TS 02158.2 - 0.00 - Earthworks - DC

TRANSPORT FOR NSW (TfNSW)
SPECIFICATION D&C R44
EARTHWORKS
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NOTICE
This document is a Transport for NSW D&C Specification. It has been developed for use with
Design & Construct roadworks and bridgeworks contracts let by Transport for NSW. It is not suitable
for any other purpose and must not be used for any other purpose or in any other context.
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Copyright in this document belongs to Transport for NSW.
REVISION REGISTER
Ed/Rev Clause Authorised

Description of Revision Date
Number Number By
Ed 1/Rev 0 First issue GM, IC 08.07.11
W Stalder
Ed 1/Rev 1
Ed 2/Rev 0
SE Updated to accord with changes to base
(non-D&C) Specification R44 Ed 3 Rev 15.
Updated to accord with base (non-D&C)
GM, IC
GM, IC
13.08.12
18.03.13
Specification R44 Ed 4/Rev 0.
Ed 2/Rev 1 Updated to accord with base (non-D&C) GM, IC 24.04.13
Ed 2/Rev 2 2.1, 2.2, Reinstatement of clauses on materials GM, IC 18.06.13
2.3.1, 2.4, management, topsoil, unsuitable material,
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2.6, 2.8.2.2 stockpile sites and imported materials from

& 2.8.3.2 base (non-D&C) Specification R44
Ed 4/Rev 1.
4.7.4 & Relocated from back of spec.
4.7.5
Annex A, C, Contents amended due to reinstatement of
L&M clauses.
Ed 3/Rev 0 Updated to accord with base (non-D&C) GM, CPS 24.03.15
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Ed 3/Rev 1 Global References to “Roads and Maritime DCS 22.06.20
Services” or “RMS” changed to “Transport
for NSW” or “TfNSW” respectively.
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References to “RMS Representative”

changed to “Principal”.
Edition 3 / Revision 1 TRANSPORT FOR NSW

June 2020
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S PECIFICATION D&C R44
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SE EARTHWORKS
Copyright – Transport for NSW
IC-DC-R44
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VERSION FOR:
DATE:
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Edition 3 / Revision 1 TRANSPORT FOR NSW

June 2020
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Earthworks D&C R44
CONTENTS
CLAUSE PAGE
FOREWORD ........................................................................................................................................ III
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TfNSW Copyright and Use of this Document.......................................................................... iii
Base Specification .................................................................................................................. iii
1 GENERAL .................................................................................................................................. 1
1.1 Scope ......................................................................................................................... 1
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1.2 Earthworks Process .................................................................................................... 2
1.3 Structure of Specification........................................................................................... 4
1.4 Definitions ................................................................................................................. 4
1.5 Earthworks Plan ......................................................................................................... 8
1.6 Surveying ................................................................................................................. 10
1.7 Protection of Earthworks .......................................................................................... 10
2 EARTHWORKS MATERIALS ...................................................................................................... 10

2.1 General .................................................................................................................... 10
2.2 Materials Management............................................................................................. 11
2.3
2.4
2.5
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Topsoil ..................................................................................................................... 11
Unsuitable Material ................................................................................................. 11
(Not Used) ............................................................................................................... 12
2.6 Stockpile Areas........................................................................................................ 12
2.7 (Not Used) ............................................................................................................... 13
2.8 Material in Upper Zone of Formation, Verges and Spill Through Bridge Abutments13
3 FOUNDATIONS ......................................................................................................................... 15
3.1 General .................................................................................................................... 15
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3.2 Foundation Treatments Under Embankments ........................................................... 15

3.3 Foundation Treatment for Hillside Embankments – Terracing.................................. 21
3.4 Foundation Treatments Within Cuttings ................................................................... 22
3.5 Shallow Embankment and Cut/Fill Transition Zone ................................................. 27
4 CUTTINGS ................................................................................................................................ 30
4.1 General .................................................................................................................... 30
4.2 Cuttings in Rock ...................................................................................................... 30
4.3 Batter Tolerances in Cuttings ................................................................................... 31
4.4 Benching in Cuttings................................................................................................ 32
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4.5 Pre-splitting or Line Drilling .................................................................................... 32

4.6 Blasting.................................................................................................................... 33
5 EMBANKMENTS ....................................................................................................................... 35
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5.1 General .................................................................................................................... 35

5.2 Earth Fill Embankments ........................................................................................... 36
5.3 Rock Fill Embankments ........................................................................................... 38
5.4 Embankment Batter Tolerances................................................................................ 39
5.5 Rock Facing to Embankments .................................................................................. 40
5.6 Select Fill Adjacent to Structures............................................................................. 41
6 STRUCTURAL TREATMENTS ..................................................................................................... 41

6.1 Upper Zone of Formation ......................................................................................... 41
6.2 Verges...................................................................................................................... 43
6.3 Other Treatments ..................................................................................................... 43
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D&C R44 Earthworks
7 ADDITIONAL CONFORMITY REQUIREMENTS ............................................................................. 44

7.1 General .................................................................................................................... 44
7.2 Earth Fill Moisture Content ..................................................................................... 44
7.3 Sampling and Testing for Compaction Conformity................................................... 44
7.4 Compaction Conformity........................................................................................... 46
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7.5 Rock Fill Placing Conformity .................................................................................. 46
7.6 Deflection Testing ................................................................................................... 47
7.7 Level Control........................................................................................................... 49
ANNEXURE R44/A – PROJECT SPECIFIC INFORMATION ...................................................................... 51
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A1 Survey ..................................................................................................................... 51
A2 Materials ................................................................................................................. 52
A3 Foundation Treatment .............................................................................................. 53
A4 Shallow Embankment, Cut/Fill Transition Zone, Upper Zone of Formation and
Verges ..................................................................................................................... 54
A5 Compaction Moisture Requirements ........................................................................ 55
A6 Foundation Treatment and Structural Treatment in Medians.................................... 55
A7 Blasting ................................................................................................................... 56
ANNEXURE R44/B – (NOT USED) ...................................................................................................... 56
C1
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ANNEXURE R44/C – SCHEDULES OF HOLD POINTS, WITNESS POINTS AND IDENTIFIED RECORDS ....... 57
Schedule of Hold Points .......................................................................................... 57
C2 Schedule of Witness Points ...................................................................................... 57
C3 Schedule of Identified Records ................................................................................ 58
ANNEXURES R44/D TO R44/K – (NOT USED) .................................................................................... 58
ANNEXURE R44/L – WORK ACTIVITIES, TEST METHODS, MINIMUM FREQUENCY OF TESTING AND
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ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA........................................................................................................... 59
ANNEXURE R44/M – REFERENCED DOCUMENTS ............................................................................... 70
LAST PAGE OF THIS DOCUMENT IS ...................................................................................................... 71

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Earthworks D&C R44
FOREWORD
TFNSW COPYRIGHT AND USE OF THIS DOCUMENT
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Copyright in this document belongs to Transport for NSW.
When this document forms part of a deed
This document should be read with all the documents forming the Project Deed.
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When this document does not form part of a deed
This copy is not a controlled document. Observe the Notice that appears on the first page of the copy
controlled by TfNSW. A full copy of the latest version of the document is available on the TfNSW
Internet website: http://www.rms.nsw.gov.au/business-industry/partners-
suppliers/specifications/index.html
BASE SPECIFICATION
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This document is based on TfNSW QA Specification R44 Edition 5 Revision 1.
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Ed 3 / Rev 1 iii
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(TfNSW COPYRIGHT AND USE OF THIS DOCUMENT - Refer to the Foreword after the Table of Contents)
TfNSW SPECIFICATION D&C R44
EARTHWORKS
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1 GENERAL
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1.1 SCOPE
This Specification sets out the requirements for earthworks for roadworks, which aims to create a
stable formation suitable for a pavement to be constructed upon, using materials from within the site
or, if suitable materials are not available from within the site, using suitable materials from offsite.
The earthwork formation is constructed by the controlled excavation, selection and placement of
materials, and the use of Foundation Treatments and Structural Treatments, to achieve the best
possible support for the road pavement.
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Earthworks is carried out in conjunction with other work such as surface and subsurface drainage
works and environmental control measures.
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Ed 3 / Rev 1 1
D&C R44 Earthworks
1.2 EARTHWORKS PROCESS

The earthworks process is summarised in Table R44.1.
Table R44.1 – Summary of Earthworks Process
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Reference Description
Clause 1 General
Prepare and submit for consideration an EARTHWORKS PLAN and PROJECT
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QUALITY PLAN. Set out the earthworks by survey, and carry out surveys for process
control and determining quantities. Protect the environment and the earthworks by
installing and maintaining effective drainage, and control measures for erosion and
sedimentation.
Clause 2 Materials
Manage the use of materials from within the Site, stockpile areas, remove and stockpile
topsoil, remove, replace or treat any unsuitable material, spoil or borrow, and import
materials as necessary.
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Clause 3 Foundations
Prepare and compact the floors of cuttings, cut/fill transitions and foundations for
embankments, including subsurface drainage, and the use of bridging layers,
stabilisation, geotextiles/geogrids, and drainage layers as Foundation Treatments.
Clause 4 Cuttings
Excavate cuttings with specified benches, drainage and batter tolerances. Blasting of
rock may be required.
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Clause 5 Embankments
Place and compact suitable material to the specified dimensions and batter tolerances,
including subsurface drainage and the use of rock facing, Select Fill against structures,
stabilisation, and geotextiles/geogrids.
Clause 6 Structural Treatments
Where shown on the Design Documentation drawings, place and compact Selected
Material and verge material of the specified quality over the full length of the
earthworks, or provide other geotechnical treatments as required.
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Clause 7 Conformity Requirements

Complete the earthworks to the specified quality and tolerances. Undertake all
inspection and testing necessary to demonstrate that the quality requirements of this
Specification are achieved.
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The earthworks process outline by activity sequence is given in Figure R44.1.
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Earthworks D&C R44
Erosion and R44 Process Outline

Sedimentation
Control
TfNSW D&C
G38
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Clear and Grub
TfNSW D&C G40 One-way
interaction
Two-way
Interaction
Remove
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topsoil
Clause 2.3
Cut
or DFL: Designed Floor Level
Fill FL: Foundation Level
Embankment Cutting
Excavate Unsuitable Material

Terracing Clause 3.3 Excavate cutting Batter treatment
embankment Clause 2.4 to DFL or FL Clause 4.3
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Clause 3
Clause 4
Foundation Shallow Foundation

Treatments Embankment Treatments
Clause 3.2 Clause 3.5.1 Clause 3.4
Embankment Cut/Fill Transition

Construction Clause 3.5.2
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Clause 5
Structural
Treatments
Clause 6
Conformity
Requirements
Clause 7
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Pavement
construction
TfNSW **
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Figure R44.1 – Earthworks Process Outline By Activity Sequence

Notes:
(a) Notwithstanding that some clearing and grubbing may be necessary before erosion and sedimentation
control can commence, staged construction of drainage works including sedimentation control, culverts,
catch drains and ancillary activities must generally precede clearing and grubbing activities.
(b) Pavement construction must be carried out in accordance with the appropriate TfNSW specifications (shown
as “TfNSW ** ” above) included within the deed.
Ed 3 / Rev 1 3
D&C R44 Earthworks
1.3 STRUCTURE OF SPECIFICATION

This Specification includes a series of annexures that detail additional requirements.
1.3.1 Project Specific Information
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Details of work specific to this deed are shown in Annexure R44/A.
1.3.2 (Not Used)
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1.3.3 Schedules of HOLD POINTS, WITNESS POINTS and Identified Records
The schedules in Annexure R44/C list the HOLD POINTS and WITNESS POINTS that must be
observed. Refer to Specification TfNSW D&C Q6 for the definitions of HOLD POINTS and
WITNESS POINTS.
The records listed in Annexure R44/C are Identified Records for the purposes of TfNSW D&C Q6
Annexure Q/E.
1.3.4 Planning Documents

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The PROJECT QUALITY PLAN must include each of the documents and requirements shown in
Clause 1.5 and must be implemented.
1.3.5 Minimum Frequency of Testing
The Inspection and Test Plan must nominate the proposed testing frequency to verify conformity of
the item, which must not be less than the frequency specified in Annexure R44/L. Where a minimum
frequency is not specified, nominate an appropriate frequency. Frequency of testing must also
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conform to the requirements of Specification TfNSW D&C Q6.
1.3.6 Referenced Documents
Standards, specifications and test methods are referred to in abbreviated form (e.g. AS 2350). For
convenience, the full titles are given in Annexure R44/M.
1.4 DEFINITIONS
The terms “you” and “your” mean “the Contractor” and “the Contractor’s” respectively.
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The following definitions apply to this Specification:
Borrow site An area (either within or outside the Site), other than cuttings and specified
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excavations, from which material may be excavated for use in the Project Works.
Bridging layer A layer located at the foundation of the formation in an embankment constructed
from granular earth fill material or rock fill material with strong mechanical
interlock. The purpose of the bridging layer is to provide a stable platform upon
which a conforming earthworks layer can be constructed.
Capping layer A layer of graded rock material, placed over rock fill as a transition layer between
rock fill layers and the overlying earth fill layer(s) in an embankment.
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Earthworks D&C R44
Contaminated Material classified as “Special”, “Hazardous” or “Restricted Solid” Waste in

material accordance with EPA Waste Classification Guidelines.
Cutting An earth or rock excavation within the Site that is made below an existing surface
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to create the road formation.
Cut/Fill An area of special formation treatment where the road formation transitions from a
Transition Zone cutting to an embankment, as shown in Figure R44.6(b), and described in
Clause 3.5.2.
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Designed Floor The level of excavation in a cutting at the underside of the Selected Material Zone.
Level
Drainage layer A layer located at the foundation of the formation in an embankment or within a
cutting, constructed of free draining material with grading as specified in
Clauses 3.2.5 and 3.4.5. The purpose of the drainage layer is to provide a pathway
for the free drainage of excess water from the foundations of embankments or
cuttings. The drainage layer is usually wrapped in geotextile to prevent its
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Earthworks The activities covered by this Specification.
Earth fill Material consisting of fine material and coarse particles distributed throughout the
layer filling any voids so that when compacted produces a dense stable
embankment.
Embankment An earth or rock fill structure above an existing and/or excavated surface to create
the road formation.
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Floor of cutting The trimmed base of the cutting excavation at either the level of the Designed
Floor Level or at the level of the Foundation Level depending on the type of
Foundation Treatment.
Formation The earthworks structure including all Foundation and Structural Treatments on
which the road pavement will be constructed.
Foundation The level from which the formation is constructed. This is the level achieved after
Level excavation is undertaken for Foundation Treatments.
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Foundation A special layer or treatment zone at the base of a formation for the purpose of
Treatment reinforcing, strengthening or draining the foundation.
General fill Embankment material other than for Foundation or Structural Treatments.
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Imported Material obtained from sources other than that generated by excavation in cuttings
material and other specified excavations within the Site.
Road Same as Formation.

Formation
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D&C R44 Earthworks
Rock fill Material composed of hard, sound, durable rock with only a small amount of fine
particles, which when placed and compacted produces an embankment deriving its
stability from the mechanical interlock of the coarser particles, rather than from the
compaction of finer material around the coarser particles.
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Roller pass Compactive effort of a single movement of the roller over all segments of the Lot
nominated in the PROJECT QUALITY PLAN.
Select Fill Fill material of specified quality placed against or adjacent to structures (refer
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Clause 5.6). This material is different from Selected Material (see below).
Selected Material placed in the Selected Material Zone of the quality specified in
Material Clause 2.8.5 and Annexure R44/A2.2.
Selected The top part of the Upper Zone of Formation consisting of Selected Material – see
Material Zone Figures R44.2 (a) and (b).
Shallow A part of an embankment where the height from the Stripped Surface Level to the
Embankment Top of Formation is less than the height specified in Annexure R44/A4.
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Site won Material that is obtained from excavations within the Site.
material
Spoil Spoil is material from excavations under the deed which is surplus to that required
to complete the Project Works as specified, and/or material from excavations under
the deed whose quality renders it unacceptable for incorporation in the Project
Works. Spoil includes contaminated material which needs to be disposed of
outside the Site.
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Steel furnace Steel furnace slag is a waste by-product in the production of steel using the Basic
slag Oxygen Steel (BOS) or Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) processes. Steel furnace slag
does not include any bag house dust or air pollution control residues.
Stripped Level of the surface after stripping of topsoil.

