It plays a crucial role in international counter-terrorism efforts.
• Targeted Counter-Terrorism Measures
It assists Member States, upon request, with the ratification,
 Disrupting Financing: Implement stringent measures to
legislative incorporation, and implementation of the universal
disrupt terrorist financing networks, including enhanced
legal framework against terrorism.
monitoring of financial transactions and cooperation with
India’s Efforts to Combat Terrorism: financial institutions.
 Securing Critical Infrastructure: Strengthen cybersecurity
• Legal and Institutional Frameworks:
measures to protect critical infrastructure from cyber-
 Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA): Strengthening
attacks and sabotage by terrorist groups.
the UAPA to provide a robust legal framework for dealing
 Preventing Radicalization: Develop and implement
with terrorism-related activities.
targeted programs to prevent radicalization, including
 National Investigation Agency (NIA): Establishing the NIA
deradicalization and rehabilitation initiatives for individuals
in 2008 to investigate and prosecute offenses related to
at risk of extremism.
terrorism across the country.
• Addressing Root Causes:
• Enhancing Intelligence and Surveillance:
 Socio-Economic Development: Invest in education,
 Multi-Agency Centre (MAC): Strengthening the MAC for employment opportunities, and infrastructure in
better intelligence sharing and coordination among marginalized communities to address socio-economic
various agencies. grievances exploited by terrorist groups.
 National Intelligence Grid (NATGRID): Developing NATGRID  Promoting Tolerance and Dialogue: Foster interfaith and
to enhance the capability of security agencies to access intercultural dialogue to promote tolerance and counter
real-time information on terror suspects. extremist ideologies.
• Border Security and Control:  Conflict Resolution: Resolve conflicts through diplomatic
 Border Security Force (BSF) and Other CAPFs: These forces means to eliminate conditions conducive to terrorist
are established to secure India’s borders and prevent recruitment and radicalization.
cross-border terrorism. • International Cooperation and Coordination:
 Integrated Check Posts (ICPs): Establishing ICPs at various  Enhanced Intelligence Sharing: Strengthen international
border points to improve security and prevent illegal partnerships for timely intelligence sharing to identify and
crossings. thwart terrorist plots across borders.
• International Cooperation:  Joint Counter-Terrorism Operations: Conduct joint
 Bilateral Agreements: Signing bilateral agreements with operations among nations to disrupt terrorist networks
various countries for mutual cooperation in combating and prevent the movement of terrorists.
terrorism.  Multilateral Agreements: Foster agreements and treaties
to streamline legal frameworks for extradition and
• Global Forums: Actively participating in global forums like
prosecution of terrorists globally.
the United Nations, FATF (Financial Action Task Force), and
 Adopt and Implement Comprehensive Convention on
SCO-Regional Anti Terrorists Structure (Shanghai Cooperation
International Terrorism (CCIT) : It aims to establish a
Organisation) to strengthen international counter-terrorism efforts.
universally accepted definition of terrorism, enabling all
• Counter-Radicalization Measures: members of the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA)
 Community Engagement: Engaging with communities to to incorporate it into their respective criminal laws.
prevent radicalization and promote social harmony and  Its objectives also include the prohibition of all terrorist
implementing educational programs to counter extremist groups, the prosecution of terrorists through special
ideologies and promote awareness. legislation, and the designation of cross-border terrorism
• Capacity Building and Training of Forces: Enhancing the as an extraditable offense worldwide.
capabilities of forces like NSG (National Security Guard)  India introduced a draft proposal for the CCIT at the UN
and other paramilitary units. Providing specialized training to in 1986. Despite this initiative, the UNGA has not yet
police forces on counter-terrorism tactics and response. adopted the convention.

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 Current Affairs
Environment Feature Articles
Edition: June 2024

WARMING OF INDIAN OCEAN

According to the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM), between 1950-2020, the Indian Ocean
had become warmer by 1.2°C and climate models expect it to heat up a further 1.7°C–3.8°C from 2020–2100.

Key Highlights: MARINE HEAT WAVES

• Projected Increase in Frequency:
 Marine heatwaves, currently averaging 20 days per
year, are forecasted to surge dramatically, potentially
escalating tenfold to 220–250 days annually.
 The tropical Indian Ocean, in particular, faces the ominous
prospect of transitioning into a near-permanent state of
heatwave conditions, posing grave consequences for
marine ecosystems and biodiversity.
• Ecological Impact:
 The intensification of marine heatwaves precipitates
widespread habitat degradation, characterized by
phenomena such as coral bleaching, seagrass loss, and
the deterioration of kelp forests.
 These ecological disruptions reverberate throughout the • Definition and Measurement:
marine food web, exerting detrimental effects on fisheries  A marine heatwave denotes a prolonged period of
and jeopardizing the livelihoods of coastal communities anomalously high ocean temperatures, delineated by
reliant on marine resources. its duration and intensity.
• Escalating Heat Content:  Scientists typically gauge ocean temperature using sea
 The heat content of the Indian Ocean, measured from the surface temperature (SST), with deviations from the
surface to a depth of 2,000 meters, is currently escalating average SST termed as temperature anomalies.
at an alarming rate of 4.5 zetta-joules per decade.  The threshold for defining a marine heatwave varies
 Projections suggest a staggering acceleration to 16–22 globally, but as a general guideline, an SST anomaly of
zetta-joules per decade in the future, underscoring the 1 degree Celsius (approximately 2 degrees Fahrenheit)
magnitude of anthropogenic-driven ocean warming and may signify a marine heatwave, while anomalies of 2-3
its implications for climate dynamics. degrees Celsius (or about 4-6 degrees Fahrenheit) are
• Thermal Expansion and Sea-Level Rise: indicative of more extreme heatwave events.
 Rising ocean temperatures engender thermal expansion, • Scope and Duration:
causing seawater volume to swell—a phenomenon known  Marine heatwaves can occur year-round and span
as thermal expansion.
expansive distances across the Ocean, ranging from
 This process accounts for over half of the observed sea-
500 to 2000 kilometers (or 300 to 600 miles).
level rise in the Indian Ocean, surpassing the contributions
 These warm periods, characterized by elevated SSTs,
from glacial and sea-ice melting.
exert far-reaching impacts on marine ecosystems,
 Consequently, coastal regions face heightened
biodiversity, and climate dynamics.
vulnerability to inundation and erosion, exacerbating risks
• Environmental Implications:
associated with sea-level rise.
 The proliferation of marine heatwaves poses significant
• Shifts in Dipole Events:
ecological and environmental challenges, precipitating
 Climate models project notable alterations in the
widespread coral bleaching, marine species
frequency and intensity of dipole events—an atmospheric
displacement, and alterations in oceanic circulation
phenomenon characterized by temperature differentials
patterns.
between the western and eastern Indian Ocean.
 While extreme dipole events are anticipated to surge by  Moreover, marine heatwaves can exacerbate the
66%, moderate events are projected to decline by 52% frequency and intensity of extreme weather events,
by the century's end, accentuating the variability and such as hurricanes and typhoons, further destabilizing
unpredictability of regional climate patterns. coastal ecosystems and communities.

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Impacts of Ocean Warming on Climate and Ecosystems:  To mitigate the impacts of Marine Heatwaves (MHWs),
• Monsoon Season Vulnerability: concerted efforts are required to slow down ocean
 Ocean warming poses significant implications for the warming.
southwest monsoon season, which supplies approximately  Governments must prioritize the implementation of
70% of India's annual rainfall. measures aimed at reducing fossil fuel-based emissions,
 Elevated sea surface temperatures can disrupt in alignment with the objectives outlined in the Paris
atmospheric circulation patterns, potentially altering Agreement.
precipitation patterns and intensifying the variability of  Additionally, investment in nature-based solutions, guided
monsoon rainfall. by the IUCN Global Standard for Nature-based Solutions,
• Heightened Risk of Extreme Weather Events: can bolster ecosystem resilience and mitigate the impacts
 The escalation of ocean temperatures may exacerbate the of MHWs.
frequency and intensity of extreme weather phenomena, • Enhancing Research and Monitoring:
including tropical cyclones and floods.  Building research capacity is essential for monitoring
 Rising sea levels, stemming from thermal expansion, MHWs, understanding their impacts, and predicting
further compound the risks associated with coastal future heatwave events.
inundation and erosion, amplifying vulnerabilities for  Research initiatives should strive to establish a
coastal communities and infrastructure. temperature baseline considering species' thermal limits,
• Impact on Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD): and integrate physical and biological data to enhance
 Ocean warming is anticipated to influence the behavior predictive capabilities and identify vulnerable biodiversity.
of the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD), a climate phenomenon  Establishing global networks, such as the Marine
characterized by temperature differentials across the Heatwave International Group, facilitates collaboration
Indian Ocean. and enables the implementation of comprehensive
 Changes in IOD phases can exert pronounced effects research programs.
on regional climate patterns, influencing monsoon rainfall • Multi-Stakeholder Engagement:
dynamics across India and South Asia.  Effective responses to MHWs necessitate the collective
action of diverse stakeholders, including policymakers,
researchers, the private sector (e.g., fisheries, aquaculture,
ecotourism), conservationists, and civil society.
 Local management agencies play a crucial role in raising
awareness among stakeholders and implementing forecast
systems to facilitate a coordinated response to MHW events.
• Building Regional Ocean Resilience:
 National and sub-national governments are urged to
design and implement measures aimed at protecting
communities and enhancing regional ocean resilience.
 Initiatives may include the establishment and conservation
• Ocean Acidification: of marine protected areas to serve as sanctuaries for
 The projected decrease in ocean pH levels, from vulnerable species, as well as the implementation of catch
approximately 8.1 to 7.7 by the century's end, underscores management regulations to mitigate economic losses
the phenomenon of ocean acidification. associated with MHWs.
 This shift in acidity levels can have detrimental
Way Ahead:
consequences for marine ecosystems, as many marine
organisms exhibit sensitivity to changes in ocean acidity. • Addressing the impending challenges in the Indian Ocean
 Disruptions in pH balance may disrupt marine food demands a multifaceted approach.
webs, coral reef health, and biodiversity, jeopardizing the  Reducing GHG emissions and building climate-resilient
resilience of coastal ecosystems. infrastructure are the most effective strategies to mitigate
the current and future impacts of warming.
Addressing the Challenges of Marine Heatwaves: • Conserving marine ecosystems through sustainable practices
Strategies for Mitigation: and improving forecasting capabilities can strengthen the
• Mitigating Ocean Warming: region’s resilience to extreme weather events.

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 Current Affairs
Environment
Edition: June 2024 WATER FORFeature Articles

SHARED PROSPERITY REPORT

The World Bank has released the Water for
Shared Prosperity report at the 10th World Water Forum in Bali, Indonesia.

About:  The Democratic Republic of the Congo has more than half
• It highlights the global inequalities in water access and of Africa’s total water resources.
recommends pro-poor and inclusive interventions to improve • Climate change: Climate change is also increasing water-
water security and boosting shared prosperity. related risks.
• The report emphasises the widening gap in access to water  Between 2000 and 2021, developing countries
resources and services, with implications for human and experienced more severe droughts and longer-lasting
economic development worldwide. floods than advanced economies, which had long-term
consequences for nutrition, school attendance, and
WORLD WATER FORUM economic welfare.
• Risk of Drought: Globally, over 800 million people are at high
• The World Water Forum is organized every three years
risk of drought, with twice as many living in flood-prone areas.
between the World Water Council and a host country.
• The Forum provides a unique platform where the water • Employment: Water-intensive sectors account for 56 percent
community and key decision makers can collaborate and of jobs in low-income countries but only 20 percent in high-
make long-term progress on global water challenges. income countries.
• The Forum brings together participants from all levels and  In Sub-Saharan Africa, where water-dependent jobs
areas, including politics, multilateral institutions, academia, account for 62 percent of total employment, low rainfall
civil society and the private sector, among others. availability frequently results in significant negative gross
domestic product or GDP growth.
Major Highlights of the Report: • Poor Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH): At the global level,
during 2019 alone, poor WASH conditions contributed to
• Water determines prosperity through three primary channels:
between 1.4 and 4.2 million deaths.
as safe drinking water, as an essential input for various
 Lack of access to WASH also affects optimal cognitive
economic sectors, and as a critical support for ecosystems.
development, school attainment, labor productivity, and
income.

Recommendations:
• Enhancing resilience to extreme hydro-climatic risks for the
poorest by
 Setting up robust and inclusive early-warning systems.
 Developing insurance programs for weather risks.
 Scaling up social protection schemes to assist vulnerable
communities impacted by floods, droughts, or both.
• Improving water resources development, management, and
• Access to Safe Water: In 2022, 2.2 billion people lacked access
allocation by:
to safely managed drinking water services, while 3.5 billion
 Scaling up nature-based solutions through innovative
lacked access to safely managed sanitation.
financing schemes and evidence-based approaches.
 Low-income countries, in particular, have seen regression
 Enabling coordination of and cooperation for water allocation
in access to safe drinking water, with an additional 197
through information sharing and financial incentives.
million people lacking access since 2000.
 Adopting water accounting to inform water allocation
• Rural-Urban Gap: Eight out of ten people who do not have
decisions.
access to basic drinking water and sanitation services live in
• Improving equitable and inclusive service delivery by
rural areas, and little progress has been made in closing the
 Scaling up financing through institutional and tariff reforms.
rural-urban access gap in low-income countries over the last
 Creating an enabling regulatory and policy environment to
two decades.
promote innovations.
• Most Water Stressed: Hotspots in the Sahel, Southeastern Africa,
 Improving coordination of institutions responsible for
and South and Central Asia are the most water stressed.
water, health, education, and urban planning.

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SCARCITY OF WATER IN INDIA • Atal Bhujal Yojana (ABHY): Launched in 2019, the Atal
• India has 18 percent of the world’s population, but only 4 Bhujal Yojana aims to improve groundwater management
percent of its water resources, making it among the most and promote sustainable groundwater use in identified
water-stressed in the world. water-stressed areas across India.

• A NITI Aayog report, ‘Composite Water Management Index’ • The Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation
(2018) has said that India is facing its ‘worst’ water crisis (AMRUT): It was launched in 2015 in selected 500
in history, with more than 600 million people facing acute cities and focuses on the development of basic urban
water shortages. infrastructure in the Mission cities in the sectors of water
supply, sewerage & septage management, storm water
• India is facing a threat of water shortage as water levels in
drainage, green spaces & parks and non-motorized urban
reservoirs across India have reported lower storage levels
transport.
than last year.
• Namami Gange Programme: Launched in 2014, it aims to
Government Initiatives to Tackle Shortage of Water in India: rejuvenate the River Ganga and its tributaries by addressing
• National Water Mission (NWM): NWM aims to conserve pollution, promoting sustainable wastewater management,
water, minimize wastage, and ensure equitable distribution and restoring the ecological health of the river basin.
of water across various sectors. • Interlinking of Rivers (ILR): The National Water Development
 It focuses on promoting water use efficiency, Agency (NWDA) has been entrusted with the work of inter-
groundwater recharge, and sustainable development linking of rivers under the National Perspective Plan (NPP).
of water resources.  NPP has two components, viz., Himalayan Rivers
• Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM): Launched in 2019, the Jal Jeevan Development Component and Peninsular Rivers
Mission aims to provide piped water supply to all rural Development Component.
households by 2024.  30 link projects have been identified under NPP.

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 Current Affairs
Environment Feature Articles
Edition: June 2024

NEED OF GLOBAL PLASTICS TREATY

Negotiators and observers from 175 countries arrived in Ottawa, Canada,
to begin talks regarding the very first global treaty to curb plastics pollution.

Background: Concerns of Plastic Pollution:

• Introduction: • Durability and Decomposition:
 Under the auspices of the UN Environment Assembly  Plastics pose a formidable challenge to environmental
Resolution 5/14, the Intergovernmental Negotiating preservation owing to their sluggish decomposition rate in
Committee (INC) has been tasked with the critical mission natural ecosystems.
of formulating a global plastics treaty by the end of 2024.  Over time, plastics disintegrate into minute particles
 This landmark initiative represents a concerted effort to known as microplastics, dispersing widely across the
address the escalating crisis of plastic pollution on a globe, from the ocean depths to remote mountain peaks.
worldwide scale. • Health Hazards:
• Commencement and Progress:  Throughout the lifecycle of plastics, humans are
 The INC commenced its deliberations in the latter half exposed to a diverse range of hazardous chemicals and
of 2022, marking the initiation of the fourth round of microplastics, primarily through inhalation, ingestion, and
negotiations aimed at crafting the framework for the direct skin contact.
proposed treaty.  According to the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), an
 Over the course of successive rounds, stakeholders have average individual may ingest approximately 5 grams of
engaged in constructive dialogue and collaboration to plastic per week, emphasizing the pervasive nature of
confront the multifaceted challenges posed by plastic waste. plastic contamination in daily life.
• Final Round and Venue:  While research on the health effects of plastics is relatively
 As the INC advances towards its objective, the forthcoming recent, scientific findings thus far indicate that the presence
and pivotal final round of negotiations is slated to convene of toxic chemical additives and pollutants in plastics poses
in South Korea. a significant threat to human health globally.
 Against the backdrop of this crucial summit,  Documented health repercussions include carcinogenic
representatives from member states, alongside experts effects and endocrine disruption, which can adversely
and stakeholders, will endeavor to finalize the terms affect reproductive, growth, and cognitive functions.
of the global plastics treaty, charting a course towards  Many of these chemical additives not only pose
meaningful environmental stewardship and sustainable immediate health risks but also persist in the environment
resource management. and bioaccumulate in organisms, exacerbating long-term
health concerns.
PLASTICS  Furthermore, studies have demonstrated that microplastics
• Plastics, a category of synthetic or man-made polymers, can detrimentally impact human health by serving as carriers
bear resemblance to natural resins found in botanical for pathogens, facilitating the transmission of diseases.
sources like trees and plants. • Contributor to Climate Change:
• These are the complex organic compounds formed  As derivatives of petroleum, plastics contribute to the
through polymerization, wherein small molecules undergo exacerbation of global warming.
a process of combination to produce extensive chainlike  Incineration of plastic waste releases toxic emissions
structures. and carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, compounding
environmental degradation and climate change impacts.
POLYMERS USED IN PLASTICS
 Plastic production, primarily reliant on fossil fuel
• The polymers used in plastic production are: Polyethylene
feedstocks, is intricately linked with the fossil industry,
terephthalate or PET, High-density polyethylene or HDPE,
given that approximately 99% of plastics originate from
Polyvinyl chloride or PVC, Low-density polyethylene or
these sources.
LDPE, Polypropylene or PP, and Polystyrene or PS.
 Petrochemicals, integral to plastic manufacturing, are
• Each of these have different properties and can be forecasted to emerge as the primary driver of global oil
identified by their resin identification code (RIC) denoted by demand escalation until 2030, highlighting the significant
symbols found on plastic products. role of plastics in fueling fossil fuel consumption.

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 Throughout the lifecycle of plastics, greenhouse gas  Notably, the vast majority (90%) of these emissions stem
emissions are released, posing a direct threat to the from the production phase, highlighting the carbon-
global community's efforts to limit global temperature rise intensive nature of plastic manufacturing processes.
to below 1.5°C.
 The exponential expansion of the plastic industry on Global Efforts In Tackling Plastic Waste:
a global scale, predominantly fueled by natural gas, • London Convention: The 1972 Convention on the Prevention
undermines endeavors aimed at curbing carbon of Marine Pollution by Dumping Wastes and Other Matter.
emissions and averting climate disasters. • Clean Seas Campaign: The United Nations Environment
 Projections suggest that greenhouse gas emissions Programme launched the Campaign in 2017. It became
stemming from plastics could account for approximately the largest global campaign to raise awareness on plastic
13% of the entire remaining carbon budget by 2050, pollution and marine litter.
underscoring the urgent need for mitigative action. • Basel Convention: In 2019, the Basel Convention was amended
• Economic Implications: to include plastic waste as a regulated material.
 Plastic pollution exacts a toll on economies worldwide,  The Convention contains three main entries on plastic
particularly in tourist destinations. wastes in Annex II, VIII and IX of the Convention. The Plastic
 The unsightly presence of plastic waste diminishes the Waste Amendments of the convention are now binding on
aesthetic appeal of scenic locales, resulting in reduced 186 States.
tourism revenues and substantial economic burdens
INDIA’S EFFORTS IN TACKLING PLASTIC WASTE
associated with site cleaning and maintenance efforts.
• Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR): The Indian
Need for Global Treaty: government has implemented EPR, making plastic
• Rapid Expansion of Production: manufacturers responsible for managing and disposing of
 Since 1950, global plastic production has surged from the waste generated by their products.
a modest 2 million tonnes to an astounding 450 million • Plastic Waste Management (Amendment) Rules, 2022: It
tonnes in 2019. prohibits manufacture, import, stocking, distribution, sale
 This trajectory shows no signs of abating, with projections and use of plastic carry bags having thickness less than
indicating a doubling of production by 2050 and a tripling 120 microns.
by 2060 if current trends persist. • Swachh Bharat Abhiyan: It is a national cleanliness
• Persistent Environmental Impact: campaign, which includes the collection and disposal of
 Despite its ubiquity, plastic remains a persistent pollutant plastic waste.
• Plastic Parks: India has set up Plastic Parks, which are
in the environment due to its protracted decomposition
specialized industrial zones for recycling and processing
period, ranging from 20 to 500 years.
plastic waste.
 Alarmingly, less than 10% of plastic waste has been
recycled to date, resulting in an estimated 6 billion tonnes
of plastic littering the planet, as revealed in a 2023 study Way Ahead:
published by The Lancet. • Significance Comparable to Paris Agreement: Expected to be
• Escalating Waste Generation: the most significant environmental accord since the 2015 Paris
 The staggering scale of plastic waste generation is Agreement, addressing the global plastic pollution crisis.
exemplified by an annual output of approximately 400 • Equitable Guidelines for Plastic Reduction: Aims to establish
million tonnes, a figure projected to soar by 62% between fair guidelines for reducing plastics, especially aiding
2024 and 2050. economically disadvantaged nations in achieving targets.
 This exponential increase underscores the urgent need • Delineation of Responsibilities: Seeks to foster international
for comprehensive waste management strategies and cooperation, ensuring all countries, regardless of economic
sustainable solutions. status, contribute to reducing plastic pollution.
• Contribution to Greenhouse Gas Emissions: • Comprehensive Regulatory Framework: Potentially enacts
 Plastic production exacts a significant toll on the wide-ranging measures to curb plastic pollution, including
environment, contributing to greenhouse gas (GHG) banning certain plastics and additives.
emissions. • Legally Binding Recycling Targets: May set mandatory targets
 In 2019 alone, plastics accounted for 1.8 billion tonnes of for recycling rates and the use of recycled content in
GHG emissions, constituting 3.4% of global emissions. consumer goods to promote sustainability.

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Geography Feature Articles
Edition: June 2024

WORLD MIGRATION REPORT 2024

The International Organisation for Migration (IOM) has released its World Migration Report 2024.
Since 2000, IOM has been producing its flagship world migration reports every two years.

Findings: • Concerns: Migrant workers continue to face financial

• International remittances surged by 650 percent, from USD exploitation, excessive financial debt due to migration costs,
128 billion to USD 831 billion between 2000 and 2022. xenophobia and workplace abuses.
 Migrant remittances surpass foreign direct investment in  The impact of the pandemic has been severe on both
boosting the GDP of developing nations. internal and international Indian emigrant workers,
particularly low-skilled emigrants on short-term contracts.
• In 2022, India, Mexico, China, the Philippines and France
 Loss of jobs along with wage theft and lack of social
were the top five remittance recipient countries.
security during the pandemic has plunged many Indian
• India received over USD 111 billion in remittances in 2022, the
migrants into deep debt and insecurity.
largest in the world, becoming the first country to reach and
even surpass the USD 100 billion mark. Factors Responsible for Global Displacement:
 India was the top country receiving remittances in 2010, • Conflict and War: Armed conflict and war are primary drivers
2015, and 2020. of displacement, forcing millions of people to flee their homes
 India is also the origin of the largest number of international to seek safety in other regions or countries.
migrants in the world, with large diasporas living in  Ongoing conflicts in countries like Ukraine, Israel, Iraq,
countries such as the United Arab Emirates, the United Syria, Yemen, South Sudan, and Afghanistan have led to
States and Saudi Arabia. significant displacement.
• Pakistan and Bangladesh were the sixth and eighth largest • Human Rights Violations: Persecution based on ethnicity,
international remittance recipients in 2022. religion, political beliefs, or other factors forces individuals
• Largest Regional Inflow of Remittance: Southern Asia receives and communities to flee their homes.
some of the largest inflows of remittances globally. • Natural Disasters: Floods, hurricanes, earthquakes, and
 Three countries in Southern Asia – India, Pakistan droughts displaced populations, either temporarily or
and Bangladesh, rank among the top ten recipients of permanently.
international remittances in the world, underscoring the  Climate change is exacerbating the frequency and
significance of labour migration from the subregion. intensity of some of these disasters, leading to more
• Reasons for Migration: Political or economic instability as well displacement.
as climate change and other disasters. • Economic Hardship: Economic instability, poverty, lack of job
 In 2022, there were 117 million displaced people in the opportunities, and inequality compel people to leave their
world, and 71.2 million internally displaced people. homes in search of better economic prospects elsewhere.
 The number of asylum-seekers has risen more than 30 • Ethnic and Religious Conflict: Tensions between different
percent since 2020. ethnic or religious groups lead to violence and displacement,
• Destination Countries: Migrants continue to comprise high particularly in areas where these identities are deeply
proportions of the total populations in many Gulf Cooperation entrenched and where there's a history of conflict.
Council (GCC) States. • Discrimination and Marginalization: Discrimination based on
 In the United Arab Emirates, Kuwait and Qatar, migrants factors such as ethnicity, race, gender, or sexual orientation
made up 88 percent, nearly 73 and 77 percent of the lead to marginalization and exclusion, forcing people to leave
national populations, respectively. their homes in search of acceptance and safety elsewhere.
 Most migrants work in sectors such as construction,
hospitality, security, domestic work and retail. Challenges Faced by Migrants:
• Mobile Students: Countries in Asia are the origins of the largest • Legal and Administrative Hurdles: Migrants face legal barriers
number of internationally mobile students in the world. and administrative hurdles related to obtaining visas, residency
 In 2021, more than one million internationally mobile permits, or asylum status in their destination countries.
students were from China and the US is the largest • Language and Cultural Barriers: Communication barriers make
destination country for international mobile students, it difficult to access services, find employment, or integrate
followed by the UK, Australia, Germanyand Canada. into local communities.

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• Economic Challenges: Finding employment and economic participation in society and reduce anti-migrant sentiment
stability in a new country can be challenging for migrants, and discrimination.
especially if they lack formal education, job skills, or legal • Ensure that migrant policies recognize and address the
authorization to work. social determinants of mental health and prioritize basic needs,
• Social Exclusion and Discrimination: Migrants encounter including food, housing, safety, and education or employment.
discrimination, prejudice, and social exclusion in their • Strengthen the capacity of health care workers to assess and
destination countries due to their nationality, ethnicity, treat mental health conditions among refugees and migrants
religion, or immigration status. from diverse cultural backgrounds.
• Mental Health Issues: Migrants experience psychological • Safeguard the human rights of all refugees and migrants
distress, trauma, and mental health issues due to the stress of
regardless of legal status by strengthening national and
displacement, separation from family and support networks,
international policies and criminal justice measures that
experiences of violence or persecution, and uncertainty
protect migrants from discrimination and violence.
about their future.
• Exploitation: Migrants, especially those in irregular or
undocumented status, are vulnerable to exploitation, human
trafficking, and abuse by smugglers, traffickers, employers,
or criminal networks.
• Housing and Shelter: Migrants often struggle to find affordable
and safe housing in their destination countries, especially in
urban areas where housing shortages and high rents are
common.
 Many end up living in overcrowded and substandard
conditions or are at risk of homelessness.
• Lack of Legal Protection: Migrants, particularly asylum seekers
and refugees, face violations of their human rights, including
detention, deportation, arbitrary arrest, or denial of due
process.
 They also lack access to legal representation and
advocacy to defend their rights and seek justice.

INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR MIGRATION (IOM)

• United Nations Affiliation: Established in 1951, it operates
as a primary inter-governmental entity within the United
Nations System, advocating for humane and well-regulated
migration worldwide.
• Global Presence: With 175 member states and operational
reach spanning 171 nations, it maintains an extensive
network facilitating its migration-centric initiatives globally.
• Collaborative Approach: By engaging with governmental,
intergovernmental, and non-governmental entities, it works
towards enhancing the resilience of migrating populations,
especially those facing precarious circumstances.
• Headquarters Location: Situated in Geneva, Switzerland, it
serves as the central hub for strategizing and implementing
its migration-focused endeavors.

Suggestions:
• Implement policies and programmes for refugees and
migrants that promote their social integration, their

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 Current Affairs
Geography Feature Articles
Edition: June 2024

LANDSLIDE VULNERABILITY IN INDIA

Heavy rain caused by the cyclone Remal triggered
landslides in several places in Meghalaya, Mizoram, Assam, and Nagaland.

About: Causes of Landslides:

• Definition: Landslides are geological events characterized by Natural Causes:
the sudden and rapid movement of rock, soil, or debris down • Heavy Rainfall: Heavy rainfall increases pore water pressure
a slope due to gravity. and soil saturation, making slopes unstable and prone to
• Occurrence: Typically found in regions with specific landslides.
characteristics: • Erosion: Erosion removes cohesive elements like clay and
 Steep terrain: Hilly or mountainous areas are prone to vegetation from soil or rock, reducing stability and increasing
landslides due to gravitational forces. landslide susceptibility.
 Presence of joints and fissures: Areas with geological • Earthquakes: Intense ground shaking during earthquakes
weaknesses are susceptible to landslides. destabilizes rocks and soils, triggering landslides.
 Surface runoff: Locations where water runoff accumulates
• Volcanic Eruptions: Volcanic eruptions deposit ash and debris,
or is directed towards slopes increase the likelihood of
overloading slopes, while seismic activity adds to instability,
landslides.
leading to landslides.
 Saturation: Heavy saturation of soil or rock layers with
water can reduce friction and trigger landslides. Anthropogenic Causes:
• Deforestation: Removal of vegetation cover through
Understanding Landslide Vulnerability in India:
deforestation reduces soil cohesion and obstructs debris
• Extent of Vulnerability:
flow, increasing landslide risk.
 Approximately 0.42 million square km of India's land area,
• Encroachment in Vulnerable Terrains: Human encroachment in
constituting about 13% of the total area, is susceptible to
landslide-prone areas, like hilly terrains, leads to increased
landslides, as reported by the Geological Survey of India
construction, escalating landslide probabilities.
(GSI).
• Uncontrolled Excavation: Unauthorized or poorly planned
 This vulnerable area spans across 15 states and four
excavation activities, such as mining or quarrying, destabilize
Union Territories, encompassing nearly all hilly regions in
slopes, raising landslide hazards.
the country.
• Climate Change: Anthropogenic-induced climate change
• Northeastern Region Focus:
alters precipitation patterns and increases extreme weather
 About 0.18 million square km, or 42% of the susceptible
events, contributing to landslide occurrences.
area, is concentrated in the Northeastern region of India,
where the terrain is predominantly hilly.
Steps to be taken:
 This region is also prone to earthquakes, which significantly
• Risk Assessment and Mapping: Conduct comprehensive risk
contribute to landslide occurrences.
assessments to identify landslide-prone areas and create
• Landslide Incidence: detailed maps highlighting vulnerable regions. This will aid in
 Between 2015 and 2022, the eight states in the Northeastern proactive planning and resource allocation.
region, including Sikkim, experienced 378 major landslide
• Early Warning Systems: Implement advanced early warning
events resulting in loss of life or property damage.
systems using technologies such as sensors, satellite
 Kerala, post the devastating floods in 2018, witnessed
imagery, and weather forecasting to detect potential landslide
the highest number of landslides (2,239) among all states
triggers and alert communities in advance.
during this period.
• Infrastructure Development: Invest in infrastructure projects
• Mitigation Efforts:
aimed at mitigating landslide risks, including the construction
 The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA),
of retaining walls, slope stabilization measures, and drainage
in collaboration with GSI and other agencies, has been
systems to redirect water away from vulnerable areas.
actively involved in mitigating landslide risks.
• Land Use Planning and Regulation: Enforce strict land use
 A National Landslide Risk Management Strategy, finalized
regulations to prevent uncontrolled development in high-risk
in 2019, emphasizes vulnerability mapping, early warning
landslide zones. Implement zoning laws and building codes
systems, and formulation of mountain zone regulations to
that restrict construction in areas prone to landslides.
address landslide threats effectively.

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• Community Education and Awareness: Launch public • Emergency Response Preparedness: Develop and train
awareness campaigns to educate communities about the emergency response teams equipped with necessary tools
risks of landslides and the preventive measures they can and resources to quickly respond to landslide incidents.
take. Provide training on early warning signs and evacuation Establish coordination mechanisms between local authorities,
procedures to enhance community preparedness. emergency services, and other stakeholders.
• Vegetation and Afforestation: Promote afforestation and • Research and Monitoring: Support ongoing research initiatives
vegetation management programs to stabilize slopes, focused on understanding landslide dynamics, monitoring
enhance soil structure, and reduce erosion, consequently environmental factors, and developing innovative mitigation
minimizing landslide risks. strategies tailored to the Indian context.

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 Current
CultureAffairs
& History
163RD BIRTH
Edition: June 2024
Feature Articles

ANNIVERSARY OF RABINDRANATH TAGORE

Rabindranath Tagore Jayanti was celebrated recently.

About: novels, continues to be revered and dissected across

• Early Life: various artistic domains.
 Born on May 9, 1861, in Calcutta (now Kolkata), Bengal,  Notably, he was the first non-European to be honored with
Rabindranath Tagore hailed from a prominent Bengali the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1913.
Brahmin family. • National Anthem Contributions:
 He was the youngest son of Debendranath Tagore, a  Tagore's influence extends to national identity, as he
notable leader of the Brahmo Samaj, a religious reform authored both the national anthem of India, "Jana Gana
movement initiated by Raja Ram Mohan Roy. Mana," and the national anthem of Bangladesh.
 Tagore's grandfather, Dwarkanath Tagore, was a wealthy  His repertoire includes timeless classics like "Gitanjali,"
landlord and social reformer, deeply involved in the "Post Master," "Kabuliwallah," and "Nastanirh," which
Brahmo Samaj movement.
resonate with readers to this day.
• Influences and Education:  His compositions such as "Majhe Majhe Tobo," "Akash
 Raised in an environment steeped in liberal ideals and Bhara," and "Amar Hiyar Majhe" are frequently performed
the teachings of the Upanishads, Tagore developed a
by eminent vocalists across Bengal and India.
profound appreciation for life and humanity.
• Cinematic Adaptations and Educational Philosophy:
 His education primarily occurred at home and through
extensive travels.  Renowned filmmaker Satyajit Ray adapted several
 He exhibited his literary talent early, composing his first of Tagore's short stories and novels into memorable
verse at the age of eight. cinematic experiences.
 Despite briefly attending a school in England, he opted  Additionally, Tagore's visionary educational approach
for self-education, reflecting his independent spirit and led to the establishment of the esteemed Visva-Bharati
intellectual curiosity. University in Santiniketan, West Bengal.
• Marriage and Family Life: In 1883, Tagore married Mrinalini  Rejecting traditional classroom settings, he advocated
Devi Raichaudhuri, with whom he had two sons and three for learning amidst nature, a principle still upheld by the
daughters, nurturing a family life alongside his literary pursuits university and its students.
and social engagements. • Social and Political Stance: In his later years, Tagore openly
• Educational Experimentation at Shantiniketan: criticized British colonial rule and symbolically renounced
 In 1901, Tagore established Shantiniketan, meaning his knighthood in protest of the Jallianwala Bagh massacre,
'Abode of Peace,' where he implemented his Upanishadic showcasing his commitment to justice and human rights.
ideals of education.
 This institution served as a platform for his innovative Works of Rabindranath Tagore:
educational theories and became a focal point for India's • Dramas:
social, political, and cultural movements.  Tagore's theatrical journey commenced at the age of
 Much of Tagore's prolific literary output was produced sixteen, alongside his brother Jyotirindranath.
during his time at Shantiniketan.
 Noteworthy dramas include "Valmiki Pratibha" and
• Contributions and Recognition: "Visarjan," showcasing his early genius and enduring
 Tagore dedicated a significant portion of his life to theatrical prowess.
developing Shantiniketan and promoting his educational
• Short Stories:
philosophy.
 Beginning his foray into short fiction at sixteen, Tagore
 In recognition of his contributions, he received honorary
crafted numerous poignant tales during his 'Sadhana'
degrees from prestigious institutions like Calcutta
University and Oxford University. period, including classics like "Kabuliwala," "Kshudita
Pashan," and "Atithi."
A Literary and Cultural Icon: • Novels: Tagore's novelistic oeuvre comprises four novellas and
• Legacy: eight novels, including works like "Char Odhay," "Chaturanga,"
 His extensive body of work, including poems, short "Noukadubi," and "Shusher Kobita," exploring themes ranging
stories, songs (known as Rabindra sangeet), plays, and from societal upheaval to individual identity.

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• Songs:
 However, he grew disillusioned as he witnessed the
 With an impressive collection of approximately 2230
movement's descent into violence and extremism,
songs, Tagore's musical compositions, epitomized in
particularly the targeting of innocent civilians and the
"Gitanjali," earned him global acclaim, while his national
adoption of violent tactics by radical youths.
anthems continue to resonate as embodiments of cultural
• Champion of Non-Violence:
pride and unity.
 Rooted in his belief in Ahimsa (non-violence), Tagore
TAGORE’S IDEA OF NATIONALISM struggled to reconcile the nationalist movement's
violent turn with his principles.
• Exploration of Nationalism:
 He was dismayed by the indiscriminate burning of
 In his seminal work "Nationalism" (1917) and across
foreign goods, which disproportionately affected the
various literary forms including novels, short stories,
poor, and by the use of bombs by radical elements in
plays, letters, lectures, essays, and articles, Rabindranath
the pursuit of liberation from British rule.
Tagore grappled with the concept of nationalism.
 Contrary to Western notions, Tagore advocated for • Evolution of Thought:
a cosmopolitan worldview, rejecting narrow and  Tagore's experiences led him to question the very
aggressive forms of nationalism. essence of nationalism, viewing it as a mechanical
• Disillusionment with Nationalism: and materialistic organization of people that prioritized
 Tagore's upbringing coincided with the burgeoning political and economic interests over humanistic values.
nationalist movement in India against British rule.  He warned against the dehumanizing effects of
 Initially sympathetic to the cause, he engaged in patriotic nationalism, which he perceived as fostering a
activities such as delivering lectures and composing relentless pursuit of power and wealth at the expense
patriotic songs during the Swadeshi movement of 1905. of democracy and humanity.

