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    Damgaard Et Al., 1992: Hydraulic Fracturing

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    Raed fouad

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    Damgaard Et Al., 1992: Hydraulic Fracturing

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    Raed fouad
    3 views1 page

    Original Title

    115

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    3 views1 page

    Damgaard Et Al., 1992: Hydraulic Fracturing

    Uploaded by

    Raed fouad

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    112 Hydraulic Fracturing

    Original stresses
    σH
    3 2 1

    Creation of σh
    first fracture
    σh increase caused
    increases σh
    by first two fractures
    especially close
    creates a stress reversal
    to wellbore.
    near wellbore.
    Horizontal Horizontal
    well heel well toe

    High tortuosity
    and complex
    fracture behaviour

    Third fracture - Second transverse First transverse


    switch in stress fracture - increase fracture at toe
    directions creates in net pressure of well
    longitudinal fracture
    near wellbore with
    possible azimuth switch
    away from wellbore
    and adjacent fractures.

    Figure 2.85 Stress reversal possibility with multiple transverse fractures.

    There are a number of stimulation systems (for both proppant and acid)
    involving cased hole packers and sliding sleeves. Some of the techniques are
    proprietary to individual service companies, others are generic

    1. Discrete perforations can be made in a single trip by the use of switching firing
    heads. Alternatively, individual zones can be perforated by a work string at the
    same time as running individual sliding sleeves (Damgaard et al., 1992). The
    same workstring can then used to stimulate the individual zone using an open
    work string annulus for downhole pressure measurement. Such a configuration
    has been much used on the North Sea chalk South Arne field (Cipolla et al.,
    2000, 2004) and in the Campos basin, Brazil (Neumann et al., 2006).
    2. Sliding sleeves can be operated by a workstring or coiled tubing (the same trip as
    the excess proppant clean-out). Sliding sleeves can also be operated as part of a
    ‘smart’ well and cycled open and shut remotely in order to sequentially stimulate
    a well (Bellarby et al., 2003). This technique is more applicable to acid
    stimulation or proppant stimulations where the proppant does not have to be
    cleaned out after each individual fracture treatment. Some systems incorporate a
    ball seat in the sliding sleeve to both hydraulically isolate the treated intervals
    underneath and open the sleeve. Seats (and balls) get progressively smaller further
    down the well and some systems allow up to 10 zones to be sequentially treated.
    Such systems minimise the number of trips in hole, but only if proppant does not
    have to be cleaned out between intervals. It is possible to pump multiple fracture

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