Surface Level
Structural A special layer or zone within the upper part of the formation for the purpose of
Treatment strengthening the upper part of the formation.
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Topsoil Topsoil is natural surface soil that may contain organic matter.
Unsuitable Unsuitable material is material occurring:

material • for cuttings, below the Designed Floor Level (or below the Foundation Level
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where excavation to that level is required as part of Foundation Treatment);

• for embankments, below the Stripped Surface Level;
which the Principal deems to be unsuitable for embankment or pavement support in
its existing condition in accordance with Clause 2.4.
It excludes materials excavated to Foundation Level for Foundation Treatment

Types C2, C3(II) and C5.
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Earthworks D&C R44
The Principal will deem any contaminated material occurring below the Designed
Floor Level (or Foundation Level) of cuttings and below the Stripped Surface
Level beneath embankments to be unsuitable material if the contaminated material
cannot be left in place.
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Upper Zone of The top part of the formation in which materials of a specified higher quality are
Formation required, as shown in Figures R44.2 (a) and (b). The Upper Zone of Formation
includes the Selected Material Zone. The depth and quality of the materials are
specified in Annexure R44/A4 and R44/A2.2 respectively.
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Upper Zone Material of specified quality used in the Upper Zone of Formation.
Material
Verge material Material placed in the zone adjacent to the edge of the pavement which is
subjected to occasional traffic from vehicles leaving the pavement, of the quality
specified in Annexure R44/A2.2.
Working A layer located at the foundation of the formation in an embankment or within a

platform SE cutting, constructed by stabilising the insitu material at Foundation Level or using
imported stabilised material. The purpose of the working platform is to provide a
stable platform upon which a conforming earthworks layer can be constructed.
BATTER MEDIAN (dual carriageways only)
Selected Material Zone Verge or Pavement (see drawings)

may extend to edge Designed Finished Surface Level
- see drawings
Pavement Top of Formation
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Selected Material Zone
Upper Zone of Formation
Height of
embankment
General Fill (zoned construction may be required - see drawings)
Foundation Level
Topsoil
(may be removed)
[See Figures R44.3(a) to (e) for details of Foundation Treatment types for embankments]
Figure R44.2(a) – Embankment Nomenclature

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Ed 3 / Rev 1 7
D&C R44 Earthworks
Refer to drawings for

Selected Material Zone may extend to edge - see drawings
drainage details
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Verge or Pavement (see drawings)
Designed Finished Surface Level
Selected Material Zone Designed Floor Level *
Cutting Floor Foundation Foundation Level
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* unless shown otherwise on the drawings
[See Figures R44.5(a) to (d) for details of Foundation Treatment types for cuttings]
Figure R44.2(b) – Cutting Nomenclature
1.5 EARTHWORKS PLAN
Criteria)
1.5.1
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(Note: This clause is applicable unless otherwise specified in Scope of Works and Technical
Plan Requirements
The EARTHWORKS PLAN must address all requirements and constraints imposed by the
Specification, the physical conditions at the Site and your proposed methods of working. The
EARTHWORKS PLAN must include details of the following:
(a) All excavations required for the Works, including: Cuttings, Foundation Treatments, Shallow
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Embankments, Cut to Fill Transitions and trenches (such as that for drainage pipes or utility
conduits).
(b) The types, locations and quantities of all materials required for the Works or to be spoiled,
including foundation treatment materials, earth fill, rock fill, spill through bridge abutment
zone material, rock for rock facing and capping layers, Upper Zone material (including
Selected Material and that at Shallow Embankments and Cut/Fill Transitions), verge material,
Select Fill, topsoil, unsuitable material, uncontaminated spoil, contaminated spoil and imported
materials.
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(c) The locations and quantities of all materials to be sourced from within the Site and the staging
and excavation sequence that ensures that each of the material types listed in item (b) above is
available when needed. Locations and quantities must be cross-referenced to the excavations
listed under item (a) above.
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(d) A mass haul diagram and/or table detailing the types and quantities of each type of material to
be excavated from each cutting or borrow area, and the locations within the Site for placement
of the materials.
(e) Details of the processes for winning, sorting, isolating, processing, blending and placement of
the materials listed under Item (b) above, to meet the requirements of this Specification,
including maximum particle dimension, grading, durability and other soil properties.
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Earthworks D&C R44
(f) A preliminary assessment of stockpiling requirements and the quantities that can be placed in
nominated stockpile areas, and any additional potential stockpile areas required (refer
Clause 2.6).
(g) Procedures proposed for procuring and managing materials from borrow areas or imported
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materials where applicable (refer Clause 2.7).
(h) Preliminary identification of zones of potentially unsuitable material, and the management of
their re-incorporation and/or disposal (refer Clause 2.4).
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(i) Where applicable, procedures for the control and incorporation of potentially deleterious
materials such as acid sulfate rock and high swelling clays in zoned embankments.
(j) Procedures proposed for the treatment of foundations in cuttings and embankments (refer
Clause 3).
(k) Procedures to ensure that the specified compaction and moisture content have been achieved
over the full depth of each layer and that the specified layer thickness is not exceeded (refer
Clauses 5, 6 and 7).
(l)
(m)
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Procedures for protection of earthworks and dealing with over-wet materials and over-dry
materials (refer Clause 1.7).
Procedures to prevent damage to structures from hammering or ripping during rock excavation,
from compaction using vibrating plant, or from blasting.
1.5.2 Plan Submission and Updating
Notwithstanding the staged submission provisions of TfNSW D&C Q6, provide the EARTHWORKS
PLAN in its entirety with the first stage submission of the PROJECT QUALITY PLAN.
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Amend the EARTHWORKS PLAN in accordance with the requirements of Specification TfNSW
D&C Q6.
Submit to the Principal an updated EARTHWORKS PLAN:

(a) at intervals not exceeding three months during the currency of the deed;
(b) within two weeks of any change of the EARTHWORKS PLAN for the Project Works; and
(c) within two weeks of receipt of the Principal's requirement in respect of the earthworks
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construction, if such requirement alters any details in the EARTHWORKS PLAN.
An updated EARTHWORKS PLAN must show:

(i) the same level of detail as specified for the original EARTHWORKS PLAN;
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(ii) the “as-built” EARTHWORKS PLAN in respect of all work completed up to the date of
updating; and
(iii) reasons for any deviation from the previously submitted EARTHWORKS PLAN, and actions if
any, to correct any deviation within your control.
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D&C R44 Earthworks
1.6 SURVEYING
1.6.1 (Not Used)
1.6.2 (Not Used)
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1.6.3 Specified Surveys
For process control, carry out the surveys specified in Annexure R44/A1.
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1.7 PROTECTION OF EARTHWORKS
Your responsibility for care of the Project Works includes the protection of earthworks. Specifically:
(a) Install and maintain effective erosion and sedimentation control measures in accordance with
Specifications TfNSW D&C G36 and D&C G38.
(b) Provide and maintain measures for drainage of the working areas without scouring from the
surface run-off. Do not allow water to pond in the working areas resulting in wetting up of the
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existing pavement or formation or foundation material, except where ponding is off the
formation and forms part of a planned erosion and sedimentation control system.
(c) When rain is likely, or when no work is planned for the following day in a particular area being
worked, take precautions to minimise any ingress of water into the earthworks material. Seal
off ripped material remaining in cuttings, and material placed on embankments, using a smooth
drum roller.
(d) Should earthworks material become over-wet (above the specified moisture content for
compaction), replace and/or dry out the material. Refer also to Clauses 2.4 and 7.2.
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(e) Do not allow earthworks material in embankments to dry out to the point where excessive
shrinkage occurs, and the surface is pulverised by traffic generating excessive dust.
2 EARTHWORKS MATERIALS
2.1 GENERAL
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General earthworks includes excavation in all types of material, both earth and rock, and placing it in
embankments or disposing of it in areas other than embankments.
When surplus excavated material from other works under the deed (such as trenching for drainage
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pipes or utility conduits) is used in the construction of embankments or backfilling of trenches, the
requirements of this Specification also apply to such material.
You are responsible for:
(a) any of your assumptions made in relation to the nature and types of the materials as
encountered in excavations or imported, and the bulking and compaction characteristics of all
such materials which are then incorporated in the Project Works;
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Earthworks D&C R44
(b) determining suitable sources of material and any processing needed to satisfy the quality
requirements;
(c) the design, and the cost of construction and/or maintenance of all tracks, roads, haul roads,
pads and other earthworks structures required for the proper execution of the Project Works.
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2.2 MATERIALS MANAGEMENT
Manage your procurement of materials, whether obtained from sources external to the Site or from
nominated sources or from within the Site, to ensure sufficiency of materials of the specified quality.
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2.3 TOPSOIL
2.3.1 Removal of Topsoil
Commence removal of topsoil on any section of the Project Works only after erosion and
sedimentation controls have been implemented and clearing, grubbing and removal of cleared
materials has been completed on that section of the Project Works.
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Do not remove topsoil in locations where a bridging layer is to be constructed in accordance with
Clause 3.2.2, unless shown otherwise on the Design Documentation drawings.
2.3.2 Topsoil Stockpiles
Locate your topsoil stockpiles in accordance with Clause 2.6.
Topsoil stockpiles must:

(a) be free from subsoil, other excavated materials, contaminated materials, refuse, clay lumps and
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stones, timber or other rubbish;

(b) be trimmed to a regular shape to facilitate quantity measurement, and with a height not
exceeding 2 m and batter slopes not steeper than 2H:1V;
(c) have their batters track rolled or stabilised by other means; and
(d) be seeded with a sterile cover crop in accordance with Specification TfNSW D&C R178, to
encourage vegetation cover. Seeding must be carried out progressively within seven days of
completion of each 500 m2 of exposed batter face.
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2.3.3 (Not Used)
2.4 UNSUITABLE MATERIAL

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2.4.1 Identification and Removal of Unsuitable Material
After the stripping of topsoil covering each embankment foundation, or upon reaching the Designed
Floor Level or Foundation Level of cuttings, subsequent earthworks processes are held (refer to Hold
Points in Clauses 3.2 and 3.4) to allow inspection of the foundation.
Where unsuitable material (as defined in Clause 1.4) is found, such unsuitable material must be
excavated to the extent required by the Geotechnical Design Representative.
Promptly notify the Geotechnical Design Representative of any areas of the foundation or any layer
within the formation that rut excessively, yield or show signs of distress or instability.
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D&C R44 Earthworks
HOLD POINT
Process Held: Replacement of each Lot of unsuitable material.
Submission Details: Notification that unsuitable material has been removed as directed.
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Release of Hold Point: The Geotechnical Design Representative will inspect the excavation and
may require removal of further material as unsuitable material prior to
authorising the release of the Hold Point.
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2.4.2 Use or Disposal of Unsuitable Material
Use any material that has been removed as unsuitable by placing it in embankments in accordance
with Clause 5, unless required to spoil the material.
Remove from the Site any contaminated materials that cannot be treated and re-used within the
Project Works or stockpiled at the Site, and dispose of such material in accordance with Specification
TfNSW D&C G36.
2.4.3
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Replacement of Unsuitable Material
Replace any material that has been removed as unsuitable material with either:
(a) suitable material in accordance with Clause 5.1; or
(b) if required, with foundation treatments in accordance with Clause 3 or as shown on the Design
Documentation drawings.
2.4.4 (Not Used)

ER
2.4.5 (Not Used)
2.5 (NOT USED)
2.6 STOCKPILE AREAS

Obtain all the necessary approvals and consents, including environmental approvals, for all stockpile
areas and provide copies of them to the Principal.
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Set up the stockpiles in a manner that minimises any damage to natural vegetation and trees,
maintaining the existing surface drainage and such that the stockpiled material is accessible for
carting away at any time.
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Carry out any clearing and grubbing for the stockpile areas in accordance with Specification TfNSW
D&C G40. Comply with the requirements in Specification TfNSW D&C G38 for placing and
managing stockpiles.
Install and maintain appropriate erosion and sedimentation control measures, in accordance with
Specification TfNSW D&C G38.
Following completion of the Project Works, carry out restoration of the stockpile areas in accordance
with Specification TfNSW D&C R178.
12 Ed 3 / Rev 1
Earthworks D&C R44
2.7 (NOT USED)
2.8 MATERIAL IN UPPER ZONE OF FORMATION, VERGES AND SPILL THROUGH

BRIDGE ABUTMENTS
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2.8.1 General
The material placed in the Upper Zone of Formation, verges and at spill through bridge abutment
must be selected, placed and controlled to meet the specified requirements.
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The Upper Zone of Formation in embankments consists of 2 components as shown in Figure R44.2(a).
The top component of Upper Zone of Formation is the Selected Material Zone.
2.8.2 Material Source
Obtain Upper Zone Material, verge material and spill through bridge abutment fill material of the
specified quality from cuttings or borrow areas within the Site.
Where these materials are not available from cuttings or borrow areas within the Site or in insufficient
SE
quantities, obtain them as imported material.
Obtain imported material from legally operating quarries or recycling facilities or other sources
acceptable to the Principal. Provide the Principal with details of the proposed source locations,
quantities and types of material before the imported material is delivered to the Site (refer Clause
6.1.1).
Do not use steel furnace slag aggregates in the Upper Zone of Formation, including the Selected
Material Zone (Clause 6.1.2), verges (Clause 6.2), and spill through bridge abutment zones
(Clause 5.2.3).
ER
2.8.3 Sampling and Testing
Prior to placement, all material intended for use in the Selected Material Zone and verges must be
stockpiled and tested for conformity with the requirements of Clauses 2.8.5 and 2.8.6 respectively
and Annexure R44/A2.2. The total mass of each Lot of stockpiled material must not exceed 4000
tonnes.
Sampling frequency must be in accordance with Table R44/L.2 and the characteristic value (Q) of the
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CBR for each Lot calculated in accordance with Specification TfNSW D&C Q6. For the purpose of
this calculation, report the individual CBR values to the nearest 1% and the characteristic value (Q)
to the nearest 0.1%.
Prior to testing, pre-treat any Upper Zone Material which may be susceptible to breakdown or
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weathering, by crushing to size, artificial weathering in accordance with Test Method TfNSW T103
and repeated compaction in accordance with Test Method TfNSW T102.
Before placement of material from any source, establish the response of that material to pre-treatment
and adopt an appropriate pre-treatment regime for subsequent conformity testing.
2.8.4 Upper Zone of Formation Material other than Selected Material
2.8.4.1 Site Won Material
Material for use in the Upper Zone of Formation, other than Selected Material Zone, must:
Ed 3 / Rev 1 13
D&C R44 Earthworks
(a) have a CBR value as that stated in Annexure R44/A2.2, for the fraction passing 19.0 mm
AS sieve;
(b) have a Plasticity Index (PI) value as that stated in Annexure R44/A2.2;
(c) (i) be free from stone larger than 100 mm maximum particle dimension;
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(ii) have no less than 50% passing the 19.0 mm AS sieve.
2.8.4.2 Imported Material
Material imported for the Upper Zone of Formation, other than Selected Material Zone, must
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be from the sources and of the quality specified in Annexure R44/A2.1 and R44/A2.2
respectively.
Clause 2.8.4.1 part (c) for site won material also applies to the imported material.
2.8.5 Selected Material
2.8.5.1 Site Won Selected Material
Material for use in the Selected Material Zone must:

(a)
SE
have a characteristic CBR value as stated in Annexure R44/A2.2, for the fraction
passing 19.0 mm AS sieve;
(b) have a PI value as stated in Annexure R44/A2.2;
(ii) have no less than 50% passing the 19 mm AS sieve.
If the Selected Material conforms to the specified requirements for the lower layer of the
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Selected Material Zone, but has a CBR value less than that specified for the upper layer of the
Selected Material Zone, the Selected Material may be modified with hydrated lime, or other
binders accepted by the Principal, to make it conforming to the requirements of the upper layer.
2.8.5.2 Imported Selected Material
Material imported for the Selected Material Zone must meet the requirements of Specification
TfNSW D&C 3071.
2.8.6 Verge Material

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2.8.6.1 Site Won Verge Material
Material for use in the verges must meet the following requirements:
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(a) have a characteristic CBR value as stated in Annexure R44/A2.2, for the fraction
passing 19.0 mm AS sieve;
14 Ed 3 / Rev 1
Earthworks D&C R44
2.8.6.2 Imported Verge Material
Material imported for the verges must meet the requirements of TfNSW D&C 3071 for
Selected Material and must:
(a) have a characteristic CBR value not less than that specified in Annexure R44/A2.2, for
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the fraction passing 19.0 mm AS sieve;
(b) have a PI value as stated in Annexure R44/A2.2.
2.8.7 Spill Through Bridge Abutment Fill Material
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For both Type ST1 material (at waterway crossings) and Type ST2 material (at overbridges), the fill
material must:
(a) have a CBR value as stated in Annexure R44/A2.2, for the fraction passing 19.0 mm AS sieve;
3
SE
FOUNDATIONS
3.1 GENERAL
Foundation treatments under embankments are carried out after removal of unsuitable material, or
excavating further in Shallow Embankment areas to provide a minimum embankment height (refer to
Clause 3.5.1), or where relevant, after terracing of hillside embankment foundations.
ER
Foundation treatments within cuttings are carried out after excavation to the Designed Floor Level, or
Foundation Level as appropriate, and removal of unsuitable material.
Taking into account the Site conditions, traffic, access, environmental/climatic conditions and insitu
materials, select your equipment and techniques and use them in such a manner that minimises surface
heaving or other foundation damage during preparation of the foundation and construction of
overlying layers.
Construct other measures (such as trench and foundation drains, constructed in accordance with
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Specification TfNSW D&C R33) in conjunction with the foundation treatments, as shown on the
Design Documentation drawings, or as required.
3.2 FOUNDATION TREATMENTS UNDER EMBANKMENTS

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After preparation of the embankment foundation area, present the area for inspection by the Project
Verifier and Geotechnical Design Representative prior to placing embankment materials.
Ed 3 / Rev 1 15
D&C R44 Earthworks
HOLD POINT
Process Held: Treatment of each Lot of embankment foundation.
Submission Details: (a) Survey report;
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(b) Notification of completion of clearing operations;
(c) In areas other than beneath Shallow Embankments,
notification that:
(i) topsoil has been removed in accordance with Clause 2.3;
DE
or
(ii) grasses have been flattened/mowed if shown on the Design
Documentation drawings or specified;
(d) In areas beneath Shallow Embankments:
(i) notification that topsoil has been removed and surface excavated
in accordance with Clause 3.5.1; and
(ii) CBR and PI test results, if required in accordance with
SE Clause 3.5.1.
Release of Hold Point: The Project Verifier:

(a) will consider the submitted documents;
(b) may inspect the excavated floor for the embankment foundation; and
(c) may require further action prior to authorising the release of the Hold
Point. Further action may include removal of unsuitable material in
accordance with Clause 2.4, or treatment in accordance with
Clause 3.2.
ER
The types of treatments for embankment foundations are listed as follows and depicted in Figures
R44.3 (a), (b), (c), (d) and (e) or under Clause 3.2.6:
• Type E1 – Loosen and Recompact
• Type E2 – Bridging Layer
• Type E3 – Working Platform
• Type E4 – Geotextile/Geogrid Layer(s)
• Type E5 – Drainage Layer
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• Type E6 – Earth Fill Foundation Treatment
These may be applied individually or in combination, as required.