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 CurrentSociety
Affairs
Edition: June 2024 LEGAL STATUS
Feature Articles

OF LIVE-IN RELATIONSHIPS
The Allahabad High Court stated that a Muslim cannot
claim rights in a live-in relationship when he or she has a living spouse.

About: • Personal Freedom and Choice: Ultimately, live-in relationships

• The judgment called such a relationship against the tenets of in India represent a broader movement towards individual
Islam while hearing a writ petition. freedom and choice in matters of love and relationships.
• Live-in relationships with variables of marital status of the
Arguments Against:
partners, their possibly different faiths, birth of children and
even separation have occupied the attention of the judiciary • Social Stigma: Live-in relationships are often viewed
at various levels in recent years. negatively in Indian society, particularly in more conservative
communities. Couples face judgment, criticism, and ostracism
Legal Status in India: from family members, friends, and the broader community.
• The concept of a live-in relationship was recognised in Payal • Cultural and Religious Beliefs: India is a country with diverse
Sharma versus Nari Niketan case by the Allahabad High Court, cultural and religious traditions, many of which emphasize the
where the judges felt, “A man and a woman, even without sanctity of marriage and family. Live-in relationships are seen
getting married, can live together if they wish to. This may be as contrary to these beliefs and perceived as morally and
regarded as immoral by society, but it is not illegal. There is a socially unacceptable.
difference between law and morality.” • Legal Ambiguity: Despite some legal recognition of live-in
• Even the Supreme Court held that, for a man and a woman relationships by the Indian judiciary, there is still ambiguity
to live together is part of ‘the right to life’ (Art. 21); therefore, a and uncertainty regarding the legal rights and protections of
live-in relationship is no longer an offence. couples in such arrangements.
• The Supreme Court strengthened the legitimacy of live- • Lack of Financial Dependence: Women may feel pressured to enter
in partnerships by recognizing that children born out of into marriage rather than pursue a live-in relationship as marriage
such situations are entitled to rights under a co-parenting
is seen as providing more financial security and stability.
agreement and have a right to inherit property.
• Lack of Social Support: Unlike marriage, which is socially
• The Supreme Court in its various judgments has stated that
sanctioned and supported, couples in live-in relationships
a man and a woman living like a husband and a wife in a
lack the same level of social support and acceptance. This
long-term relationship, and even have children, the judiciary
leads to feelings of isolation and alienation, especially during
will presume that the two were married and that the same laws
times of crisis or need.
would be applicable to them and their relationship.
• Influence of Media and Westernization: While perception
Arguments in Favour: towards live-in relationships may be changing, particularly in
• Changing Social Norms: Indian society is experiencing urban areas, there is concern that the increasing influence of
significant cultural shifts, Live-in relationships are seen as Western media and culture is eroding traditional values and
a reflection of this changing mindset, allowing individuals to norms regarding marriage and relationships.
explore alternative forms of partnership. • Potential for Exploitation and Abuse: In the absence of legal
• Compatibility Testing: In a country where arranged marriages protections and societal recognition, individuals in live-in
are still prevalent, live-in relationships offer a way for couples relationships may be vulnerable to exploitation, abuse, and
to get to know each other on a deeper level before making a coercion, particularly if there is a significant power imbalance
lifelong commitment. between partners.
• Financial Independence: Living together provides financial
independence and allows couples to share living expenses, Way Ahead:
which can be particularly advantageous in expensive cities. • Positive and realistic portrayal of live-in relationships in media
• Reduced Stigma: While live-in relationships may still face and popular culture can help normalize these relationships
stigma in certain conservative segments of Indian society, and reduce stigma.
attitudes are gradually evolving, especially in urban areas. • Family acceptance plays a crucial role in the success of
• Legal Recognition and Protection: The Indian legal system live-in relationships, particularly in the Indian context where
has begun to acknowledge the rights of couples in live-in familial ties hold significant importance.
relationships through various judgments by the Supreme • Encouraging open dialogue and understanding within families
Court and High Courts. can facilitate acceptance of diverse relationship choices.

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POLITY &
Edition: June 2024

GOVERNANCE
ARTICLE 31(C) OF INDIAN CONSTITUTION • The NHRC’s ratings were put on hold in 2023 over concerns on
its composition procedure, the presence of police personnel
‘Article 31(C) ’ of the Indian Constitution is currently under in human rights investigations, and the lack of gender and
scrutiny by the Supreme Court of India in a case concerning minority representation.
the acquisition and redistribution of private property.
• The decision over whether the NHRC is given an A rating or
a B rating would affect its ability to vote at the UN Human
Genesis of Article 31(C): Rights Council and some UNGA bodies.
• The introduction of Article 31(C) was a response to the • Since being accredited in 1999, India had retained its A
Supreme Court’s judgement in the Bank Nationalisation Case ranking in 2006 and 2011, while its status was deferred in
(Rustom Cavasjee Cooper vs Union Of India, 1970), where 2016 and restored after a year.
the court struck down the Banking Companies (Acquisition and
Transfer of Undertakings) Act, 1969. GANHRI and Accreditation:
• The court held that the ‘right to compensation’ was not • GANHRI is one of the largest human rights networks
appropriately ensured by the Banking Act. worldwide.
• The government, through the Constitution (Twenty-fifth • At an international workshop held in Tunis, Tunisia in 1993, a
Amendment) Act, 1971, sought to ‘surmount the difficulties group of NHRIs set the foundation for the global network of
placed in the way of giving effect to the Directive Principles national human rights institutions.
of State Policy’. • It has its Head Office in Geneva and a governance structure
representing NHRIs around the world.
Article 31(C):
• GANHRI is recognised, and is a trusted partner, of the United
• It protects laws enacted to ensure the ‘material resources of
Nations.
the community’ are distributed to serve the common good
 It has established strong relationships with the UN Human
(Article 39 (b)) and that wealth and the means of production
 Rights Office, UNDP and other UN agencies.
are not ‘concentrated’ to the ‘common detriment’ (Article 39
• Members: It is a body of 120 members, of which 88 have “A”
(c)).
status accreditation, while 32 have “B” status”.
• It lists certain DPSP, which are meant to be guiding principles
• GANHRI, through the Sub-Committee on Accreditation
for the enactment of laws, but are not directly enforceable in
(SCA), is responsible for reviewing and accrediting NHRIs in
any court of law.
compliance with the Paris Principles.
• These particular directive principles (Articles 39 (b) and 39
• Accreditation: To be effective in their work to promote and
(c)) cannot be challenged by invoking the Right to Equality
protect human rights, national human rights institutions must
(Article 14) or the Rights under Article 19 (freedom of speech,
be credible and independent.
right to assemble peacefully, etc.).
 The Paris Principles set out internationally agreed
minimum standards that NHRIs must meet to be
GANHRI TO REVIEW INDIA’S HUMAN RIGHTS considered credible. The Paris Principles require NHRIs
to be independent in law, membership, operations, policy
ACCREDITATION STATUS
and control of resources.
The Sub-Committee on Accreditation (SCA) of the UN-  They also require that NHRIs have a broad mandate;
recognised Global Alliance of National Human Rights pluralism in membership; broad functions; adequate
Institutions (GANHRI) is about to review India’s human powers; adequate resources; cooperative methods; and
rights accreditation status. engage with international bodies.
• It is a rigorous, peer-based process, undertaken by
About: representatives of NHRIs from each of the four regions:
• The National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) will defend Africa, Americas, Asia Pacific and Europe.
the government’s human rights processes at the meeting in • A national human rights institution is reviewed by the SCA
Geneva. when:

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 it applies for initial accreditation;

Composition:
 it applies for re-accreditation every five years;
• The Commission is composed of a chairperson, five
 the circumstances of the NHRI change in any way that
full-time members, and seven deemed members. The
may affect its compliance with the Paris Principles.
chairperson is either a former Chief Justice of India or a
• Significance: The Accreditation confers international
Supreme Court judge.
recognition and protection of the NHRI.
• Appointment and Tenure: The chairperson and members
 'A' status accreditation also grants participation in the work
are appointed by the President based on recommendations
and decision-making of the GANHRI, as well as the work of
from a six-member committee. This committee includes:
the Human Rights Council and other UN mechanisms.
 The Prime Minister
 The Speaker of the Lok Sabha
HUMAN RIGHTS
 The Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha
• Human rights are fundamental rights and freedoms that
 Leaders of the Opposition in both Houses of Parliament
are inherent to all human beings, regardless of nationality,
The Union Home Minister
ethnicity, gender, religion, or any other status.
 The chairperson and members serve a term of three
• These rights are considered universal, inalienable, and years or until they reach the age of 70, whichever
indivisible, forming the foundation for human dignity, comes first.
equality, and justice.
• Functions: The NHRC is tasked with the responsibility of
Significance of Human Rights: inquiring into complaints of human rights violations and
• Inherent Dignity: Human rights affirm the inherent dignity taking appropriate action.
of every individual.  It can intervene in cases of human rights violations
• Equality and Non-Discrimination: They strive to ensure that either suo motu (on its own motion) or upon receiving
all individuals have equal opportunities and are treated a complaint from a victim or any other person on their
with fairness and without prejudice. behalf.

• Protection from Abuse: Human rights provide a framework • Powers: The NHRC has the powers of a civil court while
for holding governments, institutions, and individuals trying a suit under the Code of Civil Procedure.
accountable for actions that violate these rights, promoting  It can summon and enforce the attendance of
justice and accountability. witnesses, receive evidence on affidavits, requisition
public records, and examine witnesses or documents.
• Global Standards: International human rights agreements
and treaties establish a global standard for how  Its recommendations are not binding, but they carry
individuals should be treated, fostering a sense of shared significant weight in matters related to human rights.
responsibility for upholding these standards. • Reports: The NHRC submits annual and special reports to
• Human Dignity in Crisis: In times of crisis, human rights the government, highlighting the human rights situation in
provide a foundation for responding to emergencies in the country and making recommendations for improvement.
a way that upholds human dignity and prevents further
harm.
‘EGGSHELL SKULL’ RULE
What is the Universal Declaration of Human Rights?
• The document, consisting of a preamble and 30 articles Underlining that the state and central consumer courts
setting out fundamental rights and freedoms. incorrectly applied the ‘eggshell skull’ legal principle, the
• This landmark document enshrines the inalienable rights
Supreme Court restored the compensation in a medical
negligence case.
that everyone is entitled to as a human being - regardless
of race, color, religion, sex, language, political or other
opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other About:
status. • The eggshell skull rule is a common law principle applied in
civil litigation. Essentially, when the offender would be liable
NATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS COMMISSION
for all injuries that might be intensified due to the peculiar
• Establishment: NHRC is a statutory body established under conditions of the injured person that the offender might not
the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993. have known.
 The NHRC was established in accordance with the  Simply put, the defendant would be held responsible for
Paris Principles. injuries caused to a person when he hit him on the head,

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Edition: June 2024

even if the victim had a particularly delicate skull or an • In 2019 , the Supreme Court held that once a conviction is
‘eggshell’ for a skull. stayed “the disqualification which operates as a consequence
• This doctrine serves to protect individuals who may be more of the conviction cannot take or remain in effect”.
vulnerable due to their unique physical or mental conditions
and ensures they are not unfairly disadvantaged in seeking ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
compensation for injuries caused by someone else's negligence. • Section 8 deals with Disqualification of representatives on
• The origins of the eggshell skull rule are most often traced conviction for certain offences. The various sub-clauses
back to an 1891 Vosburg v. Putney case in Wisconsin, USA. include:
• The eggshell skull rule has consequently also been referred  8(1): A person convicted of an offence punishable
to as the ‘thin skull rule’ in many of the cases. under certain acts of Indian Penal Code, Protection of
Civil Rights Act 1955, Unlawful Activities (Prevention)
Act 1967, Prevention of Corruption Act 1988, Prevention
AN ACCUSED PERSONS IN PRISON CONTEST
of Terrorism Act 2002 etc. shall be disqualified, where
POLLS the convicted person is sentenced to — (i) only fine, for
Amritpal Singh, the jailed head of the outfit Waris Punjab a period of six years from the date of such conviction;
de, announced his intention to contest the Lok Sabha (ii) imprisonment, from the date of such conviction and
elections. shall continue to be disqualified for a further period of
six years since his release.
Background:  8(2): A person convicted for the contravention of (a)
• In 1975, the Supreme Court in the case of Indira Gandhi v any law providing for the prevention of hoarding or
Raj Narain recognised that free and fair elections are a part profiteering; or (b) any law relating to the adulteration
of the ‘basic structure’ of the Constitution of India. However, of food or drugs; or (c) any provisions of the Dowry
the Supreme Court has held that the rights to elect and be Prohibition Act, 1961.
elected do not enjoy the same status.  8(3): A person convicted of any offence and sentenced
• In 2006, in the case of Kuldip Nayar v. Union of India the to imprisonment for not less than two years [other
supreme court held that the right to vote (or the right to elect) than any offence referred to in sub-section (1) or sub-
is “a statutory right”. section (2)] shall be disqualified from the date of such
 This means that voting is not a fundamental right and can conviction and shall continue to be disqualified for a
be repealed. further period of six years since his release.
• The same was held for the right to be elected by the Bench,  8(4): It was struck down by the Supreme Court in 2013
ruling that laws enacted by Parliament could regulate both (Lily Thomas case). This subsection had provisions for
these statutory rights. convicted lawmakers to retain their seats if they filed an
appeal within 3 months of their conviction.
Bar against Contesting Elections:
• Under Section 8A of the Act, disqualification on grounds of
• Section 8 of the Representation of People Act, 1951 (RP Act)
corrupt practices, including:
is titled “Disqualification on conviction for certain offenses”.
 Engagement in bribery or promotion of social crimes
• If a person is convicted of any of the offenses in the exhaustive such as dowry and sati.
list provided in the provision, they will be disqualified from
 Violation of the Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955,
contesting elections to Parliament or state legislatures from
prohibiting preaching and practice of “untouchability”.
the date of conviction onwards and face further a six-year
Committing offenses such as insulting the Indian
disqualification from contesting in elections beginning from
National Flag or Constitution and obstructing the
the date of their release.
singing of the National Anthem.
• This disqualification only kicks in once a person has been
 Conviction for certain offenses like promoting enmity
convicted and does not apply if they have only been charged
between different groups based on religion, race, place
with criminal offenses.
of birth, residence, language, etc.
Exceptions to Disqualification:  Involvement in offenses related to rape or cruelty
• The Election Commission of India (ECI) is empowered under towards women by a husband or relative.
Section 11 of the RP Act to “remove” or “reduce” the period  Imprisonment for not less than two years due to any
of disqualification. offense.

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• Under Sections 9 and 9A, disqualification occurs regarding Supreme Court Bar Association:
Government contracts and dismissal for corruption or • The Supreme Court Bar Association (SCBA) in India is
disloyalty: Disqualification arises if there's a contract an organization comprising lawyers who are enrolled as
with the government for supplying goods or executing members of the Supreme Court of India.
works. Disqualification occurs for holding office under a • It represents the interests of lawyers practicing in the
Government company. Supreme Court and aims to uphold the standards of the legal
• Under Section 10, disqualification applies to office under profession and promote the administration of justice.
a Government company if: The individual is a managing • It also engages in activities aimed at enhancing the legal
agent, manager, or secretary of a company in which the system and protecting the independence of the judiciary.
government holds at least twenty-five percent share. • The association is governed by its own set of rules and
• Under Section 10A, disqualification occurs for failure to lodge regulations and elects office bearers to represent its members
an account of election expenses, including: Committing and manage its affairs.
undue influence or personation at an Failing to submit an
account of election expenses. Representation of Women in Judiciary:
• Justice Beevi became the first Muslim woman judge of the
Bar against the Right to Vote: Supreme Court, as well as the first woman Supreme Court
• Section 62 of the RP Act provides a series of restrictions on Justice in Asia in 1989.
the right to vote. • Since 1989, only 11 women have made it to the Supreme
• Its sub-clause (5) which states in broad terms “No person shall Court. Currently, there are only three female judges of the 33
vote at any election if he is confined in a prison, whether under Supreme Court judges.
a sentence of imprisonment or transportation or otherwise, or • Only 4.1% of all Supreme Court judges have been women,
is in the lawful custody of the police”. while the remaining 96% are men.
• With an exception provided for those in preventive detention, • The appointment of Justices Hima Kohli; Bela Trivedi; and BV
this provision effectively bars every individual who had Nagarathna. to the top court in 2021 created history, as this
criminal charges framed against them from casting their marked the first time that so many females were appointed to
vote unless they have been released on bail or have been the SC in one go.
acquitted. • Earlier this year, the Supreme Court elevated 56 advocates as
senior advocates, and out of those, 20 percent were women
advocates.
SC RESERVES 33% SEATS FOR WOMEN IN
• It was the first time in judicial history when 11 women
BAR ASSOCIATION COMMITTEE advocates were given senior designation in one go.
The Supreme Court reserved one-third of the seats in the
executive committee of the Supreme Court Bar Association
Reasons for the Lack of Representation of Women:
(SCBA) for women. • Historical Reasons: Historically, legal and judicial systems
worldwide have been male-dominated, and India is no
About: exception. The legal profession has traditionally been
perceived as a male domain, and this mindset has persisted
• The court directed that a minimum of three out of nine seats
over the years.
in the executive committee and at least two out of six senior
executive members be reserved for women members of the • Societal Expectations and Stereotypes: Societal expectations
Bar. often dictate traditional gender roles, and there are
• The bench clarified that this reservation will not bar eligible stereotypes that cast women in roles that are seen as less
women members from contesting for other posts as well, and compatible with the demands of a judicial career.
directed that one post of the office-bearers of SCBA shall • Educational Barriers: Limited educational opportunities for
be exclusively reserved for women by turn and on a rotation women result in fewer female candidates entering law schools
basis. and subsequently pursuing a career in the judiciary.
• The reservation is only to guarantee a minimum and women • Family and Cultural Expectations: Cultural norms and
members of the SCBA, subject to their eligibility, shall be expectations regarding women's responsibilities within the
entitled to contest the election for all the posts in the Executive family dissuade them from pursuing demanding and time-
Committee. consuming careers, such as a judicial career.

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• Gender Bias and Discrimination: Stereotypes about women's

 Law Reform: It promotes and supports law reform
capabilities lead to their exclusion from consideration for
initiatives to ensure the legal system's effectiveness
higher judicial positions.
and relevance. Legal Education Promotion: The Bar
• Networking and Mentorship Opportunities: Male-dominated Council promotes legal education and collaborates with
networks and mentorship structures within the legal Indian universities and State Bar Councils to establish
profession make it challenging for women to access the same and maintain standards for legal education.
opportunities for career advancement.  University Recognition: It recognizes universities
• Appointment Procedure: The lower judiciary has a better whose law degrees qualify graduates for enrollment as
representation of women than the High Court and Supreme advocates, ensuring the quality of legal education in
Court. India.
 That’s perhaps because entry to the lower judiciary  Seminars and Publications: The Council organizes
is through an examination, while the High Court and seminars, talks by eminent jurists, and publishes
Supreme Court are decided by the collegium. journals and papers on legal topics, fostering intellectual
discourse within the legal community.
Importance of Representation of Women in Judiciary:  Legal Aid Provision: It organizes legal aid programs
• Gender Equality: A diverse judiciary ensures a more inclusive to assist economically disadvantaged individuals in
and representative legal system. Having a judiciary that accessing legal services and justice.
reflects the diversity of the population helps in dispelling
biases and promoting impartial decision-making.
• Inspiration and Role Modeling: Women judges can act as role COMPETITION COMMISSION OF INDIA (CCI)
models, encouraging more women to pursue careers in law.
Recently, the Attorney General for India highlighted the
• Access to Justice for Women: Women may feel more comfortable need for new ideas of coexistence between the engine of free
and understood when their cases are heard by judges who market and the umbrella of social benefit on 15th Annual
share similar life experiences and perspectives. Day commemoration of Competition Commission of India.
• Legal Interpretation and Legislation: Women judges can
provide unique insights into legal interpretation and the About:
development of legislation, particularly in areas related to • It was established as a statutory body in 2009 by the
gender-based issues, family law, and women's rights. Government under the Competition Act, 2002. It comes under
 Their presence can influence legal discourse and the Ministry of Corporate Affairs. It is a quasi-judicial body.
contribute to the evolution of more gender-sensitive laws.
• It consists of a Chairperson and not more than 6 Members
• Global Norms and Commitments: Internationally, there is a appointed by the Central Government.
growing recognition of the importance of gender diversity in
• It aims to establish a robust competitive environment through
all sectors, including the judiciary.
proactive engagement with stakeholders and enforcing
professionalism, transparency, resolve, and wisdom in its
BAR COUNCIL OF INDIA
operations.
• Established under the Advocates Act of 1961, the Bar Council
of India is a statutory body tasked with the regulation and Objectives:
representation of the Indian legal profession. • To eliminate practices that have an adverse effect on
• Statutory Functions: competition;
 Prescribing Standards: The Bar Council of India, • To promote and sustain competition;
established by the Parliament under the Advocates Act, • To protect the interests of consumers, and ensure freedom of
1961, lays down standards of professional conduct and trade in the markets of India.
etiquette for advocates.
 Disciplinary Procedure: It formulates the procedure to Powers and Responsibilities:
be followed by its disciplinary committee and those of • The CCI has been entrusted with the enforcement and
each State Bar Council to maintain discipline within the implementation of the Competition Act (2002).
legal profession. • It has the authority to investigate anti-competitive agreements,
 Safeguarding Advocates' Rights: The Council safeguards abuse of dominant position, and regulate combinations
the rights, privileges, and interests of advocates, (acquisitions, mergers, and amalgamations) to ensure they
ensuring their fair treatment and representation. do not have an adverse effect on competition in India.

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SUPREME COURT OF INDIA ON HINDU Recent Supreme Court Ruling:

MARRIAGE • In a recent ruling, the Supreme Court observed that a
Hindu marriage is a ‘samskara’ or sacrament and must
The Supreme Court of India has recently made a significant be “performed with ceremonies in the proper form” to be
ruling regarding the validity of Hindu marriages.The Court recognised under the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 (HMA).
was adjudicating upon a petition filed by a Hindu woman
• The court also held that the registration of a Hindu marriage
seeking a transfer of divorce proceedings from Muzaffarpur
only facilitates proof of the marriage but does not provide
in Bihar to Ranchi in Jharkhand.
it legitimacy unless rites and ceremonies envisaged under
Section 7 of the HMA such as the saptapadi (the rite where
About: The Hindu Marriage Act (1955)
a couple walks around a fire seven times) are complied
• It was enacted as a part of the Hindu Code Bills to govern the with.
institution of marriage among Hindus in India.
• It included the Hindu Succession Act (1956), the Hindu Minority ESSENTIALS FOR VALID SOLEMNISATION
and Guardianship Act (1956), and the Hindu Adoptions and • Section 7 of the HMA delineates the ceremonies and rituals
Maintenance Act (1956).
crucial for the solemnization of a Hindu marriage.
• It was passed to safeguard the rights of Hindu couples who  As per the provision, solemnization can take place in
get married. accordance with the customary rites and ceremonies of
either party.
Key Provisions:
• Further, sub-section (2) of Section 7 states that where such
• The Act lays down the conditions, ceremonies and registration
for a Hindu marriage, and provisions for judicial separation rites and ceremonies include the saptapadi, i.e., the taking
and restitution of conjugal rights. of seven steps by the bridegroom and the bride jointly
before the sacred fire, the marriage becomes complete
• One of the key ceremonies mentioned in the Act is ‘Saptapadi’
and binding when the seventh step is taken.
(taking seven steps by the groom and the bride jointly before
the sacred fire), which is considered an essential part of a
Hindu marriage.
INTERIM BAIL
MARRIAGE LAWS IN INDIA
Recently, the Supreme Court of India granted Delhi Chief
• Marriages in India are largely governed by distinct personal Minister Arvind Kejriwal interim bail in the liquor policy
laws. case.
 For instance, the marriages of Hindus, Christians and
Parsis are regulated by the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955, About:
the Indian Christian Marriage Act, 1872, and the Parsi • It is a temporary bail granted for a shorter time period during
Marriage and Divorce Act, 1936, respectively. which the court can call the documents to make a final
 Other subjects such as divorce, inheritance, and decision on the regular or anticipatory bail application.
adoption are governed by a host of other legislations • It is granted based on the individual facts of each case.
such as the Hindu Succession Act, 1956, the Indian • In bailable offences, bail is a right and not a favour according
Succession Act, 1925 and the Hindu Adoptions and to Section 436 of CrPC.
Maintenance Act, 1956.  However, in the case of non-bailable offences, the grant of
bail, including interim bail, is at the discretion of the court
• Muslims on the other hand are governed by uncodified
and is based on several factors including the gravity of
personal laws as well as the Muslim Personal Law (Shariat)
the offence, the character of the accused, the likelihood
Application Act 1937. of the accused absconding, etc.
• In 1954, the Special Marriage Act (SMA) was enacted to
enable couples in interfaith and inter-caste relationships to BAIL PROVISIONS IN INDIA
seek refuge and marry. • The Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC), 1973 governs the
 It also governs civil marriages (marriages conducted by terms of the ‘Bail in India’.
a government official) and marriages of Indian nationals • Though the Act does not define ‘bail’, it expressly mentions
residing abroad. phrases ‘bailable offence’ and ‘non-bailable offence’.

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• However, OCI does not confer political rights.

OTHER TYPES OF BAIL
 It means they do not get voting rights, cannot hold a
• Regular Bail: A regular bail is basically the release of an government job, purchase agricultural or farm land,
accused from custody to ensure his presence at the trial. cannot run for public office either, nor can they travel to
• Anticipatory Bail: It is a type of bail that is given to someone restricted areas without government permission.
who is in anticipation of getting arrested for a non-bailable
offence by the police. ACQUIRING INDIAN CITIZENSHIP
• Indian citizenship can be acquired in several ways as per
the Citizenship Act, 1955.
OVERSEAS CITIZENSHIP OF INDIA (OCI) • Citizenship by Birth: Any person born in India on or after
Recently, the Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) revised its January 26, 1950, is a citizen of India by birth.
circular that had been expected to pave the way for people  However, there are certain exceptions for children of
from erstwhile Portuguese territories in India (Goa, Daman foreign diplomats and enemy aliens.
and Diu) to apply for an Overseas Citizenship of India card. • Citizenship by Descent: A person is considered an Indian
citizen by descent if they were born outside India and
About: either of their parents were Indian citizens at the time of
• OCI is a form of dual citizenship that was introduced by the their birth.
Indian government in 2005.
• Citizenship by Registration: Certain categories of foreigners
• It was introduced in response to persistent demands for dual can acquire Indian citizenship by registration.
citizenship, particularly from the Indian diaspora in North
 It includes persons of Indian origin who are ordinarily
America and other developed countries.
resident in India for seven years before making an
Eligibility Criteria: application for registration.

• It provides for registration as an OCI of all Persons of Indian • Citizenship by Naturalization: Foreigners who have resided
Origin (PIOs) who were citizens of India on 26th January, in India for twelve years (throughout the period of twelve
1950, or thereafter, or were eligible to become citizens of months immediately preceding the date of application
India on 26th January, 1950. and for eleven years in the aggregate in the fourteen
• A foreign national who: years preceding the twelve months) are eligible for Indian
 Belonged to a territory that became part of India after citizenship by naturalisation.
15th August, 1947; or a child or a grandchild or a great • Citizenship by Incorporation of Territory: If any territory
grandchild of such a citizen; or becomes a part of India, the Government of India specifies
 A minor child of such persons mentioned above; or the persons who among the people of the territory shall be
 A minor child whose both parents are citizens of India citizens of India.
or one of the parents is a citizen of India is eligible for
registration as OCI cardholder.
• However, no person, who or either of whose parents or CONSUMER PROTECTION ACT
grandparents or great grandparents is or had been a citizen
of Pakistan, Bangladesh or such other country as the Central The Supreme Court held that advocates cannot be held
Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette, liable under the Consumer Protection Act 1986 (as re-
specify, shall be eligible for registration as an OCI Cardholder. enacted in 2019) for deficiency of services.

Benefits of OCI: Supreme Court Judgment:

• A registered OCI is granted multiple entry, multi-purpose, life- • The court was hearing an appeal against a 2007 ruling by
long visa for visiting India. the National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission
• They are exempted from registration with Foreign Regional (NCDRC), and overturned the commission’s ruling.
Registration Officer (FRRO) or Foreign Registration Officer • The NCDRC had held that services provided by lawyers fell
(FRO) for any length of stay in India. under Section 2(o) of the Consumer Protection Act, 1986.
• OCI cardholders can open special bank accounts in India, • In its judgment, the court said legal representation for a
they can buy non-farm property and exercise ownership fee couldn’t be classified as a service under the Consumer
rights and can also apply for a driver’s licence and PAN card. Protection Act, 1986.

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• It noted that lawyers provided a unique service, and that there SC OUTLINES STATE’S DUTY BEFORE
was no indication that the legislature intended to include
ACQUIRING PRIVATE PROPERTY
professionals under the Act.
The Supreme Court underscored the constitutional safeguards
Doctors in Consumer Law: required before the State can acquire private property.
• In 1995, a three-judge bench of the Supreme Court in Indian
Medical Association v. VP Shantha ruled that doctors would About:
be covered under the consumer protection law. • It is a step to protect private property from arbitrary state
• The Supreme Court also called for reconsidering this takeover for a public purpose.
judgment that brought doctors under the purview of the • The judgement highlighted the necessity of adhering to fair
Consumer Protection Act. procedures and upholding the rights of property owners
under the Indian Constitution.
Provisions of Consumer Protection Act, 2019:
 The compulsory acquisition without following mandatory
• Definition of consumer: A consumer is defined as a person procedures followed by a grant of compensation to the
who buys any good or avails a service for a consideration. It owners will not make the accession constitutional.
does not include a person who obtains a good for resale or a
good or service for commercial purpose. Major Highlights of the Judgement:
 It covers transactions through all modes including offline, • As per the SC, The right to property is protected as a
and online through electronic means, teleshopping, multi- constitutional right and has even been interpreted to be a
level marketing or direct selling. human right (Article 300 A).
• Rights of consumers: Six consumer rights have been defined • It is generally assumed that for a valid acquisition all that is
in the Bill, including the right to; necessary is to possess the power of eminent domain [power
 Be protected against marketing of goods and service of the sovereign to acquire property of an individual for
which are hazardous to life and property; public use without consent] to acquire, followed by grant of
 Be informed of the quality, quantity, potency, purity, reasonable and fair compensation.
standard and price of goods or services; • Article 300 A: The court stated that procedural justice is a
 Be assured of access to a variety of goods or services at cornerstone of Article 300A when the acquisition of private
competitive prices; property by the State is for a public purpose and on the
 Be heard and assured that the consumer's interest will payment of compensation.
receive due consideration at appropriate fora;  The phrase ‘authority of law’ in the Article should not
 Seek redressal against unfair or restrictive trade practices; be understood as merely the power of eminent domain
 Consumer awareness. vested in the state.
 The requirement of a ‘law’ in Article 300A does not end
• Central Consumer Protection Authority: It will regulate matters
with the mere presence of a legislation which empowers
related to violation of consumer rights, unfair trade practices,
the state to deprive a person of his property.
and misleading advertisements.
• Seven basic rights: The court laid down seven basic procedural
• Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission: Consumer
rights of private citizens which constitute the “real content of
Disputes Redressal Commissions (CDRCs) will be set up at
the right to property under Article 300A” that the state should
the district, state, and national levels.
respect before depriving them of their private property.
• Product liability: Product liability means the liability of a product  They include, the right to notice or the duty of the state to
manufacturer, service provider or seller to compensate a inform the person that it intends to acquire his property;
consumer for any harm or injury caused by a defective good the right of the citizen to be heard or the duty of the state
or deficient service. to hear the objections to the acquisition;
 the right of the citizen to a reasoned decision or the duty
Way Ahead:
of the state to inform the person of its decision to acquire
• The relationship between a client and their lawyer is akin to property;
a contract of personal service. Consequently, lawyers cannot  the duty of the state to demonstrate that the acquisition is
be dragged to consumer courts over alleged deficiencies in exclusively for public purpose;
service.  the right to fair compensation of the citizen;
• However, they can still be sued in ordinary courts for  the duty of the state to conduct the process of acquisition
negligence and other malpractice. efficiently and within prescribed timelines;

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 and finally, the conclusion of the proceedings leading to • Right to Consult a Legal Practitioner: Article 22 grants the
vesting or the right of conclusion. right to an arrested person to consult and be defended by
a legal practitioner of their choice. This right helps ensure
Significance of the Judgement: that individuals have proper legal representation during the
• The ruling not only clarified the State’s obligations but also process of arrest and detention.
strengthened the procedural protections afforded to property • Communication of Grounds for Arrest: An arrested person
owners, reinforcing the constitutional principles of justice and must be informed of the grounds for their arrest and detention.
fairness in property rights. They have the right to know the reasons behind their arrest,
enabling them to effectively exercise their legal rights.
RIGHT TO PROPERTY • Preventive Detention: Article 22 also addresses the issue of
• Since the Constitution of India came into force, the right to preventive detention, which allows the authorities to detain
property was given fundamental status. individuals for preventive reasons, such as the maintenance
 Article 31 and Article 19(1)(f) ensured that any person's of public order or national security.
right against his property remains protected.  It imposes certain additional safeguards, such as the
• But by the Constitutional 44th Amendment act 1978, these requirement for the grounds of detention to be communicated
two above-mentioned articles were deleted and were and the provision for a review by an advisory board.
added in Part XII, containing only one article 300A. • It's important to note that Article 22 provides certain exceptions
 The legal status of the Right to Property was changed during times of emergency, such as during a proclamation of
from the fundamental right to constitutional right. Emergency by the President of India. In such circumstances,
• In Jilubhai Nanbhai Khachar v. State of Gujarat, it was certain restrictions on the rights and safeguards under Article
held that the Right to property under Article 300A is not 22 may be imposed.
part of the basic structure of the Constitution. It is only a
constitutional right.
JUVENILE JUSTICE BOARD (JJB)
Recently, the Juvenile Justice Board (JJB) cancelled the bail
ARTICLE 22 OF THE CONSTITUTION of accused minors and issued a notice to appear before it.

The Supreme Court ordered the release of Newsclick About:

founder-editor as Delhi Police failed to inform him of the
• Juvenile Justice Board (earlier Juvenile Court) was established
grounds of his arrest before taking him into custody.
after the enactment of the Juvenile Justice (Care and
Protection of Children) Act, 2000.
About:
• Section 4(1) of the Juvenile Justice Act, 2015 deals with the
• It is significant because it emphasises that proper procedure Juvenile Justice Board (JJB).
and due process are the guardrails against arbitrary action,
• It consists of a metropolitan magistrate or a judicial magistrate
even in stringent terror cases.
of the first class (with at least three years’ experience), along
• Article 22 of the Indian Constitution provides certain with two social workers, one of whom is mandated to be a
safeguards regarding arrests and detentions. It aims to woman.
protect the rights and liberties of individuals who are arrested
or detained by the authorities. CHILD UNDER JUVENILE JUSTICE (CARE AND
• Protection against Arrest and Detention: Article 22 safeguards PROTECTION OF CHILDREN) ACT, 2015
individuals against arbitrary arrest and detention. It ensures • A child is defined under Section 2(12) of the Act as a
that no person can be arrested or detained without being person who has not completed eighteen years of age.
informed of the grounds for such arrest or detention. • The Act recognises two kinds of Children: Child in Conflict with
• Right to be Presented before Magistrate: Article 22 guarantees Law (who has committed some offence); child in Need of Care
that an arrested person must be produced before the nearest and Protection (who is a victim of crime or circumstances).

magistrate within 24 hours of their arrest (excluding the time • The State Government needs to constitute for every district,
of travel). one or more JJBs for exercising the powers and discharging
 This provision aims to prevent unlawful and prolonged its functions relating to children in conflict with law under the
detention without proper judicial oversight. Juvenile Justice Act, 2015.

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• The primary responsibility of setting up the JJBs vests with Alternative Voting Methods and Eligibility:
the State Governments/UT Administrations concerned. • Postal Ballot: It allows voters who cannot be physically present
at polling stations to vote remotely.
Functions:
 It is specified in Section 60 of the Representation of the
• To deal with cases of juveniles in conflict with the law,
People Act, 1951 (RPA).
ensuring their rights, protection, and rehabilitation.
• To ensure that the child’s rights are protected throughout the • Key features: Voting takes place outside the polling station
process of apprehending the child, inquiry, aftercare and without EVMs. Polling takes place before the designated poll
rehabilitation. date in the constituency.
• To ensure the availability of legal aid for the child through the • Eligible Categories:
legal services institutions.  Special Voters: Individuals holding declared office under
• Board conducts at least one inspection visit every month Section 20(4) of the RPA. It includes the President, Vice
of residential facilities for children in conflict with law and President, Governors, Cabinet Ministers, and other high-
recommends action for improvement in quality of services to ranking dignitaries, along with their spouses.
the District Child Protection Unit and the state government.  Service Voters: Members of the Indian armed forces,
• Children in conflict with the law are facilitated in Observation paramilitary forces, armed state police serving outside
Homes and Special Homes. their state, or government employees stationed abroad
(and their spouses residing with them).

SPECIAL CATEGORIES OF VOTERS, AND THEIR 'D' VOTER

VOTING METHODS Doubtful Voter are those persons who are identified during
India’s electoral framework allows certain categories of electoral roll revision as D Voters, cases of which are pending
voters to exercise their franchise even if they are unable to with the Foreigners Tribunals or as declared as foreigners by
make it to the polling station on the day of voting. the Tribunal.

• Electors Subjected to Preventive Detention: It also includes

About:
absentee voters under Section 60(C) of the RPA, 1951.
• India’s electoral framework ensures that every eligible citizen
 It was introduced in 2019 and covers senior citizens aged
has the right to vote.
85+, persons with disabilities (at least 40% disability),
• While most voters cast their ballots in person at designated
Covid-19 suspects or affected individuals, and essential
polling stations using Electronic Voting Machines (EVMs),
services employees.
there are special exceptions for certain categories of voters.
• Voters on Election Duty: It includes Commission’s observers,
• These exceptions allow them to exercise their franchise even
presiding officers, polling officers, agents, police personnel,
if they cannot physically make it to the polling station on
and public servants assigned official tasks on polling day.
election day.