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Where required, extend the foundation treatment into the medians.
Carry out Type E1 treatment for all embankment foundations, unless specified otherwise or shown on
the Design Documentation drawings or other types of treatment are required.
Maintain the embankment foundation after treatment in its conforming condition until embankment
construction commences.
Damage in this context includes that arising from using the treated foundation area by earthworks
plant for purposes other than the construction of the embankment over the foundation treatment.
16 Ed 3 / Rev 1
Earthworks D&C R44
3.2.1 Treatment Type E1 – Loosen and Recompact
Unless shown otherwise on the Design Documentation drawings or specified or required otherwise,
treat the foundation area in preparation for embankment construction as described below:
(a) Remove and replace any unsuitable material present in the foundation in accordance with
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Clause 2.4;
(b) Loosen the material in the foundation area by ripping to a depth of between 300 mm to
400 mm;
(c) Carry out any terracing as required by Clause 3.3;
DE
(d) Adjust the moisture content of the loosened material and recompact it to the relative
compaction specified in Clause 7.

- see drawings
SE Selected Material Zone
Earth Fill / Rock Fill

Foundation Level
Foundations (loosened and recompacted)
Topsoil
Unsuitable Material (removed)
(replaced as required)
Figure R44.3(a) – Embankment Foundation Treatment Type E1 – Loosen and Recompact

ER
3.2.2 Treatment Type E2 – Bridging Layer
Where you can demonstrate that it is impracticable to achieve the degree of compaction specified for
the foundation in Clause 7, construct a bridging layer over the embankment foundation area.
The distance from the top of the bridging layer to the underside of the Selected Material Zone must
not be less than that stated in Annexure R44/A3.
If required, prior to placing the bridging layer, place a geotextile complying with the quality
requirements of Specification TfNSW D&C R63 over the embankment foundation area.
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Ed 3 / Rev 1 17
D&C R44 Earthworks

- see drawings
D
Refer Annex A3 for minimum distance from top of
Earth Fill / Rock Fill bridging layer to underside of Selected Material Zone
Geotextile
Bridging Layer
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(if directed)
Foundation Level
Topsoil
(removed or overlain
by Bridging Layer)
Figure R44.3(b) – Embankment Foundation Treatment Type E2 – Bridging Layer
The Principal may require the construction of a trial section of the bridging layer prior to authorising
placement of the bridging layer in other areas.
SE
Construct the bridging layer from earth fill material or rock fill material conforming to the
requirements of Clauses 5.2.1 or 5.3.1 respectively. If earth fill is used, it must consist of granular
material with strong mechanical interlock and low sensitivity to moisture. The bridging layer
material must provide a stable platform upon which a conforming earthworks layer can be
constructed.
Place the material by end-dumping and spreading it in a single layer to a completed thickness no
greater than that specified in Annexure R44/A3 but of sufficient thickness to allow the passage of
earthmoving equipment over the bridging layer with minimal surface heaving. The compaction
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requirements of Clause 7 do not apply to the bridging layer.
The thickness of the bridging layer when completed must not exceed that stated in Annexure R44/A3.
3.2.3 Treatment Type E3 – Working Platform
Where shown on the Design Documentation drawings or specified or required, treat the foundation by
one of the methods described below to form a Working Platform on which to construct the formation:
(I) Increase the strength of the insitu material by chemical stabilisation in accordance with
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Specification TfNSW D&C R50 to form a Working Platform on which to construct the
formation.
The steps to be undertaken are the same as that for Type E1 Treatment in Clause 3.2.1 except
that after loosening of the material in the foundation, a stabilising agent is mixed into the
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loosened material in accordance with Specification TfNSW D&C R50.
(II) Construct a Working Platform using (pre-)stabilised material in accordance with Specification
TfNSW D&C R50.
18 Ed 3 / Rev 1
Earthworks D&C R44

- see drawings
D
Working Platform*
DE
Foundation Level
* Note: Working platform shown is Type E(II). Topsoil
by Working Platform)
Figure R44.3(c) – Embankment Foundation Treatment Type E3 – Working Platform
3.2.4 Treatment Type E4 – Geotextile/Geogrid Layer(s)
Where shown on the Design Documentation drawings or specified or directed or required, carry out a
SE
Type E4 treatment, consisting of placing a layer (or multiple layers) of geotextile and/or geogrid.
Supply and placement of the geotextile and geogrid will be in accordance with Specifications
TfNSW D&C R63 and TfNSW D&C R67 respectively.

- see drawings
ER
Foundation Level
Geotextile / Geogrid Topsoil
(one or more layers) (removed or
overlain by Geotextile)
Figure R44.3(d) – Embankment Foundation Treatment Type E4 – Geotextile/Geogrid Layer(s)

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3.2.5 Treatment Type E5 – Drainage Layer
Where shown on the Design Documentation drawings or specified or directed or required, treat the
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embankment foundation by constructing a drainage layer consisting of a rock layer enclosed by

geotextile.
The distance between the top of the drainage layer and the underside of the Selected Material Zone
must not be less than that stated in Annexure R44/A3.
Ed 3 / Rev 1 19
D&C R44 Earthworks

- see drawings
D
Refer Annex A3 for minimum distance from top of
drainage layer to underside of Selected Material
Drainage Layer
DE
Foundation Level
Geotextile Topsoil
by Drainage Layer)
Figure R44.3(e) – Embankment Foundation Treatment Type E5 – Drainage Layer
The material for the drainage layer must meet the properties shown in Table R44.2. Do not use steel
slag aggregates in the drainage layer.
SE Table R44.2 – Drainage Layer Material Properties
Property Requirement
Maximum particle dimension 125 mm
Percentage passing:
19.0 mm AS sieve 0 – 15%
1.18 mm AS sieve 0 – 5%
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75 µm AS sieve < 0.5% *

Percentage of +19.0 mm fraction with
Is(50) < Annexure R44/A2.2 10% (max)
Wet/Dry Strength Variation Annexure R44/A2.2
* Note: Test only where required.
Adjust the grading of the drainage layer as necessary within the above limits to ensure that it provides
a stable foundation for compaction of the overlying embankment.
P
Where shown on the Design Documentation drawings or specified or required, remove the topsoil
layer.
SU
Shape and trim the foundation beneath the drainage layer, to ensure that the drainage layer after
placing can drain properly. Maintain a clear drainage path through the layer, particularly at the outer
edges of the embankment, and provide outlet/drainage treatment at the ends as shown on the Design
Documentation drawings or where required.
Place a geotextile complying with Specification TfNSW D&C R63 over the embankment foundation
area, and then place and spread the drainage layer material in such a way as to avoid segregation and
to ensure that it is not contaminated with foreign materials. Compact the drainage layer using the
nominated compaction procedure developed as specified in Clause 7.5.
20 Ed 3 / Rev 1
Earthworks D&C R44
Place a geotextile of the same type as that specified in the preceding paragraph over the drainage
layer, before placing the embankment fill.
The thickness of the drainage layer when completed must be as stated in Annexure R44/A3.
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3.2.6 Treatment Type E6 - Earth Fill Foundation Treatment Layer
Where shown on the Design Documentation drawings or specified or required, or where you
demonstrate that it is impractical to achieve the degree of compaction specified for the foundation in
Clause 7, the Principal may accept the placement of an earth fill layer as a foundation treatment.
DE
The distance from the top of this earth fill layer to the underside of the Selected Material Zone must
not be less than that stated in Annexure R44/A3.
The material for this earth fill foundation treatment layer must comply with the requirements for earth
fill in Clause 5.2.
The Principal may require the construction of a trial section of the earth fill foundation treatment
layer prior to authorising the construction of the earth fill foundation treatment layer in other areas.
SE
Compact the layer such that the top 300 mm conforms to the requirements of Clause 7 for foundation
treatments for embankments. The moisture content must be within the limits specified in Annexure
R44/A5.
The thickness of the earth fill layer when completed must be as stated in Annexure R44/A3.
After compaction, each Lot may be subjected to proof rolling in accordance with Clause 7.6.1. If
proof rolling shows that the earth fill foundation treatment layer exhibits excessive deflection, or if
subsequent layers cannot be compacted to meet the specified requirements for earth fill, the layer
placed for this Foundation Treatment must be removed, and carry out foundation treatment as
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required.
3.2.7 Other Treatments
Adopt other foundation treatments as shown on the Design Documentation drawings or as required.
3.3 FOUNDATION TREATMENT FOR HILLSIDE EMBANKMENTS – TERRACING

Where embankments are to be constructed on or against any slopes or batter of existing embankments
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(including batters resulting from the partial construction of embankments under the deed), and the
existing slope or batter is steeper than 10H:1V in any direction, cut horizontal terraces into such
slopes or batters which will be covered by the embankment to be constructed.
Step the existing slope or batter progressively in successive terraces, each at least 1 metre in width as
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shown in Figure R44.4. Cut the terraces to a minimum depth of 300 mm at the steps except where
the existing slope or batter is 4H:1V or steeper, in which case the terraces must be cut to a minimum
depth of 600 mm at the steps.
Ed 3 / Rev 1 21
D&C R44 Earthworks
Natural Surface Level
Material to be removed Topsoil (removed)
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Minimum depth of terrace:
• for slope > 4H:1V 600 mm
• for slope > 10H:1V and < 4H:1V 300 mm
DE
Terraces not required on slopes < 10H:1V
Figure R44.4 – Hillside Terracing Requirements
Cut the terraces progressively as the embankment is placed.
Inspect the floor of each terrace in accordance with Clause 2.4 to check for any unsuitable material.
Incorporate the material thus excavated in embankments in accordance with Clause 5, or dispose of it
as spoil. SE
3.4 FOUNDATION TREATMENTS WITHIN CUTTINGS
Excavate cuttings to the Designed Floor Level, or to the Foundation Level if Foundation Treatment
Types C2, C3(II) or C5 are shown on the Design Documentation drawings or otherwise specified or
required.
Remove and replace any unsuitable material in accordance with the Clause 2.4.
ER
Prior to carrying out any foundation treatments or placing formation materials, carry out tests to
determine the CBR and PI values of the material in the floor of the cutting, using the Test Methods
stated in Annexure R44/A2.2, and present the floor for inspection by the Project Verifier and
Geotechnical Design Representative.
You may obtain samples for the CBR and PI tests from test pits prior to completion of excavation to
the required floor level of the cutting.
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22 Ed 3 / Rev 1
Earthworks D&C R44
HOLD POINT
Process Held: Treatment of each Lot of floors of cuttings.
Submission Details: (a) Notification of completion of excavation to:
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(i) Designed Floor Level, or Foundation Level, as appropriate;
and
(ii) depth specified for Cut/Fill Transition Zone (refer to Clause 3.5);
DE
(b) CBR and PI test results.
(The submission must be concurrent with the submission for any adjoining
Shallow Embankment foundation required by the Hold Point in Clause 3.2.)
Release of Hold Point: The Project Verifier:

(a) will consider the submitted documents;
(b) will inspect the floor of the cutting; and
(c) may require further action prior to authorising the release of the Hold
SE Point.
Further action may include the removal of unsuitable material in accordance
with Clause 2.4; installation of trench drains in accordance with
Specification TfNSW D&C R33, or foundation treatments in accordance
with this Clause, or changes to the area to be excavated.
The types of treatments for foundations within cuttings are listed as follows and depicted in Figures
R44.5 (a), (b), (c) and (d) or under Clause 3.4.4:
• Type C1 – Loosen and Recompact
ER
• Type C2 – Excavation and Backfill

• Type C3 – Working Platform
• Type C4 – Geotextile/Geogrid Layer(s)
• Type C5 – Drainage Layer
These may be applied individually or in combination, as specified in Annexure R44/A3 or as shown

on the Design Documentation drawings or otherwise specified or required.
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Where required, extend the foundation treatment into the medians.
Where the CBR and PI values of the material at the Designed Floor Level conform to the
requirements of Annexure R44/A2.2, carry out Foundation Treatment Type C1 involving loosening
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and recompaction of the underlying material.
Where the CBR of the material at the Designed Floor Level is less than, or where the PI is greater
than, the requirement nominated in Annexure R44/A2.2, remove or modify the material to the
appropriate depth in accordance with the directed foundation treatment (Foundation Treatment Types
C2 to C5).
Maintain the floor of the cutting in its conforming condition until any subsurface drainage is
completed and backfilling and construction of Upper Zone of Formation commences.
Ed 3 / Rev 1 23
D&C R44 Earthworks
3.4.1 Treatment Type C1 – Loosen and Recompact
Unless shown otherwise on the Design Documentation drawings or specified or required, treat the
floors of cuttings as described below:
(a) After excavation to the Designed Floor Level, trim the surface to conform to the tolerances
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stated in Clause 7.7.1. Remove and replace any unsuitable material present in accordance with
Clause 2.4;
(b) Loosen the material below the floor of the cutting by ripping to a depth of between 300 mm to
400 mm for the width of the Selected Material Zone as shown on the Design Documentation
DE
drawings, or the width of the pavement layers plus one metre on each side (whichever width is
the greater). The maximum particle dimension in the loosened material must not exceed
100 mm;
(c) Adjust the moisture content of the loosened material and recompact it to the relative
compaction specified in Clause 7;
(d) After recompaction, trim the floor of the cutting to the Designed Floor Level and within the
tolerances stated in Clause 7.7.
SE

drainage details
Foundations (loosened and recompacted)
ER
Unsuitable Material Upper Zone of Formation

(replaced as directed)
* unless shown otherwise on the drawings
Figure R44.5(a) – Cutting Floor Treatment Type C1 – Loosen and Recompact
As part of the trimming operation, prepare the surface in accordance with Test Method TfNSW T199,
for deflection monitoring as required in Clause 7.6.
3.4.2 Treatment Type C2 – Excavation and Backfill

P
Where shown on the Design Documentation drawings or specified or required, treat the floors of the
cuttings as described below:
(a) After excavation to the Foundation Level which is parallel to, and at a depth below the
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Designed Floor Level equal to the nominated thickness of backfill, trim the floor of the cutting
to conform to the tolerance stated in Clause 7.7. Remove and replace any unsuitable material
present in accordance with Clause 2.4;
(b) If required by the Principal, determine the CBR and PI values of the material in the floor of the
cutting by the Test Methods stated in Annexure R44/A2.2;
(c) Compact the material exposed at the floor of the cutting with not less than 6 passes of a
vibrating roller;
24 Ed 3 / Rev 1
Earthworks D&C R44
(d) Place backfill material meeting the grading requirements of Clause 2.8.4 and Annexure
R44/A2.2, and compact in accordance with the requirements for earth fill in Clause 7.4. Trim
the compacted backfill to the Designed Floor Level and within the tolerances stated in
Clause 7.7.
D

drainage details
DE
Backfill (see drawings) Foundation Level

Unsuitable Material
(replaced as required) * unless shown otherwise on the drawings
Figure R44.5(b) – Cutting Floor Treatment Type C2 – Excavation and Backfill
3.4.3 Treatment Type C3 – Working Platform

SE
cuttings by one of the methods described below:
(I) Increase the strength of the insitu material by chemical stabilisation in accordance with
Specification TfNSW D&C R50 to form a Working Platform on which to construct the
formation.
The steps to be undertaken are the same as that for Type C1 Treatment in Clause 3.4.1 except
that after loosening of the material below the floor of the cutting, a stabilising agent is mixed
ER
into the loosened material in accordance with Specification TfNSW D&C R50.
(II) Where required, construct a Working Platform using imported stabilised material.
The steps to be undertaken are the same as that for Type C2 Treatment in Clause 3.4.2 except
that after compaction of the floor of the cutting, imported stabilised material in accordance
with Specification TfNSW D&C R50 is used as the backfill material.