Alternative Voting Methods, and Eligibility

By Post Facilitation Center Postal Voting Center Home/Hospital
Special Voters, Service Voters, Electors subjected Voters on election Persons employed in Senior citizens; Persons with
to preventive detention (also through special duty essential services disability; Persons affected or
messenger) suspected of having Covid-19

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 In-Shorts | International Relations Current Affairs

INTERNATIONAL Edition: June 2024

RELATIONS
INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT (ICC)  The stories from great epics of Ramayana and Mahabharata
form a source of Indonesian folk art and dramas.
Israel is voicing concern that the ICC could be preparing to  The famous Bali Yatra, a week-long festival, is celebrated
issue arrest warrants for government officials on charges with a great deal of fervour and gaiety in both India and
related to war against Hamas. Indonesia.
• Political Relations: The struggle against colonial powers,
About: democratic traditions, pluralist culture, and progressive
• ICC investigates and, where warranted, tries individuals leadership are some of the common strands connecting India
charged with the gravest crimes of concern to the international and Indonesia.
community: genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity  President Sukarno of Indonesia was the Guest of Honour
and the crime of aggression. during the first Republic Day of India in 1950.
 As a court of last resort, it seeks to complement, not  Independent India and Indonesia became chief votaries
replace, national Courts. of independence of Asian and African countries, the spirit
• History: Impetus for the court came from the ad hoc of which led to historic Bandung Conference of 1955 and
international tribunals set up in the 1990s to address the later formation of NonAligned Movement in 1961.
atrocity crimes committed in the former Yugoslavia and  Since the adoption of India’s ‘Look East Policy’ in 1991, and
Rwanda. its upgradation to ‘Act East’ in 2014, there has been a rapid
development of bilateral relations in political, security,
• Rome Statute: In 1998, 60 countries signed the Rome Statute
defence, commercial and cultural fields.
after it was opened for signature by the United Nations.
 India and Indonesia have a Comprehensive Strategic
 The Statute laid the foundation for the establishment of the
Partnership and have arrived at a shared vision of the
International Criminal Court in 2002.
Indo-Pacific.
• Members: There are 123 member countries. However, many
• Commercial Relations: Indonesia has emerged as India’s
countries never signed the treaty, including China, Ethiopia,
largest trade partner in the ASEAN region.
India, Indonesia, Iraq, North Korea, Saudi Arabia, and
 The Total Bilateral Trade during the fiscal year 2022-23 was
Turkey.
USD 38.85 Billion (growth of 48% from last FY) with USD
 The countries which signed the statute, but never ratified
10.02 Billion (18% growth) worth export and USD 28.82
it are Egypt, Iran, Israel, Russia, Sudan, Syria, and the
Billion (62% growth) worth imports.
United States. The Palestinian territories were admitted as
 India is the second largest buyer of coal and crude palm oil
a member state in 2015.
from Indonesia and imports minerals, rubber, pulp and
• The tribunal can prosecute crimes committed by nationals paper and hydrocarbons reserves.
belonging to its member states or even on the territory of  India exports refined petroleum products, commercial
those states by other actors. vehicles, telecommunication equipment, agriculture
commodities, bovine meat, steel products and plastics to
Indonesia.
INDIA AND INDONESIA COLLABORATION
 Indonesia is an attractive destination for Indian investment
India and Indonesia agreed to enhance collaboration • In the defence sector, both countries have been working closely
in areas of defence industry, maritime security and and organized Samudra Shakti, a bilateral maritime exercise,
multilateral cooperation. and Garuda Shakti, a joint military exercise, every year.

About: Recent Developments:

• Historical Linkages: India and Indonesia share two-millennia • The first-ever “India-Indonesia Defence Industry Exhibition-
old close cultural and commercial contacts. cum-Seminar” was organised in Jakarta by the two countries
 The Hindu, Buddhist and later Muslim faith travelled to as they marked the 75th year of establishment of diplomatic
Indonesia from the shores of India. ties.

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• Indonesia is also keen to build its own defence industry and Controversy over Nepal-India Border:
offered to share India’s experiences in this regard and also to • Nepal has asserted its claim based on the Sugauli Treaty of
partner for long-term collaborations in the defence sector. 1816, signed between the East India Company and Guru Gajraj
• The Society of Indian Defence Manufacturers (SIDM), and Mishra.
Pinhantanas, Indonesia’s national private defence industry • Under the Treaty, the Kali River was marked as Nepal’s western
association will sign a memorandum of understanding (MoU) boundary with India.
to promote and strengthen the defence industry partnership
• According to Nepal the east of the Kali river should begin at the
between the two countries.
source of the river which is in the mountains near Limpiyadhura.
Future Outlook:  While India claims the border begins at Kalapani, where
• India and Indonesia had civilizational connections for more than the river begins.
two thousand years. Both countries being maritime neighbours • The Kali River has changed direction over the years, causing
and strategic partners have important and close relations. confusion in defining the border.
• In current times, this partnership is characterised by close
cooperation in bilateral and multilateral arena, including
frequent high-level interactions,”
• Indonesia is an important partner in India’s Act East Policy and
the Indo-Pacific region.
 The two countries have the huge potential to grow further in
the coming years with increasing bilateral and community
relations.

NEPAL’S NEW CURRENCY NOTE HAS

REIGNITED DISCOURSE OVER BORDER
DISPUTES
Nepal has announced the printing of a new Rs 100 currency
note that features Indian territories of Lipulekh, Limpiyadhura,
and Kalapani, a move that has been contested by India.

Background: SUSTA BORDER DISPUTE

• Nepal shares a border of over 1,850 km with five Indian States • Susta is a disputed territory between Nepal and India. It is
— Sikkim, West Bengal, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand. administered by India as part of West Champaran district of
• In 2019, Lipulekh, Kalapani, and Limpiyadhura had been Bihar.
included in India's map. • Nepal claims the area a part of West Nawalparasi District
• Tensions between both the nations emerged after Nepal issued under Susta rural municipality, alleging that over 14,860
a political map in 2020, which included the same territories. hectares of Nepali land in Susta has been encroached
upon by India.
Kalapani Located:
• Kalapani is a region located in the easternmost corner of
Uttarakhand’s Pithoragarh district.
IRELAND, SPAIN, NORWAY TO FORMALLY
• It shares a border on the north with the Tibet Autonomous RECOGNISE PALESTINE
Region of China and Nepal in the east and south.
Norway, Ireland and Spain announced that they will
• The area is in India’s control but Nepal claims the region formally recognise the state of Palestine.
as part of Dharchula district, because of historical and
cartographic reasons. About:
• The area is the largest territorial dispute between Nepal and • A total of 143 out of 193 member-states of the UN have
India consisting of at least 37,000 hectares of land in the High recognised a Palestinian state. The UK and the US are among
Himalayas. nations that do not formally recognise a Palestinian state.

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• Israel does not recognise Palestinian statehood and opposes  The West Bank, the Gaza Strip and East Jerusalem, which
the creation of a Palestinian state in the West Bank and Gaza. houses the holy Old City, came under Israel’s control.
It argues such a state would be a threat to Israel's existence.  It also occupied Syrian Golan Heights and Egypt’s Sinai
Peninsula.
Israel-Palestine Conflict:
 By the early 1970s, Jewish agencies started demanding
• Inception of Conflict: The United Nations (UN) proposed an the families leave the land.
Arab-Jewish partition of Palestine between Palestine and the
• Oslo Accords: It was backed by the United Nations (UN) and
new state of Israel.
signed between the Israeli government and the Palestine
 This partition plan mandated 53 percent of the land to
Liberation Organization (PLO) in 1993.
the Jewish-majority state (Israel) and 47 percent to the
 Under this, a part of the West Bank came under the control
Palestinian-majority state (Palestine).
of the Palestinian Authority.
 This idea didn’t receive well by the Arab countries in the
• Abraham Accords: Abraham Accords are a series of agreements
Middle East.
to normalize relations between Israel and several Arab states.
• First Arab-Israeli war: Jewish paramilitary groups, however,  The accords are named after the patriarch Abraham
formed the state of Israel by force in 1948. This prompted a regarded as a prophet in Judaism and Islam.
deadly war with its Arab neighbors – Egypt, Iraq, Lebanon,  The accords, all of which were signed in the latter half of
Syria, and Jordan in 1948. This was the first Arab-Israeli 2020, consist of a general declaration alongside bilateral
war. agreements between Israel and the United Arab Emirates,
 Israel won this war and ended up occupying more land Bahrain, and Morocco.
than previously envisaged in the 1947 UN partition plan.  The accord has normalized the relations between many
 The Palestinians were forced out of their homes when the West Asian countries and Israel.
State of Israel was created in historical Palestine in 1948 • 11 days war: In May 2021, Israeli police raided Al-Aqsa
(the Palestinians call the events ‘Nakba’, or catastrophe). Mosque in Jerusalem, the third-holiest site in Islam, which set
 Twenty-eight of those Palestinian families moved to Sheikh off an 11-day war between Israel and Hamas that killed more
Jarrah in East Jerusalem to settle there. than 200 Palestinians and more than 10 Israelis.
• Six-Day War of 1967: In 1967, the Arab countries again refused
to recognise Israel as a state, which led to another war, known
Way Ahead:
as the Six-Day War. • Peace based on a “two-state solution” is much needed
 Israel won this war too and occupied even more parts of with the help of international organizations and can only be
Palestine. achieved from Israel-Palestine talks.

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ECONOMY
PARADOX OF THRIFT  They argue that a decrease in consumer spending prompts
businesses to reallocate resources toward longer-term
Keynesian economists contend that an increase in personal investment projects, which can foster economic expansion.
savings can lead to a notable decrease in overall spending  Additionally, they emphasize market dynamics in
on final goods and services, consequently impacting efficiently allocating resources based on changing
savings and investment levels significantly. consumer preferences and investment opportunities,
refuting claims of adverse consequences due to lower
About: consumer spending.
• Overview:
 The paradox of savings, also termed the paradox of thrift, FERTILIZER SUBSIDY IN FY24 EXCEEDS
posits an unexpected outcome where an increase in
individual savings rates leads to a decline rather than a
REVISED ESTIMATES
surge in overall savings within an economy. The fertilizer subsidy in Fiscal Year 2023-24 (FY24) has
 Contrary to conventional wisdom, higher savings rates, exceeded Revised Estimates (RE) by over ₹6,500 crore.
while beneficial at the household level, may not necessarily
benefit the broader economy. Urea Subsidy:
 This concept aligns with under-consumption theories of
• Providing Affordable Urea: Under the urea subsidy scheme,
the business cycle, attributing economic downturns to
farmers have access to urea at a statutorily notified maximum
weakened consumption and heightened savings.
retail price (MRP), ensuring affordability for agricultural activities.
• Origins:
• Price Discrepancy: The MRP for a 45 kg bag of urea stands
 This theory gained prominence through British economist
at ₹242 per bag (excluding charges for neem coating and
John Maynard Keynes in his seminal work "The General
applicable taxes), while the actual cost is approximately
Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money" in 1936.
₹3,000 for the same quantity.
 Earlier discussions by economists William T. Foster and
Waddill Catchings in publications such as "Business • Government Subsidy Mechanism:
without a Buyer" and "The Dilemma of Thrift" laid the  The variance between the delivered cost of urea at the
groundwork for Keynes' exploration of the concept. farm gate and the net market realization by the urea units
is compensated through a subsidy provided to the urea
• Keynesian Perspective:
manufacturer/importer by the government.
 Keynesian economists assert that heightened savings
 This subsidy mechanism helps bridge the gap between
are detrimental to the broader economy, advocating
the actual cost and the affordable price at which urea is
instead for increased consumer spending as a catalyst
made available to farmers.
for economic growth.
 They argue that savings are intended for investment Fertilizer subsidy (Amount in Rs. crore)
by capitalists to produce final goods and services for
Urea Nutrient Based Subsidy
consumers.
 Therefore, a shortfall in consumer spending can lead to 2022-23
reduced profits for businesses and deter further investments. Actual 1,65,217 86,123
 In this view, fluctuations in consumer spending are 2023-24
perceived as the primary driver of the business cycle,
Budget Estimates 1,31,100 44,000
prompting recommendations for government intervention,
such as increased spending, during economic downturns. Revised Estimates 1,28,594 60,300

• Critiques: Tentative final 1,30,221 65,200

 Critics challenge the notion that higher savings rates 2024-25
are inherently harmful, contending that increased saving Budget Estimates 1,19,000 45,000
leads to higher levels of investment, thereby stimulating
Source: Budget Document, Fertilizer Ministry
economic activity.

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Nutrient-Based Subsidy Policy (NBS): Mother – Earth (PMPRANAM)” was launched to incentivize
• Subsidy Mechanism: States/ Union Territories to promote alternate fertilizers and
 The NBS (Nutrient-Based Subsidy) policy entails the balanced use of chemical fertilizers.
announcement of a fixed subsidy rate (in ` per kg basis) • Neem-coated urea: The government has introduced 100%
on essential nutrients such as nitrogen (N), phosphate (P), Neem Coating on all subsidized agricultural grade urea in
potash (K), and sulfur (S) by the government. the country in order to increase the nutrient efficiency, crop
 This subsidy rate is reviewed and updated annually or bi- yield, soil health and check the diversion of agricultural grade
annually to align with market dynamics. urea for non-agricultural activities.
• Conversion to Per Tonne Subsidy: • Sulfur Coated Urea (Urea Gold) was introduced to overcome
 The per kg subsidy rate on each nutrient (N, P, K, S) the sulfur deficiency in the soil and reduce the input cost of
is converted into a per tonne subsidy for various P&K the farmers.
(phosphorus and potassium) fertilizers covered under the • Nano Urea: It is a liquid fertilizer developed by IFFCO. It is an
NBS policy. alternative to conventional urea.
 This conversion facilitates the application of subsidies
across different fertilizer grades.
 Currently, the NBS policy covers 25 grades of P&K FLOATING SOLAR ENERGY TECHNOLOGY
fertilizers, including DAP (Di-ammonium phosphate),
MAP (Mono-ammonium phosphate), TSP (Triple super NHPC Limited, the largest organization for hydropower
phosphate), MOP (Muriate of potash), ammonium sulfate,
development in India, has signed a Memorandum of
Understanding with a Norwegian company operating as a
SSP (Single super phosphate), PDM (Phosphoric di-
technology provider to the floating solar industry.
amide), and 18 grades of NPKS complex fertilizers.
• Flexible Pricing:
About:
 Under the NBS regime, the maximum retail price (MRP)
of P&K fertilizers is not regulated, allowing fertilizer • It involves installing solar panels on floating structures situated
manufacturers and marketers to determine the MRP on water bodies such as lakes, reservoirs, and ponds.
based on market conditions.  It refers to the deployment of photovoltaic panels on the
 This flexibility ensures that the MRP is set at reasonable rates surface of water bodies.
while maintaining the affordability of fertilizers for farmers. • The first floating solar plant was established in Japan in 2007.
• Almost all the large countries in the world now have modest
Challenges related to Fertilizer Subsidy:
floating solar installed capacity.
• Over-consumption: The consumption of nitrogen in India is
• In the South Asia region, floating solar projects are operational
much higher than many other countries in the world.
in India, the Maldives and Bangladesh, while Pakistan and Sri
 Indian farmers do not adhere to the established ideal
Lanka are in the early stages of exploration.
fertilizer ratio of 4:2:1 of N:P:K, with negative consequences
for soil health. • India boasts of the potential capacities of 280-300 GW in
floating solar power. However, only a small fraction of its
• India is heavily dependent on imports for key fertilizers like
estimated potential has been installed in the states of Madhya
urea, which exposes the country to price fluctuations in the
Pradesh, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Telangana,
international market.
Bihar and Rajasthan.
• Leakage: There have been instances of leakages and diversion
 India's largest floating solar power project now operational
of subsidized fertilizers to the black market.
in Telangana
• Fiscal burden: India's fertilizer subsidy is one of the largest
• Significance: This not only utilizes otherwise unused water
in the world, and it often overshoots the budgeted amount,
surfaces but also enhances the efficiency of the solar panels
leading to fiscal strain.
due to the cooling effect of water.
• The subsidy benefits often accrue more to large and
• By covering water surfaces, floating solar also reduces losses
wealthy farmers rather than small and marginalized farmers,
from evaporation, conserving precious water resources.
exacerbating income inequality in rural areas.
• The floating solar power plant doesn't require any land space
Measures taken to Address the Problem: and is installed on water bodies.
• PM PRANAM scheme: PM Programme for Restoration,  The land can be used for other purposes, such as farming
Awareness Generation, Nourishment and Amelioration of or construction.

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NAVRATNA STATUS OF IREDA  They can invest up to 30% of their net worth within a year,
as long as it stays below `1,000 crores.
Recently, Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency
• Operational Freedom: These companies have the liberty to
(IREDA) was granted 'Navratna Status' by the Department
form joint ventures, establish subsidiaries overseas, and
of Public Enterprises.
make strategic decisions in areas such as capital expenditure
and human resources management.
About:
• It is a recognition given to Central Public Sector Enterprises INDIAN RENEWABLE
(CPSEs) in India, providing them with greater autonomy to ENERGY DEVELOPMENT AGENCY (IREDA)
compete in the global market. • IREDA has been notified as a ‘Public Financial Institution’
• It was first introduced in 1997, with the aim of empowering under ‘Section 4A’ of the Companies Act, 1956 and registered as
CPSEs to compete globally. a Non-Banking Financial Company (NBFC) with RBI.
• It comes under the administrative control of the Ministry of
Navratna Companies in India (As of April 2024):
New and Renewable Energy (MNRE).
• Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL)
• ‘Motto: Energy for Ever’
• Container Corporation of India Limited Objectives:
• Engineers India Limited (EIL) • To give financial support to specific projects and schemes
• Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) for generating electricity and / or energy through new and
• Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited (MTNL) renewable sources and conserving energy through energy
efficiency.
• National Aluminium Company (NALCO)
• To maintain its position as a leading organisation to provide
• National Buildings Construction Corporation (NBCC)
efficient and effective financing in renewable energy and
• National Mineral Development Corporation (NMDC) energy efficiency / conservation projects.
• NLC India Limited (NLCIL) • To increase IREDA`s share in the renewable energy sector
• Oil India Limited (OIL) by way of innovative financing.

• Power Finance Corporation (PFC)

• Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Limited (RINL) ELECTRONIC TRADING PLATFORMS (ETPS)
• Rural Electrification Corporation (REC)
Recently, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) proposed a revised
• Shipping Corporation of India (SCI) regulatory framework for Electronic Trading Platforms
• Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency (IREDA) (ETPs) in the wake of increased integration of the onshore
forex market with offshore markets.
Eligibility Criteria for Navratna Status:
• The company should already hold the Miniratna Category I About:
Status and be listed under Schedule A of CPSEs. • Overview:
• It must have consistently received an outstanding rating  ETPs encompass any electronic system, excluding
under the Memorandum of Understanding System for at least recognized stock exchanges, where transactions
three out of the last five years. involving eligible instruments are executed.
• The company needs to meet specific criteria across six key  These platforms streamline the trading process for various
areas, including net profit to net worth, gross margin as financial instruments, including securities, derivatives,
capital expenditure, manpower cost to cost of production or and foreign exchange products.
services, gross profit as turnover, and earnings per share. • Eligible Instruments: The term "eligible instruments" pertains to
 The company must attain a composite score of 60 or a range of financial assets, such as securities, money market
above in the areas mentioned above. instruments, foreign exchange instruments, derivatives, and
similar instruments.
Benefits of Navratna Status: • Functionality:
• Financial Autonomy: Navratna companies can invest up to  Digital systems like ETPs facilitate the trading of diverse
`1,000 crore or 15% of their net worth in a single project financial instruments, offering efficiency, transparency,
without government approval. and accessibility.

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 They cater to both institutional and retail investors, About:

providing a seamless and convenient trading experience. • These are plantation crops native to the Amazon rainforest,
and now primarily cultivated in West Africa, which produces
Regulatory Landscape for ETPs in India:
nearly 81% of the world’s crop.
• RBI Oversight:
• These are the dried and fully fermented seeds of Theobroma
 In India, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) oversees ETPs
Cacao, the Cacao Tree.
through the issuance of directives, notably the 'Master
Direction – Reserve Bank of India (Electronic Trading • The global market for chocolate and chocolate products is
Platforms) Directions, 2024.' growing at over 3% annually.
 These guidelines govern the operations of ETPs to ensure
compliance and integrity within the financial system.
• Authorization Requirement:
 As per RBI's directives, entities intending to operate ETPs
for transactions in eligible instruments must obtain prior
authorization from the Reserve Bank.
 This regulatory measure aims to uphold transparency and
accountability in electronic trading activities.
• Exemptions: The regulatory directives do not extend to
electronic systems operated by scheduled commercial banks
and standalone primary dealers, provided these systems
exclusively facilitate transactions in eligible instruments, with
the bank or primary dealer serving as the sole quote/price
Reasons For Recent Price Surge:
provider.
• The impact of the El Niño weather phenomenon (an abnormal
warming of surface waters in the equatorial Pacific Ocean) has
FRONT RUNNING caused drier weather in West Africa, contributing to problems
on farms, such as the swollen shoot virus disease.
The Securities and Exchange Board of India has approved
amendments to its mutual fund regulations to curb front-  It led to a bad harvest season in West African countries
running. like Ghana and Ivory Coast, where 60% of the world’s
cocoa beans come from.
About: • Dry weather in the West African countries created an ideal
• Front-running refers to trading in a stock or any other financial ground for the spread of black pod disease, which causes
asset while having insider knowledge of a future transaction. cocoa pods to rot on the branches of cocoa trees, leading to
poor crop yield.
• This can be done by a broker who knows about a client's
upcoming order, or by an investor who is aware of a
forthcoming recommendation from their firm. IMF’S REGIONAL ECONOMIC OUTLOOK
• This practice is unethical as by buying or selling before the
In its latest Regional Economic Outlook for Asia and Pacific,
large trade, they can influence the price of the security,
the International Monetary Fund (IMF) has emphasised the
potentially harming other investors.
crucial role played by public investment in driving India's
economic growth, making it the world's fastest-growing
major economy.

About:
• The IMF had earlier this month raised India's growth forecast
RISE IN COCOA PRICES for the financial year 2024-25 to 6.8 per cent, up from the
previous estimate of 6.5 per cent.
Recently, it was found that the price of cocoa beans, the • The IMF attributed this upward revision to the resilience of
most important raw material in chocolates, surged around
domestic demand, propelled by factors such as public
four times last year’s price.
investment.

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Domestic Investments in India: Significance of Public Investment:

• Domestic investments in India are divided into two parts - Public investment plays a crucial role in driving economic growth
public investments and private investments. in India, primarily due to the following reasons:
• Private investments are further divided into two parts, which • Human Capital Development by investment in education,
are household investments and corporate investments. healthcare, and skill development programs.
• Private domestic investments depend on - macroeconomic • Stimulating Private Investment by creating an enabling
stability, high household savings, productivity, access to environment.
credit, resolution of non-performing assets, clearing up of • Regional Development by reducing regional disparities and
balance sheets, etc. promoting inclusive growth.
• Public investment remains an important driver for India, • Fostering Innovation and Entrepreneurship by setting up
making it the world’s fastest growing major economy. technology parks, incubators, and R&D institutions.
• During economic downturns or recessions, public investment
Public Investment:
can serve as an important tool for stimulating aggregate
• Infrastructure: India has been focusing on bolstering its
demand and stabilizing the economy.
infrastructure across various domains such as transportation
• Investments in renewable energy, clean technology, and
(roads, railways, airports, ports), energy (power generation,
sustainable infrastructure not only contribute to economic
transmission, renewable energy), water supply, and urban
growth but also mitigate environmental risks.
development (smart cities, affordable housing).
 Public investments in these sectors aim to enhance
INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND (IMF)
connectivity, reduce logistics costs, and improve the
overall quality of life. • It is an international financial institution and major financial
agency of the United Nations established in 1944 with the
• Healthcare: The government has been increasing investments
primary goal of promoting global monetary cooperation,
in healthcare infrastructure, including building new hospitals,
exchange rate stability, balanced trade growth, and
upgrading existing facilities, and expanding access to
financial stability.
healthcare services, especially in rural areas.
• The IMF is headquartered in Washington, D.C., and it
 Initiatives like Ayushman Bharat aim to provide health
currently has 190 member countries.
insurance coverage to millions of people.
• It is regarded as the global lender of last resort to national
• Education: Investments in education focus on improving the
governments, and a leading supporter of exchange-rate
quality of schools and universities, expanding access to
stability.
education in remote areas, and enhancing skill development
• Publications: World Economic Outlook, Global Financial
programs to meet the demands of a rapidly evolving job market.
Stability Report, Fiscal Monitor, Global Policy Agenda.
• Agriculture: Public investments target areas such as
irrigation, crop diversification, agricultural research, and rural
infrastructure to enhance productivity and farmers' incomes. GI TAG TO KUTCH AJRAKH
• Manufacturing: The government's "Make in India" initiative aims
Ajrakh from Kutch gets GI tag by the Office of the Controller
to boost domestic manufacturing by attracting investment,
General of Patents, Designs, and Trademarks (CGPDTM).
improving infrastructure, and streamlining regulations.
• Technology and Innovation: Government is focusing on About:
building a robust digital infrastructure, promoting research
• The term "Ajrakh" is derived from the word 'Azrak,' which
and development, and fostering entrepreneurship in emerging
means indigo, a primary dye used in the printing process.
technologies like artificial intelligence, biotechnology, and
clean energy. • Ajrakh is a traditional textile craft originating from Gujarat,
particularly in areas like Sindh, Barmer, and Kutch.
• Social Welfare: Public investments in social welfare programs
target poverty alleviation, social inclusion, and empowerment • This art form involves intricate hand-block printing on specially
of marginalized communities. treated cotton fabric, creating elaborate designs that are
 Initiatives like the National Rural Employment Guarantee steeped in symbolism and historical significance.
Scheme (NREGA), rural electrification programs, and • Introduced more than 400 years ago by Sind Muslims, Ajrakh is
subsidized food distribution aim to improve living a popular attire among nomadic pastoralist and agricultural
standards and reduce inequality. communities such as the Rabaris, Maldharis, and Ahirs.

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ARECA NUT • Disadvantages of P-notes: However, because of the anonymity,

Indian regulators face difficulty determining a participatory
Recently, the Areca Research Centre at Shivamogga found note's original owner and end owner.
that the areca nut grown in the Tirthahalli region as the  Therefore, substantial amounts of unaccounted-for money
best quality areca among the varieties grown in Karnataka. enter the country through participatory notes. This flow of
untracked funds has raised some red flags.
About:
• It is the seed of the Areca palm (Areca catechu L.), and an DRIP PRICING
important cash crop of India.
• It is the fourth most commonly used psychoactive substance in Recently, the Department of Consumer Affairs (under the
the world after caffeine, nicotine, and alcohol. Union Ministry of Consumer Affairs) warned about ‘drip
 It is used as a key ingredient in several kinds of Smokeless pricing’ saying it can surprise consumers with ‘hidden charges’.
Tobacco (SLT) preparations.
• An estimated 600 million people chew it, with southern Asia,
About:
especially India, Myanmar, Bangladesh, and Pakistan, being • It is a pricing strategy and a technique where only a part of an
high prevalence areas. item’s price is advertised, with the total amount revealed at
the end of the buying process.
Cultivation: • It refers to the practice of advertising a basic price at the outset
• Arecanut requires abundant and well-distributed rainfall. and then incrementally disclosing additional costs associated
• It grows well within the temperature range of 14-36°C. with the product or service.
• Laterite, red loam, and alluvial soils are most suited.  It is commonly used in the hospitality and travel markets.

• Major states cultivating the areca nut are Karnataka, Kerala, • The price listed in a newspaper advertisement, in an email, or
Assam, Tamil Nadu, Meghalaya and West Bengal. on a website (the ‘headline price’) may not be what a good or
service ultimately costs the consumer.

PARTICIPATORY NOTES • Drip pricing can make comparison shopping more difficult and
penalize sellers who are more transparent with their pricing.
Investments through participatory notes in the Indian
capital markets reached Rs 1.5 lakh crore at the end of
February, making it the highest-level in nearly six years. MEDITECH STACKATHON 2024
The Department of Pharmaceuticals launched the
About:
MEDITECH STACKATHON 2024 in collaboration with
• Participatory notes (P-notes) are issued by registered foreign Confederation of Indian Industry (CII).
portfolio investors (FPIs) to overseas investors who wish to be
part of the Indian stock market without registering themselves About:
directly.
• The Stackathon was aimed to address critical challenges,
• Participatory notes were introduced in India in 2000 by the
foster domestic manufacturing, and reduce import
Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) to allow foreign
dependence, thereby positioning India as a global leader in
investors (financial institutions and high-net-worth individuals)
medical technology.
access to the Indian financial markets.
• At present India ranks as the 4th largest market for medical
• Advantages of participatory notes:
devices in Asia and stands among the top 20 globally.
 Anonymity: Any entity investing in participatory notes is
• India's MedTech industry is set to reach USD 50 bn by 2030
not required to register with SEBI, whereas all FIIs have to
compulsorily get registered. It enables large hedge funds from the current USD 14 billion.
to carry out their operations without disclosing their identity.
Confederation of Indian Industry (CII):
 Ease of trading: Trading through participatory notes is
• It is a non-government, not-for-profit, industry-led and
easy because they are like contract notes transferable by
endorsement and delivery. industry-managed business association organization playing
 Tax saving: Some of the entities route their investment a proactive role in India's development process.
through participatory notes to take advantage of the tax • Founded in 1895, CII has members from the private and
laws of certain preferred countries. public sectors.

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• CII suggests change by working closely with governments and ‘Market Economy’ Status:
thought leaders and enhancing efficiency, competitiveness • It is an economic system in which economic decisions and the
and business opportunities for industry. pricing of goods and services are guided by the interactions
of a country’s individual citizens and businesses.

WILFUL DEFAULTER • In a market economy, the laws of supply and demand dictate
the production of goods and services, and the prices are
Recently, the Bombay High Court banned the Public Sector determined using the same principle.
Banks (PSBs) from seeking Look-out Circulars (LOCs)
• Market economies work using the driving principle that supply
against Wilful Defaulters.
and demand are the best determinants of what is right for a
nation’s well-being. It leads to competition, which allows for
About: innovation and diversity.
• RBI Guidelines: According to the Reserve Bank of India (RBI)
guidelines, a borrower is labeled as a 'wilful defaulter' when ‘NON-MARKET ECONOMY’ STATUS
they fail to meet their payment or repayment obligations to the
• A non-market economy is a type of economic system
lender, despite possessing the financial capacity to fulfill them.
where the government controls the allocation of resources,
• Expanded Definition: price and output decisions.
 The RBI has expanded the definition of wilful default,
• The US designates a country as a non-market economy
mandating banks to review accounts declared as Non-
based on several factors, including:
Performing Assets (NPAs) within six months of classification.
 If the country’s currency is convertible;
 A wilful defaulter is characterized by their deliberate
 If wage rates are determined by free bargaining
failure, either as a borrower or guarantor, to fulfill financial
commitments, with an outstanding debt amounting to Rs between labour and management;
25 lakh or more.  If joint ventures or other foreign investment are allowed;
 Whether the means of production are owned by the
• Criteria for Classification: A large defaulter is identified as a
state; and
borrower with an outstanding balance of Rs 1 crore or more,
 If the state controls the allocation of resources and
whose account has been categorized as doubtful or incurred
price and output decisions.
a loss.
 Other factors like human rights are also considered.
• Legal Authority of Lenders: Commercial lenders such as
banks and non-banking financial companies (NBFCs) are • It allows the US to impose ‘anti-dumping’ duties on goods
empowered with legal rights to designate certain defaulted imported from designated countries.
borrowers as wilful defaulters.  Anti-dumping duties essentially compensate for the
difference between the imported good’s export price
Laws dealing with Wilful Defaulters: and their normal value.
• The SARFAESI Act of 2002 stipulates that if a borrower does
not furnish asset information and the lender does not take
possession of the mortgaged property within 30 days, a DECLINE IN INDIA'S AGRICULTURAL EXPORTS
three-month penalty is now applicable.
India’s agricultural exports fell 8.2% in 2024 on the back of
• The Fugitive Economic Offenders Act of 2018, legal framework shipment curbs on a host of commodities, from cereals and
introduced in India to deal with individuals who have sugar to onions.
committed economic offenses and have fled the country to
avoid facing prosecution. About:
• The value of farm exports totaled $48.82 billion in 2023-24,
STATUS OF MARKET AND NON MARKET down from the record $53.15 billion of 2022-23 and $50.24
billion for the previous fiscal.
ECONOMY
• Low international prices reduced the cost competitiveness of
Recently, Vietnam has pushed to change its ‘non-market the country’s exports, while also making it more vulnerable to
economy’ classification to ‘market economy’, in a bid to imports.
avoid high taxes imposed by the US on goods imported • Drivers of fall in exports: The fall in exports has been led
from the Southeast Asian nation. primarily by wheat, sugar and non-basmati rice.

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 Concerns over domestic availability and food inflation • Infrastructure Bottlenecks: Poor infrastructure leads to high
triggered a ban on exports. transportation costs, post-harvest losses, and delays in
 Two other items that have faced export restrictions shipment, reducing the competitiveness of Indian agricultural
triggered by domestic shortages and rising prices — are products in global markets.
wheat and onion. • Trade Barriers and Tariffs: Tariffs, non-tariff barriers, and trade
restrictions imposed by importing countries hinder Indian
India’s Agricultural Policy:
agricultural exports.
• The Government introduced a comprehensive Agriculture
• Smallholder Participation: Smallholder farmers constitute a
Export Policy in 2018, with the following objectives:
significant proportion of agricultural producers in India and
 To diversify our export basket, destinations and boost
often face challenges in accessing export markets due to
high value and value added agricultural exports, including
limited resources, capacity, and market linkages.
focus on perishables.
 To promote novel, indigenous, organic, ethnic, traditional
and non-traditional Agri products exports. STREAMLINING THE PHARMA SECTOR IN
 To provide an institutional mechanism for pursuing market INDIA
access, tackling barriers and dealing with sanitary and
Recently, the Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation
phytosanitary issues.
(CDSCO) has withdrawn powers delegated to State licensing
 To strive to double India’s share in world agri exports by
authorities making itself the sole authority for issuing
integrating with global value chains.
manufacturing licences for drugs meant for export.
 Enable farmers to benefit from export opportunities in
overseas markets.
About:
• India’s pharmaceutical industry is the third-largest in the world
in terms of volume and the 14th largest in terms of value.

• It contributes about 2% to India’s GDP and around 8% to

merchandise exports.
• The domestic industry contributes 3.5% to global export of
drugs and medicines.
• It encompasses a vast network of 3,000 drug companies and
10,500 manufacturing units.
• Approximately 500 Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API)
manufacturers play a significant role and contribute around
8% to the global API industry.
• The current market size of the Indian pharmaceutical industry
Challenges:
is around $50 billion.
• Lack of Policy Stability: Farmers and agri-traders, like all
• Due to its role in supplying cost-effective generic medicines
businessmen, want policy stability and predictability.
globally, India has earned the moniker of ‘pharmacy of the
 When governments resort to banning/restricting agri
world’.
exports — they usually privilege the interests of consumers
over producers.
CENTRAL DRUGS STANDARD CONTROL
 These actions hurt more when taken overnight, like with
ORGANIZATION (CDSCO)
wheat exports.
• It is the Central Drug Authority for discharging functions
• Domestic Food Security: Promoting agricultural exports must
assigned to the Central Government under the Drugs and
be balanced with ensuring domestic food security.
Cosmetics Act (1940).
• Price Volatility: Fluctuations in global commodity prices
• It works under the administrative control of the Union
and market demand lead to price volatility for agricultural
Ministry of Health & Family Welfare (MoH&FW).
products, affecting farmers' income and livelihoods.
• It has nine zonal offices, seven sub-zonal offices, 18 port
• Quality and Safety Standards: Meeting stringent quality
offices, seven central laboratories and six mini labs under
and safety standards required by international markets is
its control.
challenging for Indian agricultural exporters.

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Functions: Major Initiatives in the Pharma Sector of India:

• Regulatory control over the import of drugs; • Production Linked Incentives (PLI) Scheme: It aims to
• Approval of new drugs and clinical trials; promote domestic manufacturing by providing incentives on
incremental sales.
• Meetings of Drugs Consultative Committee (DCC) and
 It is expected to benefit manufacturers of bulk drugs and
Drugs Technical Advisory Board (DTAB);
medical devices, thereby reducing India’s dependence
• Approval of certain licences as Central License Approving
on imports.
Authority;
• Foreign Direct Investment (FDI): Government initiatives such
as allowing 100% FDI through automatic routes for greenfield
Growth Prospects:
pharmaceutical projects.
• It has seen a massive expansion over the last few years and
• Bulk Drug Parks: Government has proposed the establishment
is expected to reach about 13% of the size of the global
of three bulk drug parks to provide world-class infrastructure
pharma market while enhancing its quality, affordability, and for the pharmaceutical industry that are expected to lead to
innovation. substantial cost savings in drug production.
• India aims to grow the pharmaceutical industry by about four • Pharmaceutical Technology Upgradation Assistance Scheme
times to $200 billion by 2030. (PTUAS): It aims to facilitate the upgrade of technology in
• The industry’s focus on generic drug manufacturing has the pharmaceutical industry and is expected to enhance
significantly improved access to essential medicines, the industry’s competitiveness and ensure the production of
especially in developing countries. high-quality drugs.
• National R&D Policy: It is designed to promote research and
Key Challenges in the Pharma Sector of India: development in the pharmaceutical sector which aims to
• Despite its impressive growth, the Indian pharmaceutical foster innovation and the development of new drugs, thereby
sector faces several challenges, including pricing pressures positioning India as a global leader in the pharmaceutical
in the US generics market, scarcity of foreign currency in industry.
several African countries, and significant depreciation of • Promotion of Research and Innovation in Pharma-MedTech
local currencies. These include: (PRIP) Scheme: It aims to promote research and innovation
• Dependence on Imports: APIs and Key Starting Materials (KSMs) in the Pharma-MedTech domain and is expected to drive
import dependence exposes the industry to vulnerabilities the development of innovative medical devices and
related to supply chain disruptions and price fluctuations. pharmaceutical products.

• Slow Pace of Development: Indian pharmaceutical industry • Vision Pharma 2047: Government aims to make India a global
leader in the manufacturing of affordable, innovative & quality
has been relatively slow in the development of biologics,
pharmaceuticals & medical devices by the year 2047.
biosimilars, and other emerging products.
 It includes introducing natural products, ensuring
 It can potentially hinder the industry’s ability to keep pace
accessibility & affordability of patient-centric products for
with global trends and meet the evolving needs of the
better healthcare outcomes, and contributing to the Health
healthcare sector.
System to attain a union of equity, efficacy, and efficiency.
• Regulatory Inefficiencies: These pose another significant
challenge for the Indian pharmaceutical industry that can
lead to delays in drug approvals, increased costs, and reduced
MEGHALAYA COAL MINING DAMAGE
competitiveness in the global market. Justice Katakey committee has flagged the lack of progress
 Recently, CDSCO (India’s drug regulator) withdrew powers in restoring the environment damaged by rat-hole coal
delegated to State licensing authorities to issue ‘No mining in the northeastern State.
Objection Certificates (NOCs)’ for the manufacture of
unapproved, banned, or new drugs for export purposes. Background:
• Access to Funding for innovation in the Pharma-MedTech • The National Green Tribunal (NGT) banned the practice of
domain is another area of concern. rat-hole coal mining in 2014 as it causes environmental
 Limited access to capital can stifle innovation and hinder degradation and is a threat to the life of miners.
the development of new drugs and therapies. • The Meghalaya High Court appointed a single-member
• Skilled Human Resource: Indian pharmaceutical industry committee under Justice Brojendra Prasad Katakey in 2022 to
requires a highly skilled workforce to drive research and recommend measures to the state government in compliance
development, manage operations, and ensure quality control. with the directions issued by NGT.

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About Rat-Hole Mining: HYBRID ANNUITY MODEL (HAM)

• The term “rat hole” refers to the narrow pits (3-4 feet high) dug
The pace of national highway construction is expected to
into the ground, typically just large enough for one person to
slow because of the Hybrid Annuity Model (HAM).
descend and extract coal.
• Once the pits are dug, miners descend using ropes or
About:
bamboo ladders to reach the coal seams.
• A public-private partnership (PPP) model that combines
• The coal is then manually extracted using primitive tools such
engineering, procurement, and construction (EPC) and build,
as pickaxes, shovels, and baskets.
operate, transfer (BOT) models.
Concerns of Rat Hole Mining: • 40% the Project Cost is to be provided by the Government as
• Safety Concerns: Rat hole mining is often carried out in very small Construction Support during the construction period and the
and unstable tunnels, lacking safety measures such as proper balance 60% as annuity payments over the operations period
ventilation, structural support, or safety gear for the workers. along with interest thereon to the concessionaire.
 In 2018, around 15 rat hole miners died inside a coal mine
in the East Jaintia Hills district in Meghalaya. BUILD, OPERATE, TRANSFER (BOT) MODEL
• Environmental issues: The mining process can cause land • Under a BOT contract, an entity—usually a government—
degradation, deforestation, and water pollution. grants a concession to a private company to finance, build,
 Rat-hole mining in Meghalaya had caused the water in the and operate a project.
Kopili river (it flows through Meghalaya and Assam) to turn • The company operates the project for a period of time
acidic. (typically 20 or 30 years) with the goal of recouping its
• Loss of lives: This method of mining has faced severe criticism investment, then transfers control of the project back to the
due to its hazardous working conditions, and numerous public entity.
accidents leading to injuries and fatalities. ENGINEERING, PROCUREMENT, AND
• Child labor: Due to the small size of the tunnels, Children are CONSTRUCTION (EPC) MODEL
employed in the as they can crawl through these cramped • EPC is a type of project delivery model (or contract
spaces on their knees. agreement) where contractors are responsible for the
project from start to finish.
Reasons for the Persistence of Rat Hole Mining:
• EPC contracts often get expensive, and the government
• Lack of Alternative Livelihood: In some areas, there are limited
has less control over the construction.
alternative employment opportunities. Hence it is difficult for
miners to transition to other professions.
• Lack of political will: For many regions rat hole mining is the INDIA VIX
main source of revenue.Thus authorities do not take strict
action to regulate the practice. India VIX, which is an indicator of the market’s expectation
of volatility over the near term, surged past the 21 mark.
• Poverty: Economic challenges and poverty drives individuals
to engage in rat hole mining as a means of survival.
About:
• Economic Viability: No other method would be economically
viable in Meghalaya, where the coal seam is extremely thin. • The Volatility Index, VIX or the Fear Index, is a measure of the
Removal of rocks from the hilly terrain and putting up pillars market’s expectation of volatility over the near term.
inside the mine to prevent collapse would be costlier.  Volatility is described as the ‘rate and magnitude of
changes in prices’ and in finance often referred to as risk.
Key Issues highlighted by the Committee:
• During periods of market volatility, the market moves steeply
• The people living in areas around the mines continue to suffer up or down and the volatility index tends to rise. As volatility
due to continued acid mine drainage from the mine pits that subsides, the Volatility Index declines.
have not been closed yet.
• The Chicago Board of Options Exchange (CBOE) was the first to
• It underlined the non-utilisation of the Meghalaya Environment
introduce the volatility index for the US markets in 1993 based
Protection and Restoration Fund (MEPRF).
on S&P 100 Index option prices.
• The transportation of re-assessed or re-verified inventoried  In 2003, the methodology was revised and the new
coal to the designated depots has not been completed yet. volatility index was based on S&P 500 Index options.

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What is India VIX? About:

• India VIX is a volatility index computed by the NSE based on • IIBX will facilitate efficient price discovery with the assurance
the order book of NIFTY Options. of responsible sourcing and quality, apart from giving impetus
• India VIX indicates the investor’s perception of the market’s to the financialisation of gold in India.
volatility in the near term i.e. it depicts the expected market • IIBX is the country’s first bullion exchange in GIFT City
volatility over the next 30 calendar days. Gandhinagar.
 The higher the India VIX values, the higher the expected
What is a Bullion?
volatility and vice versa, as per NSE.
• Bullion refers to physical gold and silver of high purity that is
often kept in the form of bars, ingots, or coins.
TEA BOARD OF INDIA
• Bullion can sometimes be considered legal tender and is
The Tea Board of India has indicated a drop in production of often held as reserves by central banks or held by institutional
about 40% in Assam and 23% in West Bengal up to March investors.
2024 due to lack of sufficient rainfall.
WORLD TELECOMMUNICATION DAY
About:
Establishment and Purpose: Recently, World Telecommunication Day was observed on
May 17.
• Statutory Body: The Tea Board of India was established as a
statutory body in 1954 under the Tea Act of 1953.
About:
• Regulatory Role: Its primary objectives include regulating
• Telecommunication refers to the exchange of information over
the Indian tea industry and safeguarding the interests of tea
significant distances with the help of electronic means.
producers across the country.
• In the year 1865, the International Telecommunication Union
Administration of Teas:
was founded, when the first Indian Telegraph Convention was
• Scope: The Tea Board oversees all teas produced in the signed.
designated tea-growing regions of India.
• In 2005, the World Summit on the Information Society
• Prominent Varieties: Among the Indian teas administered asked the United Nations to declare May 17 as World
by the Tea Board are globally renowned varieties such as Telecommunication Day to be observed every year.
Darjeeling, Assam, and Nilgiri teas.
• The theme for this year's World Telecommunication Day is -
Organizational Structure: Digital Innovation for Sustainable Development.
• Board Composition: It comprises 32 Members, including
a Chairman and Deputy Chairman, appointed by the Telecommunication Sector in India:
Government of India. These members represent various • India is the world’s second-largest telecommunications market
segments of the tea industry. with a total telephone subscriber base of 1,190.33 million.
Geographical Presence: • India ranks as the world’s second-largest market in terms of
total internet users.
• Head Office: The Tea Board's central office is located in
Kolkata, West Bengal. • India has an overall tele-density of 85.69%, of which, the tele-
density of the rural market, which is largely untapped, stands at
• Zonal Offices: Additionally, it operates two zonal offices—one
59.19% while the tele-density of the urban market is 133.72%.
in the North Eastern Region, situated in Jorhat, Assam, and
another in the Southern Region, located in Coonoor, Tamil • The Telecom sector is the 4th largest sector in terms of FDI
Nadu. inflows, contributing 6% of total FDI inflow.

Challenges Faced by the Sector:

INDIA INTERNATIONAL BULLION EXCHANGE • Regulatory Framework: Changes in regulations, spectrum
(IIBX) pricing, licensing requirements, and government policies
impact the operations and investments of telecom companies.
State Bank of India (SBI) has become the first trading-
• Infrastructure Development: Despite significant progress
cum-clearing member at the India International Bullion
in recent years, there are still gaps in telecommunications
Exchange (IIBX).
infrastructure, particularly in rural and remote areas.

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 Extending network coverage to these areas remains • Ease of Doing Business Reforms: The government has
a challenge due to factors like difficult terrain, lack of implemented several reforms to improve the ease of
electricity, and insufficient infrastructure. doing business in India, including streamlining regulatory
• Competition and Pricing: Intense competition among telecom processes, reducing paperwork, and digitizing services, to
operators has led to price wars and margin pressures. attract investment and foster growth in the telecom sector.
 While this benefits consumers with lower tariffs, it puts
strain on the financial health of telecom companies.
ECONOMIC CAPITAL FRAMEWORK (ECF)
• Quality of Service: Maintaining consistent quality of service,
especially in densely populated urban areas, is a challenge The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has approved the transfer of
for telecom operators. Rs 2.11 lakh crores as surplus to the Union government for
 Issues such as call drops, network congestion, and slow the FY-2023-24, based on the Economic Capital Framework
internet speeds lead to customer dissatisfaction. (ECF).

• Cybersecurity: With the increasing digitization of services,

cybersecurity has become a critical concern for telecom
About:
companies. • The announcement came along with an increase in the
 They must protect their networks, customer data, and Contingent Risk Buffer (CRB) to 6.50 percent for fiscal year
infrastructure from cyber threats and attacks. 2023-24.

• Technological Advancements: Keeping pace with rapid • The Board decided to increase the Contingent Risk Buffer
technological advancements, such as 5G deployment, requires (CRB) to 6.50% for 2023-24, from 6% in the previous year.
substantial investments in infrastructure and upgrades. • The Committee had recommended that the risk provisioning
 Telecom companies need to balance these investments under the CRB be maintained within a range of 6.5-5.5% of the
with revenue generation and profitability. RBI’s balance sheet.

Government of India's Initiatives to Promote ECONOMIC CAPITAL FRAMEWORK (ECF)

Telecommunication Sector • The Economic Capital Framework (ECF) adopted by the
• Digital India Programme: Launched in 2015, Digital India aims RBI in 2019 as per recommendations of the Bimal Jalan
to transform India into a digitally empowered society and committee.
knowledge economy. • The economic capital framework provides a methodology
 It includes initiatives to provide broadband connectivity for determining the appropriate level of risk provisions and
to all villages, promote e-governance, and improve digital profit distribution to be made under Section 47 of the RBI
literacy. Act, 1934.
• BharatNet: It is the world's largest rural broadband connectivity • As per this provision, the central bank is required to pay
program and plays a crucial role in bridging the digital divide the balance of its profits to the central government after
between urban and rural areas. making provision for bad and doubtful debts, depreciation
• Infrastructure Development: The government is investing in assets, and contributions to staff.
in the development of telecom infrastructure, including
optical fiber networks, mobile towers, and rural broadband
connectivity, to support the growth of the sector and improve PORT OF CALL
service quality.
Spain has refused permission for an Israel-bound ship
• Atmanirbhar Bharat (Self-reliant India) Initiative: The
carrying arms to call at the southeastern port of Cartagena.
government has emphasized promoting domestic
manufacturing of telecom equipment and components to
reduce dependence on imports and boost the growth of the
About:
domestic telecom industry. Definition:

• Incentives for Research and Development (R&D): Various • A port of call refers to a designated location where a ship or
incentives, such as tax breaks and grants, are provided vessel makes a temporary stop during its journey.
to encourage research and development activities in the • These stops serve various purposes, including refueling,
telecom sector, including the development of indigenous restocking supplies, and carrying out necessary maintenance
technologies and innovations. tasks.

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Types of Ports of Call:

INDIAN STAFFING FEDERATION (ISF)
• Commercial Ports: These ports handle cargo and freight,
• It was established in 2011 and plays a crucial role in
serving as crucial hubs for trade and commerce.
promoting the benefits of flexible staffing solutions to
• Cruise Ports: Specifically designed to accommodate cruise businesses, policymakers, and other stakeholders.
ships, these ports offer amenities and attractions for • It works towards creating a conducive regulatory
passengers, enhancing their travel experience. environment for the industry and fosters ethical and
• Military Ports: Reserved for naval vessels, military ports serve professional standards among its members.
strategic purposes related to defense and national security. • The ISF also conducts research and publishes reports to
• Transit Ports: These ports provide a brief stopover for ships provide insights into the flexi staffing industry's growth,
during long voyages, offering essential services and facilities challenges, and opportunities.
to transient vessels.
Difference between Formal and Informal Sector:
Purposes: • The formal sector has a written contract between the employer
• Replenishment: Ships utilize ports of call to replenish their and the employee, as well as pre-defined labour conditions.
fuel and energy supplies, ensuring uninterrupted operations  This sector is made up of a well-organized group of people
during their journey. who operate in the same environment and are legally and
• Restocking: Vessels stock up on essential items such as food, socially conscious of their rights.
water, and provisions necessary for the continuation of their • Informal Sector: All unincorporated private enterprises owned
voyage. by individuals or families involved in the sale and production
• Crew Operations: Crew members may embark or disembark of products and services on a proprietary or partnership
basis are classified as informal.
at ports of call, facilitating crew changes, rest, or medical
assistance. Informal Sector of Indian Economy:
• Maintenance and Repairs: Ports of call offer facilities for ships • The Indian Economy is characterized by the existence of a
to undergo necessary repairs, maintenance, and inspections, vast majority of informal or unorganized labour employment.
ensuring the seaworthiness and safety of vessels.
• India with almost 85% informal labour is generating more than
half of the country’s GDP.
STRUCTURAL SHIFT TOWARDS FORMAL • A high proportion of socially and economically underprivileged
EMPLOYMENT IN INDIA sections of society are concentrated in informal economic
activities.
Indian Staffing Federation (ISF) unveiled “India@Work:
Vision Next Decade,” a blueprint for formalisation of Challenges Related to Informal Sector in India:
informal workforce and implementation of labour codes in
• Impact on Women Labour Force Participation: Women make
the country.
up the majority of informal participants, yet they receive the
fewest benefits and face lower salary, income volatility, and a
About: lack of a strong social safety net. It has also greatly hampered
• ISF stressed the need of formalising the country’s informal women's labor-force participation.
workforce of over 400 million and anticipated organised  According to the Periodic Labour Force Survey statistics,
staffing companies would be able to contribute to this female labour force participation fell to 21.2% in March
exercise. 2021, down from 21.9% the previous year.
 A noticeable distinction was seen during the pandemic, • Low Wages and Exploitation: Informal employment, by definition,
where the formal workforce, comprising less than 15%, lacks a written contract, paid leave, and hence does not pay
had access to their social security, which aided them in minimum wages or pay attention to working conditions.
overcoming the challenges.  Working hours that exceed labour standards are
• ISF would be looking majorly into three crucial aspects widespread in India's unorganised sector.
to address the challenges posed: increasing the social • Lack of Social Security: Workers in the informal sector often
security ambit; improving the concept of in-hand wage; lack access to social security benefits such as healthcare,
implementation of labour codes; to minimise any obstacle to pensions, and unemployment insurance. This leaves them
a favourable working condition. vulnerable to economic shocks and health crises.

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• Limited Access to Finance: Informal sector workers and • Since prices of goods increase over time resulting in a fall in
businesses often struggle to access formal financial services the purchasing power, the CII is used to arrive at the inflation
such as bank loans and credit, hindering their ability to invest adjusted purchasing price of assets so as to compute taxable
in their businesses or improve their living standards. long-term capital gains (LTCG).
• Poor Quality of Life: Unorganized sector workers were far more
likely to be poor than their organised sector counterparts.
 Poor nutrition intake, as a result of low salaries and health
WORLD INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
problems, endangers their life. ORGANIZATION (WIPO) TREATY
• Tax Evasion: Because the informal economy's firms are not
After 25 years of negotiations, the World Intellectual
directly regulated, they typically dodge one or more taxes by Property Organization (WIPO) Treaty, associated with the
concealing revenue and expenses from the legal system. genetic resources and traditional knowledge was concluded
 This is a problem for the government because a large in Geneva.
portion of the economy is not taxed.
• Lack of formal Data for Policymaking: There are no official statistics About Genetic Resources and associated Traditional
available that reflect the true state of the economy, making it
Knowledge:
difficult for the government to formulate policies affecting the
informal sector in particular and the economy as a whole. • Genetic resources (GRs) are present in things like medicinal
plants, agricultural crops, and animal breeds.
Way Forward:  While genetic resources themselves cannot be directly
• There is a need to relax restrictions for informal business protected as intellectual property, inventions developed
conduct in order to pull informal businesses and their using them can, most often through a patent.
employees into the fold of formality.
• Associated Traditional Knowledge: Some genetic resources
 A self-help group effort that gathers informal employees
are also associated with traditional knowledge through their
can help to foster self-sufficiency and address concerns
use and conservation by Indigenous Peoples as well as local
linked to their working conditions.
communities, often over generations.
• As part of the National Data System, a comprehensive
 This knowledge is sometimes used in scientific research
statistical base on many elements of the informal economy is
required to enable policymakers to make informed decisions. and, as such, may contribute to the development of a
protected invention.
• Grievances from informal employees should be heard and
resolved on a regular basis through a transparent and officially • The treaty will establish in international law a new disclosure
regulated procedure. requirement for patent applicants whose inventions are
• Equal compensation for equal effort is a directive principle of based on genetic resources and associated traditional
state policy (Article 39(d)), but women farm labourers typically knowledge.
earn less than their male colleagues. • The treaty after entering into force will require contracting
parties to put In place mandatory disclosure obligations for
COST INFLATION INDEX patent applicants to disclose the country of origin or source of
the genetic resources when the claimed invention is based
The Central Board of Direct Taxes (CBDT) has notified the
on genetic resources or associated traditional knowledge.
Cost Inflation Index (CII) for the financial year 2024-25 for
calculating long-term capital gains. • This will offer added protection to Indian Genetic Resources
and Traditional Knowledge, which while currently protected in
About: India are prone to misappropriation in countries, which do not
• The Cost Inflation Index is used by taxpayers to compute gains have disclosure of obligations.
arising out of sale of capital assets after adjusting inflation.
Significance:
• The CII for financial year 2024-25, relevant to assessment
year 2025-26, stood at 363. • This is the first WIPO treaty to address the interface between
intellectual property, genetic resources and traditional
• Normally, an asset is required to be retained for more than
knowledge.
36 months (24 months for immovable property and unlisted
shares, 12 months for listed securities) to qualify as ’long- • It is also the first WIPO treaty to include provisions specifically
term capital gains’. for indigenous peoples and local communities.

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WORLD INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY ORGANIZATION (WIPO) About:

• It is a self-funding agency of the United Nations, that serves • The PRAVAAH (Platform for Regulatory Application, Validation,
the world’s innovators and creators, ensuring that their ideas and Authorisation) portal: It is a secure and centralized web-
travel safely to the market and improve lives everywhere. based platform for individuals and entities to apply online for
various regulatory approvals from the RBI.
• Members: The organization has 193 member states
 The portal streamlines the process of seeking
including both developing and developed nations like
authorizations, licenses, or regulatory approvals by
India, Italy, Israel, Austria, Bhutan, Brazil, China, Cuba,
providing a single point of contact for applicants. It is
Egypt, Pakistan, the U.S. and the U.K.
expected to improve the efficiency of the RBI’s regulatory
• Headquarters: Geneva, Switzerland
approval and clearance processes.
• Retail Direct Mobile App :It offers retail investors easy access
ZIG: ZIMBABWE’S GOLD BACKED CURRENCY to the Retail Direct platform and facilitates transactions in
government securities (G-Secs).
Recently, Zimbabwe has introduced the ZiG (Zimbabwe
 The app enables retail investors to open Retail Direct Gilt
Gold), a gold-backed currency amid its monetary crisis
accounts with the RBI, participate in primary auctions for
marked by hyperinflation and currency collapses.
G-Secs, and buy and sell G-Secs in the secondary market.
 The app is available for download on the Play Store for
ZiG: A Brief Overview
Android users and the App Store for iOS users.
• Background: The ZiG is Zimbabwe’s sixth national currency in
• The Fintech Repository: It is a comprehensive database
the last 15 years.
containing information on the Indian fintech sector.
• It follows the spectacular collapse of the Zimbabwe dollar in
 The repository aims to provide a better understanding of
2009 due to hyperinflation, which reached a staggering 5
the sector from a regulatory perspective and facilitate the
billion per cent—the world’s worst currency crash.
design of appropriate policy approaches.
• Gold-Backed: Unlike its predecessors, the ZiG stands out as a  It includes information on Indian fintech companies, their
currency backed by physical gold reserves. products and services, and the regulatory framework
 It ensures that its value is supported by the actual gold applicable to them.
held by the government.
• It contains information on the adoption of emerging
• Denominations: ZiG notes and coins are available in various technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI), machine
denominations: 1ZiG, 2ZiG, 5ZiG, 10ZiG, 20ZiG, 50ZiG, learning (ML), cloud computing, distributed ledger technology
100ZiG, and 200ZiG. (DLT), and quantum computing by these entities.
• The gold backing aims to provide stability and prevent
currency devaluation.
• By linking the ZiG to a tangible asset, Zimbabwe hopes to
GST APPELLATE TRIBUNAL
restore public confidence in its monetary system. The Union Minister for Finance and Corporate Affairs
administered the oath of integrity and secrecy to Justice
Challenges and Skepticism:
(Retd.) Sanjaya Kumar Mishra as the President of the GST
• Public Mistrust: Zimbabweans remain skeptical due to past Appellate Tribunal (GSTAT). The appointment marks the
currency failures. People are still clamoring for U.S. dollars, beginning of the operationalisation of the GSTAT.
which have been widely accepted as an alternative currency.
• Black Market Fluctuations: While the ZiG has held its value on About:
the official market, it has tumbled on the black market. • The GSTAT is the Appellate Authority established under
 Exchange rates there can reach up to 17 ZiGs per U.S. the Central Goods and Services Tax Act, 2017, to hear various
dollar. appeals under the said Act.
• It represents a specialised authority formed to resolve GST-
NEW INITIATIVES OF RBI FOR ENHANCING related disputes at the appellate level.
PUBLIC ACCESS TO BANK  It will be the forum of second appeal under GST laws and is
the first common forum of dispute resolution between the
The RBI has launched three major initiatives – the PRAVAAH Centre and the states.
portal, the Retail Direct Mobile App and a FinTech Repository.
• It consists of a Principal Bench and various State Benches.

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 As per the approval of the GST Council, the Government has About Hydropower:
notified the Principal Bench, to be located at New Delhi, and • Hydropower, or hydroelectric power, is one of the oldest and
31 State Benches at various locations across the country. largest sources of renewable energy, which uses the natural
• Significance: The Tribunal will ensure swift, fair, judicious and flow of moving water to generate electricity.
effective resolution to GST disputes, besides significantly • Hydropower currently generates more electricity than all
reducing the burden on higher courts. other renewable technologies combined and is expected
 The establishment of the GSTAT would further enhance to remain the world’s largest source of renewable electricity
the effectiveness of the GST system in India and foster generation into the 2030s.
a more transparent and efficient tax environment in the
• Classification of Hydro Projects based on Installed Capacity:
country.
 Micro: up to 100 KW
 Mini: 101KW to 2 MW
FOOT ROT DISEASE  Small: 2 MW to 25 MW
 Mega: Hydro projects with installed capacity >= 500 MW
Punjab Agricultural University has developed biocontrol
agent Trichoderma Asperellum to combat ‘foot rot’ disease, • India: In 2022-23, hydropower accounted for 12.5 percent
prevalent in Basmati rice varieties. of power generation in India. India had about 4745.6 MW
pumped storage capacity in operation in 2023.
About:  The hilly States of India mainly Arunachal Pradesh,
Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir and Uttarakhand
• Foot rot is a fungal disease caused by the fungus Fusarium
constitute around half of this potential.
Verticillioides.
 Other potential States are Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh,
• It affects Basmati rice crops particularly at the seedling stage.
Karnataka and Kerala.
It might also cause infection after transplantation in case
infected seedlings are transplanted.
• Rice is cultivated in two stages. Seeds are first sown in a
nursery bed, where they sprout and grow into seedlings.
 Then they are transplanted into a well-puddled and
prepared field.
• The pathogen spreads the infection through the root of the
plant, and eventually leads to the colonization of the stem base.

OPTIMIZING HYDRO CAPACITY TO MEET

RISING PEAK DEMAND
The Ministry of Power has optimized hydropower generation Demand:
to avoid supply shortfall as peak power demand is set to • Abundant water resources: India is endowed with several major
touch 240 GW during the summer months.
rivers and their tributaries, which offer immense potential for
hydroelectric power generation.
Renewable Energy Generation in India:
• Potential for small-scale projects: In addition to large-scale
• India is the world’s third largest producer of renewable energy
projects, India also has potential for small-scale hydroelectric
and around 40 percent of installed electricity capacity comes
projects, especially in hilly regions and remote areas where
from non-fossil fuel sources. grid connectivity is limited.
 India has added a renewable capacity of over 18 GW in
• Storage capacity: Hydroelectric power plants with reservoirs
FY24.
offer the advantage of energy storage, which can be crucial
• This green push has resulted in a sharp 24 percent reduction for managing peak demand and providing stable electricity
in emission intensity of GDP between 2005 and 2016, but it supply.
has also thrown up challenges in meeting peak demand with • Long Lifespan: Hydropower infrastructure, such as dams and
a grid being increasingly powered by renewables. turbines, can have long lifespans, often exceeding 50 years
• However the reliance on coal and gas along with hydro power with proper maintenance. This longevity ensures a stable and
is preferred more to meet peak demand. enduring source of energy for a longer period of time.

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• Reliable and Predictable: Unlike solar and wind energy, which are • High Initial Costs: Constructing hydropower facilities involves
intermittent and dependent on weather conditions, hydropower significant upfront investment costs.
provides a consistent and reliable source of electricity. • Climate Change Vulnerability: Hydropower generation relies
• Clean Energy: Hydropower produces minimal greenhouse on consistent water flow, which can be affected by climate
gas emissions compared to fossil fuels, making it an change-induced variations in precipitation patterns and glacial
environmentally friendly option for generating electricity. melt.
 A UK based think tank found that the drought — likely
Challenges associated with Hydro Power Generation:
exacerbated by climate change — drove an 8.5% drop in
• Environmental Impact: Large-scale hydropower projects often hydroelectricity around the world over the last two decades.
require damming rivers, which alter ecosystems, disrupt fish
• Sedimentation: Dams trap sediment flowing downstream,
habitats, and impact local biodiversity.
leading to reservoirs gradually filling up with sediment over time.
 It also leads to issues like sediment buildup and water
 This reduces the reservoir's capacity and impacts the
temperature changes downstream, affecting aquatic life.
efficiency and lifespan of the hydropower facility.
• Social Impacts: Building dams and reservoirs displace
• Maintenance Challenges: Hydropower infrastructure requires
communities and disrupt livelihoods, especially those relying
regular maintenance to ensure safe and efficient operation.
on the affected rivers for fishing or agriculture.

POTENTIALS OF HYDRO ELECTRIC POWER IN MEETING ENERGY

INSTALLED GENERATION CAPACITY (SECTOR WISE) AS ON 31.05.2023
Sector MW % of Total
Central Sector 1,00,055 24.0%
State Sector 1,05,726 25.3%
Private Sector 2,11,887 50.7%
Total 4,17,668
Installed GENERATION CAPACITY(FUELWISE) AS ON 31.05.2023
CATAGORY INSTALLED GENERATION APACITY (MW) % of SHARE IN Total
Fossil Fuel
Coal 205,235 49.1%
Lignite 6,620 1.6%
Gas 24,824 6.0%
Diesel 589 0.1%
Total Fossil Fuel 2,37,269 56.8 %
Non-Fossil Fuel
RES (Incl. Hydro) 173,619 41.4%
Hydro 46,850 11.2 %
Wind, Solar & Other RE 125,692 30.2 %
Wind 42,868 10.3 %
Solar 67,078 16.1 %
BM Power/Cogen 10,248 2.5 %
Waste to Energy 554 0.1 %
Small Hydro Power 4,944 1.2 %
Nuclear 6,780 1.6%
Total Non-Fossil Fuel 179,322 43.0%
Total Installed Capacity (Fossil Fuel & Non-Fossil Fuel) 4,17,668 100%

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ENVIRONMENT

RED COLOBUS About:

• Signed: In 1959 by 12 countries and came into effect in the
Recently, it has been noticed that the Red colobus monkeys
mid-1960s.
are threatened by poachers in Africa.
• Objective: Demilitarization and peaceful use of Antarctica,
Freedom of scientific cooperation and environmental
About:
protection.
• Red colobus monkeys are found only in sub-Saharan Africa,
• Member Nations: Initially treaty signed by twelve countries,
ranging from Senegal in the west to the Zanzibar Archipelago
currently have 56 parties.
in the east.
• India became a party to the Treaty in 1983. Recently,
India enacted the Indian Antarctic Act, 2022 reaffirming its
commitment to the Antarctic Treaty.
• Secretariat headquarter: Buenos Aires, Argentina.

• These monkeys inhabit a diversity of forests, including

rainforest, riparian forest, or mangrove swamp.
• IUCN Red List assessments indicate that every form of red Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic
colobus monkey is threatened with extinction, and 14 of the 18 Treaty:
taxa are listed as Critically Endangered or Endangered. • The Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic
• Importance: They are primary indicators of biodiversity Treaty was signed in Madrid on October 4, 1991 and entered
decline in the continent’s tropical forests. into force in 1998. It designates Antarctica as a “natural
 Conserving them could hold the keys to protecting these reserve, devoted to peace and science”.
forests. • The Environmental Protocol is best known for its ban on
• Threats: The primary threats to red colobus are very clear: commercial mining in Antarctica.
commercial and subsistence hunting as well as habitat loss, • To mark its 25th anniversary in 2016, all Parties underlined
degradation, and fragmentation resulting from numerous their commitment to the mining ban at the Antarctic Treaty
factors Consultative Meeting in May 2016.

ANTARCTIC TREATY BLACKBUCKS

India to host 46th Antarctic Treaty Consultative meeting in Forest officials in Bihar have been directed to ensure
Kochi, Kerala. The meeting reflects India’s growing role as a availability of water for Blackbucks during summer
responsible global stakeholder in efforts to preserve Antarctica. months.

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About Blackbucks (Antilope cervicapra):  This process ensures that rainwater infiltrates the soil
• It is also called Indian Antelope and is and activates natural aquifers, mitigating the adverse
found only in the Indian subcontinent. effects of water scarcity and promoting sustainable water
management practices.
• It is considered to be the fastest animal
• Environmental Benefits:
in the world next to Cheetah.
 The implementation of percolation wells offers numerous
• Habitat: The species inhabits open
environmental benefits, including the restoration of
grassland, dry thorn scrub, scrubland
groundwater tables, prevention of soil erosion, and
and lightly-wooded country as well as
enhancement of water quality through natural filtration
agricultural margins.
processes.
• Distribution: It is native to India and Nepal.  By harnessing rainwater and facilitating its infiltration into
 In India the species is widespread in Rajasthan, Gujarat, the ground, percolation wells contribute to ecosystem
Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and other areas throughout resilience, supporting biodiversity and ecosystem
peninsular India. services dependent on healthy hydrological cycles.
• Protection status: Blackbuck is included in the Schedule-I of • Community Engagement and Adoption:
Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972  Encouraging community participation and awareness is
 They are categorised as least concern in the Red List of essential for the widespread adoption of percolation well
Threatened Species maintained by the International Union initiatives.
for Conservation of Nature.  Outreach programs, educational workshops, and
collaborative partnerships with local stakeholders can
foster a culture of water stewardship, empowering
HARNESSING RAINWATER WITH
communities to actively engage in rainwater harvesting
PERCOLATION WELLS and groundwater recharge efforts.
 Additionally, incorporating traditional knowledge and
The Bangalore Water Supply and Sewerage Board has
constructed more than 900 percolation/recharge wells indigenous practices into percolation well projects
across the city within a span of one month. enhances their effectiveness and cultural relevance,
promoting sustainable water management practices
rooted in local contexts.
About:
• Policy Support and Implementation:
• Purpose and Design:
 Government policies and regulations play a crucial role
 Percolation wells serve as
in promoting the deployment of percolation wells as
integral components of rainwater
sustainable water management solutions.
harvesting systems, aimed
at replenishing, conserving,  By incentivizing rainwater harvesting initiatives, providing
and recharging groundwater technical assistance, and establishing regulatory
reserves. frameworks conducive to groundwater recharge,
policymakers can facilitate the widespread adoption of
 These wells, typically 12 feet deep and 4 feet wide, are
percolation well systems and contribute to water security
constructed as earthen dams reinforced with concrete
and resilience at regional and national scales.
rings and filled with gravel.
 Their design facilitates the efficient capture and percolation
of rainwater, creating a conducive environment for natural CONSERVING TIGERS IN THE SAHYADRI TIGER
aquifer replenishment. RESERVE: A STRATEGIC TRANSLOCATION
• Mechanism of Operation: INITIATIVE
 Rainwater collected within the percolation well seeps
gradually through layers of gravel and soil, facilitating The Maharashtra forest department is gearing up for
its downward movement towards the underlying natural translocation of a few tigers from the Tadoba-Andhari Tiger
aquifers. Reserve (TATR) in Chandrapur to Sahyadri.
 By intercepting and redirecting rainwater runoff,
percolation wells prevent wastage and surface water About:
stagnation, thus optimizing the utilization of precipitation • The Sahyadri Tiger Reserve (STR) is located in the Sahyadri
for groundwater recharge. Ranges of Western Ghats in Maharashtra.

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 These ranges form a common boundary between MARKET-BASED APPROACHES TO FOREST

Maharashtra, Karnataka and Goa, and consist of rich
CONSERVATION
evergreen, semi-evergreen and moist deciduous forests.
• It is the first Tiger Reserve of Western Maharashtra and the According to a major scientific review, Market-based
fourth Tiger Reserve of the State spreading over two Protected approaches to forest conservation have largely failed to
Areas of Koyna Sanctuary (KWLS) and Chandoli National protect trees or alleviate poverty.
Park (CNP).
• It was declared as a tiger reserve in the year of 2007 by the
Key Finding of Study:
National Tiger Conservation Authority that is the Project Tiger. • The report compiled by the International Union of Forest
Research Organizations (IUFRO), a group of 15,000 scientists
• It is one of only five tiger reserves in the country — Kaval
in 120 countries, will be presented at a high-level UN forum.
in Telangana, Kamlang in Arunachal Pradesh, Dampa in
• According to it ,Trade and finance-driven initiatives had
Mizoram and Satkosia in Odisha being the other four — with
made “limited” progress halting deforestation and in some
zero tigers within the reserve.
cases worsened economic inequality.
• The translocation is part of a long-term plan to revive the
• There is a rise in complex and overlapping market-based
population of the big cats in the northern Western Ghats forests.
schemes “with financial actors and shareholders more often
 The translocation project is an important step in
interested in short-term profits than long-term just and
conservation of tigers in the forests of the northern sustainable forest governance”.
Western Ghats, which form a key wildlife corridor between
• Poverty and forest loss both are persistent across different
Maharashtra and Karnataka.
regions of the world.
• Green trade policies imposed by wealthy countries—like the
HIPPOPOTAMUSES EU’s ban on imports linked to deforestation—might look good
from Brussels but did not consider the knock-on effects.
Recently, Hundreds of hippopotamuses have been stuck in
a dry channel in the Okavango Delta, Botswana. Market-Based Conservation Instruments:
• Market-based approaches to forest conservation comprises
About: carbon offsets and deforestation-free certification schemes.
• Hippopotamuses, also called hippos or the river horse, are • It includes a range of policy tools, from pollution taxes and
large semi-aquatic mammals with an enormous head and tradable permits to direct payments for private conservation
body, and short legs and tail. efforts.
• The hippo is considered to be the heaviest land animal after • They can be either regulatory (e.g., environmental taxes or
the elephant. tradable permits schemes) or voluntary (e.g., payments for
ecosystem services).
• The ears, eyes, and nostrils are located high on the head so
that the rest of the body may remain submerged. Importance:
• There are two species of hippopotamuses, the common river • Flexibility and Efficiency:
hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibious) and the smaller  Market-based solutions offer a flexible framework that
pygmy hippopotamus (Choeropsis liberiensis). enables the implementation of conservation actions at
minimal cost.
Habitat and Distribution:  Unlike traditional command and control approaches,
• Common river hippopotamuses are native to sub-Saharan market mechanisms facilitate the adoption of strategies
Africa. that maximize efficiency and cost-effectiveness in
• Pygmy hippos are found in the tropical rainforests and achieving environmental objectives.
swamps of four West African countries: Guinea, Liberia, and • Quantification of Economic Values:
Sierra Leone.  Market-based conservation initiatives play a pivotal role
in quantifying the economic value of natural resource
Protection status: conservation strategies.
• The common hippopotamus is classified on the IUCN Red  By assigning tangible economic values to environmental
List as vulnerable. assets and ecosystem services, these approaches
enhance the understanding of the benefits derived from
• The pygmy hippopotamus is classified on the IUCN Red List
conservation efforts, thereby fostering informed decision-
as endangered.
making and resource allocation.

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• Development of Market Infrastructure:  These great apes are only found in the wild on the islands
 Market-based conservation endeavors focus on of Borneo and Sumatra.
developing and strengthening public and private markets • Eating habitats: Orangutans mainly eat fruits, such as
tailored to natural resource conservation. mangoes, lychees and figs, but they also feed on young
 By creating avenues for the sale and trade of environmental leaves, flowers, insects, and even small mammals.
goods and services, these initiatives establish robust
• IUCN Red List status: All three orangutan species are critically
market infrastructure that incentivizes sustainable practices endangered
and drives investments in conservation initiatives.
• Importance: They are known as gardeners of the forest.
• Optimization of Resource Allocation:  They play a vital role in seed dispersal and in maintaining
 Through market-based mechanisms, resources are the health of the forest ecosystem, which is important for
allocated efficiently to maximize conservation outcomes. people and a host of other animals, including tigers, Asian
 By harnessing market dynamics such as supply and elephants and Sumatran rhinos.
demand, price signals, and incentives, market-based
• Threats: Deforestation and hunting are the biggest threats to
approaches ensure optimal utilization of resources,
orangutans.
driving greater environmental benefits while minimizing
costs.
NITROGEN DIOXIDE POLLUTION
Steps Taken:
• The Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change has A recent study has raised concerns about the health
launched the Indian Forest & Wood Certification Scheme.
risks associated with gas and propane stoves as it can
significantly increase indoor air pollution levels of Nitrogen
 This national forest certification scheme offers voluntary
Dioxide (NO2 ).
third-party certification designed to promote sustainable
forest management and agroforestry in the country.
About:
 The scheme includes forest management certification,
tree outside forest management certification, and chain of • The study found that homes with gas or propane stoves
custody certification. expose residents to an estimated 4 parts per billion (ppb)
increase in nitrogen dioxide (NO2)on average over a year.
• Nitrogen dioxide is a reddish-brown, pungent, acidic gas that is
ORANGUTAN corrosive and strongly oxidizing.