P

drainage details
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Working Platform Foundation Level

Unsuitable Material
(replaced as directed) * unless shown otherwise on the drawings
Figure R44.5(c) – Cutting Floor Treatment Type C3 – Working Platform
Ed 3 / Rev 1 25
D&C R44 Earthworks
3.4.4 Treatment Type C4 – Geotextile/Geogrid Layer(s)
Where shown on the Design Documentation drawings or specified or required, carry out a Type C4
treatment, consisting of placing a layer (or multiple layers) of geotextile and/or geogrid on the floor of
the cutting.
D
Supply and placement of the geotextile and geogrid must be in accordance with Specifications
TfNSW D&C R63 and/or TfNSW D&C R67 respectively.
3.4.5 Treatment Type C5 – Drainage Layer
DE
cuttings as described below:
(a) After excavation to the Foundation Level which is parallel to, and at a depth below the
Designed Floor Level equal to the thickness of the drainage layer, trim the floor of the cutting
to within the tolerances stated in Table R44.11 and to the same crossfall as the pavement above
to ensure that drainage within the cutting occurs.
Where the horizontal alignment of the road is in crossfall transition, provide a minimum 1%
crossfall at the floor of the cutting.
(b)
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Remove and replace all unsuitable material present in accordance with Clause 2.4.
Compact the material exposed at the floor of the cutting with not less than 6 passes of a
vibrating roller.
(c) Prior to placing the drainage layer, place a geotextile meeting the requirements of
Specification TfNSW D&C R63, over the floor of the cutting, except where the cutting is in
rock.
ER
(d) Place material meeting the properties for drainage layer in Table R44.2 over the geotextile, to
a minimum layer thickness of 300 mm, avoiding segregation and contamination with foreign
materials. Do not use steel furnace slag aggregates in the drainage layer.
Adjust the grading of the drainage layer material as necessary within the limits in Table R44.2
to ensure that it provides a stable foundation for compaction of the overlying Selected Material
Zone.
Compact the drainage layer using the nominated compaction procedure developed, as specified
in Clause 7.5. After compaction, the upper surface of the drainage layer must be within the
tolerances stated in Table R44.11.
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(e) Place a geotextile of the same type as that specified in item (c) above over the top of the
drainage layer.
(f) Provide end outlet/drainage treatment as shown on the Design Documentation drawings, or as
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required.
26 Ed 3 / Rev 1
Earthworks D&C R44

drainage details
D
Drainage Layer Foundation Level
DE
Geotextile Upper Zone of Formation
Unsuitable Material
(replaced as required) * unless shown otherwise on the drawings
Figure R44.5(d) – Cutting Floor Treatment Type C5 – Drainage Layer
3.4.6 Other Treatments
Other foundation treatments may be adopted as shown on the Design Documentation drawings or as
required.
3.5
3.5.1
SE
SHALLOW EMBANKMENT AND CUT/FILL TRANSITION ZONE
Shallow Embankment
Where the height of the embankment is less than that stated in Annexure R44/A4 for a Shallow
Embankment, excavate the area further to a depth necessary to achieve the minimum height, unless
otherwise shown on the Design Documentation drawings.
You may adopt a height that is less than the minimum height stated for a Shallow Embankment to
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reduce the depth of excavation required. Carry out CBR and PI tests on the embankment foundation
at this higher level. The CBR and PI values must comply with those stated in Annexure R44/A2.2.
Observe the Hold Point in Clause 3.2 and carry out embankment foundation treatments in accordance
with Clause 3.2, before placing the overlying formation.
The thickness of the Upper Zone of Formation will be that corresponding to “Shallow Embankment”
in Annexure R44/A4, and will generally be the entire formation from Foundation Level to Top of
Formation, unless shown otherwise in Annexure R44/A4. Fill placed within this zone must comply
with that for Upper Zone of Formation.
P
SU
Ed 3 / Rev 1 27
D&C R44 Earthworks

- see drawings
D
Upper Zone of
Stripped Surface Level (after removal
Formation (2)
Foundation Level of topsoil)
after excavation to minimum
depth for Shallow Embankment (1)
DE
Notes:
(1)
Where the height from Stripped Surface Level to Top of Formation is less than minimum height for Shallow
Embankment (refer to Annexure R44/A4), further excavation to achieve the minimum height for Shallow Embankment
is required.
(2)
The thickness of the Upper Zone of Formation will be that corresponding to “Shallow Embankment” in Annexure
R44/A4, and will generally be the entire formation from Foundation Level to Top of Formation, unless shown otherwise
in Annexure R44/A4.
Figure R44.6(a) – Shallow Embankment Nomenclature
3.5.2 Cut/Fill Transition Zone

SE
Following excavation to the Designed Floor Level at the cut/fill transition, within the area classed as
Shallow Embankment in accordance with Clause 3.5.1, carry out further excavation, parallel to the
cutting floor, below the Designed Floor Level, to a depth necessary to achieve the minimum height
specified in Annexure R44/A4 for a Shallow Embankment, as shown in Figure R44.6(b).
This additional excavation must extend into the cut for a distance of 10 m from the line resulting
from the intersection of the plane of the Designed Floor Level (i.e. underside of the Selected Material
Zone in a cutting) with the plane of the stripped surface, as shown in Figure R44.6(b). The 10 m is
measured perpendicular to the line of intersection between the two planes.
ER
Where required, extend the cut/fill transition treatment into the medians.
This cut/fill transition treatment must not however extend into the cutting batter.
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SU
28 Ed 3 / Rev 1
Earthworks D&C R44
Stripped Surface Level “Shallow

(after removal of topsoil) Embankment” Upper Zone
of Formation (1)
10 m Intersection
(3) (4) line
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Top of Formation Selected Material Zone
Designed Floor Level
(i.e. underside of Selected General Fill
Material Zone in cutting) Foundation Level
after excavation to
Upper Zone of Formation (2)
minimum height for
DE
Shallow Embankment Cut/Fill Transition Zone Terracing
Extent of additional excavation as required
Longitudinal Section View
Cutting batter after

excavation to Designed Floor
SE Extent of additional
excavation into cut
10 m (4)
Intersection
line
Plan View
Notes:
(1)
Where the height from the Stripped Surface Level to the Top of Formation is greater than the minimum height for a
Shallow Embankment, no further excavation below the Stripped Surface Level, other than terracing, is necessary. The
thickness of the Upper Zone of Formation will be that corresponding to “Embankment” in Annexure R44/A4. The fill
below the Upper Zone of Formation may be General Fill.
ER
(2)
Where the height from the Stripped Surface Level to the Top of Formation is less than the minimum height for a
Shallow Embankment, further excavation to achieve the minimum height for Shallow Embankment is necessary. This
excavation extends into the cut for a further 10 m as part of the Cut/Fill Transition Zone.
The thickness of the Upper Zone of Formation will be that corresponding to “Cut/Fill Transition Zone” in Annexure
R44/A4.
(3)
Beyond the Cut/Fill Transition Zone, the thickness of the Upper Zone of Formation will be that corresponding to
“Cutting” in Annexure R44/A4.
(4)
The 10 m is measured perpendicular to the line resulting from the intersection of the plane of the Designed Floor Level
with the plane of the stripped surface.
P
Figure R44.6(b) – Cut/Fill Transition Treatment
Within this transition zone, the requirements of Clause 3.5.1 for Shallow Embankment apply.
Ensure that the excavation is free-draining by either sloping toward the nearest exit of the cutting at a
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minimum grade of 1%, or installing a subsurface drain at the lower end of the excavation.
Installation of the subsurface drains will be in accordance with Specification TfNSW D&C R33.
Ed 3 / Rev 1 29
D&C R44 Earthworks
4 CUTTINGS
4.1 GENERAL
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4.1.1 Scope
Excavation of cuttings includes:

(a) excavation of material within the batter limits shown in the Design Documentation drawings;
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(b) benching or terracing of cut batters;
(c) cleaning of batter surfaces;
(d) foundation treatments in accordance with Clause 3.4, beneath Shallow Embankments in
accordance with Clause 3.5.1, and cut/fill transition in accordance with Clause 3.5.2.
4.1.2 Material from Excavation
Loosen and process the excavated materials as required to meet the Specification requirements for
incorporation in the Project Works, in particular Clauses 2, 5.6 and 6 of this Specification.
SE
4.1.3 Cutting Batters
The batter slopes in cuttings may be re-determined, following a site inspection and investigation
during excavation.
Batters will generally require progressive flattening at the ends of cuttings owing to the presence of
less stable material. Round off the tops of cuttings to the dimensions shown on the Design
Documentation drawings.
ER
Except for that resulting from pre-splitting or line drilling boreholes, the surface of batters in the
cutting must be free of rills. Treat the face of the batter where such treatment is shown on the Design
Documentation drawings or where required.
Clear the cut faces of any loose or unstable material progressively as the excavation proceeds.
4.2 CUTTINGS IN ROCK

Clean the cut batters in rock with slopes of 1H:1V or steeper, using compressed air, to allow
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inspection of the batter and assessment of its stability immediately following completion of
excavation to the level of each bench. Do not use water jets and air-water jets unless specifically
accepted by the Principal for specific areas. Remove any loose or unstable blocks which are too large
to be removed by the above means, by hand or machine.
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Clean also the surface of the bench at the top of the batter by compressed air.
Continue cleaning until all loose rock and soil material is removed, and all rock and joint surfaces are
sufficiently exposed so that the Geotechnical Design Representative can assess their condition and
likely effect on the stability of the batter.
30 Ed 3 / Rev 1
Earthworks D&C R44
HOLD POINT
Process Held: Excavation below bench level for slopes of 1H:1V or steeper.
Submission Details: Presentation of cleaned batter and bench/floor surfaces for geotechnical
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inspection.
Release of Hold Point: The Geotechnical Design Representative will inspect the cleaned surfaces
and may require further action prior to authorising the release of the Hold
Point. Further action may include additional cleaning (if the condition of
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the faces cannot, in the opinion of the Geotechnical Design Representative,
be adequately assessed), and stabilisation works, prior to or concurrent with
any further work within the cutting.
Following inspection, the Geotechnical Design Representative may require additional stabilisation
works, including changes to the batter slope.
4.3 BATTER TOLERANCES IN CUTTINGS

SE
Batters in cuttings must not have undulations in the general plane of the batter.
Excavation of batters must comply with the tolerances given in Table R44.3.
Table R44.3 – Excavation Tolerances for Batters in Cuttings
Tolerance (mm)
Location
Slope 1H:1V or flatter Steeper than 1H:1V
ER
At level of toe of batter +0 / –150 +0 / –200

Between level of toe of batter and 2 m above toe of
interpolate interpolate
batter
2 m above toe of batter and beyond +300 / –300 +300 / –600
Notes:
(1)
Plus (+) is towards the roadway and minus (–) is away from the roadway. Tolerances are measured
perpendicular to the plane of the slope.
(2)
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Bench widths must not be less than those shown on the Design Documentation drawings.
If the batter is over-excavated beyond the tolerance applicable for the batter slope line, or after
cleaning the batter is beyond the tolerance applicable, restore the batter to the specified slope and
stability. Restoration must take into account long term stability, durability, and consideration of
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urban design solutions.
For batters steeper than 1H:1V, if any section of the batter up to a height of 3 m above the toe of
batter has been over excavated beyond the tolerance limit specified, the batter must be re-formed to
the average batter slope using randomly mortared stone or other treatments. Where stone is used, it
must be similar to the sound rock in the cutting and the mortar must be coloured to match the colour
of the rock.
Alternatively, you may make a minor change in the general slope of the batter for your convenience.
Ed 3 / Rev 1 31
D&C R44 Earthworks
4.4 BENCHING IN CUTTINGS

Construct benches at cut batters as shown on the Design Documentation drawings, to provide drainage
and erosion control, to provide geotechnical stability, and to allow access for maintenance purposes.
Notwithstanding the tolerances permitted under Clause 4.3, bench widths must not be less than those
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shown on the Design Documentation drawings.
The floor of the bench must not vary from levels shown on the Design Documentation drawings by
more than the tolerances shown in Clause 7.7, but the bench must have a crossfall to drain water away
from the cut face immediately below the bench. Provide and maintain longitudinal drainage to
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prevent ponding of water on the benches.
Construct bench drains, where shown on the Design Documentation drawings, progressively as each
batter face is completed.
Maintain and regularly clean the benches of any loose materials throughout the deed period.
4.5 PRE-SPLITTING OR LINE DRILLING

4.5.1 General
SE
Use pre-splitting or line drilling to produce a uniform and neat batter surface after excavation. The
boreholes used in pre-splitting or line drilling must be straight, parallel and in the designed plane of
the batter.
An alternative method of excavation and preparation of the cut face may be used to produce a result
equivalent to that produced from pre-splitting or line drilling. The Principal may require a trial
section of the alternative method to be carried out to demonstrate its suitability.
ER
4.5.2 Hole Diameter and Hole Spacing
Where pre-splitting or line drilling is carried out, the centre-to-centre spacing of drill holes must not
exceed the values in Table R44.4.
Table R44.4 – Hole Diameter and Spacing for Pre-splitting or Line Drilling
Cut Batter Treatment Hole Diameter (mm) Maximum Hole Spacing (mm)
Pre-splitting 38 – 51 450
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Line Drilling Up to 51 150
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Line Drilling 51 – 76 250
4.5.3 Pre-splitting or Line Drilling Prior to Blasting
Prior to commencing blasting (refer Clause 4.6), batters with gradients 1H:1V or steeper must be pre-
split or line drilled to the design batter profile to the spacings shown in Table R44.4 to produce a
uniform and neat batter surface after excavation.
Such burden blasting must not damage the batter face.
32 Ed 3 / Rev 1
Earthworks D&C R44
4.6 BLASTING
Clause 4.6 applies only where blasting is permitted under the deed, as indicated in Annexure
R44/A7.
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4.6.1 General
Comply with the requirements of Specification TfNSW D&C G36 for ground vibration and airblast.
The Hold Point in Specification TfNSW D&C G36 for the submission of the Vibration and Airblast
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Management Sub-Plan and the Building Condition Inspection Reports applies prior to the
commencement of blasting.
Include in the Vibration and Airblast Management Sub-Plan a detailed procedure to be followed in
the event of a misfire of the charges.
Comply with all Government regulations relating to transport, storage, handling and the use of
explosives and AS 2187 Parts 1 and 2. Comply also with the requirements of external agencies
including, but not limited to, the Environment Protection Authority (EPA) and the WorkCover
Authority, and demonstrate compliance.
SE
Prior to commencement of any blasting activities, obtain all necessary approvals and licences from
the appropriate authorities.
HOLD POINT
Process Held: Start of each blast.
Submission Details: At least 24 hours prior, submit details of:

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(i) proposed blasting design and estimated vibration and airblast at

sensitive receivers; and
(ii) measures to limit noise and to ensure that vibration from blasting does
not adversely affect nearby structures.
Release of Hold Point: The Project Verifier will consider the submitted documents, prior to
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Do not use exposed detonating cord in built-up areas.
When blasting operations are being carried out, take precautions relating to the safety of persons and
animals. Close any roads likely to be affected by the blasting to traffic and erect the appropriate
signs in accordance with Specification TfNSW D&C G10. Establish a standard warning procedure
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such as that given in the NAASRA Explosives in Roadworks Users Guide 1982 and observe the
procedure at all times.
Implement and maintain a community liaison program during blasting activities to keep the
community in the vicinity of the Project Works informed of any such activities. Provide information
on expected levels of vibration or airblast.
For each blast, notify in writing all residents within a radius of 1 km from the location of the proposed
blasting, and any other relevant parties, before blasting commences. Notification must include the
likely times, frequency and duration of blasting and precautions being taken to ensure that damage to
property will not result.
Ed 3 / Rev 1 33
D&C R44 Earthworks
Confine your blasting operations to the weekdays of Mondays to Fridays but excluding public
holidays, between the hours of 9 am and 3 pm.
Do not detonate a blast prior to the time that has been announced for that blast.
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Monitor and report the building(s) condition during the blasting operations.
4.6.2 Blasting Records
Maintain accurate records of each blast including the details listed below:
DE
(a) Date, identification number and time of blast;
(b) Location, number and diameter of blast holes loaded;
(c) Depth of each drill hole loaded;
(d) Inclination of drill holes;
(e) Burden(s) and spacing(s);
(f) Types and amounts of explosives used;
(g) Maximum instantaneous charge;
(h)
(i)
SE
Initiation Plan;
Length and type of stemming in each blast hole;
(j) Ground vibration and noise levels at measuring locations.
The records must be written as the holes are loaded, and must be signed by the shotfirer. Provide a
copy of the records to the Project Verifier and Principal on the day of the blast.
4.6.3 Control of Airblast

ER
Clause 4.6.3 will apply only where a noise sensitive location exists which will be impacted by the
blasting.
The airblast (noise) emanating from blasting operations must not exceed the limits in Annexure
R44/A7 at any noise sensitive location, measured at the noise monitoring location nearest to the noise
sensitive location. In general, a monitoring location will be sited at the perimeter of the noise
sensitive location at the point closest to the maximum charge.
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Carry out monitoring of airblast to verify that the specified limits are not exceeded. The equipment
used for such monitoring must be calibrated annually by a NATA accredited testing facility or
manufacturer’s facility approved by the Principal. All readings from the monitoring must be reported
on test certificates, which must indicate clearly compliance or non-compliance with the requirements
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of this Specification. Provide a copy of the monitoring record to the Principal.
In the event that the measured airblast exceeds the specified limits, suspend further blasting work and
take additional steps and precautions to ensure that, for any future blast, the limiting airblast must not
be exceeded. Do not resume any blasting until details of the additional steps and precautions have
been provided to the Principal.
34 Ed 3 / Rev 1
Earthworks D&C R44
4.6.4 Control of Ground Vibration from Blasting
Clause 4.6.4 will apply only where a vibration sensitive location exists which will be impacted by
the blasting.
D
Carry out monitoring of ground vibrations to verify compliance with the limits stated in Annexure
R44/A7. In general, a monitoring location will be sited at the perimeter of the structure or building at
the point closest to the maximum charge. The measurement process for determining verification of
compliance with the ANZECC criteria must be in accordance with AS 2187.2.
DE
The equipment used for monitoring must be calibrated annually by a NATA accredited testing
facility or manufacturer’s facility approved by the Principal. All readings from the monitoring must
be reported on test certificates, which must indicate clearly compliance or non-compliance with the
requirements of this Specification. Provide a copy of the monitoring record to the Principal.
To minimise the risk of peak particle velocity limits being exceeded, develop a blasting site
relationship between peak particle velocity, distance and blasting charge.
For the first blast, set up monitors at not less than five points, at varying distances away from the
SE
blasting site. The Maximum Instantaneous Charge for the first blast must not exceed that calculated
from the following formula:
2
 