Orangutan named Rakus in Indonesia used a medicinal

Sources of Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2):
plant to treat a wound, the plant, Akar Kuning, helped in
wound healing. • Anthropogenic activities: The main source of nitrogen dioxide
resulting from human activities is the combustion of fossil
fuels (coal, gas and oil) especially fuel used in cars.
About:
 It is also produced from making nitric acid, welding and
• The name orangutan means "man of
using explosives, refining of petrol and metals, commercial
the forest" in the Malay language.
manufacturing, and food manufacturing.
• They have a characteristic ape-
• Natural sources of other nitrogen oxides include volcanoes
like shape, shaggy reddish fur and
and bacteria.
grasping hands and feet.
• They are the largest arboreal mammal, spending most of their Effects of Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2):
time in trees. • Health: Nitrogen dioxide can decrease the lungs’ defenses
• They are the closest living relatives of humans and they share against bacteria making them more susceptible to infections.
96.4% of Human genes and are highly intelligent creatures. It can also aggravate asthma.
• There are three species of Orangutan - the Bornean, • Ecosystem: Nitrogen dioxide is toxic to plants in short-term
Sumatran and Tapanuli - which differ a little in appearance concentrations of 120 µg/m3. It reduces plant growth.
and behaviour.  Along with sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide can cause acid
• Habitat and Distribution: They can occur up to 1,500m above rain.
sea level, most are found in lowland areas and prefer forests  Nitrogen dioxide can form secondary particles called
in river valleys or floodplains. nitrates that cause haze and reduce visibility.

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SPERM WHALE CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS

Scientists studying the sperm whales that live around the Constructed wetlands are nature’s solution for wastewater
Caribbean island of Dominica have described for the first treatment in India.
time the basic elements of how they might be talking to each
other. About:
• Constructed wetlands are engineered structures designed to
About: replicate the functions of natural wetlands.
• Name: Sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus). • They are composed of meticulously chosen vegetation, soil and
 Sperm whales got their name because the semi-liquid, water, orchestrated to facilitate a seamless process of purification.
waxy substance in their head was first believed to be
• They are divided into two categories: Subsurface Flow (SSF)
sperm.
and Surface Flow (SF).
• Distribution: They occur throughout the world's oceans and in  SSF wetlands direct wastewater through gravel beds or
the Mediterranean Sea. porous media, promoting microbial activity that degrades
• Appearance: It is a large, dark-colored, toothed whale with a organic matter.
massive, square-shaped head that can make up more than a  In contrast, SF wetlands demonstrate their aesthetic
third of its body length. appeal above the water’s surface, with gently flowing
• Sperm whales communicate streams and lush vegetation.
by squeezing air through • One such example is the Asola Bhatti Wildlife Sanctuary in
their respiratory systems to Delhi, situated on the city’s outskirts.
make strings of rapid clicks  Here, a constructed wetland system aids in purifying
that can sound like an sewage from nearby settlements while also providing a
extremely loud zipper sanctuary for diverse flora and fauna, thus contributing to
underwater. regional biodiversity conservation.
 Sperm whales are the largest of the toothed whales. • The Kolkata East Wetlands in West Bengal, designated as a
• Life Span: They have a lifespan similar to humans, living about Ramsar site, feature a vast network of natural and constructed
70 years. wetlands.
• Threats: Deep-sea oil and gas exploration can cause multiple
issues for sperm whales such as loss of hearing, water OLEANDER
pollution from hydrocarbons, and increased risk of being hit
by ocean vessels. Two Kerala government-controlled temple boards have
banned use of oleander flowers in temple offerings after a
• Conservation Status: IUCN Vulnerable.
24-year old woman died after accidentally chewing some
 They are protected under Schedule 2 of the Wildlife
oleander leaves.
Protection Act and possession or trade of any of its by-
products, including Ambergris is illegal.
Oleander Plant:
 They are listed in Appendix I of the CITES (Convention on
• Presence of Cardiac Glycosides:
International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna
 Oleander, scientifically known as Nerium oleander, poses
and Flora).
a significant health risk due to the presence of cardiac
 However, ambergris is not covered in CITES provisions
glycosides in all parts of the plant, including leaves,
as it is considered a naturally excreted waste product and
stems, flowers, and roots.
trade of which is legal in many countries.
 These compounds can have toxic effects on the human
Ambergris: body, particularly on the cardiovascular system.

• Ambergris means grey amber in French, is a waxy substance • Symptoms of Toxicity:

that originates from the digestive system of sperm whales.  Exposure to oleander can lead to a range of symptoms,
including nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea,
• Due to its high value in the market, ambergris is often called
and irregular heart rate.
the ‘floating gold’ and ‘treasure of the sea’.
 In severe cases, oleander poisoning can be fatal. It's
• Ambergris is a rare substance, which contributes to its high crucial to recognize these symptoms promptly and seek
demand and high price in the international market. medical attention if exposure occurs.

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• Modes of Poisoning: Oleander toxicity can occur through

CENTRE FOR CELLULAR & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
various routes, including ingestion, inhalation of smoke from
• It is a premier research organisation of Council of Scientific and
burning plant material, or skin contact.
Industrial Research (CSIR) in frontier areas of modern biology,
• Popularity in Landscapes:
working under the Ministry of Science and Technology.
 Despite its toxicity, oleander remains a popular choice
• It aims to conduct high-quality basic research and training
for landscaping due to its attractive flowers and drought
in frontier areas of modern biology, and promote centralised
resistance.
national facilities for new and modern techniques in the
 However, individuals should be aware of the potential
interdisciplinary areas of biology.
risks associated with growing oleander in residential
or public spaces and take appropriate precautions to Invasive Species:
minimize exposure. • Invasive Alien Species (IAS) represent a significant
threat to biodiversity, ecosystems, and human well-being
Utility: worldwide.
• The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India acknowledges the • These species often outcompete or negatively interact with
traditional utilization of certain components of the oleander native species, disrupt natural processes, and can lead
plant in Ayurveda for managing diverse skin conditions and to significant ecological imbalances. They can be plants,
in crafting various remedies. animals, fungi, or even microbes.
• Historical records detail its efficacy in addressing persistent  Examples: Lantana (Lantana Camara), Water Hyacinth
skin ailments and other health issues. (Eichhornia Crassipes), Goat Weed etc.

• Nonetheless, healthcare professionals caution against its

unmonitored usage due to its narrow therapeutic range and
considerable toxicity. SEA ANEMONE
Sea anemone bleaching has been observed for the first time
DO YOU KNOW? in the Lakshadweep group of islands.
• Cardiac glycosides are steroidal compounds capable of
exerting pharmacological effects on cardiac muscle. About:
• The primary therapeutic value of these glycosides lies in • Definition:
their ability to exert profound tonic effects on the heart  Sea anemones are predatory
[stronger and faster heart contractions]. marine invertebrates belonging to
the order Actiniaria.
 These aquatic animals are known
SAILFIN CATFISH for their soft bodies and stinging
capabilities, which they use for capturing prey and
Recently, the Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology
defense.
(CCMB) found that the sailfin catfish has spread to nearly
 They are named after the terrestrial flowering plant, the
60% in the water bodies of Eastern Ghats using eDNA
anemone, due to their colorful and flower-like appearance.
method.
• Appearance:
About:  Sea anemones are typically brightly colored, displaying a
range of hues including white, green, blue, orange, red, or
• It is native fish species of South America, and has established
mauve.
stable populations in various freshwater ecosystems outside
 Their vivid colors often contribute to the spectacular and
their native range due to its invasive nature.
diverse landscapes of invertebrate life on reefs.
• It was once introduced in Eastern Ghats of India for its unique
• Behavior:
appearance and its ability to clean algal growth in tanks and
 Attachment: These animals anchor themselves to reefs
aquaria, but its population has grown exponentially.
and other underwater structures using a muscular disc at
 The rapid growth of this species and their ability to live for the base of their bodies.
more than 10 years, makes them a significant concern for  Feeding: Sea anemones are carnivorous, feeding on small
biodiversity. fish and invertebrates that come into contact with their
• IUCN Red List: Least Concern stinging tentacles.

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• Habitat: Sea anemones usually attach themselves to rocks The Madagascar Baobab (Adansonia Madagascariensis):
and other underwater structures. Some species are also • Madagascar Baobab is a small to
known to burrow into mud or sand. large tree species (six of the world’s
• Threats: eight baobab species are indigenous to
 Bleaching: Bleaching events make sea anemones more Madagascar) known for their giant
susceptible to diseases and increase their mortality rates. trunks and long lifespan.
 Symbiotic Algae Loss: The loss of symbiotic algae during  It occurs in Mahajanga and Antsiranana provinces of
bleaching events deprives sea anemones of their primary Madagascar, an island nation off the southeast coast of
energy source, which compromises their long-term survival. Africa.
• Protective Measures: • It grows in dense dry deciduous forests on limestone,
 Conservation Efforts: There is an urgent need for sandstone and gneiss and in sub or coastal moist forests on
comprehensive conservation efforts, particularly in sandy or chalky soil.
regions like Lakshadweep. • It can live for over a thousand years, and has historically grown
 Climate Change Mitigation: Reducing global emissions to in vast forests across the island.
curb rising sea temperatures is crucial.
• IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Least Concern
 For instance, the sea temperature in Agatti Island, where
mass bleaching has been documented, has reached Threats:
33°C, highlighting the critical need for climate action.
• Every year, 4,000 hectares of baobab forest in Madagascar
are destroyed due to slash-and-burn agriculture.
NAIROBI DECLARATION  Slash and burn practice involves clearing land with fire
to plant crops, driven by the extreme poverty of some
African presidents have endorsed the Nairobi Declaration on communities.
fertiliser and soil health, committing to prioritise domestic
• Baobab Forests are also facing the loss of large-bodied animals
fertiliser production and triple it in the next 10 years to
such as giant lemurs or giant tortoises, which became extinct
boost agricultural production.
about 500 years ago, that played a crucial role in spreading
the seeds of baobab trees in their dung.
About:
• Climate change has exacerbated the situation by increasing
• The declaration has a raft of recommendations, pledges and
dryness and irregular weather patterns negatively affecting
demands believed to have boosted Africa’s bargaining power
the growth and survival of baobab trees.
on international platforms.
• It highlights green investment opportunities in Africa’s
emerging blue and green economies. SEMAL TREES
• It also urges world leaders to back a proposed “carbon tax on Recently, it has been seen that the Semal trees are
fossil fuel trade, maritime transport and aviation”. disappearing from Rajasthan.
• While calling the international community to order, the
declaration wants them to honour the annual climate finance About: Semal Trees (Bombax ceiba L.)
pledge of $100bn they made, as a matter of urgency. • It is a silk cotton tree which is known locally as semal.
• With many African countries having defaulted on loans from • It flowers spectacularly in spring.
developed countries, the declaration proposes debt relief
• It is characterised by its spiked trunk and fluffy seed pods,
interventions.
and is native to India.
 It recommends extending the debt repayment period and
instituting a 10-year grace period to allow the borrowed • Its roots, fruits, seeds, stem, stem bark, and gum are all
funds to serve intended development goals. medicinally valuable.
• Traditionally, the debarked stem or branch of a semal tree is
used as the bonfire’s in Udaipur’s Holika Dahan.
BAOBAB FORESTS OF MADAGASCAR
• Utility: It has multiple purposes and is useful to wild animals,
Recently, there was news that Madagascar's baobab forests insects, and even to tribal communities
are being restored with the help of Artificial Intelligence (AI)  Various parts of semal trees are used to treat gastrointestinal,
using satellite footage, algorithms and remote sensings. skin, gynaecological and urogenital diseases.

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EAST SUNDARBANS Significance:

Recently, a fire broke out in the East Sundarbans region of • The mangrove forests protect the hinterland from storms,
Bangladesh, which is occurring almost every year during cyclones, tidal surges, and the seepage and intrusion of
the dry season. saltwater inland and into waterways.
 They serve as nurseries to shellfish and finfish and
About: sustain the fisheries of the entire eastern coast.

• It is a part of the Sundarbans, • These mangroves dominate the fringing areas along the
creeks and backwaters, and grow along the sides of rivers
world’s largest mangrove
in muddy as well as in flat, sandy areas.
forest, that stretches across
the coastal region of the Bay Conservation:
of Bengal in the Indian Ocean. • UNESCO: Four protected areas in the Sundarbans are
• It is home to a wide variety enlisted as UNESCO World Heritage Sites, viz. Sundarbans
of flora and fauna, including National Park (India), Sundarbans West (Bangladesh),
several endangered species. Sundarbans South (Bangladesh) and Sundarbans East
• Reasons highlighted for (Bangladesh).
repeatedly catching fire • Ramsar Site: It is a ‘Wetland of International Importance’
in East Sundarbans are reduced water inflow in canals, under the Ramsar Convention.
region’s elevation, dry seasons, climate change, and lack of
management.
WORLD WILDLIFE CRIME REPORT 2024
SUNDARBAN WETLAND AND MANGROVE FOREST
The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime has released
• It is one of the largest mangrove forests in the world (140,000
the World Wildlife Crime Report 2024.
ha), lies on the delta of the Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna
rivers on the Bay of Bengal in India and Bangladesh.
Key Findings:
• The Indian Sundarban, covering the south-westernmost part of
• The market for rhino horn (29 percent) constituted the biggest
the delta, constitutes over 60% of the country’s total mangrove
chunk among animal species.
forest area and includes 90% of Indian mangrove species.
• It was followed by the market for pangolin scales at 28 percent,
Fauna: followed by the market for elephant ivory at 15 percent.
• The Sundarbans are the only mangrove habitat which • Other animal species most affected by the global illegal
supports a significant population of tigers, and they have animal trade included eels (5 percent), crocodilians (5
unique aquatic hunting skills. percent), parrots and cockatoos (2 percent), carnivores (2
 The Sundarban Tiger Reserve has been declared a percent), turtles and tortoises (2 percent), snakes (2 percent),
‘critical tiger habitat’ under national law and also a ‘Tiger seahorses (2 percent) and others (8 percent).
Conservation Landscape’ of global importance.
• The rhino and the cedar were the animal and plant species
• It is home to a large number of rare and globally threatened most affected by global illegal wildlife trade during 2015-2021.
species such as:
 Northern River Terrapin (Batagur Baska): Critically Factors driving Wildlife Crime:
Endangered; • Demand for Wildlife Products: Demand for products derived
 Irrawaddy Dolphin (Orcaella Brevirostris): Endangered; from wildlife, such as ivory, rhino horn, tiger parts, etc. often
 Fishing Cat (Prionailurus Viverrinus): Vulnerable. fueled by cultural beliefs, traditional medicine practices,
• Two of the world’s four Horseshoe Crab Species, and eight of fashion trends, and status symbols leads to wildlife crime.
India’s 12 species of Kingfisher are also found in Sundarbans. • Economic Incentives: Wildlife crimes are highly lucrative,
offering significant financial gains for poachers, traffickers,
Flora:
and organized crime syndicates.
• The Sundarbans host more than 78 species of mangroves,
• Weak Law Enforcement: Inadequate enforcement of wildlife
making it the richest mangrove forest in the world.
protection laws, corruption within law enforcement agencies,
• The Sundarbans is named after the mangrove plant Sundari
and limited resources allocated to combat wildlife crime
(Heritiera Minor). contribute to its persistence.

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• Poverty and Lack of Livelihood Alternatives: Poverty and lack • The enactment of the National Biological Diversity Act (NBA),
of employment options drives people to engage in poaching 2002 was done in order to ensure the protection of threatened
or trafficking activities. species and their habitats.
• Globalization: The globalization of trade and transportation
networks has facilitated the illegal movement of wildlife and IBERIAN LYNX
wildlife products across borders.
The number of endangered Iberian lynx in the wild in Spain
Impacts of Wildlife Crime: and Portugal has nearly doubled since 2020 to surpass
• Wildlife crime leads to population declines and even extinction 2,000 last year.
of endangered species.
• The loss of biodiversity can disrupt entire ecosystems, affecting About:
their resilience and ability to provide essential services. • Scientific Name: Lynx pardinus
• The illegal trade deprives governments of revenue from • Characteristics: The Iberian lynx
legitimate wildlife-based industries such as ecotourism and is a medium-sized nocturnal
sustainable harvesting. cat with a short tail, a short
• The overexploitation of top predators increases in prey species, body, long legs, tufted ears,
which in turn negatively impact vegetation and other wildlife and a relatively small head.
populations further down the food chain, causing a cascade  It has bright yellowish to tawny coloured spotted fur.
effect. • Distribution: Once distributed throughout the Iberian
• Illegal wildlife trade involves the smuggling of live animals Peninsula, the species is now sparsely distributed in Spain
or animal products, which carries diseases that pose risks to and Portugal.
human health. • Threats: It is threatened by habitat loss, road accidents, and illegal
• Many indigenous communities rely on wildlife for their hunting. In 2007, several individuals died of feline leukemia.
cultural and spiritual practices. The loss of key species erodes
traditional knowledge and cultural identities, leading to a loss Conservation Status:
of cultural diversity. • IUCN status: Endangered
• It is protected under appendix II of the Convention on
International Conventions to Tackle Wildlife Crimes:
International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES).
• Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species
of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES): Its aim is to ensure that
international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants
SEA OTTERS
does not threaten the survival of the species.
Recently, it has been seen that the Sea Otters have learned
• International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural to use tools to help them eat.
Resources (IUCN): It is an international organization working in
the field of nature conservation and sustainable use of natural About: Sea Otters (Enhydra Lutris)
resources.
• The Sea Otter is the smallest
• Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild marine mammal.
Animals (CMS): It is an international agreement that aims to
• It is a very social animal, and
conserve migratory species throughout their ranges.
floats in single-sex groups
Steps taken by Government to Protect Wildlife: known as ‘rafts.

• The Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972 provides for stringent • Habitat and Diet: Sea Otters
punishment for violation of its provisions. live in coastal areas with shallow water. They find their food
on the ocean floor, and carry out all other activities, such as
• The Wild Life Crime Control Bureau (WCCB) coordinates
eating and grooming, at the surface.
with State/UTs and other enforcement agencies to gather
intelligence about poaching and unlawful trade in wild • Geographical range: Canada; Japan; Mexico; Russian
animals and animal articles. Federation; United States.
• Recovery of Endangered Species has been included in • Importance of Sea Otters: Sea otters are key players in the
Integrated Development of Wildlife Habitats which is a health of the kelp forests they inhabit. They prey on animals
centrally sponsored scheme. that graze on kelp stalks, such as sea urchins, and so prevent

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them from becoming so abundant that they completely • Melting glaciers add to rising sea levels, which in turn
destroy the habitat. increases coastal erosion and elevates storm surge as
• Threats: Pollution is a major contributor to Sea Otter deaths, warming air and ocean temperatures create more frequent
with oil spills affecting their ability to insulate themselves, and and intense coastal storms like hurricanes and typhoons.
run-off from the land that contains chemicals and disease- • The cold water that runs off glaciers keeps downstream water
causing organisms. temperatures cooler. This is crucial for many aquatic species
• IUCN Red List status: Endangered in the region as they need cold water temperatures to survive,
 Glacier loss directly impacts such species, which are an
essential part of the food web.
VENEZUELA LOSES ITS LAST GLACIER
Measures:
According to the International Cryosphere Climate Initiative
• Enact regulations: Limit or prohibit activities such as mining,
(ICCI), Venezuela’s only remaining glacier — the Humboldt,
drilling, development, and tourism in glacier zones.
or La Corona, in the Andes has become "too small to be
classed as a glacier".  There should be a complete ban on economic
development projects in environmentally sensitive areas,
with local people and geologists actively involved to voice
About:
their concerns for any future proposals for developments
• The Venezuela had been home to six glaciers in the Sierra
in these areas or their vicinity.
Nevada de Mérida mountain range.
• Research and scientific studies: Conduct ongoing research to
 Five of the glaciers had disappeared by 2011, leaving just
understand glacier dynamics, climate impacts, and potential
the Humboldt glacier, also known as La Corona. But it shrank
consequences of glacial retreat.
so much that scientists reclassified it as an ice field.
 Use AI and e-DNA techniques to monitor and analyze
• Venezuela has lost all of its glaciers because The Andes has
glacier data, predict behavior, and identify potential risks.
witnessed a temperature increase in the past seven decades.
• Reduce greenhouse gas emissions: Implement measures to
 Andes is the world's longest continental range of
mitigate climate change, which is the primary driver of glacier
mountains running through parts of Argentina, Bolivia,
loss.
Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela.
• Glacier augmentation: Explore techniques to increase ice
Glaciers: accumulation, such as artificially enhancing snowfall or
• They are essentially large and thick masses of ice that are spraying water vapor.
formed on land due to the accumulation of snow over centuries.
STEPS TAKEN TO PROTECT GLACIERS
• They usually exist and form in areas where
 mean annual temperatures reach near the freezing point; Global Initiatives:
 winter precipitation leads to significant snow accumulations; • Hindu Kush Himalayan Monitoring and Assessment
and temperatures throughout the remaining year do not Programme (HIMAP): It is a platform for collaboration
cause the complete loss of the previous winter’s snow and coordination among researchers, practitioners, and
accumulation. policymakers working in the Hindu Kush Himalayan (HKH)
region.
Scenario In India:
• The United Nations General Assembly has declared 2025 as
• India is also at the risk of losing its glaciers (like Siachen). the International Year of Glaciers' to raise awareness about
• They are melting at unprecedented rates across the Hindu the accelerated melting of glaciers.
Kush Himalayan mountain ranges and could lose up to 80% of Indian Efforts:
their volume this century if GHG emissions are not drastically
• National Action Plan on Climate Change (2008): Outlines
reduced, according to a 2023 report.
measures to promote glacier conservation, such as satellite
Impacts of Glacier Loss: monitoring and community-based initiatives.

• Glaciers are a crucial source of freshwater, especially during • Protected Areas: Several areas in the Himalayan states have
hot, dry periods, for local communities, plants, and animals. been declared as national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, and
 Their disappearance would mean that one would have to biosphere reserves to safeguard the fragile ecosystem,
be entirely dependent on spot rainfall for freshwater. including glaciers.

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• Heat Waves typically occur between March and June, and in

 Examples include Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve,
some rare cases even extend till July.
Gangotri National Park, and Great Himalayan National
Park. • Heat wave is considered if the maximum temperature of a
station reaches at least 40°C or more for Plains and at least
• Himansh research station: Located in the remote Spiti region
30°C or more for Hilly regions.
of Himachal Pradesh. Its primary objective is to study the
Himalayan glaciers and their response to climate change. • Based on Departure from Normal:
 Heat Wave: Departure from normal is 4.5°C to 6.4°C.
 Severe Heat Wave: Departure from normal is >6.4°C.
MANIPURI PONY (MEITEI SAGOL) • Based on Actual Maximum Temperature:
The Government of Manipur has recently joined hands  Heat Wave: When actual maximum temperature ≥ 45°C.
with various organisations and associations to save the  Severe Heat Wave: When actual maximum temperature
Manipuri Pony or Meitei Sagol. ≥47°C.
• The health impacts of Heat Waves typically involve
About: dehydration, heat cramps, heat exhaustion and/or heat stroke.
• It is one of the seven recognised
horse and pony breeds of India.
6 MILLION TREES DISAPPEARED FROM
• The others include the Marwari
FARMLANDS
Horse, the Kathiawari Horse, the
Zanskari Pony, the Spiti Pony, Researchers have revealed that India may have lost close to
the Bhutia Pony and the Kachhi- 5.8 million full-grown trees in agricultural lands from 2019
Sindhi Horse. to 2022.
• The population of the Manipuri Pony, a highly valued breed,
has been dwindling rapidly in recent times About:
 In the last livestock census done in 2019, the number had • Agroforest trees in India are remnant trees from forests
dropped further to 1,089. cleared for agricultural use, offer shade, soil fertilization and
• Utility: They are used in Traditional events like Lai haraoba , other benefits to the land.
polo and horse races,  Agroforestry is the practice of retaining large trees in and
 they were also utilised as mounts by cavalry of the along croplands.
Manipur Kingdom which was feared throughout upper • Trees such as mahua, coconut, sangri, neem, babul,
Burma during the 17th century, shisham, jamun, vegetable hummingbird, karoi and jackfruit
• Threats: Shrinkage of wetlands, rapid urbanisation and in farmlands provide fruits, fuelwood, sap, medicine, mulch,
encroachment; restriction of pony usage except in the game fiber, fodder and wood for animal and human use.
of polo; uncontrolled diseases; and the exodus of ponies to
neighbouring states Benefits of Agroforestry:
• Steps: The Manipur government declared the Manipuri Pony • Agroforestry systems act as carbon sinks, reducing
as an Endangered Breed in 2013. greenhouse gas emissions.
• Trees can provide shade, windbreaks, and microclimate
regulation, which benefit crops by reducing stress from
IMD ISSUES RED ALERT FOR HEAT WAVES
extreme weather conditions.
IMD announced the onset of monsoon over the south • Tree roots absorb excess water during heavy rains, reducing
Andaman Sea and the Nicobar Islands, while it also warned flooding, while also improving groundwater recharge.
of a ‘heat wave to severe heat wave’ over northwest India.
• It provides a range of non-timber forest products such as
fruits, nuts, and medicinal plants, which can contribute to
About: food security and income generation.
• A red warning implies that local agencies need to take action to
prevent extreme heat-related emergencies. Reasons for loss in Agroforest Trees:
• A Heat Wave is a period of abnormally high temperatures, more • The conversion of diverse agroforestry systems to
than the normal maximum temperature that occurs during the monoculture agriculture, such as paddy fields, result in the
summer season in the North-Western parts of India. removal of large trees.

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• Farmers perceive that the benefits provided by trees in  They are most abundant in colder waters like Antarctica,
agroforestry systems do not outweigh the costs or effort Norway, and Alaska, they are also found in tropical and
required to maintain them. subtropical waters.
 This perception leads to deliberate removal of trees to • IUCN Red List Status: Data Deficient.
make farming practices more convenient or profitable.
• In regions where water availability is a limiting factor for EMBLICA CHAKRABARTYI
agriculture, farmers remove trees to establish bore wells or
irrigation systems to access additional water sources. Recently, Emblica Chakrabartyi, a new plant species was
 Tree mortality due to natural disturbances such as discovered from the Edamalayar forest range of Kerala.
wildfires, fungal infections, insect infestations, and droughts
is a natural part of ecosystem dynamics. About:
• It is a shrub that grows in tropical rain forests and attains a
Agroforestry in India: height of approximately 2 metres.
• The area under agroforestry in India covers about 8.65% of  The leaves are large with a shiny elongated oval shape of
India’s total geographical area. up to 13 cm.
 About 56% of India is covered by farmland and 20% by  The flowering and fruiting occur during December to
forest. June.
• The highest concentration is in the states of Uttar Pradesh (1.86 • It belongs to the Gooseberry (Phyllanthaceae) family and has
million ha), followed by Maharashtra (1.61 million ha), Rajasthan been named after Tapas Chakrabarty, a former scientist at the
(1.55 million ha) and Andhra Pradesh (1.17 million ha). Botanical Survey of India, in recognition of his contribution to
the study on Phyllanthaceae.
• The Sub-Mission on Agroforestry (Har Medh Par Ped) Scheme
was launched in 2016-17 to encourage tree plantation on farm • It is the 16th new plant species discovered from Ernakulam
land along with crops/ cropping systems to help the farmers district within a span of 12 years by the team.
get additional income and make their farming systems more
climate resilient and adaptive. GLOBAL PRESENCE OF THE GENUS EMBLICA
• Distribution: Il generally grows as shrubs in tropical
rainforests, and it has 55 species recorded worldwide.
ORCAS (KILLER WHALES)
• The new plant, i.e. Emblica Chakrabartyi is the eleventh
A group of Orcas sank a 15-metre-long sailing yacht in from India.
the Strait of Gibraltar, 22.5 kilometres off the coast of
Morocco.
WORLD BEE DAY
About:
Globally, May 20 is celebrated as World Bee Day.
• It is the ocean’s top predator. It is
the largest member of the
About:
Delphinidae family, or dolphins.
• The theme for World Bee Day 2024 is "Bee Engaged with Youth."
• They are one of the most
recognizable marine mammals, • The Day was founded by the United Nations in 2017 following
with their distinctive black and a proposal by Slovenia, which has a long tradition of
white bodies. beekeeping.

• Killer whales are highly social, and most live in social groups • Significance of Bees: Bees play an important role in pollinating
called pods plants, which is crucial for producing fruits, vegetables and
seeds.
• Killer whales rely on underwater sound to feed, communicate,
 Pollination by bees and other insects also helps maintain
and navigate.
ecosystem health, food security and biodiversity.
• Habitat and Distribution: Globally, killer whales occur in a
wide range of habitats, in both open seas and coastal waters. BEES WAGGLE DANCE
 Found in every ocean in the world, they are the most
• The honey bee is the only insect that produces food for
widely distributed of all cetaceans (whales and
humans.
dolphins).

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• Habitat Destruction: Oil can contaminate coastal habitats,

• The waggle dance is a fascinating behavior exhibited by
including beaches, marshes, and mangroves, leading to
honeybees to communicate information about the location
long-term damage.
of food sources, such as nectar and pollen, to other
members of the hive. • Fisheries and Aquaculture: Contaminated waters can lead
to reduced fish populations and damage to fishing gear,
• This dance was first studied and described by Austrian
affecting the livelihoods of communities dependent on these
ethologist Karl von Frisch, who was awarded the Nobel
activities.
Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1973 for his contributions
 In the case of Ennore, fishermen have not been able to
to the understanding of the honeybee's communication
venture into fishing as fish catch smells of oil.
system.
• Tourism: Coastal areas affected by oil spills often experience
a decline in tourism due to the negative perception of polluted
CHALLENGES OF COMBATING OIL SPILLS beaches and waters. This can result in economic losses for
local businesses and communities.
The Indian Coast Guard (ICG) organized a ‘Pollution
• Exposure to Toxic Substances: The chemicals present in oil, such
Response Seminar and Mock Drill’ in West Bengal to address
as Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs), pose health
critical challenges of combating oil spills at sea.
risks to humans. Inhalation of fumes, ingestion of contaminated
seafood, or direct skin contact with oil can lead to respiratory
About:
problems, skin irritation, and long-term health effects.
• An oil spill is the release of a liquid petroleum hydrocarbon
from tankers, offshore platforms, drilling rigs or wells into the International Efforts for Dealing with Oil Spill:
environment, especially marine areas.
• International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from
• Spilled substances: It may be refined petroleum products, Ships (MARPOL): It was rolled out by the International Maritime
such as gasoline and diesel fuel, as well as their by-products Organisation (IMO) in 1973 and recognised the need for
— heavier fuels used by large ships such as bunker fuel or international coherent efforts for curbing oil spill.
oily refuse of any kind.
• International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness,
Past Incidences: Response and Cooperation 1990: It is the international
instrument that provides a framework designed to facilitate
• International Incidence:
international cooperation and mutual assistance in preparing
 Venezuela: In 2020 oil leakage from the El Palito refinery in
Venezuela. for and responding to major oil pollution incidents.
 Japanese ship MV Wakashio carrying fuel oil split into two
Indian Efforts for dealing with Oil Spill:
parts near Blue Bay Marine Park in south-east Mauritius.
• National Oil Spill Disaster Contingency Plan (NOS-DCP): The
 Russia: Arctic (Norilsk diesel fuel spill) Oil Spill
Indian Coast Guard (ICG) is responsible for maintaining
 Deepwater Horizon oil spill: Gulf of Mexico, 2010
and implementing the Plan. It was promulgated in 1996 and
• Indian incidents:
revised in 2015. Its Objectives are:
 Ennore 2023: Oil spill occurred in Ennore region of Chennai
 Effective reporting of spillage
after Cyclone Michaung-induced floods.
 Prompt response to prevent, control and combat oil pollution
 Chennai 2017: Two ships collided off Kamarajar Port
 Adequate protection to Public Health and Welfare along
Limited’s (KPL) harbor and resulted in a major oil spill
with Marine Environment
disaster.
 Use of Science and Technology for preventing and
 Sundarban 2014: Oil spill in Sela River, Bangladesh
managing oil spills and pollution and residuals.
created an environmental concern for India too.
 ONGC Uran Plan leaked oil in the Arabian Sea in 2013. • Merchant shipping Act, 1958: The Act, describes the power
 Mumbai coast: In 2010 two ships collided causing the 800 to give a notice to the owner, when the central government
tonnes of the oil spill. is satisfied the ship is not as per the prescribed rules. After
notice, if the person fails to comply, the government can
Damage caused by Oil Spill: convict the person of an offense.
• Environmental Impact: Oil spills harm various species of fish,
birds, mammals, and other marine life. The oil can coat and Control Measures for Oil Spills:
damage the fur or feathers of animals, making it difficult for • Bioremediation: It refers to the use of specific microorganisms
them to swim or fly. to remove any toxic or harmful substances

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 TERI has developed Oil Zapper Bacteria which can

SAM PILOT MODELS IN INDIA
degrade the oil quickly.
• It is a part of the Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban
• Oil Booms: They are temporary floating barriers used to
Transformation (AMRUT) scheme of the Ministry of Housing
contain marine spills, protect the environment, and assist in
and Urban Affairs (MoHUA).
recovery.
• The nodal implementation agency is the National Institute
• Using Dispersants: Dispersal agents are chemicals that are of Urban Affairs.
sprayed upon the spill with the help of aircraft and boats,  It was established as an autonomous body in 1976 under
which aid the natural breakdown of oil components. the aegis of the MoHUA, and then the institute was
registered as a society under the Societies Registration
INDIAN COAST GUARD (ICG) Act XXI of 1860.
• ICG is a maritime law enforcement and search and rescue • In 2022, the AMRUT initiated a SAM pilot across 10 cities
agency of India with jurisdiction over its territorial waters in nine states: Bengaluru (Karnataka), Chennai (Tamil
including its contiguous zone and exclusive economic zone. Nadu), Dhanbad (Jharkhand), Gwalior (Madhya Pradesh),
• Established in 1977 by the Coast Guard Act, 1978 of the Hyderabad (Telangana), Jaipur (Rajasthan), Kolkata (West
Parliament of India. Bengal), Pune and Thane (Maharashtra), and Rajkot (Gujarat).
• Parent Agency: Ministry of Defence  It is a collaboration between the city-specific Urban
Local Bodies (ULBs) and local non-governmental
• Headquarters: New Delhi
organisations (NGOs).

SHALLOW AQUIFER MANAGEMENT (SAM) MINOR FOREST PRODUCE

Recently, the Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation
The indigenous communities of Odisha are eagerly waiting
(GHMC) has taken up Shallow Aquifer Management (SAM)
for the forest department’s approval to sell Kendu leaves.
model on a pilot basis in the city.

About:
About:
• The Scheduled Tribe and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers
• It is an innovative approach to urban water management that
(Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006 (aka Forest Rights
addresses persistent issues of groundwater depletion, drying
Act, 2006), defines ‘minor forest produce’ as any non-timber forest
up of borewells, and quick flooding of city streets.
product of plant origin.
• It involves drilling shallow water injection borewells to a depth
• It includes various items such as bamboo, brush wood,
of 100-120 feet and pumping out water in the shallow aquifers.
stumps, cane, tussar, cocoons, honey, wax, lac, Kendu leaves,
• It allows the layers underneath to get recharged whenever medicinal plants, herbs, roots, tubers and similar items.
there is rainfall, while collecting water from the surrounding
watershed and channeling it through recharge pits. KENDU LEAF (TENDU LEAF OR DIOSPYROS
MELANOXYLON)
AQUIFER
• It is a nationalised product like Bamboo and Sal seed, and one
• It is a body of porous rock or sediment groundwater.
of the most important non-wood forest products of Odisha.
saturated with groundwater.
• Due to its unique characteristics, viz. Matching aroma with
• Groundwater enters an aquifer as precipitation seeps Tobacco, Hygroscopic nature of dry leaves to withstand
through the soil, and can move through the aquifer and crack, Thinness and pliability, gradual combustion,
resurface through springs and wells. resistance to fungus attack etc. these valuable leaves are
used for wrapping Bidis.
Benefits of SAM: • The leaves are rich in tannins and have been a significant
• It helps in recharging the underground layers, leading to a source of livelihood for forest-dwelling communities.
rise in the water table. • The forest department of Odisha procures Kendu leaves
• This sustainable urban water management technique can from local communities through its Kendu Leaf (KL) wing
help secure water for the future. and then sells them to contractors via tenders.
• Moreover, it can also provide natural filtration and purification • Odisha is the third largest producer of Kendu Leaf next to
of contaminants, acting as a form of waste treatment. Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh.

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• Tendu Leaves: Used for making beedis (hand-rolled cigarettes). • It is characterised by rugged hills, rocky outcrops, and
• Bamboo: Used for construction, handicrafts, and various sparse vegetation, and it plays a crucial role in the region's
household items. ecology and hydrology.
 Honey: Collected from natural beehives.
 Herbs and Medicinal Plants: Used for traditional medicine Importance:
and Ayurvedic practices. • Natural barrier: Aravalli is the geographical feature that stops
• In simple terms, it encompasses all other forest products, dry winds from coming to the Gangetic Plains — dry winds
excluding timber. that come from Afghanistan and Pakistan.
• Forest Rights Act (2006) aims to empower local communities  Therefore it acts as a natural barrier against desertification,
by recognizing their traditional rights over these valuable and helps regulate the climate.
resources. • Biodiversity hotspot: The Aravallis are home to a rich diversity
of flora and fauna.
Significance of Minor Forest Produce:
 The range supports a variety of ecosystems, including dry
• Livelihood Support: MFPs play a crucial role in the livelihoods
deciduous forests, scrublands, grasslands, and wetlands,
of forest-dependent communities.
providing habitat for numerous species of plants, birds,
• According to estimates, the MFP economy supports mammals, reptiles, and insects.
approximately 275 million people in rural India.
• Water catchment area: The Aravalli Range acts as a crucial
• For many tribal populations, these resources are not just
water catchment area for the region, serving as a source of
commodities; they are a lifeline.
rivers, lakes, and groundwater recharge.
Challenges and Opportunities: • Cultural heritage: The Aravalli Range is steeped in history and
• Bureaucratic Hurdles: Despite legal provisions, the cultural significance, with numerous archaeological sites,
implementation of the FRA has faced challenges. temples, and forts dotting its landscape.
 Bureaucratic processes often delay the recognition of  Ancient civilisations have left their mark on the region, with
community rights over MFPs. relics and ruins dating back thousands of years.
• Low Prices: The rates offered by government agencies • Tourism hub: Several famous tourist destinations are nestled
for MFPs are often lower than what local communities can within the Aravalli Range, showcasing the region's rich cultural
potentially earn. heritage, breathtaking landscapes, and ancient history.
 It affects the economic well-being of forest dwellers. • Breathtaking scenery: The Aravallis are renowned for their
breathtaking natural beauty, characterised by rugged hills,
deep valleys, and panoramic vistas.
SUPREME COURT ORDER FOR ARAVALLIS
RANGE Threats:
• Illegal mining and real estate continue to threaten the
The Supreme Court has prohibited Gujarat, Rajasthan,
Haryana and Delhi from granting new mining leases and biodiversity of the Aravalli hill range in north-western India.
renewals in the vulnerable ecosystem of the Aravallis.  Illegal activities persist due to the connivance of
unscrupulous elements and administrative authorities.

About: • Urbanisation, posing a threat to the flora and fauna of one of

the world's oldest mountain ranges.
• “Aravalli” is a Sanskrit word which can be broken down into
Ara and Valli which translate to the “line of peaks”.
Way Ahead:
• The Aravallis are one of the oldest landforms on the Earth
• There is a need for a balance between protecting the
(dating back 350 million years). environment and the livelihood of the people engaged in
• It is the oldest mountain range in India. mining activities.
• They stretch across four states (Delhi, Haryana, Rajasthan and • The issue related to mining activities in the Aravalli Hills needs
Gujarat) to be jointly addressed by the Ministry of Environment, Forest
 The highest point is in the Mount Abu called Gurushikhar. and Climate Change as well as all the four states.

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GEOGRAPHY

CLIMATE CHANGE IS SLOWING EARTH’S  The last time a leap second was added, was on December
31, 2016.
ROTATION
• However, from 1970 onwards Earth’s rotational speed has
A study published in Nature found that Global warming has been increasing due to some movement of fluids in its outer
slightly slowed the Earth’s rotation.
core.
 This increase in speed is superseding the slowing down
Impact of Human-Induced Global Warming on Earth's
of Earth’s rotational speed due to the Moon’s gravity.
Rotation:
• To account for that, it was calculated that a leap second was
• Polar Ice Melting: Human-induced global warming has led to
to be subtracted in either 2025 or 2026. But human-induced
the melting of polar ice, altering Earth's physical dynamics.
slowing down has postponed this subtraction.
• Effect on Earth's Spin: The melting of polar ice has caused
Earth to spin less quickly than it would under normal
circumstances. CATATUMBO LIGHTNING
• Changes in Earth's Shape: Movement of water from the poles
Lake Maracaibo's status as the world's most lightning-
to the equator has resulted in Earth becoming slightly less
struck location is a testament to the intricate interplay of
spherical and more flattened.
geographical, meteorological, and environmental factors.
• Moment of Inertia Increase: Due to these changes, the moment
of inertia of Earth, representing how spread its mass is, has
About:
increased.
• Catatumbo lightning is a natural phenomenon that occurs
• Conservation of Angular Momentum: The angular momentum
over the Catatumbo River in Venezuela.
of a spinning body, determined by its moment of inertia and
angular velocity, remains conserved unless acted upon by • This phenomenon primarily happens at the mouth of the
external forces. Catatumbo River, where it meets Lake Maracaibo, the largest
lake in Venezuela.
Other Factors: • Catatumbo lightning is distinguished by its frequency and
• Earth’s rotational speed also decreases due to the duration: the strikes occur for up to 160 nights in a year, with
gravitational pull of the moon over millions of years. The Earth an average of 28 lightning strikes per minute at its peak.
was spinning much faster earlier. • The area has earned the title of “the lightning capital of the
• Analysis of sediments suggested that 1.4 billion years ago world”.
Earth was completing a full rotation around its axis in only 19
hours as opposed to the 24 hours that it takes today. Reasons for Catatumbo Lightning:
 About 70 million years ago, days were shorter and lasted • A convergence of several factors give rise to the conditions
roughly 23.5 hours. required for Catatumbo lightning.
• Warm, moist air from the Caribbean Sea is pushed towards the
What is Leap Second?
Andes mountains, where it collides with cooler air descending
• Our clocks and calendars are based on the rotation rate of
from the peaks.
Earth, which is managed by scientists calculating what’s
 And as it does, it cools and condenses, forming towering
called Coordinated Universal Time (UTC).
cumulonimbus clouds.
• A leap second is a one-second adjustment that is occasionally
• Meanwhile, the combination of strong winds and temperature
applied to Coordinated Universal Time to keep its time of day
differentials generates electrical charges within these clouds.
close to the mean solar time.
 This is done because the Earth’s rotation is slowing down • The cumulonimbus clouds load up on static electricity. When
by about two thousandths of a second every day because the electrical potential within the clouds becomes too great, it
of tidal friction. discharges in the form of lightning.

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GRAPHITE • Marine Life: Waters off the Pacific coast are colder and contain
more nutrients, supporting more marine life and attracting
India is in talks with Sri Lanka to acquire a graphite mine cold-water species, like squid and salmon, to places like the
block, pushing ahead with its plan to forge global alliances California coast.
to secure critical mineral supplies.

About:
• Graphite, a naturally occurring form of crystalline carbon, is a
vital material in modern technology.

DO YOU KNOW?
India signed an agreement with the:
• Democratic Republic of the Congo for cobalt and copper;
• Tanzania for niobium and graphite and;
• South Africa for graphite and titanium.

• Its unique properties such as high heat resistance, electrical

conductivity, and chemical inertness make it a crucial element
in numerous industrial applications like lubricants or repellents,
refractories, in nuclear reactors, in batteries, for graphene sheets.
 The demand for graphite has been on the rise, primarily
driven by its use in lithium-ion batteries, which are
extensively used in electric vehicles (EVs).
• Sri Lankan graphite is considered among the purest in the
world with more than 98% carbon content.

LA NINA
As per the Australia's weather bureau there are early signs
that a La Nina weather event may form in the Pacific Ocean Impacts:
later this year. • Increased rainfall: Regions such as Southeast Asia, northern
Australia, and parts of South America often experience
About: above-average rainfall during La Niña events.
• Meaning: La Niña means "Little Girl" in Spanish. • Drier conditions in some areas: Conversely, regions like the
• Alternative Names: Sometimes called El Viejo, anti-El Niño, or southwestern United States and parts of Africa experience
simply "a cold event." below-average rainfall, leading to drought conditions.

• Effects: La Niña has the opposite effect of El Niño. • Stronger Atlantic hurricanes: La Niña tends to reduce wind
shear in the Atlantic, creating conditions that are more
• Trade Winds: During La Niña events, trade winds are even
conducive to the development of hurricanes.
stronger than usual, pushing more warm water toward Asia.
• Cooler temperatures: Some areas experience cooler
• Upwelling: Off the west coast of the Americas, upwelling
temperatures than normal, particularly in the Pacific Northwest
increases, bringing cold, nutrient-rich water to the surface.
of the United States and parts of South America.
• Impact on Jet Stream: These cold waters in the Pacific push
the jet stream northward.
• Weather Patterns: BLOOD MINERALS
 Drought in the southern U.S.
Recently, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC)
 Heavy rains and flooding in the Pacific Northwest and
has accused Apple of using ‘blood minerals’ (illegally
Canada.
exploited minerals) extracted from the eastern region of
 Winter temperatures are warmer than normal in the South
the country.
and cooler than normal in the North.

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About:
• Blood minerals, also known as conflict minerals, refer to tin, Places in News
tantalum, tungsten, and gold (collectively known as 3T or 3TG),
which are mined in conditions of armed conflict and human
rights abuses. COOK ISLANDS
• These minerals are essential components in the manufacturing
Deep-sea mining companies have been exploring the the
of a wide range of products, from smartphones and laptops to
Cook Islands for minerals used in electric car batteries.
cars and aircraft.

Heart of the Issue: About:

• DRC is one of the most mineral-rich regions in the world, but it • Geographical Setting: Comprising 15 volcanic islands and
is also one of the most conflict-ridden. coral atolls, the Cook Islands span 1.9 square kilometers
 The DRC’s eastern region, home to vast deposits of 3TG across the southern Pacific Ocean, situated between Tonga
and French Polynesia.
minerals, has been plagued by violence for decades.
• Economic Focus: The territory's economic activities are
• The minerals are often extracted under brutal conditions,
primarily centered on tourism, capitalizing on its natural
with local communities suffering from grave human rights
assets such as pristine beaches and volcanic terrain.
violations.
• Political Status: Operating as a self-governing island nation
• Women and children are often the most affected, being
in a free association with New Zealand, the Cook Islands
deprived of their homes, subjected to sexual violence, or
receive aid and support from Wellington, and its citizens hold
forced to work in the mines. New Zealand citizenship.
• Foreign and Defense Policy: Since 2001, the Cook Islands
DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO (DRC)
have managed their own foreign and defense affairs, though
• It is the largest country in Sub-Saharan Africa and endowed they depend on New Zealand for defense capabilities.
with exceptional natural resources, including minerals such
• Diaspora Dynamics: A significant portion of the Cook Islands'
as cobalt and copper, hydropower potential, significant
population resides in New Zealand, outnumbering those
arable land, immense biodiversity, and the world’s second- living within the islands themselves.
largest rainforest.
• Historical Context: Named after Captain Cook, who explored
• It is among the five poorest nations in the world. An them in 1773, the islands were once autonomous territories
estimated 74.6% of Congolese people lived on less than inhabited by diverse Polynesian communities.
$2.15 a day in 2023. • Cultural Governance: Traditional governance structures
 About one out of six people living in extreme poverty in persist, with a council of hereditary leaders known as the
Sub-Saharan Africa lives in DRC. House of Ariki providing guidance on cultural, customary,
and land ownership matters.
• A long history of conflict, political upheaval and instability,
• Cook Islands: Key Facts
and authoritarian rule have led to a grave, ongoing
 Capital: Avarua
humanitarian crisis.
 Area: 236.7 square kilometers
 Languages: English, Cook Islands Maori, Pukapukan

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PERIYAR RIVER About:

• Joint Development: The proposed research testbed facility is
A report by Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies
a collaborative effort by the India Meteorological Department
reveals high levels of ammonia, hydrogen sulphide, and
(IMD), Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (Pune), and
unidentified toxins in a Periyar river tributary.
National Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasting
(Delhi).
About:
• Coverage Area: It aims to cover a large area adjoining West
• The Periyar, 244 km in length is the longest river of Kerala and
Bengal, Odisha, and Jharkhand, with the control centre
drains an area of 5,398 sq km.
located at Chandbali in the Bhadrak district of Odisha.
• It originates in the Western Ghats at Periyar Lake in the Idukki
• Equipment: The facility will be equipped with drones, mobile
district and flows through the central part of Kerala before
vans, and high-end instruments.
emptying into the Arabian Sea near the city of Kochi.
• Purpose: The large data generated from the facility are
• The Periyar Wildlife Sanctuary, located along the banks of
the river, is one of the prominent wildlife reserves in Kerala, expected to enable timely thunderstorm predictions, issue
known for its rich biodiversity. nowcast warnings (for events occurring in less than three
hours), and ultimately save lives.
• Some of the major tributaries of the Periyar River include:
Muthirapuzha River, Cheruthoni River, Edamalayar River,
NOR'WESTERS (KALBAISAKHI)
Perinjankutti River, and Mullayar River.
• Origin and Direction: Nor'westers, also known locally as
Kalbaisakhi, are severe thunderstorms that originate over
KANWAR LAKE Eastern and northeastern parts of India, southern Nepal,
adjoining Bhutan, and Bangladesh during the pre-monsoon
The condition of the Kanwar Lake has been deteriorating
and the drying area has been increasing. season.
 They typically travel in a northwest to southeast
About: direction, though sometimes they move southwest to
northeast.
• It is located in Begusarai district of Bihar.
• Triggering Factors: In the early summer months, daytime
• It is locally known as ‘Kabartal’
heating of the landmass in these regions triggers
• It is Asia’s largest freshwater oxbow lake.
convection over areas like Bihar, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh,
• It draws water from the confluence of the Gandak, the Bia and
Odisha, and sub-Himalayan West Bengal.
the Kareh river.
Impact and Effects:
• It is the first and only wetland in the state of international
importance under the Ramsar Convention. • Weather Phenomena: Nor'westers produce heavy showers,
lightning, thunder, hailstorms, dust storms, squalls,
• In 1986, the state government notified it as a protected area.
downbursts, and sometimes even tornadoes.
• Later, the central government declared it as a sanctuary to
stop the poaching of birds. • Agricultural Benefits: These storms are beneficial for Kharif
crops such as tea, jute, and rice cultivation.
DO YOU KNOW? • Local Names: In Assam, Nor'westers are known as 'Bardoli
• An oxbow lake is a curved lake formed alongside a winding Chheerha.'
river as a result of erosion and sediment deposition over Famous Local Storms of the Hot Weather Season:
time.
• Mango Shower: This pre-monsoon shower, common in
• Oxbow lakes are typically crescent-shaped and are common
Kerala and coastal areas of Karnataka, helps in the early
features in floodplains and low-lying areas near rivers.
ripening of mangoes.
• Blossom Shower: This shower causes coffee flowers to
blossom in Kerala and nearby areas.
NOR’WESTERS (KALBAISAKHI)
• Loo: Hot, dry, and oppressive winds that blow in the
India aims to launch its first research testbed dedicated to Northern plains from Punjab to Bihar, with higher intensity
studying Nor’westers (aka Kalbaisakhi). between Delhi and Patna.

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NILE RIVER AND HIGH PYRAMID DENSITY Tributaries:

• Major Tributaries are: White Nile, the Blue Nile, and the Atbara.
Recently, researchers found that the discovery of the ‘long-
lost’ tributary of river Nile fits perfectly into the earlier • The White Nile and the Blue Nile are the Nile’s major tributaries
anticipations about the high pyramid density between Giza that feed into this river. The Blue Nile, which originates from
and Lisht. Lake Tana in the Ethiopian Highlands, contributes about 85%
of the flow of the Nile River.
About:
Places along the Nile Basin:
• It is the longest river in the world, and has been the lifeline of
• The Nile River flows through or along the border of 10 African
civilizations since ancient times.
countries, namely, Burundi, Tanzania, Rwanda, the Democratic
• Flowing from south to north through eastern Africa, it begins Republic of the Congo, Kenya, Uganda, South Sudan, Ethiopia,
in the rivers that flow into Lake Victoria, located in modern- Sudan, and Egypt.
day Uganda, Tanzania, and Kenya, and finally empties into the
• The river’s fertile banks have supported large populations,
Mediterranean Sea. influencing cultural developments, and fostering spiritual
growth and education along its banks since ancient times.

Nile and the Pyramids:

• The Nile River has played a significant role in the construction
of Egypt’s iconic pyramids.
• Most of Egypt’s pyramids can be found in a 50 km, north-south
stretch of desert between Giza and the village of Lisht.
 The high pyramid density in this region can be explained
by the proximity of the Ahramat Branch, an extinct branch of
the Nile, that was likely used to transport heavy construction
materials, fits perfectly into the earlier anticipations about
the high pyramid density between Giza and Lisht.

BALTIC SEA
Leaders around the Baltic Sea reacted to reports that Russia
could revise the borders of its territorial waters in the region.

About:
• Location: The Baltic Sea is a semi-enclosed inland sea
situated in Northern Europe, forming an arm of the North
Atlantic Ocean.
 It extends northward from the latitude of southern Denmark
to almost the Arctic Circle, separating the Scandinavian
Peninsula from the rest of continental Europe.

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• Geography:
 Coastline and Area: The Baltic Sea has a coastline of
approximately 8,000 km, shared by Sweden, Poland,
Lithuania, Latvia, Finland, Estonia, Germany, Denmark,
and Russia.
• Connections:
 It connects to the White Sea via the White Sea Canal.
 It connects to the North Sea’s German Bight via the Kiel
Canal.
 It connects to the Atlantic Ocean through the Danish Straits.
• Major Gulfs: The Baltic Sea includes three significant gulfs: • It has been a major thoroughfare for international trade for
 The Gulf of Bothnia to the north. over 100 years, connecting nearly 2,000 ports in 170 countries.
 The Gulf of Finland to the east. • McKinsey & Company in a recent report said that an estimated
 The Gulf of Riga slightly to the south of the Gulf of Finland. 2.5% of global seaborne trade sails through its locks in an
• Salinity and Water Inflow: average year.
 The Baltic Sea is often cited as the world’s largest
DO YOU KNOW?
brackish inland water body, with salinity levels lower than
the world’s oceans due to the inflow of fresh water from • The Panama Canal locks at each end lift ships up to
the surrounding land and its shallowness. Gatun Lake, an artificial freshwater lake 26 m above sea
 More than 250 rivers and streams empty their waters into level created by damming up the Chagres River and Lake
the Baltic Sea, with the Neva being the largest river that Alajuela to reduce the amount of excavation work required
drains into it. for the canal, and then lower the ships at the other end.

• Islands: Gotland, located off the coast of Sweden, is the • In 2023, there were more than 14,000 vessel transits on this
largest island in the Baltic Sea. pathway between seas.
 The operation of the canal’s locks — which use gates
to raise or lower water levels in different sections of the
PANAMA CANAL canal — depends on water from Gatun Lake.

Recently, the Panama Canal Authority informed that the

Panama Canal is slowly returning to normal to help ships MOUNT NEMRUT
transit, after severe droughts linked to El Niño, which have
drastically lowered the water levels in Gatun Lake. NASA's International Space Station captured a rare image
of an unusual crater on Mount Nemrut.
About:
• Panama Canal, formally inaugurated in 1914, is the 82-km About:
waterways connecting the Atlantic Ocean with the Pacific • Location: Mount Nemrut is one of the highest peaks of the
Ocean by providing a shortcut through the Isthmus of Panama. Eastern Taurus mountain range in south-east Turkey.
• It is a critical route between Europe and the US. • Naming and Height:
 Named after the biblical figure King Nimrod.
 Stands 9,672 feet (2,948 meters) tall at the intersection
between the Arabian and Eurasian tectonic plates.
• Geological Characteristics:
 It is a geologically young stratovolcano.
 Last erupted in 1650 C.E.
• Cultural Significance:
 Home to the Hiero Theseion (temple-tomb and house of
the gods), built by the late Hellenistic King Antiochos I.
 Designated a World Cultural Heritage site by UNESCO.

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INTERNAL SECURITY
INS VIKRANT • Known as the High-Speed Low Drag-Mark 2 Missile in the
Indian Air Force, it was extensively used by the Israeli Air
Recently, INS Vikrant alongwith the INS Vikramaditya Force in recent operations against Iranian targets.
showcased ‘twin carrier operations’ and demonstrated an
ability that only a handful of nations can boast of. Integration with Fighter Aircraft:
• The Rampage missile has been integrated into the Russian-
About: origin aircraft fleet of the Indian Air Force, including the Su-30
• It is India’s first indigenous aircraft carrier, commissioned into MKI, MiG-29, and Jaguar fighters.
the Indian Navy in September 2022. • The Indian Navy has inducted the missile into its MiG-29K
• It has been fully operationalised and integrated into the naval fighter jets.
operational cycle in record time. • This integration allows for the firing of multiple long-range air-
to-ground missiles, including the over 400 Km strike range
Historical Significance:
BrahMos supersonic missiles.
• The name ‘INS Vikrant’ originally belonged to India’s first
aircraft carrier which was acquired from the United Kingdom Procurement Under Emergency Powers:
(UK), and played a vital role in the 1971 War with Pakistan • The procurement of the Rampage missiles was part of the
before it was decommissioned in 1997. emergency powers granted by the Defence Ministry to the armed
 The ship was laid down as HMS Hercules for the British forces, enabling them to equip themselves with critical weapons and
Royal Navy during World War II, but construction was put
equipment following the standoff with China in 2020.
on hold when the war ended.
• These missiles offer a longer range than the Spice-2000s,
 India purchased the incomplete carrier in 1957, and
which were used in the Balakot air strikes in 2019.
construction was completed in 1961.

Role and Capabilities: PHISHING ATTACKS IN INDIA

• The ship is capable of operating an air wing consisting of
30 aircraft comprising MiG-29K fighter jets, Kamov-31, According to the 2024 Data Breach Investigations Report by
MH-60R multi-role helicopters, in addition to indigenously Verizon Business, India is one of the key countries affected
manufactured Advanced Light Helicopters (ALH) and Light by phishing attacks.
Combat Aircraft (LCA) (Navy).
• It offers an incomparable military instrument with its ability to Key Findings:
project Air Power over long distances, including offensive, • The espionage attacks dominate Asia-Pacific’s (APAC) cyber
Air Interdiction, Anti-Surface Warfare, defensive Counter-Air, security landscape, including that of India.
Airborne Anti-Submarine Warfare and Airborne Early Warning. • Some 25% of APAC cyberattacks are motivated by espionage,
• With the commissioning, India has joined the elite group significantly greater than the 6% and 4% in Europe and North
of nations (US, Russia, France, the UK and China) having America, respectively.
capability to indigenously design and build an Aircraft Carrier.
• System intrusion, social engineering, and basic web
application attacks represent 95% of breaches in APAC.
RAMPAGE MISSILE1  The most common types of data compromised are
credentials (69%), internal (37%), and secrets (24%).
Recently, the Indian Air Force (IAF) and the Indian Navy have
inducted a new weapon into their arsenal - the Rampage Phishing Attack
missile.
• Phishing is a type of cyberattack which attempts to steal
sensitive information, typically in the form of usernames,
About: passwords, credit card numbers, bank account information
• It is a long-range, supersonic, air-to-ground missile capable or other important data in order to utilize or sell the stolen
of hitting targets up to 250 kilometres away. information.

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• By pretending as a reputable source with an enticing request, threats, assess readiness, and develop skills for cyber crisis
an attacker lures in the victim in order to trick them. management and cooperation.
• Chakshu Facility: It is a newly introduced feature on the
Sanchar Saathi portal that encourages citizens to proactively
report suspected fraudulent communications received via
call, SMS, or WhatsApp.

SUPERSONIC MISSILE-ASSISTED RELEASE OF

TORPEDO (SMART) SYSTEM
The Defence Research and Development Organisation
(DRDO) successfully conducted a flight test of the SMART
system from Dr APJ Abdul Kalam Island, situated off the
coast of Odisha.
Reasons for Phishing Attacks:
• The report mentioned that In 2023, 15 percent of breaches involve About:
a third party, including data custodians, third-party software
• The SMART (Supersonic Missile Assisted Release of
vulnerabilities, and other direct or indirect supply chain issues.
Torpedo) is a next-generation missile-based lightweight
• About 68 percent of breaches, whether they include a third torpedo delivery system which can be launched from both
party or not, involve a non-malicious human element, which coasts and warships.
refers to a person making an error or falling prey to a social
• The system comprises a long-range supersonic missile carrier
engineering attack.
that can travel up to 643 km, a lightweight torpedo with a range
of 20 km and a 50 kg high explosive warhead as the payload.
INTERNATIONAL MEASURES
• It uses a two-stage solid propulsion system, electromechanical
• Budapest Convention: It is the 1st international treaty to
actuators, precision inertial navigation, and a datalink for mid-
address cybercrime. India is not a signatory to the treaty.
course updates and terminal homing of the torpedo.
• Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers
(ICANN): It is a US-based not-for-profit organization for Significance:
coordinating & maintenance of several databases.
• It will enhance the anti-submarine warfare capability of the
• Internet Governance Forum: It is the United Nations forum for
Indian Navy beyond the conventional range.
multi-stakeholder policy dialogue on Internet governance
issues. • This system can help in countering China’s presence in the
Indian Ocean region and also enhances India's self-reliance
Steps taken by Government: in defense capabilities.
• Information Technology Act, 2000: Section 43, 66, 70, and 74
of the IT Act, 2000 deal with hacking and cyber crimes. OPPOSING FORCES (OPFOR) UNIT
• Indian Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT-In)
The Indian Army is reportedly in the process of establishing
issues alerts and advisories regarding latest cyber threats/
a new unit called Opposing Forces (OPFOR) aimed at
vulnerabilities and countermeasures to protect computers
simulating adversarial roles during military exercises and
and networks on a regular basis.
wargame training.
• National Cyber Coordination Centre (NCCC) has been set up
to generate necessary situational awareness of existing and About:
potential cyber security threats and enable timely information
• It is a military unit tasked with representing an enemy, usually
sharing for proactive, preventive and protective actions by
for training purposes in war game scenarios.
individual entities.
• The concept of OPFOR is not new and is already in use in
• Cyber Swachhta Kendra (Botnet Cleaning and Malware
countries like the United States.
Analysis Centre) has been launched for detection of malicious
programs and provides free tools to remove the same. • Role of OPFOR:
 The proposed OPFOR unit will be formed from existing
• Bharat National Cyber Security Exercise 2023: Bharat NCX
military units and will mirror the weapons, operating
will help strategic leaders to better understand cyber
methods, and tactics of potential adversaries.
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 It aims to provide regular troops with scenarios closely  The BRO will soon commence the construction of the
resembling actual wartime conditions. 4.10-km long Shinkun La Tunnel. Once completed, this
 Traditionally, military exercises divide participating tunnel will become the world’s highest tunnel at 15,800 ft
troops into ‘blue land’ and ‘red/yellow land’ with the latter by passing Mila Tunnel in China at 15,590 ft.
representing adversarial forces.
 The introduction of OPFOR is expected to democratise this EKTA AVAM SHRADHANJALI ABHIYAAN
training, allowing all participating troops to gain firsthand • It was launched to honor the sacrifices and contributions of
experience during on-ground exercises. the Border Roads Organisation (BRO) personnel in nation-
building, as part of the 64th BRO Day Celebrations.
DO YOU KNOW? • It is a multi-modal expedition involving motorcycles and
There is a REDFOR (red forces) unit representing adversarial motor cars, starting from the North East and Northern
forces under the Army's training command. which is regions of India.
responsible for vetting exercises and plans for wargames on • The motorcycle leg of the expedition began on April 14,
paper and sand model exercises. 2023, from Kibithu, Arunachal Pradesh.
• Expedition members from 18 projects gathered soil, water,
and saplings from 108 remote border locations. These
BORDER ROADS ORGANISATION (BRO) were then planted at BRO Alma Mater and BRO School
and Centre in Pune.
The BRO celebrated its 65th Raising Day.

About: KAMIKAZE DRONE

• Establishment: The Border Roads Organisation (BRO) was
The utilization of the Lancet Kamikaze drone by Russia and
established on May 7, 1960, with the objective of securing
the ongoing conflict in Ukraine underscores the intricate
India's borders and developing infrastructure in remote areas
global supply chain challenges.
of the north and north-eastern states.
• Border Roads Development Board (BRDB): The Government
About:
of India established the BRDB to ensure coordination and
• A kamikaze drone, also known as a suicide drone or loitering
speedy execution of projects, with the Prime Minister as
munition, is an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) that is designed
Chairman and the Defence Minister as Deputy Chairman.
to carry out a single-use mission by crashing into its target.
• Infrastructure Development: BRO is responsible for
• Unlike traditional drones that may return to base after
developing and maintaining road networks in India's border
completing their mission or be recovered for future use,
areas and neighboring countries, including Afghanistan,
kamikaze drones are typically equipped with explosives and
Bhutan, Myanmar, Tajikistan, and Sri Lanka.
are intended to inflict damage upon impact.
• Operational Reach: The organization operates in 19 states,
• These drones are often used in military operations for tasks
three union territories (including Andaman and Nicobar
such as reconnaissance, surveillance, and precision strikes
Islands), and neighboring countries.
against enemy targets.
• Personnel: Officers and personnel from the General Reserve
• They offer several advantages, including their ability to be
Engineer Force (GREF) constitute the parent cadre of BRO.
launched from a variety of platforms, their relatively low cost
Additionally, officers and troops from the Indian Army's Corps
compared to manned aircraft, and their ability to engage
of Engineers serve on deputation.
targets with precision and minimal collateral damage.
• Military Support: BRO is included in the Order of Battle of
the Armed Forces, ensuring its support is available whenever
required.
EXERCISE SHAKTI
• Motto: The motto of the organization is "Shramena Sarvam The 7th edition of India- France Joint Military Exercise
Sadhyam," which translates to "everything is achievable SHAKTI commenced at Umroi, in Meghalaya.
through hard work."
• Recent and upcoming Projects: In 2023-24, the BRO completed About:
a total of 125 infrastructure projects worth Rs 3,611 crore. • Exercise “Shakti” is a biennial event conducted alternatively
 This includes the construction of Sela Tunnel in Arunachal in India and France.
Pradesh on Balipara-Chardwar-Tawang Road.  The last edition took place in France in 2021.

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• Indian contingent comprising 90 personnel is being Measures taken by government:

represented primarily by a Battalion of the RAJPUT Regiment • The Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre (I4C) under the
besides personnel from other arms and services. Ministry of Home Affairs, has blocked more than 1,000 Skype
IDs linked to such activities, after collaborating with Microsoft.
Other Exercises between India and France:  I4C has been providing inputs and technical support to
• Exercise Garuda: Indian Air Force & French Air Force police forces of states/UTs to identify and investigate cases.
• Exercise Varuna: Indian Navy & French Navy • National Cyber Coordination Centre (NCCC) has been set up
• Exercise Desert Knight: It is conducted between the Indian Air to generate necessary situational awareness of existing and
Force (IAF), French Air and Space Force (FASF) and United potential cyber security threats and enable timely information
Arab Emirates (UAE) Air Force. sharing for proactive, preventive and protective actions by
individual entities.
• Chakshu Facility: It is a newly introduced feature on the
IGLA-S AIR DEFENCE SYSTEM Sanchar Saathi portal that encourages citizens to proactively
report suspected fraudulent communications received via
The Army is all set to begin receiving another set of Russian
call, SMS, or WhatsApp.
Igla-S Very Short Range Air Defence Systems (VSHORAD).
International Measures:
About: • Budapest Convention: It is the 1st international treaty to
• Igla-S has been designed specifically to bring down low- address cybercrime.
flying aircraft and even can identify and neutralise air targets  India is not a signatory to the treaty.
like drones and cruise missiles, it can be operated by a crew or • Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN):
an individual. It is a US-based not-for-profit organization for coordinating &
• These systems are intended for the new air defence formations maintenance of several databases.
for high mountainous terrain along the northern border of the • Internet Governance Forum: It is the United Nations forum for
country. multi-stakeholder policy dialogue on Internet governance
• The acquisition of the Igla-S systems addresses the Army's issues.

need to replace the outdated Igla-1M systems.

Way Ahead:
• Awareness campaigns to educate the public about
DIGITAL ARREST cybersecurity best practices, potential risks of digital arrests,
and how to stay safe online etc can help prevent people from
The Union Home Ministry has issued an alert to police becoming victims of cybercrimes.
departments in states and Union Territories amid the surge
• There is a need to implement measures to enhance digital
in ‘Digital Arrest’ trend.
surveillance capabilities, such as monitoring internet traffic,
analyzing metadata, and deploying advanced surveillance
About: technologies to detect and prevent illegal online activities
• Digital arrest is a new and innovative tactic employed by leading to digital arrests.
cybercriminals to defraud gullible victims and extort money.
• The modus operandi in this cybercrime method is that BHISHM CUBE
fraudsters pose as law enforcement officials such as police,
Indian Air Force has tested BHISHM Cube, a state-of-the-art
Enforcement Directorate, CBI, among others, and manipulate
indigenous mobile hospital, for airdrop in Agra.
them into believing that they have committed some serious
crime.
About:
• The cyber fraudsters deceive the victim into believing that he
• The cube is a part of the broader initiative named Project
or she has been put under ‘digital arrest’ and will be prosecuted
BHISHM – Bharat Health Initiative for Sahyog, Hita and Maitri,
if they do not pay the scamsters a huge amount of money.
is tailored to treat up to 200 casualties.
• The criminals, who often use pictures or identities of police • These cubes are robust, waterproof, and light, designed
personnel to convey authenticity, usually demand money for various configurations, making them ideal for diverse
from the target for a ‘compromise’ and closure of the case. emergency scenarios.

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• During mass casualty incidents (MCIs), varying from basic aid India’s Nuclear Doctrine:
to advanced medical and surgical care, the Aid Cube can be • Building and maintaining a credible minimum deterrence;
deployed in just 12 minutes.
• A posture of "No First Use" nuclear weapons will only be used
• The portable hospital consists of two master cube cages, each in retaliation against a nuclear attack on Indian territory or on
containing 36 mini cubes. Indian forces anywhere;
• It integrates artificial intelligence (AI) and data analytics to • Nuclear retaliatory attacks can only be authorized by the civilian
facilitate effective coordination, real-time monitoring, and political leadership through the Nuclear Command Authority.
efficient management of medical services in the field.
• Non-use of nuclear weapons against non-nuclear weapon
• It is also equipped with advanced medical facilities, including states;
an operation theatre, X-ray machines, blood test equipment,
• However, in the event of a major attack against India, or
and ventilators.
Indian forces anywhere, by biological or chemical weapons,
India will retain the option of retaliating with nuclear weapons.
50 YEARS OF POKHRAN-I
TREATIES RELATED TO NUCLEAR DISARMAMENT
On May 18, 1974, India conducted its first successful • Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT):To maintain the peace
nuclear test, code-named “Smiling Buddha," at the Pokhran between nations, after world war II, a treaty was signed in
test range in Rajasthan. 1968, called the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT).
 Nuclear-weapon States parties are defined as those that
About: manufactured and exploded a nuclear weapon or other
• With Smiling Buddha, India became the first nation to conduct nuclear explosive devices before January 1, 1967,
a nuclear test apart from the five permanent members of the effectively meaning the P-5 countries.
United Nations Security Council.  Its signatories agreed not to transfer either nuclear
• Its code name came from the test’s date being on the same weapons or nuclear weapons technology to any other
day as Buddha Jayanti, the birth date of Gautam Buddha. state.
 Also the non-nuclear states agreed that they would not
Criticism faced by India: receive, develop or otherwise acquire nuclear weapons.
• After the nuclear test, there were criticisms that it was an  All of the signatories agreed to submit to the safeguards
attempt to divert people’s attention from the economic crisis against proliferation established by the International
the country was facing in the 1970s. Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA).
• In 1978, the US President signed the Nuclear Non-Proliferation  India objected to NPT on the grounds that it was
Act, following which the US ceased exporting nuclear discriminatory to countries except the P-5.
assistance to India. • Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (TPNW):
• Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG): It is a group of nuclear supplier Adopted by the United Nations in 2017 and opened
countries established in 1974 that seeks to contribute to the for signature in 2018, the TPNW aims to prohibit the
non-proliferation of nuclear weapons. development, testing, production, stockpiling, stationing,
 It would go on to implement agreed rules for exporting transfer, use, and threat of use of nuclear weapons.
nuclear equipment, with a view to controlling the spread of  It represents a significant step towards nuclear
nuclear weapons and where members would be admitted disarmament, although it has not been signed by
only by consensus. nuclear-armed states.
• Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT): Opened
Pokhran-II Test: for signature in 1996, the CTBT aims to ban all nuclear
• In 1998, under the leadership of Prime Minister Atal Bihari explosions for both civilian and military purposes.
Vajpayee, India conducted a series of nuclear tests in  While the treaty has been signed by 185 countries and
Pokhran once again, code-named Operation Shakti. ratified by 170, it has not entered into force as nuclear-
• The nuclear test of 1974 was a peaceful nuclear explosion, armed states must ratify it to become operational.
on the other hand, the nuclear tests of May 1998, were • Outer Space Treaty: This multilateral agreement entered
undertaken as part of the nuclear weaponization process. into force in 1967 and bans the siting of weapons of mass
destruction in space. All nine states believed to have
• And with Operation Shakti, India declared itself a full-fledged
nuclear weapons are parties to this treaty.
nuclear state.

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SCIENCE & Edition: June 2024

TECHNOLOGY
50 YEARS OF ESSENTIAL PROGRAMME ON • Significance: This discovery can help scientists understand
Earth's early history and the factors that contributed to the
IMMUNIZATION
emergence of life.
The year 2024 commemorates 50 years of the Expanded  The detailed analysis could help measure early traces of
Programme on Immunization (EPI). Earth's magnetic field in other places around the world,
helping recreate its global shape and evolution through
About: the planet's 4.5 billion-year lifespan.
• EPI was launched by the World Health Organization (WHO)
SUPRACRUSTAL BELT
in 1974. Following that nearly every country across the world
initiated its national immunization programme. • The Supracrustal Belt has a special geology: It sits upon
a thick layer of Earth's crust that has protected it from
• It aims to strengthen vaccine programmes, supply, and
tectonic activity and deformation for billions of years.
delivery, and ensure universal access to all relevant vaccines
for all populations across the life course. • The Isua Supracrustal Belt is one of the oldest known rock
formations on Earth, with some of its rocks dating back to
Universal Immunization Programme (UIP) of India: around 3.7 to 3.8 billion years ago.
• India launched the EPI in 1978, which was later renamed as • This makes it a crucial site for studying the early Earth's
the Universal Immunization Programme (UIP) in 1985. geological and environmental conditions.
• The Isua Supracrustal Belt is located in southwestern
• Under the UIP, the Government of India is providing
Greenland, in a remote and inaccessible region.
vaccination to prevent eleven vaccine-preventable diseases
i.e. Diphtheria, Pertussis, Tetanus, Polio, Measles, Rubella,
severe form of Childhood Tuberculosis, Hepatitis B,
Earth’s Magnetic Field:
Haemophilus Influenzae type B (Hib), Pneumococcal and • Earth's magnetic field — also known as the geomagnetic field
Diarrhoeas due to Rotavirus. — is generated in the planet's interior and extends out into
space, creating a region known as the magnetosphere.
 It is a protective shield generated by the movement of
OLDEST REMNANTS OF EARTH’S EARLY
molten iron and nickel in its outer core.
MAGNETIC FIELD  This movement, called convection, creates electric
Geologists at MIT and Oxford University have found ancient currents, which in turn produce magnetic fields.
rocks in Greenland that bear the oldest remnants of Earth’s • These magnetic fields combine to form the Earth's overall
early magnetic field. magnetic field.
• Significance: It extends from the planet's interior out into
About: space and helps protect the Earth from the harmful effects of
• The rocks are about 3.7 billion years old and retain signatures solar wind and cosmic radiation.
of a magnetic field with a strength of at least 15 microtesla.  The magnetic field also plays a crucial role in navigation,
Today, Earth’s magnetic field measures around 30 microtesla. as it influences compass needles, allowing travelers to
• The iron particles in these rocks effectively act as “tiny magnets” find their way based on magnetic north.
that can detect and record the Earth’s magnetic field.  Without the magnetic field, life on Earth would not be
 The rocks were uncovered from the Isua Supracrustal Belt possible as it shields us from the constant bombardment
in Greenland. by charged particles emitted from the sun.