 D 
MIC = 0.5  −0 . 625

  p. p. v.  
  1140  
where MIC = Maximum Instantaneous Charge, in kilograms

ER
D = Distance in metres from charge to the point of potential damage

p. p. v = limiting peak particle velocity from Annexure R44/A7
For subsequent blasts, the charge weight and other aspects of blast design may be adjusted provided
that further ground vibration monitoring is undertaken and the blasting site relationship re-determined
to demonstrate that charge weight limits are not exceeded. Make the graphs available to the
Principal, if so requested.
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5 EMBANKMENTS
5.1 GENERAL
SU
5.1.1 Scope
Embankment construction includes:
(a) preparation of foundation areas over which fill material is to be placed as described in Clause 3
and backfilling of excavations undertaken for foundation treatments for both cuttings and
embankments;
Ed 3 / Rev 1 35
D&C R44 Earthworks
(b) placement and compaction of conforming material in areas from which unsuitable material has
been removed in accordance with Clause 2.4, and in areas where material below the pavement
zone has been removed in Shallow Embankments and cut/fill transitions;
(c) the placement and compaction of fill material, both general fill and materials of specified
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quality in nominated zones throughout the Works, including at spill through bridge abutment
where subsequent pile foundation works are to be undertaken;
to the alignment, levels, dimensions and grading shown on the Design Documentation drawings.
5.1.2 Materials for Embankment Construction
DE
Materials for embankment construction must be free of tree stumps, roots and refuse. The material
must be obtained from excavations within the Site and may be supplemented with borrowed or
imported material in accordance with Clauses 2.7 and 2.8.
Prior to placement, process those materials which do not meet the requirements of Clauses 5.2 and
5.3 to achieve conformity. Select the methods of excavation, transport, depositing and spreading of
the fill material so that the placed material in any Lot is homogeneous.
5.1.3 Embankment Construction

SE
The batter slopes shown on the Design Documentation drawings may be re-determined depending
upon the materials encountered.
Embankment construction (other than for foundation treatments as specified in Clause 3, Upper Zones
of Formation and verges) must be in accordance with the requirements of either Clause 5.2 or 5.3, as
applicable.
Place fill material for embankment construction in layers parallel to the grade line.
ER
Compact to achieve the relative compaction specified in Clause 7 over the full depth of the layer.
Describe in the EARTHWORKS PLAN the method used to verify that the specified compaction has
been achieved over the full layer depth and that the layer depth has not been exceeded.
5.2 EARTH FILL EMBANKMENTS
5.2.1 Earth Fill Material

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Earth fill is material not conforming to rock fill requirements (refer Clause 5.3.1).
Earth fill embankments derive their stability from compaction of the fine material around the coarser
particles.
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Any rock material must be broken down to smaller sized particles and evenly distributed throughout
the layer to prevent the formation of voids and to produce a dense compact embankment. To meet
this requirement, additional fine material may need to be obtained from other places within the Site
or by a change in the method of winning and processing the material.
The particle size limitations and proportion of rock in earth fill material are given in Table R44.5.
36 Ed 3 / Rev 1
Earthworks D&C R44
Table R44.5 – Maximum Layer Thickness and Proportion of Rock in Earth Fill Embankments
Maximum Layer Minimum Quantity % Passing 37.5 mm

Maximum Particle
Thickness Rock AS Sieve *
Dimension
(mm) (by volume) (by mass)
D
300 Not specified 200 > 60%
500 25% > 200 mm 300 > 60%
* Test Method T106
DE
5.2.2 Placing Earth Fill
Place earth fill in layers of thickness (after compaction) not less than 100 mm and not more than that
given in Table R44.5.
In placing embankment layers, use equipment and techniques to avoid surface heaving or other
damage to the foundations and underlying embankment layers.
5.2.3 Earth Fill at Spill Through Bridge Abutments

SE
At spill through bridge abutments, place fill material conforming to Clause 2.8.7 within the zone
shown in Figure R44.7.
The limits of the zone are detailed as follows. At one end, it forms the exposed sloping part of the
spill through embankment. At the other end, at the top, it extends a distance of 2h from the rear face
of the bridge abutment headstock; at the bottom at embankment foundation level, it extends a
distance of h/2 from this rear face.
(For the purpose of this Clause, the height “h” is the distance between the soffit of the headstock and
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the embankment foundation level. Where excavation is required for foundation improvement, the
height “h” is measured to the base of the excavation.)
2h
Pavement and Approach Slab 0.75 m (3)

Selected Material Zone (2)
UZF other than SMZ
Soffit of Headstock
Earth fill complying

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(1)
with Clauses 2.8.7
Slope terraced in
and 5.2.3
accordance with h
Clause 3.3
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Notes: h /2
(1)
Dashed line above indicates location of batter behind Embankment
abutment and extent of earth fill complying with Clause Foundation Level
5.2.1, if abutment fill is placed prior to adjoining
embankment.
(2)
Select Fill placed adjacent to bridge abutment – refer to
Clause 5.6.
(3)
Provide a minimum 0.75 m wide bench for access and
working area during bridge bearing maintenance, unless
Figure R44.7 – Dimensions of Fill at Spill Through Bridge Abutments
Ed 3 / Rev 1 37
D&C R44 Earthworks
Prior to placement, the material must be stockpiled, sampled and tested for conformity in accordance
with the requirements of Clause 2.8.3.
Each layer must not exceed 300 mm in thickness when compacted and must be compacted to the
requirements stated in Table R44.10.
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5.3 ROCK FILL EMBANKMENTS
5.3.1 Rock Fill Material
DE
Rock fill is material composed of hard, sound, durable rock with only a small amount of fine
particles, which when placed and compacted in a formation derives its stability from the mechanical
interlock of the coarser particles, rather than from the compaction of the finer material around the
coarser particles.
Material for rock fill must comply with Table R44.6. The constituent particles must be of uniform
strength and soundness.
SE Table R44.6 – Rock Fill Material Properties
Percentage passing:
100 mm AS sieve 0 – 20%
19.0 mm AS sieve 0 – 10%
1.18 mm AS sieve 0 – 5%
ER
Percentage of +100 mm fraction with

Is(50) < Annexure R44/A2.2 10% (max)
If you elect to construct a rock fill embankment, adjust the working methods employed in the
excavation of cuttings so as to produce rock fill material of the grading and rock strength specified.
Such working methods must include screening and, if necessary, secondary processing.
Material that does not meet the requirements for rock fill must be broken down further into finer
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particles, or have additional fines incorporated, and used in earth fill embankments in accordance
with Clause 5.2.
5.3.2 Placing Rock Fill

SU
Unless shown otherwise on the Design Documentation drawings, do not place rock fill in areas where
earth fill has previously been constructed.
Shape and treat the foundations under rock fills to maintain drainage and to ensure that erosion of the
foundation will not occur. Where shown on the Design Documentation drawings or where required,
place a geotextile complying with Specification TfNSW D&C R63 over the foundation area prior to
placing the rock fill.
38 Ed 3 / Rev 1
Earthworks D&C R44
Place and spread the rock fill material in such a way as to avoid segregation and to ensure that it is
not contaminated with foreign material. The compacted rock fill layer thickness must not exceed
550 mm.
Do not dump rock against the columns or retaining walls but build it up evenly by hand placing
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around or against such structures.
Compact the rock fill using the nominated compaction procedure, developed as specified in
Clause 7.5.
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5.3.3 (Not Used)
5.3.4 Rock Capping Layers
Place a rock capping layer, composed of graded rock fill, immediately above the completed rock fill
embankment of completed thickness as specified in Annexure R44/A4.
The material in the rock capping layer must comply with the properties shown in Table R44.7.
SE Table R44.7 – Rock Capping Layer Material Properties
Percentage passing:
19.0 mm AS sieve 0 – 15%
1.18 mm AS sieve 0 – 5%
Percentage of +19.0 mm fraction with 10% (max)
ER
Is(50) < Annexure R44/A2.2

Place and spread the material for the capping layer in such a way as to avoid segregation and to
ensure that it is not contaminated with foreign material. Compact the capping layer using the
nominated compaction procedure, developed as specified in Clause 7.5.
Provide a geotextile complying with TfNSW D&C R63 as separation between rock capping layer and
any overlying layer of earth fill.
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Do not place the rock capping layer within 400 mm of the underside of the Selected Material Zone.
Increase this minimum distance to 800 mm, where safety barrier posts, subsurface drainage or services
are to be installed.
SU
5.4 EMBANKMENT BATTER TOLERANCES

When completed, the batters of embankments must conform to those shown on the Design
Documentation drawings unless modified on the basis of the materials encountered.
The tolerances for construction of embankment batters are detailed in Table R44.8.
Ed 3 / Rev 1 39
D&C R44 Earthworks
Table R44.8 – Tolerances for Embankment Batters
Tolerance (mm)
Location
Slope 1H:1V or flatter Steeper than 1H:1V
D
At level of top of formation/underside of pavement +0 / –150 +0 / –150
Between top of formation and 1 m below top of
+150 / –150 +150 / –150
formation
Beyond 1 m below top of formation +300 / –300 +300 / –300
DE
Note: Plus (+) is towards the roadway and minus (–) is away from the roadway. Tolerances are measured
perpendicular to the plane of the slope.
Notwithstanding the above, the edge of the formation at the level of the underside of the pavement
must not be nearer to the roadway than that shown on the Design Documentation drawings.
Undulations in the general plane of the batter are not acceptable. The completed batter must be free
of rills running down the face of the batter.
Promptly remove any loose material on the batters as the work progresses.
SE
Placement of additional material on the existing embankment batters must be carried out in the same
manner as that specified for placement of hillside embankments in Clause 3.3.
5.5 ROCK FACING TO EMBANKMENTS

5.5.1 General
Where shown on the Design Documentation drawings, provide a rock facing of clean, hard, durable
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rock over embankment batters (including embankments at bridge structures).
Adjust your method of working and program of work such that sufficient hard and durable rock of the
specified dimensions is available when required.
You may place surplus rock conforming to Clause 5.5.2 as rock facing.
Place the rock facing outside of the general embankment dimensions.
5.5.2 Rock Facing Material

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Rock used for rock facing must have a minimum dimension of 500 mm, with Point Load Strength
Index (Is(50) ) as determined by Test Method TfNSW T223, and Wet/Dry Strength Variation meeting
the respective requirements stated in Annexure R44/A2.2.
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5.5.3 Placing Rock Facing
Build up the rock facing in layers just ahead of each layer of fill. Place the rock with its least
dimension vertical, and such that mechanical interlock between the larger stones occurs.
Provide a geotextile complying with Specification TfNSW D&C R63 as separation between the earth
fill material and the rock facing.
40 Ed 3 / Rev 1
Earthworks D&C R44
Fill the space between larger rocks in the rock facing and adjacent fill material with progressively
smaller rocks to form a graded filter which prevents the leaching out of fines from the fill material but
which does not overfill the voids between larger rocks, or cause the larger rocks to lose contact with
one another.
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Remove any excess of fine material surrounding any rock placed within the rock facing by removing
the rock, removing the excess fine material and re-placing the rock.
Exercise extreme caution whilst placing the rock facing. Where embankment material is placed in
the formation above other roads in use, place the outer rock layer in such a manner as to prevent
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spillage down the batter. Implement measures to prevent any rock being dislodged and allowed to
roll down on to any adjacent roadway or track in use.
5.5.4 (Not Used)
5.6 SELECT FILL ADJACENT TO STRUCTURES
5.6.1 General
SE
Place Select Fill adjacent to structures to the details shown on the Design Documentation drawings.
Where such details are not shown on the Design Documentation drawings, place Select Fill adjacent
to structures in accordance with Clauses 5.6.2 to 5.6.4.
Outside of the zones of Select Fill material, place fill in accordance with Clauses 5.2 and 6.1.
5.6.2 Retaining Walls and Bridge Abutments
Place Select Fill adjacent to retaining walls and bridge abutments of the material type and to the
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extent in accordance with Specification TfNSW D&C B30.
5.6.3 Culverts and Other Drainage Structures
Place Select Fill adjacent to culverts and other drainage structures of the material type and to the
extent in accordance with Specification TfNSW D&C R11.
5.6.4 Reinforced Soil Walls
Place fill for reinforced soil walls of the material type and to the extent in accordance with
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Specification TfNSW D&C R58.
6 STRUCTURAL TREATMENTS
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6.1 UPPER ZONE OF FORMATION
6.1.1 General
Provide an Upper Zone of Formation, including a Selected Material Zone (see Figures R44.2(a),
R44.2(b), R44.6(a) and R44.6(b)), to the thickness specified in Annexure R44/A4 and with materials
meeting the quality requirements specified in Clause 2.8.
Ed 3 / Rev 1 41
D&C R44 Earthworks
HOLD POINT
Process Held: Delivery of site won material and imported material for the Upper Zone of
Formation.
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Submission Details: Proposed source locations, quantities and types of material, and verification
of conformity.
Release of Hold Point: The Nominated Authority will examine details and may inspect the source
and stockpiles of material prior to authorising the release of the Hold Point.
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Moisture content and compaction must be in accordance with Clause 7.
Where required, extend the Upper Zone of Formation layer into the medians.
6.1.2 Selected Material Zone
Provide a Selected Material Zone (see Figures R44.2(a), R44.2(b), R44.6(a) and R44.6(b)) to the
thickness specified in Annexure R44/A4. Place and compact each layer of the Selected Material
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Zone with a compacted thickness not exceeding 150 mm, unless specified otherwise in Annexure
R44/A4.
Where specified in Annexure R44/A2.1, the material placed in the upper layer of the Selected
Material Zone at any particular location must be from the same source, produced using the same
process and exhibit similar properties prior to any chemical modification which may be required, as
that placed in the lower layer, at that same location.
HOLD POINT
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Process Held: Placement of each Lot of Selected Material Zone.
Submission Details: Test reports verifying conformity of each Lot of stockpiled material for use
in Selected Material Zone.
Release of Hold Point: The Nominated Authority will consider the submitted documents, prior to
After placement, the Selected Material must be homogeneous and free from patches containing
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segregated stone or excess fines. The placement methods used must ensure conformity with the
requirements of Clause 2.8.5 and Annexure R44/A2.2.
Trim the Selected Material Zone to meet the tolerances shown in Clause 7.7.1. As part of the
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trimming operation, prepare the surface in accordance with Test Method TfNSW T199, for deflection
monitoring as required in Clause 7.6.
42 Ed 3 / Rev 1
Earthworks D&C R44
HOLD POINT
Process Held: Covering of each Lot of Selected Material Zone.
Submission Details: Verification of conformity of each Lot of Selected Material Zone placed,
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with relevant test and survey reports.
Release of Hold Point: The Nominated Authority will consider the submitted documents, prior to
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6.2 VERGES
Provide verges as shown on the Design Documentation drawings, and meeting the material quality
requirements specified in Clause 2.8.
HOLD POINT
Process Held:SE Delivery of site won and imported material for the verges.
Submission Details: Proposed location, quantities and type of material, and verification of
conformity.
Release of Hold Point: The Nominated Authority will examine details and may inspect the source
and stockpiles of material prior to authorising the release of the Hold Point.
Place and compact the verge material in layers with the compacted thickness of each layer between
100 mm and 200 mm unless otherwise specified in Annexure R44/A4.
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After placement, the material must be homogeneous and free from patches containing segregated
stone or excess fines.
Moisture content and compaction must be in accordance with Clause 7. You may compact adjacent
to a concrete pavement only after at least 10 days after the placement of concrete, or after joint
sealing is completed, whichever is the later.
Trim the verge to meet the tolerances shown in Clause 7.7.

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6.3 OTHER TREATMENTS

Provide other Structural Treatments where shown on the Design Documentation drawings, to comply
with geotechnical or other design requirements.
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Ed 3 / Rev 1 43
D&C R44 Earthworks
7 ADDITIONAL CONFORMITY REQUIREMENTS
7.1 GENERAL
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Compact all layers of material placed in the Project Works uniformly over the full area and depth of
the layer to achieve the relative compaction specified before the next layer is commenced. Trim each
layer of material prior to and during compaction. Complete the compaction promptly to ensure that
moisture content remains conforming and uniform and to minimise the possibility of rain damage.
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7.2 EARTH FILL MOISTURE CONTENT
Maintain the moisture content of earth fill, at the time of compaction, within the range specified in
Annexure R44/A5 at all locations within the Lot. Adjust the moisture content within that range to
enable the specified compaction to be achieved.
Do not compact material that has been placed with a moisture content greater than that specified in
Annexure R44/A5, or has become wetted-up after placement, until it has dried out so that the
moisture content is within the specified range. The drying process may be assisted by aeration or by
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the use of hydrated lime or quicklime, complying with Specification TfNSW D&C 3211.
Alternatively, you may remove the wet material to a stockpile site for drying out and later use as fill
material.
If there is insufficient moisture in the material for it to be compacted as specified, add water. The
added water must be applied uniformly and thoroughly mixed with the material until a homogeneous
mixture is obtained.
Measure the field moisture content in accordance with Clause 7.3.5.