• Scientists suspect that, early in its evolution, the Earth was

able to foster life, in part due to an early magnetic field that PHI-3-MINI
was strong enough to retain a life-sustaining atmosphere
Microsoft unveiled the latest version of its ‘lightweight’ AI
and simultaneously shield the planet from damaging solar
model – the Phi-3-Mini.
radiation.

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About: About:
• It is the smallest AI model developed by Microsoft. It is • It is a chemical produced in large quantities for use primarily
believed to be the first in a series of three smaller models in the production of polycarbonate plastics.
planned by Microsoft.
• It is found in various products including shatterproof
• It reportedly outperformed models of the same size and the windows, eyewear, water bottles, and epoxy resins that coat
next size up across a variety of benchmarks, in areas like some metal food cans, bottle tops, and water supply pipes.
language, reasoning, coding, and maths.
• The primary source of exposure to BPA for most people is
 Essentially, language models are the backbone of AI
through the diet.
applications like ChatGPT, Claude, Gemini, etc.
 While air, dust, and water are other possible sources of
 These models are trained on existing data to solve common
exposure, BPA in food and beverages accounts for the
language problems such as text classification, answering
majority of daily human exposure.
questions, text generation, document summarisation, etc.
• Bisphenol A can leach into food from the protective internal
Comparison with LLMs: epoxy resin coatings of canned foods and from consumer
• Phi-3-mini is an SLM. Simply, SLMs are more streamlined products such as polycarbonate tableware, food storage
versions of large language models. containers, water bottles, and baby bottles.
 When compared to LLMs, smaller AI models are also • BPA is known to disrupt endocrine function and has been
cost-effective to develop and operate, and they perform associated with reproductive disorders, obesity, and
better on smaller devices like laptops and smartphones. increased risk of certain cancers.
 SLMs are great for “resource-constrained environments
including on-device and offline inference scenarios.”
THROMBOSIS WITH THROMBOCYTOPENIA
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION SYNDROME (TTS)
• Phi-2 was introduced in December 2023 and reportedly
UK pharmaceutical company AstraZeneca has acknowledged
equaled models like Meta’s Llama 2.
the potential for its COVID-19 vaccine to cause a rare side
• Phi-3 models significantly outperformed several models of effect known as Thrombosis with Thrombocytopenia
the same size or even larger ones, including Gemma 7B Syndrome (TTS).
and Mistral 7B, in key areas.

About:
CHAKISAURUS NEKUL • The vaccine, which was utilized in India under the name
Covishield, was developed by AstraZeneca in collaboration
Paleontologists from Argentina announced the discovery with Oxford University during the pandemic and was
of a dinosaur, named Chakisaurus nekul. manufactured by the Serum Institute of India.
• Thrombosis with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome (TTS) is a rare
About:
yet serious condition linked to certain COVID-19 vaccines,
• Chakisaurus nekul was a new medium-sized herbivorous
notably adenovirus vector vaccines.
dinosaur and lived about 90 million years ago in the Late
• TTS is marked by the presence of blood clots (thrombosis)
Cretaceous period in present day Patagonia.
along with low levels of platelets (thrombocytopenia), crucial
• It was found in the Pueblo Blanco Natural Reserve, in the
for blood clotting.
southern province of Río Negro, an area rich in fossils.
 It often involves unusual clot locations, such as in the
• It is estimated that the largest Chakisaurus reached 2.5 or 3 brain (cerebral venous sinus thrombosis) or abdomen.
meters long and was 70 centimeters high. The dinosaur was a
• TTS: Symptoms: Symptoms of TTS can include severe
fast runner and had its tail curved unusually downward.
headaches, stomach pain, swelling in the legs, trouble
breathing, and problems with thinking or seizures.
BISPHENOL A
• The World Health Organization (WHO) reported in 2023 that
Plastics have caused serious concerns associated with the TTS emerged as a new adverse event following immunization.
chemicals that leach out from plastics during use including • Early recognition and treatment are crucial for managing TTS
bisphenol A (BPA). effectively.

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 The development of a cohesive treatment plan tailored  The Northern Hemisphere has an hourly rate of only about
to the requirements and clinical trajectory of TTS 10 meteors.
patients requires interdisciplinary collaboration between  This is due to the viewing location of the radiant from
cardiologists, haematologists, neurologists, and other different latitudes.
allied health specialists.
Where Do Meteors Come From?
LIQUID NITROGEN • Meteors come from leftover comet particles and bits from
broken asteroids.
The Tamil Nadu government issued an advisory banning • When comets come around the Sun, they leave a dusty trail
the use of liquid nitrogen in food. behind them.
• A meteor shower can be observed when Earth passes
About: through the clouds of dust left behind in a comet’s orbital
• Liquid Nitrogen is inert, colorless, odorless, non-flammable, plane.
non-corrosive and extremely cold.  The sky lights up with small and large meteor tails as
• It has a very low boiling point of -196°C, and is present as a the debris left behind by the comet interacts with Earth’s
gas at room temperatures. atmosphere.
• Health Impacts: It can cause health complications including
DO YOU KNOW?
tissue damage, internal injuries from swallowing, and
asphyxiation due to oxygen displacement. • Comet Halley takes about 76 years to orbit the Sun once.
 Children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions  The last time comet Halley was seen by casual
are particularly vulnerable to liquid nitrogen's dangers. observers was in 1986. Comet Halley will not enter the
inner solar system again until 2061.
• Applications: Liquid nitrogen is employed in culinary settings
primarily for its rapid freezing capabilities and dramatic visual • Comet Halley was discovered in 1705 by Edmund Halley.
effect.  He predicted the orbit of the comet through past
 At -196 degrees Celsius, it instantly freezes food, creating observations of comets, suggesting that these sightings
a smooth texture especially beneficial in high-end were in fact all the same comet. Halley is perhaps the
desserts like ice cream. most famous comet. It has been sighted for millennia.
 Athletes and wellness seekers are turning to cryotherapy  This comet is even featured in the Bayeux tapestry,
chambers with liquid nitrogen vapor for a recovery boost. which chronicles the Battle of Hastings in 1066.

ETA AQUARIID METEOR SHOWER

The Eta Aquariid meteor shower, which has been active
since April 15, will peak on May 5 and 6.

About:
• Eta Aquarid meteors are known for their speed, with the
meteors travelling at about 148,000 mph (66 km/s) into
Earth's atmosphere.
 Fast meteors can leave glowing "trains" (incandescent
bits of debris in the wake of the meteor) which last for
several seconds to minutes.
• The Eta Aquariid meteor shower is formed when Earth passes
through the orbital plane of the famous Halley’s Comet
• The Eta Aquarids peak during early May each year. CHLOROPICRIN
• The Eta Aquarids are viewable in both the Northern and
The U.S. The State Department accused Russia of having
Southern hemispheres during the pre-dawn hours. used chloropicrin as a chemical weapon against Ukrainian
 The Southern Hemisphere is preferable for viewing the forces in violation of the Chemical Weapons Convention.
Eta Aquarids.

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About: • MRI uses magnets and radio waves to produce images on a

• The chemical compound chloropicrin is used both as a warfare computer. MRI does not use ionizing radiation.
agent and pesticide. If inhaled, it poses a health risk. • The MRI scan process consists of 4 stages:
• It is also known as nitrochloroform and is also employed as  Place the patient in a strong magnetic field;
an antimicrobial agent, and as a herbicide and nematicide.  Nuclear stimulation;
 Signal recording;
• It’s manufactured today in a chemical reaction involving
 Build an image from the received signal.
sodium hypochlorite (which in dilute form is called bleach)
and nitromethane (a common industrial solvent).
• It can also be made by combining chloroform with nitric acid,
which yields chloropicrin and water.
• Instances of Usage : It was made as a poison gas in the First
World War, by both the Allied and the Central Powers.
• Health concerns:
 Chloropicrin has documented irritating and tears-inducing
effects on humans, and is also known to be highly toxic
Significance:
and carcinogenic.
• Accurate Diagnosis: MRI provides detailed images of soft
 It can also induce vomiting, which was known to prompt
tissues, organs, and structures within the body with high
soldiers to remove their masks, when they would inhale
resolution and clarity.
more of the gas, or other gaseous agents dispersed in
 This allows healthcare professionals to detect and diagnose
the air.
a wide range of medical conditions, including brain tumors,
CHEMICAL WEAPONS CONVENTION spinal cord injuries, joint abnormalities, cardiovascular
diseases, and musculoskeletal disorders, often at earlier
• The Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) is an international
stages when treatment options may be more effective.
treaty aimed at eliminating the production, stockpiling, and
• Non-Invasive: Unlike some other imaging techniques like
use of chemical weapons and their precursors.
X-rays or CT scans, MRI does not use ionizing radiation.
• The Treaty was adopted on September 3, 1992, and
 Instead, it relies on magnetic fields and radio waves, making
entered into force on April 29, 1997. It currently has 193
it a safer option, especially for pregnant women, children,
member states.
and individuals who require repeated imaging studies.
• It makes it mandatory to destroy old and abandoned
• Functional Imaging: Functional MRI (fMRI) is a specialized
chemical weapons.
MRI technique that measures changes in blood flow and
• India signed the treaty in January 1993.
oxygenation in the brain in response to neural activity.
 It is used to map brain function, identify regions
associated with specific tasks or behaviors, and diagnose
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING (MRI) neurological conditions such as epilepsy, Alzheimer's
disease, and stroke.
Magnetic resonance imaging is an indispensable tool for
trying to look inside the human body without surgery. • Early Detection: MRI can detect subtle changes in tissues
and organs, often before symptoms appear, enabling early
About: intervention and treatment.

• The technique was developed in the early 1970s; later the • Research and Development: MRI plays a crucial role in
same decade, Paul Lauterbur and Peter Mansfield refined biomedical research, enabling scientists to study anatomy,
them for their commercial use. physiology, and disease mechanisms in living organisms.
 They were awarded the Medicine Nobel Prize in 2003,
speaking to the significance of the technique and its NASA CREATING A STANDARD TIME FOR THE
place in modern medical diagnostics. MOON
• It is used to obtain images of soft tissues within the body. It is
a non-invasive diagnostic procedure widely used to image the The White House directed NASA to establish a Coordinated
Lunar Time (LTC) to standardise cislunar operations with
brain, the cardiovascular system, the spinal cord and joints,
the universal time followed on Earth.
various muscles, the liver, arteries, etc.

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Coordinated Lunar Time (LTC): Need of LTC:

• The LTC will be the standard to measure cislunar operations • UTC cannot be used to determine time on the Moon. That is
— space activities between the moon and Earth — with because time on the Moon flows differently than it does on the
Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), the global time used to Earth.
regulate time on Earth.  On Earth, we use a 24-hour day based on the planet’s rotation.
• NASA has been directed to engage with the 39 nations who  However, the moon rotates much more slowly – every 29.5
have signed the Artemis Accords for this project. Earth days.” Due to its slow rotation, it would be practical
 The White House has set a deadline of December 31, to have less than Earth’s 24 time zones
2026, for NASA and its international partners to deliver a • Previous moon missions involved astronauts visiting the lunar
strategy to implement LTC. surface, completing their work and flying home. However,
with space agencies across the world aiming to establish a
Key Points: permanent human presence on the moon, LTC is required.
• The White House’s Celestial Time Standardization policy
• The pressing need for LTC is due to the plan to create
seeks to assign a time standard to each celestial body and
a dedicated Global Satellite Navigation System (GNSS) for
its surrounding space environment, first focusing on the lunar
the moon by 2030. This system will function similar to how
surface and missions operating in cislunar space.
the Global Positioning System (GPS) and other navigation
• It outlines the four features such a time standard must possess: networks work on Earth.
 Traceability to UTC: Lunar Time is analogous to Terrestrial
• Moon missions of various agencies will need an official lunar
Time on Earth (TAI+ 32.184 seconds). Similar to Terrestrial
time to communicate with Earth-based stations and each other.
Time, Lunar Time may be set through an ensemble of
• Commercial operations on lunar surface involving transactions
clocks on the moon.
and logistics will be more reliable with the LTC.
 This time standard, i.e., LTC may directly employ or
distribute the UTC offsets required to maintain both
local time and UTC time within tolerance limits. WORLD THALASSEMIA DAY
 Scalability beyond the Earth-Moon system: Conversion
of LTC to UTC for operations involving interactions with
Every year, World Thalassemia Day is observed on May 8 to
raise awareness about thalassemia.
Earth will be possible by using the above approach to set
the LTC.
 This approach is also extensible to space environments About:
beyond the Earth-Moon system (for example, for Mars). • It was launched by the Thalassemia International Federation.
 Accuracy for precision navigation and science: The LTC will • The theme of World Thalassemia Day 2024 is ”Empowering
give users in cislunar space a reference time standard Lives, Embracing Progress: Equitable and Accessible
near the gravitational environment in which they operate. Thalassemia Treatment for All.”
 Space assets can synchronise with each other with
• Thalassemia: It is an inherited genetic hemoglobinopathy,
precision for navigation.
a group of disorders that lead to defective production of
 Resilience to loss of contact with Earth: The reference time
haemoglobin synthesis in the body.
– LTC – must survive independently when contact to Earth
 This results in low production of red blood cells and a lack
is lost.
of oxygenated blood supply to the body parts.

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION • Thalassemia is mainly classified into two types: Alpha-

thalassemia and Beta-thalassemia.
• The idea for the UTC was formulated in the 1960s.
• Symptoms: Anemia, fatigue, enlarged liver and spleen, growth
• The UTC was designed as a way to accommodate the
impairment, skeletal deformities, leg ulcers and infections.
difference between solar time and atomic time, and is kept
within 0.9 seconds of solar time to follow Earth’s rotation • Risk Group: Anybody can develop the disease, but those with
variations and within an exact number of seconds of the a family history have a higher risk.
International Atomic Time (TAI).  It is seen in high frequency in parts of Africa, the
• Currently, moon missions follow the time of the country Mediterranean region, the Middle East, and Asia. It is also
which operates the spacecraft, while the International found in malaria-endemic areas.
Space station (ISS) runs on the UTC. • Treatment: Regular blood transfusions are often necessary
• However, a standardised time for space and the moon is for individuals with severe forms of thalassemia to maintain
not followed. adequate levels of hemoglobin and red blood cells.

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 For eligible patients, a bone marrow transplant (also called Key Highlights:
hematopoietic stem cell transplantation) can be a curative • In 2022, 1.62 billion people required interventions against
treatment for thalassemia. Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs).
• As of end 2022, the number of reported deaths from vector-
WIDAL TEST FOR TYPHOID borne NTDs has increased by 22% (as compared with 2016).
• In 2023, noma (cancrum Oris, gangrenous stomatitis) was
Recently, it has been observed in India, clinicians use the
added to the list of NTDs.
Widal test extensively to diagnose typhoid in both public
and private sectors. • Access to water supply, sanitation and hygiene is overall
85.8% in NTD-endemic countries and 63% among the
population requiring interventions against NTDs.
About:
• The share of the population at risk protected against
• It is named after its inventor, Georges-Fernand Widal.
catastrophic out-of-pocket health expenditure due to NTDs
• It is done to detect the presence of serum agglutinins or is 87.4%.
antibodies (H and O) in individuals who have typhoid and
paratyphoid fever. Neglected Tropical Disease (NTD):
• It’s a point-of-care test and doesn’t need special skills or • Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) are a diverse group of
infrastructure. conditions caused by a variety of pathogens (including
viruses, bacteria, parasites, fungi and toxins) and associated
• The aim of this test is to analyse infection caused by
with devastating health, social and economic consequences.
contaminated food and beverages.
• These diseases are often associated with poverty, limited
• Issues: Widal Test which is widely followed is not a reliable access to healthcare, and inadequate sanitation and hygiene.
test for typhoid.
• They are common in low-income populations in developing
 The test’s propensity for erroneous results is obfuscating
regions of Africa, Asia, and the Americas.
India’s typhoid burden, increasing expenses, and risking
• The term “neglected” highlights the fact that these diseases
more antimicrobial resistance.
historically receive less attention and funding for research and
development.
TYPHOID
• NTDs include: Dengue and chikungunya; dracunculiasis;
• Typhoid fever is a life-threatening infection caused by the
echinococcosis; foodborne trematodiases; leishmaniasis;
bacterium Salmonella Typhi. Salmonella Typhi lives only in
leprosy; lymphatic filariasis; noma; onchocerciasis; rabies;
humans.
soil-transmitted helminthiases; snakebite envenoming;
• It is also known as enteric fever.
trachoma; and yaws etc.
• It is usually spread through contaminated food or water.
• Causes: Lack access to safe drinking water or adequate Indian Scenario:
sanitation, urbanization and climate change, antibiotic • India has the world’s largest absolute burden of at least
resistance. 10 major NTDs — hookworm, dengue, lymphatic filariasis,
• Symptoms: It presents with a high fever, stomach pain, leprosy, kala-azar and rabies, ascariasis, trichuriasis,
weakness, and other symptoms like nausea, vomiting, trachoma and cysticercosis.
diarrhoea or constipation, and a rash.
• Threat : If left untreated, typhoid can be life-threatening. Per
the World Health Organisation, 90 lakh people are diagnosed
worldwide with typhoid every year and 1.1 lakh die of it.
• Treatment : Typhoid fever can be treated with antibiotics
although increasing resistance to different types of
antibiotics is making treatment more complicated.

GLOBAL REPORT ON NEGLECTED TROPICAL

DISEASES 2024
The World Health Organization (WHO) has released its
‘Global report on neglected tropical diseases 2024’.

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Government Initiatives: • The facility draws in air and chemically extracts captured
• National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP): carbon by turning it into stone beneath the earth's surface,
utilizing Iceland’s abundant geothermal energy to power the
It conducts mass drug administration campaigns, distributes
process.
bed nets, and promotes vector control measures to prevent
diseases like lymphatic filariasis, malaria, dengue, and kala- • It aims to remove 36,000 tons of carbon annually— equivalent
azar. to removing about 7,800 gas-powered cars from the road
each year.
• National Health Mission (NHM): The NHM aims to provide
accessible, affordable, and quality healthcare to urban and
Direct Air Capture (DAC) Facility:
rural populations, including those affected by NTDs.
• DAC technologies extract CO2 directly from the atmosphere at
• Kala-azar Elimination Programme: Government of India
any location, unlike carbon capture which is generally carried
launched a centrally sponsored Kala-azar control
out at the point of emissions, such as a steel plant.
Programme in 1990-91. The National Health Policy (2002)
 The CO2 can be permanently stored in deep geological
envisaged kala-azar Elimination by 2010 which was revised
formations or used for a variety of applications.
later to 2015.
• To date, 27 DAC plants have been commissioned in Europe,
 Now Kala-azar is targeted for elimination by 2023 though
North America, Japan and the Middle East capturing almost
WHO NTD RoadMap goal is 2030.
0.01 Mt CO2/year.
• Lymphatic Filariasis Elimination Programme: India has been
actively involved in the Global Programme to Eliminate Carbon Capture Technologies:
Lymphatic Filariasis (GPELF).
• The technologies can be broadly categorized into three main
• National Deworming Day (NDD): Launched in 2015, NDD is types: pre-combustion capture, post-combustion capture,
a nationwide program aimed at reducing the prevalence of and oxy-fuel combustion.
soil-transmitted helminthiasis among children.
• Pre-Combustion Capture:

The NTD road map for 2021-2030:  Gasification: Involves converting carbon-containing
feedstock, such as coal or biomass, into a synthesis gas
• The road map sets global targets and milestones to prevent,
(syngas) composed primarily of carbon monoxide (CO)
control, eliminate or eradicate 20 diseases and disease groups
and hydrogen (H2). The CO2 can then be separated from
as well as cross-cutting targets aligned with the Sustainable
the syngas before combustion.
Development Goals.
 Chemical Looping Gasification: Utilizes metal oxide
• The overarching 2030 global targets include; particles to indirectly convert carbon-containing fuel into
 A 90% reduction in the number of people requiring syngas. The metal oxide captures the carbon from the fuel,
treatment for NTDs;
and then the CO2 can be separated from the metal oxide.
 A 75% reduction in DALYs related to NTDs;
 Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC): Integrates
 At least 100 countries eliminating at least one NTD; and
gasification technology with a combined cycle power
 The eradication of two diseases (dracunculiasis and
plant, allowing for efficient power generation while
yaws).
capturing CO2 before combustion.
• Post-Combustion Capture:
WORLD’S LARGEST FACILITY DESIGNED TO  Amine Scrubbing: Involves passing the flue gas from
REMOVE CO2 FROM ATMOSPHERE combustion through a liquid solvent, typically an amine
solution, which absorbs CO2. The CO2-rich solvent is
The World’s largest facility designed to remove carbon then heated to release the captured CO2 for storage or
dioxide from the atmosphere started operations in Iceland. utilization.
 Membrane Separation: Uses selective membranes to
About: separate CO2 from other gases in the flue gas based on
• It is named Mammoth and it is the second commercial direct differences in permeability.
air capture (DAC) facility in the nation and is significantly  Adsorption: Utilizes solid materials, such as activated
larger than its predecessor, Orca, which began in 2021. carbon or zeolites, to adsorb CO2 from the flue gas. The
• It is situated on a dormant volcano in Iceland and 50 adsorbent is then regenerated by desorbing the CO2,
kilometres from an active volcano. allowing for multiple cycles of capture and release.

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• Oxy-Fuel Combustion:  They are caused by magnetic storms that have been
 Involves burning fossil fuels in oxygen instead of air to triggered by solar activity, such as solar flares (explosions
produce a flue gas consisting mainly of CO2 and water on the Sun) or coronal mass ejections (ejected gas
vapor. bubbles). Energetic charged particles from these events
 The CO2 can then be easily separated from the water are carried from the Sun by the solar wind.
vapor and other impurities, resulting in a concentrated • Occurrence: Auroras have been observed on Jupiter, Saturn,
stream of CO2 for storage or utilization. and Uranus. The aurora borealis is usually visible in high-
latitude regions around the Arctic and Antarctic.
Emerging DAC Technologies:
• Electro Swing Adsorption (ESA)-DAC is based on an
electrochemical cell where a solid electrode absorbs CO2 NISAR SATELLITE WILL MONITOR TECTONIC
when negatively charged and releases it when a positive MOVEMENTS
charge is applied.
 It is currently being developed in the United States and Recently, the ISRO Chairman S. Somanath said that the
United Kingdom. NISAR satellite will be able to monitor tectonic movements
accurately and can fully map the earth twice a month.
• Zeolites are now being adopted for DAC due to their porous
structure suitable for CO2 adsorption.
NISAR Satellite:
 The first operational DAC plant relying on zeolites was
commissioned in 2022 in Norway, with plans to scale the • NISAR is an Earth-observation satellite that stands for (NASA-
technology up to 2 000 tCO2/year by 2025. ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar).

• Passive DAC relies on accelerating the natural process that • It is Jointly developed by the National Aeronautics and
transforms calcium hydroxide and atmospheric CO2 into Space Administration (NASA) and the Indian Space Research
limestone. Organisation under a partnership agreement signed in 2014.
 This process is being engineered in the United States by a • It will be launched into a polar Sun-synchronous dawn-dusk
company using renewably powered kilns to separate CO2 orbit.
from limestone.
• NISAR is the first satellite mission to collect radar data in
two microwave bandwidth regions, called the L-band and the
AURORA LIGHTS IN INDIA S-band.
 The S-band payload has been made by the ISRO and the
Indian Astronomical Observatory captured the aurora L-band payload by the U.S.
borealis on camera in Ladakh above Mount Saraswati.
Monitoring of Earth Surface:
About: • The NISAR system comprises a dual frequency, fully polarimetric
• Northern lights were also witnessed in other parts of the radar, with an imaging swath greater than 150 miles (240 km).
world, including in the United States and the United Kingdom.
• This design permits complete global coverage every 12-days,
• Meanwhile, southern lights, or aurora australis, were spotted allowing researchers to create time-series interferometric
in countries such as New Zealand and Australia. imagery and systematically map the changing surface of Earth.
 It can monitor various aspects in very high resolution.
Auroras:
• After a 90-day commissioning period, the mission will conduct
• Auroras are brilliant ribbons of light.These lights primarily
a minimum of three full years of science operations with the
appear near the poles of both the northern and southern
hemispheres all year round but sometimes they expand to L-band radar to satisfy NASA’s requirements,
lower latitudes. In the north, the display is called the aurora  ISRO requires five years of operations with the S-band radar.
borealis; in the south, it is known as the aurora australis.
Objectives of the Mission:
• It can be seen in a range of colours, including blue, red,
• NISAR can measure tectonic plate movements accurately. So
yellow, green, and orange. The colours depend on the type
a lot of geological, agricultural and water-related observations
of gas and its altitude. Oxygen glows red or blue; nitrogen
can be green, blue, or pink. can be obtained from this satellite.

• Causes: • It can study the water-stressing, climate change-related issues,

 It is caused by collisions between fast-moving electrons agricultural changes through patterns, yield, desertification
from space with the oxygen and nitrogen in Earth’s upper and continental movements precisely with respect to annual
atmosphere. water cycle movements.

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• NISAR's data can help people worldwide better manage Importance of Clean and Green Technologies:
natural resources and hazards, as well as providing information • Clean and green technologies, often referred to as ‘Greentech’
for scientists to better understand the effects and pace of or ‘clean technology’, are crucial for a sustainable future,
climate change. offering innovative solutions that protect our environment
while also providing economic and health benefits.

NATIONAL TECHNOLOGY DAY • Mitigating Climate Change Impacts: These technologies

reduce greenhouse gas emissions, a major contributor to
Recently, the Technology Development Board (TDB) of the global warming.
Department of Science and Technology (DST) celebrated  By utilising renewable energy sources such as solar, wind,
the National Technology Day (2024). and hydro power, we can significantly cut down our reliance
on fossil fuels, thereby reducing our carbon footprint.
About
• Conserving Natural Resources: These ‘Greentech’ promote the
• It is celebrated annually on 11th May, dedicated to honouring efficient use of resources.
the relentless efforts of scientists, engineers, and innovators  For instance, water-saving technologies can help
who work tirelessly to advance technology and simplify our conserve water, a precious resource that is becoming
lives. increasingly scarce due to climate change and overuse.
• The Rashtriya Vigyan Puraskar Awards, akin to the prestigious • Economic Growth: Green technologies can contribute to
Padma awards, are announced annually on National economic growth.
Technology Day.  They can create new industries and jobs, stimulate
• Theme for 2024: 'Promoting Clean and Green Technologies innovation, and provide opportunities for investment and
for a Sustainable Future'. trade.

BRIEF HISTORY
CORONAL MASS EJECTIONS (CMES)
• The inception of National Technology Day dates back
to May 11, 1998, when India successfully conducted Recently, a powerful solar storm impacted the earth
Pokhran-II Nuclear Tests under the codename ‘Operation triggered by the series of X-class flares and Coronal Mass
Ejections (CMEs).
Shakti’.
• The then Prime Minister, Atal Bihari Vajpayee, declared
About:
May 11 as National Technology Day, and since then, the
• The outer solar atmosphere, known as the corona, is
day has been celebrated annually to highlight India’s
structured by strong magnetic fields.
technological progress.
• They are large expulsions of plasma and magnetic fields
 The Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research (IGCAR)
(frozen in flux) from the Sun’s corona.
and the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) played
 These are stronger than the background solar wind
pivotal roles in advancing nuclear science within the
interplanetary magnetic field strength.
country.
• The ejected material can travel at a speed of a million miles
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT BOARD (TDB) per hour or more.
• It was constituted in 1996 under the Technology
Development Board Act, 1995, as a statutory body, to
promote development and commercialization of indigenous
technology and adaptation of imported technology for
wider application.
 It is the first organisation of its kind within the government
framework with the sole objective of commercialising
indigenous research. the
• It provides equity capital or loans (at a simple interest rate of 5%
per annum) to industrial concerns and financial assistance
to research and development institutions.

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• They can travel in any random direction and cut through solar  In January 2022, the first xenotransplantation of a
winds, and they are sometimes associated with flares but can genetically-modified pig heart was done.
occur independently. • Benefits: Transplantation of cells and tissues may be therapeutic
• CMEs are capable of driving the Space Weather in near-Earth for certain diseases such as neurodegenerative disorders and
space. diabetes, where human materials are not usually available.
 If CMEs are Earth-directed, they can cause severe • Concerns: The use of xenotransplantation raises concerns
implications. regarding the potential infection of recipients.

DO YOU KNOW? Why are Pigs often used for Xenotransplantation?

• There are two main types of explosions that occur on the • Pig heart valves have been used for replacing damaged
sun: valves in humans for over 50 years now.
 Solar Flares • The pig’s anatomical and physiological parameters are
 Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs) similar to that of humans, and the breeding of pigs in farms is
• Unlike the energy and X-rays produced in a solar flare, which widespread and cost-effective.
can reach Earth at the speed of light in eight minutes, CMEs • Also, many varieties of pig breeds are farmed, which provides
are giant clouds of solar material that take one to three days an opportunity for the size of the harvested organs to be
to reach Earth. matched with the specific needs of the human recipient.
• Fast CMEs occur more often near the peak of the 11-year
solar cycle, and can trigger major disturbances in Earth’s SANGAM: DIGITAL TWIN WITH AI-DRIVEN
magnetosphere.
INSIGHTS INITIATIVE
• Once at Earth, these ejections can impact satellites in
space or interfere with radio communications. The Department of Telecommunications (DoT) has launched
the 'Sangam: Digital Twin' initiative, a groundbreaking
effort to utilize Digital Twin technology for innovative
XENOTRANSPLANTATION infrastructure planning and design.

The first recipient of a modified pig kidney transplant About:

passed away.
• The 'Sangam: Digital Twin' initiative aims to utilize Digital
Twin technology to create virtual replicas of physical assets,
About:
allowing for real-time monitoring, simulation, and analysis.
• Xenotransplantation is defined as any procedure that involves
• It consists of two stages: An Exploratory phase dedicated to
the transplantation, implantation, or infusion into a human
creative exploration and defining future directions, and a
recipient of live cells, tissues, or organs from a nonhuman
practical demonstration stage that focuses on specific use
animal source.
cases to develop scalable and replicable future blueprints.
• The development of xenotransplantation is driven by the fact
• It symbolises a collaborative leap towards reshaping
that the demand for human organs for clinical transplantation
infrastructure planning and design, combining the prowess of
far exceeds the supply.
5G, IoT, AI, AR/VR, AI native 6G, Digital Twin, and next-gen
computational technologies with the collective intelligence of
public entities, infrastructure planners, tech giants, startups,
and academia to break the silos and engage in a whole-of-
nation approach.

Key Components of Digital Twin Technology:

• Physical Asset: The physical asset, which can range from
industrial machinery and infrastructure to entire cities or
ecosystems, serves as the foundation for creating the Digital
Twin.
• Virtual Model: The virtual model is a digital representation of
• Xenotransplantation involving the heart was first tried in the physical asset, constructed using advanced modeling
humans in the 1980s. and simulation techniques.

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 It incorporates geometric, behavioral, and contextual  This method uses various materials, such as plastics and
data to accurately mirror the asset's characteristics and metals.
behavior. • Comparison with Subtractive Manufacturing: Unlike subtractive
• Sensors and IoT Devices: Sensors and Internet of Things (IoT) manufacturing, which involves cutting out or hollowing out
devices installed on the physical asset collect real-time data a piece of material (e.g., using a milling machine), additive
on parameters such as temperature, pressure, and vibration. manufacturing builds objects layer by layer.
This data updates the virtual model and provides insights  This process is more efficient in terms of material usage
into the asset's performance. and can create complex geometries that are difficult or
• Data Analytics and Machine Learning: Advanced data impossible to achieve with traditional subtractive methods.
analytics, including machine learning algorithms, analyze
the vast amounts of data collected from the physical asset INDIA DISCUSSING SETTING OF ETO LIMITS
to derive actionable insights. These insights help optimize WITH CODEX
performance, predict maintenance needs, and inform
decision-making. India has asked CODEX committee to set limits on the use
of Ethylene 0xide (ETO) in spices, amid a sales ban on two
• Connectivity and Integration: Digital Twins depend on
popular Indian brands.
seamless connectivity and integration with various data
sources, including IoT devices, enterprise systems, and
About:
external data sources. This ensures the virtual model remains
up-to-date and accurate, reflecting real-world changes in • India has taken up with the CODEX committee the need for
real-time. setting up limits for ETO usage as different countries have
different limits.
• CODEX has not prescribed a limit so far. Also, there is no
AGNIKUL COSMOS AND AGNIBAAN SORTED
standard for ETO testing.
Chennai-based start-up Agnikul Cosmos has recently
achieved a significant milestone by launching the world's first Ethylene Oxide (ETO):
rocket, the Agnibaan Sub Orbital Technology Demonstrator • Ethylene oxide is generally used as a disinfectant, sterilizing
(SOrTeD), powered by a fully 3D-printed engine. agent, as well as an insecticide to reduce microbial
contamination in spices.
Key Achievements: • However, its use is considered carcinogenic, beyond
• Firsts for the Indian Space Ecosystem: permissible limits.
 Launch from a Private Pad: The rocket was launched from
Dhanush, a private launch pad.
Indian Spices industry:
 Homegrown Semi-Cryo Engine: This marks the first time • India is the world’s largest spice producer and one of the
a semi-cryo engine developed in India has powered a largest exporters of spices.
rocket launch. • In 2023-24, India's spice exports totalled $4.25 billion,
 World's First Single-Piece 3D-Printed Engine: The Agnibaan accounting for a 12% share of the global spice exports.
SOrTeD features the world's first engine to be entirely
3D-printed as a single piece. CODEX ALIMENTARIUS COMMISSION (CAC)
• Technical Specifications: • It is an intergovernmental food standards body, set up in
 Propellant: The rocket uses liquid oxygen and kerosene as 1963.
its propellants. • It was established jointly by the UN’s Food and Agriculture
 Support: The launch was supported by the Indian Space Organisation (FAO) and the World Health Organisation
Research Organisation (ISRO) and the Indian National (WHO), within the framework of the Joint Food Standards
Space Promotion and Authorisation Centre (IN-SPACe). Programme.
• Objective: To protect consumer’s health and ensure fair
About 3D Printing: practices in the food trade.
• Definition and Process: 3D printing, also known as additive • Members: Currently, 189 members (188 UN member
manufacturing, involves creating three-dimensional items countries and the European Union).
by adding material layer by layer based on designs from • India became a member in 1964.
computer-aided design (CAD) models. • Headquarter: Rome

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PREFIRE MISSION TAK-003 (VACCINE FOR DENGUE)

Recently, NASA launched one of two climate satellites Recently, the World Health Organisation (WHO) announced
as part of the PREFIRE (Polar Radiant Energy in the Far- the prequalification of a TAK-003, second vaccine for
InfraRed Experiment) Mission. dengue.

About: About:
• The PREFIRE satellites are 6U CubeSats, measuring around • It is a live-attenuated vaccine containing weakened versions
90 cm in height and nearly 120 cm in width when their solar of the four serotypes of the virus that cause dengue, helping
panels are deployed. the body to build immunity without causing the disease.
• Two 6U CubeSats aim to orbit at an altitude of about 525 • It is developed by the Japanese drug maker Takeda
kilometres in a near-polar orbit. Pharmaceuticals.
• Each satellite carries a miniaturised infrared spectrometer,
Administration and Use:
covering the 0-45 μm range at 0.84 μm spectral resolution.
• TAK-003 can be administered to children aged 6 to 16 years,
• Operating for one seasonal cycle (approximately a year),
with a high dengue burden and transmission intensity.
PREFIRE aims to provide unprecedented data on far-infrared
• The vaccine should be administered in a 2-dose schedule
emissions from Earth’s poles.
with a 3-month interval between doses, as per the WHO.
WHAT ARE CUBESATS? • The UK, Brazil, Argentina, Indonesia and Thailand have
approved TAK-003.
• CubeSats are miniature satellites, each resembling a 10
cm x 10 cm x 10 cm cube (equivalent to 'one unit' or '10') and
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
weighing no more than 1.33 kg.
Global Impact of Dengue
• Developed initially as educational tools, CubeSats have
gained popularity due to their low cost and versatility. • Dengue is a mosquito-borne disease that is life-threatening
in many cases.

PREFIRE’s Objectives: • It is estimated that there are over 100 to 400 million cases

• Quantifying Far-Infrared Emission: PREFIRE aims to document of dengue worldwide each year and 3.8 billion people

the variability in spectral fluxes from 5 μm to 45 μm, shedding living in dengue-endemic countries, most of which are in

light on the energy radiated by Earth’s polar regions. Asia, Africa, and the Americas.

 Nearly 60% of Arctic emission occurs at wavelengths > 15 • Dengue cases are likely to increase and expand
μm (FIR), which has remained uncharted territory until now. geographically due to climate change and urbanisation.

• Anchoring Climate Predictions: By measuring far-infrared Dengvaxia (CYD-TDV):

radiation, PREFIRE improves Arctic climate predictions. • It was the first dengue vaccine to be licensed. It is a live
 It provides critical data for understanding Arctic warming, recombinant tetravalent dengue vaccine, given as a 3-dose
sea ice loss, ice sheet melt, and sea level rise. series with 6-month intervals being doses, for individuals
• Earth’s Thermostat: The Arctic acts as Earth’s thermostat, aged 9–45 years or 9–60 years living in dengue-endemic
regulating the climate by venting excess energy received in countries or areas.
the tropics. • It requires individuals to have pre-vaccination screening
 PREFIRE’s insights into Arctic heat emissions contribute for previous dengue virus infection.
to a more accurate understanding of our planet’s climate
dynamics.

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SOCIETY
MENSTRUAL HYGIENE IN INDIAN PRISONS Menstrual Hygiene and Health schemes in India:
• Menstrual Hygiene Scheme: It was launched in 2011 for
Several issues have been found in access to sanitary
adolescent girls in the age group of 10-19 years and
products and safe and dignified means of managing
focussed on the distribution of low cost sanitary napkins in
menstrual hygiene among the women in Indian prisons.
communities through ASHAs.