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7.3 SAMPLING AND TESTING FOR COMPACTION CONFORMITY

7.3.1 General
Ensure that the laboratory acts independently when carrying out sampling and testing, as detailed in
TfNSW D&C Q6 Annexure Q/L Clause L2.
Provide a smooth surface at each sampling location for the purpose of obtaining samples.
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7.3.2 Homogenity
A Lot must contain only areas of work that are essentially homogeneous. This occurs when material
origin and properties, general appearance, moisture condition during compaction, compaction
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technique, response to compactors, and state of underlying materials are substantially alike.
Areas that fail to meet these conditions must be excluded from the Lot and must be tested separately
as one or more additional Lots.
Ensure that Lots are inspected for homogeneity in accordance with TfNSW D&C Q6 Annexure Q/L
Clause L1.
44 Ed 3 / Rev 1
Earthworks D&C R44
7.3.3 Applicable Test Methods for Field Density
At each sample location selected for determination of relative compaction, carry out a field density
test and obtain a sample for laboratory testing to obtain the maximum density and field moisture
content.
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Carry out field (insitu) density tests in accordance with either Test Methods TfNSW T173 using a
nuclear gauge, TfNSW T119 using the sand replacement method or TfNSW T165 using the fixed
volume extractive method. The situations where these test methods are applicable are shown in Table
R44.9.
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Table R44.9 – Applicable Test Methods for Determining Field Density and Relative Compaction
Fill Material Properties Test Method / Actions

≤ 20% by mass retained on 37.5 mm AS sieve Either T173 (nuclear gauge) or T119 (sand
replacement method)
> 20%, ≤ 40% by mass retained on 37.5 mm AS sieve T119 (sand replacement method) (1)
> 40% by mass retained on 37.5 mm AS sieve
SE Report only % by mass of oversize material (2)
Fine to medium grained cohesionless materials, T165 (fixed volume extractive method)
including one size material or gap graded material
Notes:
(1)
If % by mass retained on 37.5 mm AS sieve is between 20% and 40%, do not use the nuclear gauge method.
(2)
If % by mass retained on 37.5 mm AS sieve is greater than 40%, do not report the relative compaction as the
test result obtained is not valid.
Do not use TfNSW T173 (nuclear gauge) for insitu density tests if the layer thickness exceeds 300
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mm.
7.3.4 Use Only Single Test Method for Particular Lot
Conduct all tests within a particular Lot using only a single Test Method. Do not combine results
obtained using different Test Methods in a statistical calculation to assess conformity of a particular
Lot.
7.3.5 Field Moisture Content

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Determine field moisture content in accordance with Test Methods TfNSW T120, TfNSW T121, or
TfNSW T180. Only use TfNSW T121 and TfNSW T180 where results have previously been
checked against those of TfNSW T120 for the range of materials being compacted, using Test
Method TfNSW T2105.
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7.3.6 Relative Compaction Determination
Irrespective of the Test Method used to determine the insitu density, determine also the proportion
and density of oversize material retained on the 37.5 mm AS sieve in the sample, for adjustment of
the laboratory maximum density, in accordance with the procedure described in Test Method TfNSW
T105 Appendix A Part A.5.
Determine the laboratory maximum density using Test Methods TfNSW T111, TfNSW T112,
TfNSW T162, TfNSW T164 or TfNSW T166, as appropriate.
Ed 3 / Rev 1 45
D&C R44 Earthworks
Calculate the relative compaction using Test Method TfNSW T166.
7.3.7 Repair of Test Holes
Repair test holes using freshly mixed material of the same type as used in the surrounding earthworks
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layer. Compact the repair material to a degree equal to that of the surrounding earthworks layer.
7.4 COMPACTION CONFORMITY

Determine the characteristic value of relative compaction in accordance with Specification TfNSW
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D&C Q6. Round off the relative compaction value and the characteristic relative compaction value
to the nearest 0.1%.
Conformity of a Lot is achieved if the lower limit of the characteristic value of relative compaction of
that Lot is not less than that specified in Table R44.10.
Table R44.10 – Lower Limit for Characteristic Values of Relative Compaction
Lower Limit of Characteristic

Location of Material Value of Relative
Earth mounds
Spoil
SE Compaction
90.0%
Each layer of material replacing unsuitable material under embankments.

Foundation treatments for embankments (except Type E2 bridging layer and Type E5 95.0%
drainage layer).
Each layer of material replacing unsuitable material in cuttings.
Foundation treatments in cuttings.
Each layer of material placed in formations up to the underside of the Selected Material
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98.0%
Zone, including that in Shallow Embankments and Cut/Fill Transition Zone.
Material in verges or within medians up to the level at which topsoil is placed.
Other areas not specifically mentioned herein.
Material placed in the spill through bridge abutment zone, as specified in Clause 5.2.3. 100.0%
Each layer of the Selected Material Zone. 102.0%
7.5 ROCK FILL PLACING CONFORMITY

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Conformity of rock fill placing is based on compliance with the nominated compaction procedure,
verified in accordance with this Clause and proof rolling in accordance with Clause 7.6.1.
Through construction and testing of some trial sections, develop a materials grading, mixing, watering
and rolling procedure. The compaction procedure must include at least one vibrating roller. If the
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procedure includes insitu modification (e.g. with a grid roller or similar), then verify the after-
compaction grading of the material.
46 Ed 3 / Rev 1
Earthworks D&C R44
WITNESS POINT
Process Witnessed: Construction of each trial section of rock fill.
Submission Details: Notification of the place, date and time of construction of the trial section,
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at least 3 working days prior to commencement, with details of:
(i) Test results of all previous trial sections;
(ii) Material type(s) and specifications, including moisture conditioning
prior to and during rolling;
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(iii) Plant types and specifications;
(iv) Number of roller passes;
(v) Maximum and minimum roller speed and frequency of vibration;
(vi) In-process testing regime and proof that there is no remaining internal
settlement and proof that embankment stability exists.
The length of a trial section must not exceed 50 m, and the width must be greater than or equal to 2
times the maximum roller drum width. Do not construct trial sections within 1.5 m of the bottom of
the Selected Material Zone.
SE
Verification of a compaction procedure will be based on results from two (2) successive trial sections.
Two contiguous trial sections, constructed over the same time period in a continuous operation, is not
considered as two successive trial sections.
HOLD POINT
Process Held: Construction of remaining sections of rock fill.
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Submission Details: Verification, including test results, of conformity of each trial section
including details of the proposed compaction procedure, any test results and
survey reports.
Release of Hold Point: The Project Verifier will consider the submitted documents, prior to
Where in-process testing of the compaction procedure reveals nonconforming results, cease all
placing and compaction, and redevelop the procedure using new trial sections in accordance with the
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above, or break down and/or sort rock material to achieve an earth fill in accordance with Clause 5.2.
The above Hold Point applies to the redeveloped procedure prior to recommencement of placement
and compaction operations.
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7.6 DEFLECTION TESTING

7.6.1 Proof Rolling
All embankment Lots, and all other surfaces within 1.5 m of the underside of the Selected Material
Zone, must be capable of withstanding proof rolling to verify their stability.
Ed 3 / Rev 1 47
D&C R44 Earthworks
Where required, carry out proof rolling in accordance with Test Method TfNSW T198 of
embankment Lots and other surfaces within 1.5 m of the underside of the Selected Material Zone.
The proof rolled surfaces must not exhibit visible deformation, rutting, or yielding and/or show signs
of distress or instability.
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WITNESS POINT
Process to be Witnessed: Proof rolling of any embankment fill layer, or any other surface within 1.5
m of the underside of the Selected Material Zone.
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Submission Details: At least 1 working day prior to the proof rolling, notify and provide
verification that the subject layer or surface conforms in all respects except
for proof rolling.
The moisture content of the compacted material being proof rolled must be within the range specified
in Annexure R44/A5. Proof roll each layer immediately following compaction. For the purpose of
deflection testing by proof rolling, take the testing paths along the full width and length of each Lot.
If further proof rolling is required at a later date, the layer must be re-conditioned such that the
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moisture content is within the range specified in Annexure R44/A5, re-verified as conforming for
density and survey requirements of this Specification, and given not less than eight (8) passes with the
roller to be subsequently used for the proof rolling operation.
7.6.2 Benkelman Beam
Where shown in Annexure R44/A4, conduct deflection testing using the Benkelman Beam in
accordance with Test Method TfNSW T199 of the following surfaces:
(a) underside of the Selected Material Zone;
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(b) top of the Selected Material Zone.

Where no Selected Material Zone is specified, conduct deflection testing of the formation at the level
of the underside of pavement. Benkelman Beam testing of the underside of the Selected Material
Zone is not required if a drainage layer lies immediately below the Selected Material Zone.
Carry out deflection testing by Benkelman Beam within 3 days of compaction of the material, or such
longer period as accepted by the Principal due to adverse weather conditions.
Where the required characteristic deflection does not exceed 1.2 mm, the standard deviation of the
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Lot must not exceed 0.2 mm. If the required characteristic deflection exceeds 1.2 mm, the
coefficient of variation of the Lot must not exceed 25%.
For the purpose of deflection testing with the Benkelman Beam, a Lot must consist of a continuous
length of formation and of at least a single carriageway width that is generally homogeneous with
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respect to material and appearance. Mark the boundaries of each Lot such that they are clearly
identifiable in the field.
Take deflection testing by Benkelman Beam within 3 days of compaction of the material or such
longer period as accepted by the Principal due to adverse weather conditions. Undertake testing over
the plan area of the Selected Material Zone within each Lot and any other area within the Lot as
required.
48 Ed 3 / Rev 1
Earthworks D&C R44
Obtain the characteristic deflection for each Lot from the equation:
CD = u + f.σ
where CD = characteristic deflection
u = average maximum deflection
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f = value as shown in Annexure R44/A4
σ = standard deviation
Where the characteristic deflection exceeds the value in Annexure R44/A4, re-examine the Lot
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boundaries, re-check the Lot for homogeneity, and subsequently re-nominate the Lot (or parts thereof)
for further testing.
WITNESS POINT (when Benkelman Beam Testing is specified)

Process to be Witnessed: Benkelman Beam testing of the surface under the first layer of pavement.
Submission Details: At least 1 working day prior, notify the time, date and location of
SE Benkelman Beam testing and results of proof rolling.
HOLD POINT
Process Held: Placing each Lot of Selected Material Zone, or each Lot of pavement where
there is no Selected Material Zone.
Submission Details: At least 3 working days prior, submit deflection test results, Survey Report
of the finished surface and verification of conformity of each Lot of
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formation.
Release of Hold Point: The Nominated Authority will consider the submitted documents, and where
the characteristic deflection exceeds the value in Annexure R44/A4 or the
standard deviation exceeds 0.2 mm when the characteristic deflection is less
than 1.2 mm, corrective action by you is required. The Nominated
Authority may require further action prior to authorising the release of the
Hold Point.
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7.7 LEVEL CONTROL

7.7.1 Tolerances
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Finish the surface levels of the floors of cuttings, transitions, earthworks layers and zones, and verges
to the design surface levels less the nominated thicknesses of the relevant overlying courses and zones
to within the tolerances detailed in Table R44.11.
Ed 3 / Rev 1 49
D&C R44 Earthworks
Table R44.11 – Level Control - Tolerances
Position Tolerance
(a) Top of upper 150 mm layer of Selected Material Zone, or top of formation where there
is no Selected Material Zone: +0 mm / –20 mm
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(b) Top of lower layer of Selected Material Zone +10 mm / –40 mm
(c) Top of formation at underside of Selected Material Zone:
(i) where underlying layer is a drainage layer in a cutting +20 mm / –40 mm
(ii) all other cases +0 mm / –40 mm
(d) Surface of verges +0 mm / –20 mm
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(e) Designed Floor Level in cutting before foundation treatment:
(i) Type C1 - Loosen and recompact +10 mm / –40 mm
(ii) Type C3(I) - Working platform - stabilisation of insitu material +10 mm / –40 mm
(iii) Type C4 - Geotextile and geogrids +0 mm / –40 mm
(f) Foundation Level in cutting before foundation treatment:
(i) Type C2 - Excavation and backfill +10 mm / –40 mm
(ii) Type C3(II) - Working platform - imported stabilised material +10 mm / –40 mm
(iv) Type C5 - Drainage layer in:
- rock cutting +10 mm / –150 mm
(g)
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- other than rock cutting
Foundation Level at Shallow Embankment and Cut/Fill Transition Zone
+10 mm / –40 mm
+50 mm / –150 mm
(h) Floor of benches in cutting +50 mm / –50 mm
Note: Refer to Clause 1.4 and Figures R44.2(a) and (b) for definitions of “Designed Floor Level” and “Foundation Level”.
7.7.2 (Not Used)
7.7.3 Median Areas

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The batter slopes for median areas must comply with those shown on the Design Documentation
drawings and undulations in the general plane of the batter slope will not be permitted outside of the
following tolerances.
For a horizontal distance of up to 2 m from the edge of the shoulder (except areas where verges are
required), no point on the completed batter may vary from the specified slope line by more than
35 mm when measured at right angles to the slope line. At distances greater than 2 m horizontally
from the edge of the shoulder, no point on the completed batter may vary from the specified slope line
by more than 75 mm when measured at right angles to the slope line.
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Notwithstanding the tolerance of construction above, slope the surface of the medians so as not to
pond water.
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50 Ed 3 / Rev 1
Earthworks D&C R44
ANNEXURE R44/A – PROJECT SPECIFIC INFORMATION
A1 SURVEY
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NOTES TO TENDER DOCUMENTER: (Delete this boxed text after completing Annexure R44/A1)
Consult TfNSW Survey Section whether TfNSW survey resources are available for undertaking the
joint surveys shown in the table below, and amend the table accordingly.
Where “Yes / No” options are shown in the table, delete whichever is not applicable.
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Refer Clause 1.6.
Carry out the surveys listed in the table below. Where specified, the survey must be carried as a joint
survey in accordance with TfNSW D&C G71.
Requirement
Joint Model File
Clause Area To Be Surveyed
2.3.2
SE
Surface at each topsoil stockpile location before
commencing stockpiling
Survey
Yes
(1)
Yes / No
2.3.3 Surface after stripping of topsoil Yes Yes / No

2.4 Surface before removal of unsuitable material Yes Yes / No
2.4 Surface after removal of unsuitable material Yes Yes / No
3.4, 7.7.1 Floor of cutting before placing material for foundation No Yes / No
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treatment or formation
4.3, 5.4 Completed cutting and embankment batter surface prior to No Yes / No
topsoiling, vegetation or other treatments
5.1, 6.1.1 Surface before placing imported material Yes Yes / No
5.1, 6.1.1 Surface after placing imported material Yes Yes / No
6.1.2 Surface before placing Selected Material No Yes / No
6.2 Surface before placing verge material No Yes / No
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7.7.1 Top of finished formation No Yes / No

7.7.3 Finished surface of median No Yes / No
Note:
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(1)
If this requirement is “Yes”, the survey report must include an electronic file in a format suitable for creating
accurate models using standard TfNSW CADD software.
Ed 3 / Rev 1 51
D&C R44 Earthworks
A2 MATERIALS
A2.1 (Not Used)
A2.2 Properties
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Pre-treatment
Clause Material Type Criteria Test Method (1)
2.8.4, Upper Zone of Formation Material other than Selected

3.5 Material, including at Shallow Embankment and Cut/Fill
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Transition Zone:
a) CBR 10 day (2) 8 min T117 T102/T103 (3)
b) Plasticity Index 25 max T109 T102/T103
2.8.5.1 Site won Selected Material:
a) Selected Material Zone, upper 150 mm thick layer 33 min (4) T117 T102/T103 (5)
CBR 4 day (2), characteristic value (Q) (3)
b) Selected Material Zone, lower layer 19 min T117 T102/T103 (5)
CBR 4 day (2), characteristic value (Q) (3)
c) Plasticity Index
SE 15 max T109 T102/T103 (5)
2.8.6 Verge material:
a) CBR 4 day (2), characteristic value (Q) (3) 19 min T117 T102/T103 (5)
b) Plasticity Index 6 min, 12 max T109 T102/T103 (5)
2.8.7 Spill through bridge abutment fill material:
Type ST1, for waterway crossings
a) CBR 10 day (2) 8 min T117 T102/T103 (5)
b) Plasticity Index 6 min, 15 max T109 T102/T103 (5)
Type ST2, for overbridges
a) CBR 10 day (2) 8 min T117 T102/T103 (5)
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b) Plasticity Index 25 max T109 T102/T103 (5)

3.4 Material in floor of cutting:
a) CBR 10 day (2) 8 min T117 T102/T103 (5)
3.5 Material in foundation of Shallow Embankment and
Cut/Fill Transition Zone, where depth of excavation
less than specified:
a) CBR 10 day (2) 8 min T117 T102/T103 (5)
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3.4.2 Backfill material for Foundation Treatment Type C2:

a) CBR 10 day (2) 8 min T117 T102/T103 (5)
3.2.5, Material for drainage layer (Foundation Treatment
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3.4.5 Type E5 and C5):

a) Point Load Strength Index I s(50) 1 MPa min T223 NA
b) Wet/Dry Strength Variation 35% max T215 T102
5.3.1 Rock fill material:
5.5 Rock facing material:
52 Ed 3 / Rev 1
Earthworks D&C R44
Legend: NA = not applicable max = maximum min = minimum

Notes:
(1) Pre-treatment is not required where samples are taken from the compacted formation.
(2) Compaction for CBR test must be at 100% of MDD under standard compaction.
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(3) When calculating CBR characteristic value, report values calculated to the nearest 1%.
(4) Refer Clause 2.8.5.1. If the Selected Material conforms to the specified requirements for the lower layer of the Selected
Material Zone, but has a CBR value less than that specified for the upper layer of the Selected Material Zone, the Selected
Material may be modified with hydrated lime, or other binders accepted by the Principal, to make it conform to the
specified requirements of the upper layer. A suggested application rate for hydrated lime is 1 to 2% by mass, but the
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Contractor must by laboratory trials determine the appropriate application rate to be used. The modified material must
have a UCS of less than 1.5 MPa, when tested in accordance with TfNSW T131 using 7 days accelerated curing. Do not
use binders which are prone to give rise to rapid or uneven strength gain or excessive shrinkage.
(5) Where pre-treatment is shown as “T102/T103”, determine the appropriate pre-treatment regime for the material in
accordance with Clause 2.8.3.
A3 FOUNDATION TREATMENT
SE
Review the default values shown in the table below and amend if appropriate, taking into account
the geotechnical and the pavement design details for the project.
Fill in the missing details as required, and where “Yes / No” options are provided, delete
whichever is not applicable.
Clause Description Requirement

ER
3.2.2 Foundation Treatment Type E2 - Bridging Layer

- Minimum distance from top of bridging layer to underside
900 mm
of Selected Material Zone
- Completed thickness of bridging layer 800 mm (±100 mm)
3.2.5 Foundation Treatment Type E5 - Drainage Layer
- Minimum distance from top of drainage layer to underside 900 mm
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- Completed thickness of drainage layer 300 mm

(+100 mm, –0 mm)
3.2.6 Foundation Treatment Type E6 - Earth Fill Foundation
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Treatment
- Minimum distance from top of earth fill foundation 900 mm
treatment layer to underside of Selected Material Zone
- Completed thickness of earth fill foundation treatment layer 500 mm (±100 mm)
3.2, 3.4 Specified Foundation Treatment
- Type: …………..
- Type: …………..
Ed 3 / Rev 1 53
D&C R44 Earthworks
A4 SHALLOW EMBANKMENT, CUT/FILL TRANSITION ZONE, UPPER ZONE OF

FORMATION AND VERGES
D
Review the default values shown in the table below and amend if appropriate, taking into account
the geotechnical and the pavement design details for the project.
Fill in the missing details as required, and where “Yes / No” options are provided, delete
whichever is not applicable.
DE
Clause Description Requirement
3.5.1 A Shallow Embankment exists where the height from the
1,200 mm
Stripped Surface Level to the Top of Formation is less than
5.3.4 Completed thickness of rock capping layer 300 mm
(+100 mm, –0 mm)
6.1 Thickness of Upper Zone of Formation (incorporating
Selected Material Zone) for:
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- Embankment
- Shallow Embankment
600 mm
1,200 mm
- Cutting 300 mm
- Cut/Fill Transition Zone 1,200 mm
6.1.2 Selected Material Zone:
- Total thickness 300 mm
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6.1.2 Maximum compacted thickness of each layer in the Selected 150 mm

Material Zone
6.2 Compacted layer thickness of each layer of verge material 100 mm to 200 mm
7.6.2 Deflection testing with Benkelman Beam at underside and top Yes / No
Maximum characteristic deflection (CD) recorded for any Lot
must not exceed:
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- Top of Selected Material Zone 1.0 mm

- Underside of Selected Material Zone 1.2 mm
Factor “f” to be used in determining CD 1.65
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54 Ed 3 / Rev 1
Earthworks D&C R44
A5 COMPACTION MOISTURE REQUIREMENTS

Refer Clause 7.2.
Material Description (1) Source / Location Moisture Range (2)
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Earthworks material 60 – 90%
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Notes:
(1)
Material types above are project specific.
(2)
The Moisture Range is expressed as the ratio of Field Moisture Content to Optimum Moisture Content at
standard compactive effort and is reported to the nearest 1%.
A6 FOUNDATION TREATMENT AND STRUCTURAL TREATMENT IN MEDIANS

Refer Clauses 3.2, 3.4, 3.5.2 and 6.1.1.
SE
State in the table below any foundation treatment and/or structural treatment required in the
medians between carriageways.
If any foundation treatment is required in the median areas, insert the treatment type required (e.g.
E1 to E6, C1 to C5) in the middle column.
For Cut/Fill Transition treatment or structural treatment in medians, delete whichever of “Yes /
No” option which is not applicable.
ER
Location Treatment Types Required in Medians

From To Cut/Fill UZF (inc
Foundation Treatment Type
Chainage Chainage Transition SMZ)
Yes / No Yes / No
Yes / No Yes / No
Yes / No Yes / No
P
Legend: UZF = Upper Zone of Formation SMZ = Selected Material Zone

SU
Ed 3 / Rev 1 55
D&C R44 Earthworks
A7 BLASTING
Refer Clause 4.6.
Blasting permitted under deed? Yes / No
D
Limiting Blast Overpressure and Peak Particle Velocity:
Point of Potential Damage Blast Overpressure Level Peak Particle Velocity (1)
(within 1 km from the proposed blast site) (dB[linear]) (mm/s)
DE
Completed and cured bridge structures or – 10 mm/s
substructures (e.g. completed abutment)
Bridgeworks and structural retaining – 10 mm/s
walls under construction
(2) (2)
Residential premises, schools, hospitals 115 dB 5 mm/s
and other buildings
Building or monument of historical 115 dB 2 mm/s
significance
Notes:
(1)
SE
Peak Particle Velocity is the vector peak particle velocity, defined as the maximum of the resultant vector
particle velocity vp and is the amplitude of the vector sum of three time-synchronised velocity components
directly measured by an instrument.
vp is determined by the equation vp = √(vx 2 + vy 2 + vz 2),
where vx , vy and vz are the synchronized instantaneous velocity components in the x, y and z axes
respectively.
(2)
5% of readings may exceed 115 dB and 5 mm/s but must not exceed 120 dB and 10 mm/s.
ER
ANNEXURE R44/B – (NOT USED)

P
SU
56 Ed 3 / Rev 1
Earthworks D&C R44
ANNEXURE R44/C – SCHEDULES OF HOLD POINTS, WITNESS

POINTS AND IDENTIFIED RECORDS
Refer to Clause 1.3.3.
D
C1 SCHEDULE OF HOLD POINTS
Clause Description
DE
2.4 Inspection after removal of unsuitable material and prior to backfilling.
3.2 Presentation of each Lot of embankment foundation after removal of topsoil, and
submission of CBR and PI test results of material in foundation, if required.
3.4 Presentation of each Lot of floor of cutting, and submission of CBR and PI test
results of material in floor of cutting, if required.
4.2 Presentation of cleaned batter and bench/floor surfaces for geotechnical inspection.
4.6.1, Submission of Vibration and Airblast Management Sub-Plan and the Building
G36 Cl 4.7 Condition Inspection Reports.
4.6.1
6.1.1
SE Submission of blasting details for each blast.
Submission of details of location, quantities, type and verification of conformity of
Upper Zone Material (including Selected Material). If imported, verification that
all possible sources of material within the Site have been exhausted.
6.1.2 Verification of conformity of stockpiled Selected Material.
6.1.2 Verification of conformity of each Lot of Selected Material Zone placed, with test
and survey reports.
ER
6.2 Submission of details of location, quantities, type and verification of conformity of

verge material.
7.5 Verification of conformity of each trial section of rock fill, including submission of
compaction procedure, test results and survey reports.
7.6.2 Submission of deflection test results, finished surface levels and verification of
conformity of each Lot of Selected Material Zone placed (or pavement where no
Selected Material Zone is specified).
P
C2 SCHEDULE OF WITNESS POINTS
Clause Description
SU
7.5 Construction of each trial section of rock fill.

7.6.1 Proof rolling of embankment layers and other surfaces within 1.5 m of the underside
of the Selected Material Zone.
7.6.2 Benkelman Beam testing of Selected Material Zone.
Ed 3 / Rev 1 57
D&C R44 Earthworks
C3 SCHEDULE OF IDENTIFIED RECORDS

The records listed below are Identified Records for the purposes of TfNSW D&C Q6 Annexure Q/E.
Clause Description of Identified Record
D
1.5 Earthworks Plan.
2.8.2 Details of source, location, quantities and type of imported Selected Material.
4.6.1 Details of blasting design and measures to limit noise and ensure that vibration from
DE
blasting does not adversely affect nearby structures.
4.6.2 Blasting records.
7.6 Deflection testing results of each Lot of formation.
ANNEXURES R44/D TO R44/K – (NOT USED)

SE
P ER
SU
58 Ed 3 / Rev 1
Earthworks D&C R44
ANNEXURE R44/L – WORK ACTIVITIES, TEST METHODS, MINIMUM

FREQUENCY OF TESTING AND ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA
A summary of the work activities, test methods, minimum frequencies of testing and acceptance
D
criteria for control of the earthworks process is given in Table R44/L.1.
Table R44/L.1 – Control of Earthworks Process
* clause reference in D&C R44, unless noted otherwise
DE
Clause Minimum Acceptance
Work Activity Test Method
Reference * Frequency Criteria *
1. Project Planning 1.3.4
2. (Not Used)
3. Erosion and Sedimentation Control 1.7, 2.6, 2.7

Install and maintain erosion and sedimentation control D&C G36, Each section or Approved Env
Inspection
measures, including at stockpile areas and borrow areas D&C G38
SE site Sed Ctrl Plan
4. Surveying 1.6
Set out position of intersection line between plane of Each cut/fill
3.5.2 Survey Pegs in place
Designed Floor Level and plane of stripped surface transition
Remove pegs at completion of work Inspection Each section Pegs removed
5. STOCKPILE Areas 2.6

Evidence of
Stockpile areas 2.6 Each area approvals and
ER
consents
Pre-construction land condition assessment D&C G36 Each area D&C G36
Post-construction land condition assessment D&C G36 Each area D&C G36
2.6, D&C D&C G36,
Restore stockpile areas Inspection Each area
G36 D&C R178
6. IMPORTED MATERIALS 2.8, 6

Delivery of imported materials Release of
6.1.1, 6.2 R44/A2.2 Each source
Hold Point Hold Point
P
7. TOPSOIL 2.3
7.1 (Not Used)
7.2 Stockpiling Topsoil
Stockpile height (< 2.0 m) and slope (< 2H:1V) 2.3.2 Measure Each stockpile 2.3.2
SU
Contents free from foreign material 2.3.2 Inspection Each stockpile 2.3.2
2.3.2, D&C
Seeding of stockpile Inspection D&C R178 D&C R178
R178
8. (NOT USED) 2.5
9. EMBANKMENT FOUNDATIONS 3
9.1 Preparation of Embankment Foundations 3.2
Ed 3 / Rev 1 59
D&C R44 Earthworks

Additional excavation to achieve minimum height of
3.5.1 Survey Each section Report
formation (Shallow Embankment)
D
Test Shallow Embankment foundation, if proposing less
3.5.1
than specified minimum height of formation:
- CBR R44/A2.2 1000 m 2 R44/A2.2
- Plasticity Index R44/A2.2 1000 m 2 R44/A2.2
Preparation of each Lot of embankment foundation Release of
DE
3.2 Inspection Each section
9.2 Unsuitable Material 2.4
Remove unsuitable material Release of
2.4 Inspection Each Lot
Replace with suitable material: 2.4 Inspection Each Lot Complete
T111, T119,
- Relative compaction 7.4 T162, T166, D&C Q6 Table R44.10
T173
T120, T121,
- Moisture content 7.2 D&C Q6 R44/A5
Authorisation given
SE
9.3 Treatment Type E1 - Loosen and Compact 3.2.1
3.2.1
T180
Each section Authorised

Loosen to specified depth and extent 3.2.1 Inspection Each section 3.2.1
Compact loosen material:
T111, T119,
T173
T120, T121,
ER
T180
9.4 Treatment Type E2 - Bridging Layer 3.2.2
Authorisation given 3.2.2 Each section Authorised
Distance from top of bridging layer to underside of
3.2.2 Survey Each section R44/A3
3.2.2, D&C
Geotextile material suitability D&C R63 D&C R63 D&C R63
R63
D&C R63 and
Place geotextile over foundation area D&C R63 D&C R63 D&C R63
inspection
P
3.2.2, 5.2.1,
Bridging layer material suitability Inspection Each section 3.2.2, 5.2
5.3.1
Trial section 3.2.2 Inspection As required 3.2.2
Place bridging layer – stable platform 3.2.2 Inspection Each section 3.2.2
Completed thickness 3.2.2 Survey Each section R44/A3
SU
9.5 Treatment Type E3(I) - Working Platform by

3.2.3
Chemical Stabilisation of Insitu Material
60 Ed 3 / Rev 1
Earthworks D&C R44

3.2.3, D&C
Mix stabilising agent Inspection Each section D&C R50
D
R50
Recompact stabilised material: 3.2.3
T111, T119,
D&C R50,
- Relative compaction 7.4 T162, T166, D&C Q6
Table R44.10
T173
DE
T120, T121,
- Moisture content D&C R50 D&C Q6 D&C R50
T180
9.6 Treatment Type E3(II) - Working Platform Using
3.2.3
Imported Stabilised Material
3.2.3, D&C
Place and compact imported stabilised material:
R50
T111, T119,
T173
SE
- Moisture content
9.7 Treatment Type E4 - Geotextile or Geogrid Layer

D&C R50
3.2.4
T120, T121,
T180
D&C Q6 D&C R50

D&C R63 or D&C R63 or D&C R63 or
Geotextile or geogrid material suitability 3.2.4
D&C R67 D&C R67 D&C R67
D&C R63 or
D&C R63 or D&C R63 or
Place geotextile or geogrid 3.2.4 D&C R67 and
D&C R67 D&C R67
inspection
ER
9.8 Treatment Type E5 - Drainage Layer 3.2.5

Distance from top of drainage layer to underside of the
Drainage layer material suitability:
Inspection/
- Maximum particle dimension 3.2.5 T280 if D&C Q6 Table R44.2
required
- Grading 3.2.5 T201 D&C Q6 Table R44.2
P
Min 10 per
- Point Load Strength Index of +19 mm fraction 3.2.5 R44/A2.2 R44/A2.2
stockpile
- Wet/Dry Strength Variation 3.2.5 R44/A2.2 Stockpile R44/A2.2
3.2.5, D&C
Geotextile material suitability D&C R63 D&C R63 D&C R63
SU
R63
D&C R63 and
Place geotextile at bottom of drainage layer D&C R63 Inspection Each section
inspection
Place and compact drainage layer 3.2.5, 7.5 Inspection Each section 3.2.5, 7.5
R44/A3 and
Completed thickness 3.2.5 Survey Each section
inspection
D&C R63 and
Place geotextile over completed layer D&C R63 D&C R63 D&C R63
inspection
Ed 3 / Rev 1 61
D&C R44 Earthworks

9.9 Treatment Type E6 - Earth Fill Foundation
3.2.6
Treatment Layer
D
Distance from top of earth fill foundation treatment layer to
underside of the Selected Material Zone
Earth fill materials suitability 3.2.6, 5.2 Inspection Each section 3.2.6
Trial section 3.2.6 Inspection As required 3.2.6
DE
Earth fill foundation treatment layer placed: 3.2.6 Inspection Each section 3.2.6
T111, T119,
- Relative compaction of top 300 mm of layer 3.2.6, 7.4 T162, T166, D&C Q6 Table R44.10
T173
T120, T121,
- Moisture content of top 300 mm of layer 3.2.6, 7.2 D&C Q6 R44/A5
T180
Completed thickness 3.2.6 Survey Each section R44/A3
Proof rolling 7.6.1 T198 As required No deformation
Each Terraced as
9.10 Hillside embankment foundation treatment 3.3 Inspection
10. CUTTINGS
SE 3.4, 4
earthworks Lot per 3.3
10.1 Preparation of Cutting Area

10.2 Excavation 4.1
Material loosened and broken down to meet requirements
2.1, 2.2, 4.2 Inspection
for use as:
- Earth fill 5.2
- Rock fill 5.3 1
ER
- Bridging layer 3.2.2

- Drainage layer 3.2.5, 3.4.5
- Rock capping layer 5.3.4
- Rock facing 5.5
- Spill through bridge abutment fill material 5.2.1
- Upper Zone Material other than Selected Material 6.1.1
- Selected Material 6.1.2
- Verge material 6.2
P
D&C B30,
- Select Fill adjacent to structures D&C R11,
D&C R58
Protection of earthworks 1.7 Inspection Daily 1.7
10.3 Cutting Batters 4.4
SU
Batters conform to tolerances 4.2, 4.4 Survey Each batter Table R44.3
Treat tops and ends of cuttings 4.2 Inspection Each batter 4.2
Clean down rock cuttings Release of
4.2 Inspection Each batter
Stabilise batters 4.2 As required As required As required
Treat batters 4.2 As required As required As required
Benches conform to tolerances and drain effectively 4.4 Survey Each bench Table R44.11
10.4 Pre-splitting or Line Drilling 4.5
Select drill hole diameter and spacing 4.5.2 Measure Each batter Table R44.4
62 Ed 3 / Rev 1
Earthworks D&C R44