Background: • Swachh Bharat Abhiyan: The Ministry of Jal Shakti and

Education launched the National Guidelines on Menstrual
• The fifth round of the National Family Health Survey (NFHS 2019-
Hygiene Management (MHM) for rural areas.
2020) revealed that about eight out of 10 young women aged
15-24 years are now using safe menstrual hygiene products. • The Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers implements the
• While urban areas and certain demographics have seen Pradhan Mantri Bharatiya Janausadhi Pariyojna (PMBJP),
improved usage of menstrual hygiene products, the plight of under which the Janaushidhi Kendras have been set up
women in Indian prisons remains overlooked. that provides Oxo-biodegradable sanitary napkins named
Suvidha at Rs. 1/- per pad only.
Status of Menstrual Hygiene in Prisons: • National Menstrual Hygiene Policy to recognise menstruation
• According to the National Crime Records Bureau, there are as a natural process that demands more meaningful attention.
23,772 women in Indian prisons and 77% of them are in the  The draft policy states, Prioritize equity to enable
reproductive age group (18-50 years) and are likely to be all menstruating individuals, regardless of their
regular menstruators. socioeconomic status and geographical location, to
• The availability of sanitary napkins has been inconsistent have equal opportunities to access and manage their
across different prisons in the country and the quality of menstruation in a safe and hygienic way.
sanitary napkins has also been unsatisfactory.
• Despite recommendations outlined in the 2016 Model Prison Way Ahead:
Manual, many States have not implemented provisions like • The experience of menstruation within prisons presents unique
supplying adequate water and washroom facilities for female challenges that demand attention through a public health lens,
prisoners. particularly as part of the fight against ‘period poverty’.
• Overcrowding and poor socio-economic conditions further • The government must ensure that basic standards of
exacerbate the struggle of incarcerated women to secure menstrual hygiene for women in captivity are met.
basic necessities such as water, sanitary napkins, detergent,
• The need is to encourage collaboration between public
and soap during menstruation.
health authorities and prison administrators to develop a
Challenges faced by women in Indian Prisons: comprehensive strategy to ensure access to adequate
menstrual hygiene products and facilities while prioritizing
• The lack of continuous water supply forced women to store
the health and dignity of women behind bars.
water, taking up valuable space in the limited number of
toilets available.
• Women also reported feeling discouraged from using NO AGE BAR FOR HEALTH INSURANCE IN
the filthy washrooms for urination, which led to a greater
INDIA
incidence of urinary infections.
• Prison authorities depended on sanitary napkins donated by The Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of
non-governmental organizations. India (IRDAI) recently removed the age limit for purchasing
 Decisions about the type, quality, and quantity of medical insurance policies.
menstrual absorbents were left to these organizations,
often resulting in the supply of substandard products. Key Points:
• There is a dearth of empirical evidence highlighting an urgent • Removal of Age Barrier: IRDAI has eliminated the age limit of
need to conduct research to understand the current state of 65 for purchasing health insurance, allowing all age groups
menstrual hygiene within prison walls. to obtain coverage.

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• Specialised Products: Insurers are instructed to develop Areas of Uncertainty:

specialised health insurance products for different
• Affordability for Senior Citizens:
demographics such as senior citizens, students, children,
 Concerns: Health insurance premiums for senior citizens
and maternity.
may be unaffordable due to higher medical risks
• Coverage for Pre-existing Conditions: Insurers are encouraged
associated with aging.
to provide coverage for individuals with pre-existing medical
 Potential Solutions: The government may need to
conditions, including serious ailments like cancer or heart
consider subsidies or other measures to make policies
failure, without refusal.
accessible and affordable for seniors with limited income
• Increased Insurance Density and Penetration: These measures
and savings.
are expected to enhance insurance density and penetration
across India. • Waiting Period for Pre-existing Conditions:

• Flexible Payment Options: Insurers must offer premium  Concerns: Insurers typically impose waiting periods
payment in installments for the convenience of policyholders. (e.g., 2-4 years) before covering pre-existing medical
conditions.
• Travel Policies: Travel insurance policies can only be provided
by general and health insurers.  Regulatory Clarity: More detailed regulations are required
to ensure consumer-friendliness, particularly regarding
• AYUSH Treatments: No cap on coverage for AYUSH
treatments (Ayurveda, Yoga, Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha, waiting periods and immediate coverage conditions.
and Homeopathy). • Impact on Out-of-Pocket Medical Expenditure:
 Concerns: Increased health insurance penetration might
CURRENT STATUS OF THE INSURANCE SECTOR IN not significantly reduce out-of-pocket medical expenses
INDIA for Indians.
Market Size and Growth:  Factors to Consider: The extent of coverage offered, co-
• The Indian insurance market is projected to reach USD 200 pay rates, sub-limits, and overall affordability of policies
billion by 2027 and is expected to become the 6th largest will influence the impact.
insurance market by 2032.  Requirements: Comprehensive coverage with reasonable
• Currently, India ranks as the 9th largest life insurance market co-pays and limits is necessary to substantially reduce
and the 14th largest non-life insurance market globally. high out-of-pocket expenditure.
• Both life and non-life insurance sectors have experienced
double-digit growth rates in recent years.
Insurance Penetration and Density:
NATIONAL BUILDING CODE (NBC)
• Penetration: Insurance penetration, measured as the Recent fire incidents at a gaming zone in Rajkot, Gujarat,
percentage of insurance premiums to the country's GDP, and a children's hospital in Delhi have resulted in the loss of
increased from 2.7% in 2001 to 4.2% in 2020 and remained at least 40 lives within a 24-hour period.
the same in 2021.
• Density: Insurance density, calculated as the ratio of premium Overview:
to population (per capita premium), saw a significant rise • Published in 1970 and last updated in 2016, the NBC is
from USD 9.1 in 2001-02 to USD 69 in 2021-22.
India's central standard for fire safety.
Government Initiatives:
• It provides comprehensive guidelines for the construction,
• Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Yojana (PMJJBY): A government
maintenance, and fire safety of buildings.
scheme boosting life insurance penetration, especially in
rural areas. • State governments must incorporate NBC recommendations
into local building bylaws, as fire services fall under state
• Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana (PMSBY): A scheme
aimed at increasing accident insurance coverage. jurisdiction.

• FDI Policy: Allows up to 74% foreign direct investment in Indian • The 'Model Building Bye Laws 2016' guide assists states and
insurance companies, promoting growth and development. urban areas in drafting building bylaws.
• Ayushman Bharat PM-JAY: The largest health assurance • The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) also
scheme globally, funded by the Government, providing provides fire safety guidelines for homes, schools, and
significant health insurance coverage. hospitals.

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Fire Safety Measures: preserves cultural traditions and values, passing them on to
future generations.
• The NBC outlines achievable measures to ensure fire
safety. • Emotional Development: Children feel a sense of belonging
and security when learning in their mother tongue, leading to
• It defines fire zones to separate residential and educational
emotional well-being.
areas from industrial and hazardous structures.
 Proficiency in the mother tongue boosts confidence and
• Buildings are categorized into nine groups based on
self-esteem, empowering children to express themselves
occupancy, such as hotels, hospitals, and assembly freely.
buildings.
• Academic Achievement: Strong proficiency in the mother
• The Code emphasizes using non-combustible materials and tongue lays a solid foundation for academic success in other
requires a minimum 120-minute fire rating for internal walls in subjects.
staircase enclosures.  Research shows that children who receive education
• It specifies maximum building height, floor area ratio, open in their mother tongue perform better academically
spaces, and fire-resistant openings. compared to those who don't.
• Electrical installations must be flame-retardant, with • Social Integration: Proficiency in the mother tongue enables
separate shafts and false ceilings for medium and low children to communicate effectively with family, peers, and
voltage wiring. community members.
• All metallic items should be bonded to the earthing system.
Steps taken by Government:
• An emergency power distribution system is recommended
• The Jharkhand government and UNICEF initiated a pilot
for critical needs, including exit signage, lighting, fire alarm
programme for multilingual education in 259 schools.
systems, and public address systems.
 It involved the development of resources and content in
• Fire protection technologies recommended by the Code the Ho, Mundari, Khariya, Santali and Kurukh languages
include automatic fire detection systems, down-comer spoken by Tribals.
pipelines, sprinklers, fireman's lifts, fire barriers, and escape • Odisha’s government, with UNICEF, created ‘Nua Arunima,’
routes. (New Horizons) a mother tongue-based early childhood
education curriculum available in 21 languages.

USE OF MOTHER TONGUE IN EARLY STAGES • The National Education Policy 2020 focuses on multilingualism
and the use of familiar language for learning until at least
OF EDUCATION
Grade 5, but preferably till Grade 8 and beyond.
The Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) has  The policy recommends preparing textbooks and related
instructed all its schools to make use of educational reading material in home languages and asks teachers to
material which will focus on learning in one’s mother use them for communication in the classroom.
tongue and encourage multilingual education. • The NIPUN Bharat Mission: The Mission Implementation
Guidelines suggests that the teaching learning process and
Significance development of teaching learning material should be done in
• Cognitive Development: Children learn foundational concepts mother tongue.
more easily in their mother tongue, facilitating cognitive
development.Understanding in the mother tongue allows CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS/LAWS
children to engage more deeply with problem-solving tasks, • Under Article 350A of the Constitution, the government must
promoting critical thinking. try to ensure that children from linguistic minority groups
• Language Skills:Learning in the mother tongue leads to a are educated in their mother tongue.
richer vocabulary and better language comprehension. • Article 29(1) states Any section of the citizens residing in
Improved Communication: Proficiency in the mother tongue the territory of India or any part thereof having a distinct
enhances verbal and written communication skills, fostering language, script or culture of its own shall have the right to
effective expression and comprehension. conserve the same.

• Cultural Identity: Learning in the mother tongue strengthens • Section 29(f) of Chapter V under Right to Education Act,
the bond with cultural heritage, promoting a sense of 2009 states that, “medium of instructions shall, as far as
belonging and pride.Exposure to the mother tongue practicable, be in child’s mother tongue.”

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CULTURE & HISTORY

VICTORY DAY OF RUSSIA  These paintings serve not only as aesthetic expressions
but also as repositories of cultural and religious stories,
Every year, Russia celebrates Victory Day on May 9 to enriching the visual landscape with their vibrant hues and
commemorate the Soviet Union’s victory over Germany’s symbolic imagery.
Nazi forces in World War II.
• Cultural Significance:
 Patachitra holds a significant place in the artistic heritage
About: of Odisha and Bengal, originally crafted for ritual purposes
• Background: The erstwhile Soviet Union first celebrated and as keepsakes for pilgrims visiting sacred sites like
Victory Day on May 9, 1945, after Germany signed the Puri and other temples in the region.
Instrument of Surrender.  In Bengal, Patachitras served as visual aids during
 At the end of World War II in 1945, the Allied Powers song performances, enhancing the narrative experience
declared May 8 as Victory in Europe Day. The USSR, through captivating visuals.
however, wanted to wait till the official document was
• Traditional Craftsmanship:
signed by German authorities in Soviet-controlled Berlin.
 The process of creating Pattachitra involves a meticulous
 By the time the document was signed, it was already past
technique passed down through generations.
midnight in Moscow. Russia, therefore, celebrates Victory
 Special canvases made of cotton sarees layered with
Day on May 9.
tamarind paste and clay powder provide the base for the
• Celebration: The Russian military holds a parade at Moscow’s artwork.
Red Square and in other cities to mark the event.  Natural pigments derived from sources like lamp soot and
 An elaborate ceremony also takes place at the Tomb of powdered conch shells are utilized, highlighting the art
the Unknown Soldier, a memorial in Moscow dedicated to form's eco-friendly ethos.
Soviet soldiers who died during the war.
• Artistic Process:
 Artists eschew preliminary sketches, opting to fill colors
PATACHITRA PAINTING directly onto the canvas, with a customary emphasis on
completing the borders first.
West Bengal’s womens are preserving a traditional artform  The creation of a single Patachitra painting can span
of Patachitra Painting. weeks or even months, underscoring the dedication and
patience required to produce these masterpieces.
About:
• Origin: KOOTHANDAVAR FESTIVAL
 Patachitra, also known as Pattachitra,
refers to a genre of traditional scroll Koothandavar Festival was held in Tamil Nadu for
painting prevalent in the eastern celebration of transgender identity.
Indian states of Odisha and West
Bengal. About:
 With roots dating back to as • Introduction:
early as the 12th century, the term  The Koothandavar festival, held annually in Koovagam,
"Patta" meaning "cloth" and "Chitra" Tamil Nadu, unfolds a poignant tale of marriage and
meaning "picture" in Sanskrit aptly widowhood within the span of a day.
describes this art form's foundation on cloth-based  This traditional event, occurring during the Tamil month
canvases. of Chithirai (mid-April to mid-May), captivates global
• Themes and Narrative: attention for its unique celebration of transgender identity.
 Renowned for its intricate detailing, Patachitra • Historical Context:
often depicts mythological narratives and folktales,  Rooted in Tamil mythology, the festival's origins can be
predominantly centered around Hindu deities. traced to a Tamil rendition of the Mahabharata.

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 According to legend, a character named Aravan offered

SAHITYA AKADEMI
himself as a sacrifice for the Pandavas' victory in battle.
• The Sahitya Akademi was officially inaugurated on 12
 Despite having the boon of marriage, Aravan faced
March 1954 as an autonomous organization.
rejection from women due to the inevitability of
widowhood. • It was registered as a society under the Societies
 Eventually, it is believed that Lord Krishna, assuming the Registration Act, 1860.
form of Mohini, married Aravan. • Established as a national organization, its purpose is to
 The festival commemorates this union and Aravan's actively work for the development of Indian literature and
subsequent sacrifice. to set high literary standards.
• Rituals and Traditions: • The Akademi fosters and coordinates literary activities in
 The focal point of the Koothandavar festival revolves 24 Indian languages, promoting cultural unity across the
around Lord Aravan's sacrificial ritual. country through these languages.
 On the 17th day of the ceremony, transwomen from various
Other Fellowship by Sahitya Academy
regions assemble to marry Lord Aravan, symbolizing his
Premchand Fellowship by Sahitya Akademi
marital bond.
 The following day marks the culmination of the festival, • Introduction of Premchand Fellowship:
wherein Aravan is ceremonially sacrificed in battle.  Instituted during Premchand's 125th Birth Anniversary
 In a solemn ritual, the trans women who married him in 2005.
undergo the rituals of widowhood, mourning Aravan's  Awarded to scholars researching Indian literature or
demise. creative writers from SAARC countries, excluding India.
• Cultural Significance: • Fellowship Scheme Details:
 Beyond its religious and mythological underpinnings, the  Annual Offering: One Fellowship annually to a
Koothandavar festival holds profound cultural significance, distinguished person in culture and literature from
serving as a platform for affirming transgender identity SAARC countries.
and challenging societal norms.  Duration: Up to three months, based on the convenience
 The festival's celebration of love, sacrifice, and acceptance and availability of the recipient.
underscores the enduring spirit of inclusivity and diversity  Stipend: Rs. 25,000 per month for incidental expenses.
within Tamil Nadu's cultural fabric.
• Selection Process:
 Database Creation: A database of potential writers and
SAHITYA AKADEMI FELLOWSHIP scholars will be created.
 Nomination Sources: Names may be invited from
Recently, Ruskin Bond, an author, has been awarded the Indian Missions in SAARC countries, Executive Board
‘Sahitya Akademi Fellowship’, the highest honour given by members of Sahitya Akademi, senior writers and
the literary organisation.
scholars, and selected cultural and literary institutions
and universities.
About:
• First Recipient: The first Premchand Fellowship was
• Prestigious Literary Honour:
awarded to Janab Intizar Husain, a renowned Urdu fiction
 One of the most esteemed literary accolades in India
writer and columnist from Pakistan.
is conferred by the Sahitya Akademi, India's National
Academy of Letters, based in New Delhi.
 This prestigious award honors writers who have made
FAKHRUDDIN ALI AHMED
exceptional and enduring contributions to Indian literature.
• Acknowledging Literary Immortals: The President of India paid floral tributes to Shri
 Reserved for 'the immortals of literature,' this honor is highly Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed, former President of India on his
selective and limited to only twenty-one recipients at any birth anniversary.
given time.
 It celebrates those whose works have significantly About:
impacted the literary landscape of India, ensuring their • Presidency: Served as the fifth President of India from August
legacy within the annals of Indian literature. 24, 1974, until his death on February 11, 1977.

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• Contribution in Freedom Struggle: About:

 Joined the Indian National Congress and was a loyal • Lalon also known as Fakir Lalon Shah, or Mahatma Lalon
follower of Mahatma Gandhi. was a prominent Bengali philosopher, Baul saint, mystic
 Actively participated in the Individual Satyagraha and Quit song composer, social reformer and thinker from the Indian
India Movement, leading to his arrest in 1942. subcontinent.
• Political Career: • Also known as Fakir Lalon Shah was born in 1774 at Horishpur
 Held several significant political positions throughout his in Jhenaidah district of modern Bangladesh.
career. • He is considered the most prominent figure of the Baul
 Elected to the Rajya Sabha in 1952 and later to the Lok tradition of Bangladesh and India.
Sabha in 1967. • He inspired and influenced people like Rabindranath Tagore,
 Managed portfolios including Food and Agriculture, Kazi Nazrul Islam and the American poet Allen Ginsberg
Cooperation, Education, Industrial Development, and among others.
Company Laws.
• Presidency Highlights: HAMPI’S VIRUPAKSHA TEMPLE
 Elected as the President of India in 1974.
 His presidency is notable for proclaiming a state of A section of the pillars holding up the pavilion at Hampi's
emergency in 1975, advised by then Prime Minister Indira Virupaksha temple collapsed recently following heavy
rains.
Gandhi.
 His tenure was marked by his dedication to upholding the
About:
Constitution.
• It is a historic Hindu temple located in Hampi, Karnataka,
India.
DEDA METHOD OF MURIA TRIBE
• It holds immense religious and cultural significance and is
Muria tribal farmers who migrated from Chhattisgarh to part of the Group of Monuments at Hampi, which has been
Godavari Valley are still practicing ‘deda’, a traditional designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
method of preserving seeds. • Historical Significance:
 It dates back to the 7th century CE. Some historians
About: suggest that it existed even before the Vijayanagara
• Preservation Technique: Empire established its capital in Hampi.
 Seeds are preserved in leaves and packed almost airtight  During the 14th to 16th centuries, under the Vijayanagara
to resemble boulders from a distance. rulers, the temple underwent extensive expansion and
 The packaged seeds are woven with Siali leaf (Bauhinia flourished as a vital centre for religious and cultural
vahlii), locally known as ‘addakulu’, to create the Deda. activities.
 The Vijayanagara empire was founded by Harihara I of the
• Protection and Longevity: This method protects seeds from
Sangama dynasty, it expanded from a strategic position on
pests and worms, allowing them to be viable for cultivation for
the banks of the Tungabhadra river to become one of the
up to five years.
most powerful kingdoms of its time.
• Three-Layer Structure of a Deda:
 First Layer: Wood ash is spread inside the Siali leaves. Architectural Marvels:
 Second Layer: The ash is covered with lemon leaves to • The Vijayanagara Empire (1336 to 1646), known for its grand
form a casing. architecture, built Dravidian-style temples and palaces in
 Third Layer: Seeds are preserved inside the casing and Hampi, including the Virupaksha Temple.
sealed. • Notable features include towering gopurams (gateways),
pillared halls, and shrines dedicated to various deities.
SAINT LALON SHAH FAKIR • The Vitthala Temple within the complex stands out for its
exquisite ornate structure, representing the pinnacle of
A three day long Indo-Bangla music festival began in
Vijayanagara temple architecture.
Bangladesh to celebrate the 250th birth anniversary of Saint
 It features a grand bazaar street, a stepped tank, and beautifully
Lalon Shah Fakir.
carved mandapas.

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Religious Significance: • The circular cavities on the rock surface signifies the community
• The temple is dedicated to Lord Virupaksha, a form of Lord involvement in discovering historical artifacts.
Shiva. • Some 20 rock etchings, showcasing the use of the bruising
• It is associated with the local goddess Pampadevi, linked to technique, have been identified in this region, with tools from
the Tungabhadra River. the same period found on the riverbed.

• Worship at the Virupaksha Temple has persisted over • Another worth-mentioning feature is a rock done with cupules,
revered outside the Puravati Temple.
centuries, even after the city’s destruction in 1565.
 Initially interpreted as representing a star constellation
with 27 cupules, further research revealed 31 cupules,
NEOLITHIC DISCOVERIES IN MAUXI VILLAGE which made people curious about their significance but
the exact purpose of these remains unknown.
Mauxi (Mhaus) village in the Sattari taluka of Goa has
emerged as a hotbed of neolithic discoveries. STONE AGE
The Stone Age is a prehistoric period characterized by the use
About: of stone tools. It's typically divided into three major periods: the
• The 11th edition of the Cultural and Heritage Walk, also known Paleolithic, Mesolithic, and Neolithic, based on technological
as Parikrama, organised inside the Ravalnath Temple. advancements, cultural developments, and changes in human
 The Lord Shiva is a form of the universal god worshipped societies.
by Hindus. Paleolithic Age: Old Stone Age
 He is also called Shivnath Ravalnath in Konkani as a mark
• Time Period: Began around 2.6 million years ago and lasted
of reverence.
until around 10,000 BCE.
• The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) has confirmed that the
• Key Features:
Ancient rock carvings that were found etched into the meta
 Earliest known stone tool usage by hominids such as
basalt rock along the dry riverbed of the Zarme river some two
Homo habilis.
decades ago belong to the neolithic period.
 Humans were primarily hunter-gatherers.
 The carvings were initially discovered by local residents
 Stone tools were used for tasks such as hunting,
some 20 years ago and tell a lot about the early inhabitants
butchering, and processing food.
of the region.
Mesolithic Age: Transitional Stone Age
ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA (ASI) • Time Period: Roughly between 10,000 BCE and 5,000 BCE,
depending on the region.
• Role and Responsibilities: ASI is the premier organization
for archaeological research and the protection of India's • Key Features:
cultural heritage.  Development of more specialized tools.
 Adaptations to changing environments.
• Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Culture.
 Domestication of certain plants and animals.
• Primary Concern: The maintenance of ancient monuments,
Neolithic Age: New Stone Age
archaeological sites, and remains of national importance is
the prime concern of the ASI. • Time Period: Began around 12,000 years ago and ended
between 4500 BCE and 2000 BCE, depending on the
• Regulatory Functions:
region.
 ASI regulates all archaeological activities in the country
according to the provisions of the Ancient Monuments • Key Features:
and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, 1958.  Widespread adoption of agriculture.
 It also enforces regulations under the Antiquities and  Domestication of animals.
Art Treasure Act, 1972.  Emergence of settled communities.
 Development of pottery, weaving, and more complex
social structures.
Major Findings:
 Revolutionized human societies, paving the way for the
• The carvings are of animals such as zebus, bulls, and rise of civilizations.
antelopes, alongside footprints and cupules.

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MISCELLANEOUS

PADMA AWARDS 2024 • Restrictions: Not a title; cannot be used as a prefix or suffix to
the awardee's name.
President Droupadi Murmu conferred Padma awards • Selection Process:
during a Civil Investiture Ceremony at Rashtrapati Bhawan  Nominations reviewed by the Padma Awards Committee,
in Delhi.
formed annually by the Prime Minister.
 Committee led by the Cabinet Secretary and includes
About: the Home Secretary, Secretary to the President, and 4-6
• Padma Awards: eminent individuals.
 Instituted in 1954.  Recommendations forwarded to the Prime Minister and
 Announced annually on Republic Day, with exceptions in the President for final approval.
1978-1979 and 1993-1997.
 The Padma Awards are one of the highest civilian honors
of India announced annually on the eve of Republic Day.
• Categories:
 Padma Vibhushan: For exceptional and distinguished
service. (2nd Highest civilian Award)
 Padma Bhushan: For distinguished service of a high order.
(3nd Highest civilian Award)
 Padma Shri: For distinguished service. (4th Highest civilian
Award)
• Eligibility: BOOKER PRIZE
 Open to all individuals regardless of race, occupation,
The Booker Prize, one of the most prestigious awards in the
position, or sex.
literary world, has recently come under fire for the historical
 Government employees, except doctors and scientists,
links to slavery of its original sponsor, Booker Group.
are ineligible.
• Fields of Recognition: About:
 Art, Social Work, Public Affairs, Science & Engineering,
• Leading Literary Award: The Booker Prize, established in the
Trade & Industry, Medicine, Literature & Education, Civil
UK in 1969, is recognized as the foremost literary award for a
Service, Sports, and Others (including Indian Culture
single work of fiction.
propagation, Human Rights, Wildlife conservation).
• Global Scope: Initially focused on Commonwealth writers, the
• Award Criteria: prize now embraces authors worldwide, regardless of their
 Not typically awarded posthumously, except in highly nationality.
deserving cases.
• Purpose: The prize aims to celebrate excellence in fiction by
 A higher category award requires a minimum of five
recognizing the best novel of the year written in English.
years since the previous Padma award, with possible
• Eligibility Criteria:
exceptions.
 Any novel originally written in English and published
• Presentation:
in the UK and Ireland during the prize year is eligible,
 Awarded by the President of India typically in March/April. irrespective of the author's nationality.
 Includes a Sanad (certificate) and a medallion, with a  The novel must be an original work in English, not a
miniature version for ceremonial use. translation.
 Names published in the Gazette of India on the  It must be published by a registered UK or Irish imprint;
presentation day. self-published works are ineligible.
 Limited to 120 awards annually, excluding posthumous
• Prize Details: The winner receives a cash prize of £50,000,
awards to NRI/foreigners/OCIs.
while each shortlisted author is awarded £2,500.

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• Booker Prize Foundation: Established in 2002 as a registered International Day of UN Peacekeepers:

charity, the Foundation oversees the awarding of the Man • The United Nations General Assembly, in its resolution
Booker Prize for Fiction and the Man Booker International
57/129, designated 29 May as the International Day of United
Prize, inaugurated in 2005.
Nations Peacekeepers.

PAST INDIAN RECIPIENTS • This is the date when in 1948 the first UN peacekeeping
mission named the "United Nations Truce Supervision
• Arundhati Roy (God of Small Things)
Organization", began operations in Palestine.
• Kiran Desai(Inheritance of Loss)
• Aravind Adiga (White Tiger).
WORLD PRESS FREEDOM INDEX (2024)
• Geetanjali Shree for her Hindi novel, Tomb of Sand received
the prize in 2022. Recently, the Reporters Without Borders (RSF) released its
latest edition of World Press Freedom Index.

PARA ATHLETICS WORLD CHAMPIONSHIP About:

Indian para athlete Deepthi Jeevanji set a world record of • RSF defines press freedom as ‘the ability of journalists
55.06 seconds in the women’s 400m T20 category, at the as individuals and collectives to select, produce, and
ongoing Para Athletics World Championship 2024 in Kobe, disseminate news in the public interest independent of
Japan. political, economic, legal, and social interference and in the
absence of threats to their physical and mental safety’.
About: • It is published annually by Reporters Without Borders (RSF)
• The Para Athletics World Championships is the world's that ranks 180 countries and regions according to the level of
premier para athletics event established by the International freedom available to journalists. It has been published every
Paralympic Committee. year since 2002.
• The first Championships was held in Berlin, Germany in 1994, • It provides a snapshot of the media freedom situation based
and since the fifth Championships in Christchurch, New on an evaluation of pluralism, independence of the media,
Zealand in 2011, it has been held every two years. quality of legislative framework, and safety of journalists in
each country and region.
• It is based on the principle of emulation between states and
2023 MILITARY GENDER ADVOCATE OF YEAR
has grown in influence over governments due to its well-
AWARD known status.
Indian Army Major Radhika Sen has been selected to receive • The press freedom questionnaire covers five categories —
the 2023 Military Gender Advocate of the Year Award. political context, legal framework, economic context, socio-cultural
context and security.
About:
Key Findings of the World Press Freedom Index (2024):
• The United Nations “Military Gender Advocate of the Year
Award” was created in 2016. • Threat to Press Freedom: Press freedom around the world
is being threatened by the very people who should be its
• The award recognises the efforts of a military peacekeeper
guarantors – political authorities.
in promoting the principles of the 2000 Security Council
resolution, that calls for protecting women and girls from • Decline in Political Indicator: Of the five indicators used to
conflict-related sexual violence and sets gender-related compile the ranking, it is the political indicator that has fallen
responsibilities for the UN. most, registering a global average fall of 7.6 points.
 It indicates a worrying trend of political pressures
Past Recipients: impacting journalism.
• With 124 women military peacekeepers currently • Failure of Governments to Protect Journalism: A growing
deployed, India is the eleventh largest contributor of women number of governments and political authorities are not
peacekeepers to the UN. fulfilling their role as guarantors of the best possible
• Major Sen is the second Indian peacekeeper to receive this environment for journalism and for the public’s right to
award, following Major Suman Gawani, a co-recipient in 2019. reliable, independent, and diverse news and information.

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 Current Affairs In-Shorts | Miscellaneous
Edition: June 2024

• Increase in State Pressure and Hostile Actions: There is an UNESCO'S MEMORY OF THE WORLD ASIA-
increase in pressure from the state or other political actors that
PACIFIC REGIONAL REGISTER
undermine the role of journalists, or even instrumentalise the
media through campaigns of harassment or disinformation. The Ramcharitmanas, Panchatantra and Sahrdayaloka-
• Lack of International Will: At the international level, there is Locana have been included in ‘UNESCO's Memory of the
a clear lack of political will on the part of the international World Asia-Pacific Regional Register’.
community to enforce the principles of protection of
journalists, especially UN Security Council Resolution 2222 (on About:
protection of journalists and associated media personnel in armed • The Memory of the World Register, established by UNESCO,
conflict). is a prestigious and archival holdings of universal value.
• It was established to preserve and digitize humanity’s
Global Scenario:
documentary heritage. It reflects the diversity of languages,
• The World Press Freedom Index (2024) revealed a two-fold
people, and cultures.
increase in ‘polarisation’ amplified by information chaos.
 It refers to media polarisation fuelling divisions within Ramcharitmanas:
countries, as well as polarisation between countries at the
• Tulsidas, a prominent poet-saint of the 16th century, wrote
international level.
Ramcharitmanas in the Awadhi language. Ramcharitmanas is
• Norway, Denmark, and Sweden occupied the top positions in composed of seven chapters.
press freedom, while Afghanistan, Syria and Eritrea constituted
• The seven Kands written by Tulsidas are Baal Kand, Ayodhya
the bottom three.
Kand, Aranya Kand, Kishkindakand, Sundar Kand, Lanka
• India’s ranking in the World Press Freedom Index has seen a
Kand and Uttar Kanda.
decline over the years.
• In 2022, India was ranked 150th out of 180 countries. Panchatantra:
• However, in 2023, India’s ranking slipped further to 161st. • The Panchatantra is an ancient Indian collection of interrelated
• In 2024, India’s score in the World Press Freedom Index fell animal fables in Sanskrit verse and prose, arranged within a
from 36.62 to 31.28, but its rank improved from 161 in 2023 to frame story.
159 in 2024. • It was authored by Pt. Vishnu Sharma.
 It was due to other countries slipping in their rankings.
Sahrdayāloka-Locana:
PRESS FREEDOM AND CONSTITUTION OF INDIA • ‘Sahrdayaloka-Locana’, authored by Kashmiri poet Acharya
• The press plays a vital role in a democratic society. It serves Anandvardhan, is a significant literary work in aesthetics and
as an agency of the people to gather news for them. literary criticism.
 It is the means by which people receive a free flow of • It analyzes several aspects of literary composition and
information and ideas, which is essential to intelligent provides insights into the principles of Sanskrit poetics.
self-governance, that is, democracy.
• In India, freedom of the press has been treated as part NAKBA DAY
of the freedom of speech and expression guaranteed by
Article 19 (1) (a) of the Constitution. Recently Palestinians share stories of loss, displacement, and
 It has been upheld in various landmark judgments of resilience on social media to mark the 76th commemoration
the Supreme Court of India. of the Nakba, or catastrophe.

• However, as mentioned in Article 19 (2), reasonable

restrictions can be placed on this right, in the interest of the
About:
sovereignty and integrity of India, the security of the state, • Nakba, stands for “catastrophe” in Arabic.
public order, decency or morality, or in relation to contempt • It refers to the forced displacement of Palestinians to facilitate
of court, defamation or incitement to an offence. the creation of Israel.
 Hence, freedom of the media is not an absolute • Nakba Day is observed on the day after Israel declared its
freedom. independence on May 14, 1948.
 While the Constitution provides for press freedom, it
• For Palestinians, the Nakba is the ethnic cleansing, forced
also mandates that the press must be responsible.
displacement and process of erasure of them and their land.

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 Test Yourself Current Affairs
Edition: June 2024

DATA RECAP
• Lower literacy rates among Women: The female literacy rate in India-SL Relation:
rural India is 57.93%, compared to 77.15% for males (Census • Economic Ties: India is Sri Lanka’s third-largest export
2011). destination, following the US and UK. Over 60% of Sri Lanka’s
• India's online Gaming Industry: exports benefit from the India-Sri Lanka Free Trade Agreement.
 It is predominantly a home-grown start-up ecosystem  India is also a major investor in Sri Lanka, with Foreign
growing at 27% Compound annual growth rate (CAGR). Direct Investment (FDI) amounting to approximately USD
 The Indian gaming industry’s revenue stands at 3.1 billion 1.7 billion from 2005 to 2019.
dollars in the financial year 2023.It is widely estimated that India-ASEAN Relation:
AI and online gaming can add up to $300 billion to India’s • ASEAN is one of the major trade partners of India with a share
GDP by 2026-27. of 11% in India’s global trade.
• India-China Relations: • The bilateral trade stood at USD 122.67 Bn during 2023-24.
 Rising Imports: India's imports from China surged to The upgradation of AITIGA will further boost bilateral trade.
over $101 billion in the fiscal year 2023-24, marking E-commerce:
a significant increase from approximately $70 billion
• At present, the e-commerce market in India is valued at $70
recorded in 2018-19.
billion, which accounts for around 7% of the nation’s overall
 Over 15 years, China's share of India's industrial goods
retail market.
imports has escalated from 21% to 30%, reflecting a
• It is predicted to grow to a staggering $325 billion, and the
growing dependency on Chinese products.
country’s digital economy is expected to reach $800 billion.
 Merchandise Imports: In the fiscal year 2023-24, India's
• The number of online shoppers in India is projected to
total merchandise imports amounted to $677.2 billion, with
increase with a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of
China accounting for 15% or $101.8 billion worth of goods.
22% to 88 million in rural India and 15% to 263 million across
• Fire Incidents:
urban India between 2019 and 2026.
 In 2022, over 7,500 fire accidents resulted in the deaths of
• It is expected to lead to India surpassing the US as the
7,435 people in India, according to the NCRB.
second largest online shopper base in one to two years.
 Maharashtra and Gujarat, two of the most urbanized
• India's e-commerce platforms achieved a significant
states, account for approximately 30% of fire-related
milestone, hitting a GMV of US$ 60 billion in fiscal year 2023,
deaths in the country.
marking a 22% increase from the previous year.
• Spices Growth:
• The e-retail market in India is projected to surpass US$ 160
 India's spice production has witnessed consistent growth
billion by 2028.
in recent years, reaching 11.14 million tonnes in 2022-23,
compared to 11.12 million tonnes in the previous year. Global Report on Neglected Tropical
 Export Performance: Spice exports from India surged Diseases 2024
to US$ 3.73 billion in 2022-23, up from US$ 3.46 billion • In 2022, 1.62 billion people required interventions against
in 2021-22, showcasing the sector's resilience and Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs).
Competitiveness. • As of end 2022, the number of reported deaths from vector-
• World Migration Report: borne NTDs has increased by 22% (as compared with 2016).
 International remittances surged by 650%, from USD 128 • In 2023, noma (cancrum Oris, gangrenous stomatitis) was
billion to USD 831 billion between 2000 and 2022. added to the list of NTDs. Access to water supply, sanitation
 India received over USD 111 billion in remittances in 2022, and hygiene is overall 85.8% in NTD-endemic countries and
the largest in the world, becoming the first country to 63% among the population requiring interventions against
reach and even surpass the USD 100 billion mark. NTDs.
 India was the top country receiving remittances in 2010, • The share of the population at risk protected against catastrophic
2015, and 2020. out-of-pocket health expenditure due to NTDs is 87.4%.

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 Current Affairs
Test Yourself
Test Yourself
Edition: June 2024

Objective Questions
Visit: www.nextias.com for monthly compilation of Current based MCQs
Mains Questions
GS PAPER - I 12. Assess India's import dependency on China, discussing
1. Analyze the enduring legacy and contribution of its implications and suggesting strategies to reduce this
Rabindranath Tagore in literature, music, and education. reliance.
(10 Marks, 150 Words) (10 Marks, 150 Words)

2. Examine the factors contributing to landslide vulnerability in 13. Discuss the necessity of a corporate governance charter
India. Assess the environmental impacts of landslides, and for startups, highlighting challenges, and proposing
propose strategies for risk reduction. measures to enhance transparency and accountability.
(15 Marks, 250 Words) (15 Marks, 250 Words)

3. Discuss the phenomenon La Niña along with its impacts on 14. In what ways do critical minerals impact global economies
global weather patterns, and implications. and national security? Analyze their role in technological
(10 Marks, 150 Words) innovation and environmental sustainability.
(10 Marks, 150 Words)
4. Analyze migration patterns in India and the challenges
faced by migrants. (10 Marks, 150 Words) 15. How has the increase in Goods and Services Tax (GST)
5. Examine the legal position on live-in relationships in India, revenues affected India's fiscal policy and economic
discussing judicial interpretations, societal implications, growth?. Discuss the issues associated with the current
and the need for comprehensive legal frameworks. GST framework.
 (15 Marks, 250 Words) (15 Marks, 250 Words)

6. Discuss the consequences of insufficient public expenditure 16. Discuss the multifaceted significance of the spices industry
in India's healthcare sector and propose measures to in India. Evaluate challenges associated and strategies for
address this issue. (15 Marks, 250 Words) the sustainable growth of the sector.
(15 Marks, 250 Words)
7. Examine the role of women in local governance in India,
including challenges faced and measures for enhancing 17. Examine the Marrakesh Agreement's role in shaping the
their participation. (10 Marks, 150 Words) World Trade Organization's (WTO) functions and principles.
(10 Marks, 150 Words)
GS PAPER - II
18. Analyze the implications of the warming of the Indian
8. Discuss the evolution, current framework, and challenges of
Ocean on regional climate patterns. Propose measures for
the arbitration mechanism in India, highlighting necessary
mitigating environmental risks and adapting to changing
reforms for improvement. (10 Marks, 150 Words)
conditions.
9. Evaluate the functioning of the Central Bureau of (15 Marks, 250 Words)
Investigation (CBI) in India, highlighting its challenges and
suggesting reforms for improvement. (15 Marks, 250 Words) 19. Evaluate the concept of carbon farming and its potential in
mitigating climate change. Discuss policy frameworks for
10. Examine India's fire safety standards, including challenges
incentivizing carbon farming practices in India.
in enforcement, and propose measures to enhance
compliance and public safety. (10 Marks, 150 Words) (10 Marks, 150 Words)

20. Assess the urgency for a global plastics treaty in addressing

GS PAPER - III plastic pollution. Evaluate its potential impacts on marine
11. Analyze the growth potential, and challenges of India's ecosystems, public health, and sustainable development
online gaming industry, and suggest measures for its goals.
sustainable development. (15 Marks, 250 Words)  (15 Marks, 250 Words)

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