10.5 Blasting 4.6
Submit Vibration and Airblast Management Sub-plan and
4.6.1, D&C Release of
D
Building Condition Inspection Reports
G36 Hold Point
Hold Point
Evidence of
Obtain licences and other regulatory requirements 4.6.1
licences
Community liaison program 4.6.1 Monitor
DE
Presplitting of batters with slopes steeper than 1H:1V
Drill hole diameter and spacing 4.5.3 Measure Each blast Table R44.4
Before each blast – submit details of blasting design and
Release of
measures to limit noise and vibration 4.6.1 Each blast
Hold Point
Hold Point
Control airblast 4.6.3 AS2187.2 Each blast Annex R44/A7
Control ground vibration 4.6.4 AS2187.2 Each blast Annex R44/A7
Blasting records 4.6.2 Each blast Records
10.6 Cut/Fill Transition Zone
SE 3.5.2
Set out extent of Cut/Fill Transition Zone 3.5.2 Survey Each transition
Excavate Cut/Fill Transition Zone 3.5.2 Survey Each transition 3.5.2, R44/A4
Drainage
Excavated terraces free-draining 3.5.2 Inspection Each transition
achieved
11. FOUNDATION TREATMENTS FOR CUTTINGS 3.4

11.1 Preparation of Cutting Foundations 3.4
Excavate to Designed Floor Level or Foundation Level
3.4 Survey Each section Table R44.11
and trim to required tolerances
ER
Test cutting floor for: 3.4

- CBR R44/A2.2 1000 m 2 R44/A2.2
Preparation of each Lot of cutting foundation Release of
3.4 Each section
11.2 Unsuitable Material 2.4
Remove unsuitable material Release of
2.4 Inspection Each Lot
Replace with suitable material: 2.4 Inspection Each Lot Complete
P
T111, T119,
T173
T120, T121,
T180
SU
11.3 Treatment Type C1 - Loosen and Recompact 3.4.1

Trim floor of cutting to required tolerance 3.4.1, 7.7.1 Survey Each section Table R44.11
Ripping depth and extent and maximum particle
3.4.1 Inspection Each section 3.4.1
dimension
Compact loosen material: 3.4.1
T111, T119,
T173
Ed 3 / Rev 1 63
D&C R44 Earthworks

T120, T121,
T180
D
11.4 Treatment Type C2 - Excavation and Backfill 3.4.2
Excavate cutting to Foundation Level and trim to required
3.4.2, 7.7.1 Survey Each section Table R44.11
tolerances
DE
Compact excavated surface – 6 passes of vibrating roller 3.4.2 Each section Inspection
Backfill material suitability: 3.4.2
- CBR R44/A2.2 1000 m 3 R44/A2.2
Compact backfill: 3.4.2
T105, T111,
T166, T173
T120, T121,
- Moisture content
SE
Trim backfill surface to required tolerance
11.5 Treatment Type C3(I) - Working Platform by
7.2
3.4.2, 7.7.1
T180
Survey
D&C Q6
Each section
R44/A5
Table R44.11
3.4.3
Chemical Stabilisation of Insitu Material
3.4.3, D&C
Mix stabilising agent Inspection Each section D&C R50
R50
ER
Recompact stabilised material: 3.4.3

T111, T119,
D&C R50,
- Relative compaction 7.4 T162, T166, D&C Q6
Table R44.10
T173
T120, T121,
T180
Trim working platform surface to required tolerance 3.4.3, 7.7.1 Survey Each section Table R44.11
11.6 Treatment Type C3(II) - Working Platform Using
3.4.3
Imported Stabilised Material
P

Excavate to Foundation Level Survey Each section Table R44.11
Compact excavated surface – 6 passes of vibrating roller 3.4.3 Inspection Each section Inspection
3.4.3, D&C
Place and compact imported stabilised material:
SU
R50
T111, T119,
T173
T120, T121,
T180
Trim backfill surface to required tolerance 3.4.2, 7.7.1 Survey Each section Table R44.11
11.7 Treatment Type C4 - Geotextile or Geogrid Layer 3.4.4
64 Ed 3 / Rev 1
Earthworks D&C R44

D&C R63, D&C R63, D&C R63,
Geotextile or geogrid material suitability 3.4.4
D&C R67 D&C R67 D&C R67
D
D&C R63,
D&C R63,
Place geotextile or geogrid 3.4.4 Inspection D&C R67 and
D&C R67
inspection
11.8 Treatment Type C5 - Drainage Layer 3.4.5
Authorisation given Each section Authorised
DE
Excavate cutting to Foundation Level and trim to required
3.4.5, 7.7.1 Survey Each section Table R44.11
tolerances
Compact excavated surface – 6 passes of vibrating roller 3.4.5 Each section Inspection
Drainage layer material suitability:
Inspection /
- Maximum particle dimension 3.4.5 T280 if D&C Q6 Table R44.2
required
- Grading 3.4.5 T201 D&C Q6 Table R44.2
Min 10 per
- Point Load Strength Index of +19 mm fraction 3.4.5 T223 R44/A2.2
SE
- Wet/Dry Strength Variation
Geotextile material suitability
3.4.5
3.4.5, D&C
T215
D&C R63
stockpile
Stockpile
D&C R63
R44/A2.2
D&C R63
R63
D&C R63 and
Place geotextile over cutting floor 3.4.5 Inspection Each section
inspection
Place and compact drainage layer - nominated
3.4.5, 7.5 Inspection Each section 3.4.5, 7.5
compaction procedure
Trim top of drainage layer to required tolerance 3.4.5, 7.7.1 Survey D&C G71 Table R44.11
ER
Place geotextile over drainage layer 3.4.5 Each section 3.4.5

11.9 Other Foundation Treatment Types 3.4.6
12. EMBANKMENTS 5
12.1 Embankment Material other than Upper Zone
Material, verge material, and Type ST1 and ST2 2.2, 5
material
Earth fill material: 5.2
No deleterious
- Free from deleterious materials 5.1.2 Inspection Each Lot
P
material
Inspection/
- Maximum particle dimension 5.2.1 T280 if Each Lot Table R44.5
required
- Grading 5.2.1 T201 Each Lot Table R44.5
SU
Rock fill material: 5.3

Inspection/
required.
- Grading 5.3.1 T201 Each Lot Table R44.6
- Point Load Strength Index of +100 mm fraction 5.3.1 R44/A2.2 10 per Lot R44/A2.2
- Wet/Dry Strength Variation 5.3.1 R44/A2.2 Each source R44/A2.2
Rock capping layer material: 5.3.4
Ed 3 / Rev 1 65
D&C R44 Earthworks

Inspection/
D
required.
- Grading 5.3.4 T201 Each Lot Table 44.7
- Point Load Strength Index of +19 mm fraction 5.3.4 T223 10 per Lot R44/A2.2
- Wet/Dry Strength Variation 5.3.4 T215 Each source R44/A2.2
12.2 Earth Fill Embankment Construction 5.2
DE
Place earth fill for embankment construction: 5.2, 7.2
- Lot homogeneity 5.1, 7.3.2 Inspection Each Lot 5.2
- Layer thickness 5.2.1 Measure Each Lot Table R44.5
T105, T111,
T166, T173
T120, T121,
T180
Protection of earthworks 1.7 Inspection Daily 1.7
ST1 and ST2)

- CBR
SE
12.3 Spill Through Bridge Abutment Fill Material (Type
2.8.7
2.8.7 R44/A2.2 Each Lot R44/A2.2

- Plasticity Index 2.8.7 R44/A2.2 Each Lot R44/A2.2
Inspection/
- Maximum particle dimension 2.8.7 T280 if Each Lot 2.8.7
required
- Grading 2.8.7 T201 Each Lot 2.8.7
12.4 Spill Through Bridge Abutment Fill Construction 5.2.3
ER
Place spill through bridge abutment fill material: 5.2.3

- Width and height of zone 5.2.3 Survey Each zone Figure R44.7
- Lot homogeneity 5.1.2, 7.3.2 Inspection Each Lot 5.1.2, 7.3.2
- Layer thickness 5.2.3 Measure Each Lot 5.2.3
T105, T111,
- Relative compaction 5.2.3, 7.4 T119, T162, D&C Q6 Table R44.10
T166, T173
T120, T121,
- Moisture content 5.2.3, 7.2 D&C Q6 R44/A5
T180
P
12.5 Rock Fill Embankment Construction

Place rock fill for embankment construction: 5.3
- Trial section Each trial Release of
7.5 7.5
Witness Point / Hold Point section Hold Point
SU

- Layer thickness 5.3.2 Measure Each Lot 5.3.2
- Proof rolling
7.6.1 T198 As required 7.6.1
Witness Point
Place rock capping layer over rock fill 5.3.3
- Trial section Each trial Release of
7.5 7.3
Witness Point / Hold Point section Hold Point
- Layer thickness 5.3.4 Measure Each Lot R44/A4
66 Ed 3 / Rev 1
Earthworks D&C R44

- Distance from top of rock capping layer to underside of
5.3.4 Survey Each Lot 5.3.4
D
- Proof rolling
7.6.1 T198 As required 7.6.1
Witness Point
Geotextile material suitability 5.3.4 D&C R63 D&C R63 D&C R63
Place geotextile 5.3.4 D&C R63 D&C R63 D&C R63
12.6 Embankment Batters 5.4
DE
Batters conform to tolerances 5.4 Survey Each batter Table R44.8
Remove loose material from batters 5.4 Inspection Each batter 5.4
Treat batters 5.4 As required As required As required
12.7 Rock Facing to Embankments 5.5
Rock facing material suitability: 5.5.2
- Minimum dimension 5.5.2 Inspection Each batter 5.5.2
- Point Load Strength Index 5.5.2 R44/A2.2 10 per batter R44/A2.2
- Wet/Dry Strength Variation 5.5.2 R44/A2.2 Each source R44/A2.2
Place rock facing to embankments 5.5.3 Inspection Each batter 5.5
SE
12.8 Select Fill adjacent to Structures 5.6
D&C B30, D&C
R11 or D&C
R58
D&C B30, D&C
R11 or D&C
R58
D&C B30, D&C
R11 or D&C
R58
13. STRUCTURAL TREATMENTS

13.1 Upper Zone Material other than Selected Material 2.8.4
Site won: 2.8.4.1
- CBR 2.8.4.1 R44/A2.2 Each Lot R44/A2.2
ER
- Plasticity Index 2.8.4.1 R44/A2.2 Each Lot R44/A2.2

Inspection/
- Maximum particle dimension 2.8.4.1 T280 if Each Lot 2.8.4.1
required.
- Grading 2.8.4.1 T106 Each Lot 2.8.4.1
Imported: 2.8.4.2
- CBR 2.8.4.2 R44/A2.2 Each Lot R44/A2.2
Inspection/
P

required.
13.2 Selected Material 2.8.5
Site won 2.8.5.1
SU
- CBR 2.8.5.1 R44/A2.2 Each Lot R44/A2.2

Inspection/
required.
Imported 2.8.5.2 D&C 3071 D&C 3071 D&C 3071
13.3 Verge Material 2.8.6
Site won 2.8.6.1
Ed 3 / Rev 1 67
D&C R44 Earthworks

- CBR 2.8.6.1 R44/A2.2 Each Lot R44/A2.2
D
Inspection/
required.
D&C 3071 &
DE
Imported 2.8.6.2 D&C 3071 D&C 3071
R44/A2.2
13.4 Placing Material in Upper Zone of Formation other
6.1.1
than Selected Material Zone
Delivery of Upper Zone Material other than Selected
Release of
Material 6.1.1
Hold Point
Hold Point
Place material in Upper Zone of Formation other than
Selected Material Zone:
- Layer thickness SE 6.1.1 Measure Each Lot R44/A4
T105, T111,
T166, T173
T120, T121,
T180
Trim to required tolerance 6.1.1, 7.7.1 Survey Each section Table R44.11
13.5 Placing Material in Selected Material Zone 6.1.2
Delivery of Selected Material Release of
6.1.2
ER
Place material in Selected Material Zone:

- Layer thickness 6.1.2 Measure Each Lot R44/A4
T105, T111,
T166, T173
T120, T121,
T180
Trim to required tolerance 6.1.2, 7.7.1 Survey Each section Table R44.11
Verification of conformity before covering Release of
6.1.2 Reports Each Lot
P
13.6 Placing Material for Verges 6.2

Delivery of verge material Release of
6.2
- Layer thickness 6.2 Measure Each Lot R44/A4
SU
T105, T111,
- Relative compaction 6.2, 7.4 T119, T162, D&C Q6 Table R44.10
T166, T173
T120, T121,
- Moisture content 6.2, 7.2 D&C Q6 R44/A5
T180
- Trim to required tolerance 6.2, 7.7.1 Survey Each section Table R44.11
13.7 Other Treatments 6.3
[Additional details to be inserted as appropriate]
14. Deflection Testing 7.6
68 Ed 3 / Rev 1
Earthworks D&C R44

Proof rolling of all surfaces within 1.5 m of underside of
Selected Material Zone 7.6.1 T198 As required No deformation
D
Witness Point
Benkelman Beam testing at underside of the Selected
Material Zone 7.6.2 T199 R44/A4 7.6.2, R44/A4
Hold Point
Benkelman Beam testing at top of the Selected Material
DE
Zone 7.6.2 T199 R44/A4 7.6.2, R44/A4
Witness Point / Hold Point
15. Level Control 7.7

Surface levels of Selected Material Zone, formation at
underside of Selected Material Zone, Designed Floor
7.7.1 Survey Each section Table R44.11
Level and Foundation Level, cut/fill transitions, benches
in cuttings, rock fill and verges
Median areas
SE 7.7.3 Survey Each section 7.7.3
Table R44/L.2 – Sampling Frequency for Material in Stockpiles
Total Mass of Lot Represented (tonnes) 1 – 500 501 – 1000 1001 – 2000 2001 – 4000
Minimum Number of Samples per Lot 2 3 4 5
P ER
SU
Ed 3 / Rev 1 69
D&C R44 Earthworks
ANNEXURE R44/M – REFERENCED DOCUMENTS

Refer to Clause 1.3.6.
D
TfNSW Specifications
TfNSW D&C G10 Traffic Management

TfNSW D&C G36 Environmental Protection
DE
TfNSW D&C G38 Soil and Water Management
TfNSW D&C G40 Clearing and Grubbing
TfNSW D&C G71 Construction Surveys
TfNSW D&C Q6 Quality Management System (Type 6)
TfNSW D&C B30 Excavation and Backfill for Bridgeworks
TfNSW D&C R11 Stormwater Drainage
TfNSW D&C R33 SE Trench Drains
TfNSW D&C R50 Stabilisation of Earthworks
TfNSW D&C R58 Construction of Reinforced Soil Walls (Contractor’s Design)
TfNSW D&C R63 Geotextiles (Separation and Filtration)
TfNSW D&C R67 High Strength Geosynthetic Reinforcement
TfNSW D&C R178 Vegetation
TfNSW D&C 3071 Selected Material for Formation Layers
ER
TfNSW Test Methods
TfNSW T102 Pretreatment of Road Construction Materials by Compaction

TfNSW T103 Pretreatment of Road Materials by Artificial Weathering
TfNSW T105 Preparation of Samples for Testing (Soils)
TfNSW T106 Coarse Particle Size Distribution of Road Construction Materials (By Dry
Sieving)
P
TfNSW T109 Plastic Limit and Plasticity Index of Road Construction Materials
TfNSW T111 Dry Density/Moisture Relations of Road Construction Materials (Standard
Compaction)
TfNSW T117 California Bearing Ratio of Remoulded Specimens of Road Construction
SU
Materials
TfNSW T119 Determination of Density of Road Materials insitu using the Sand Replacement
Method
TfNSW T120 Moisture Content of Road Construction Materials (Standard Method)
TfNSW T121 Moisture Content of Road Construction Materials (Sand Bath or Hot Plate
Method)
TfNSW T131 Unconfined Compressive Strength of Road Construction Materials (Blended in
the Laboratory with Cementitious Binders)
70 Ed 3 / Rev 1
Earthworks D&C R44
TfNSW T162 Compaction Control Test (Rapid Method)

TfNSW T166 Relative Compaction of Road Construction Materials
TfNSW T173 Field Wet Density of Road Construction Materials (Nuclear Gauge in Direct
Transmission Method)
D
TfNSW T180 Moisture Content of Road Construction Materials (Microwave Oven Method)
TfNSW T198 Proof Rolling Test
TfNSW T199 Deflection Testing of Road Formation
DE
TfNSW T201 Particle Distribution of Aggregates (By Washing)
TfNSW T215 Wet/Dry Strength Variation
TfNSW T223 Point Load Strength of Rock
TfNSW T2105 Correlation of Moisture Content with Standard Method
Australian Standards
AS 2187 SE Parts 1 and 2. Explosives – Storage, transport and use
Other References
NAASRA Explosives in Roadworks Users Guide 1982

ANZECC Technical Basis for Guidelines to Minimise Annoyance due to
Blasting Overpressure and Ground Vibration
P ER
SU
Ed 3 / Rev 1 71

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TRANSPORT FOR NSW (TfNSW)

SPECIFICATION D&C R44

Ed/Rev Clause Authorised

2.6, 2.8.2.2 stockpile sites and imported materials from

Specification R44 Ed 5/Rev 0.

References to “RMS Representative”

Edition 3 / Revision 1 TRANSPORT FOR NSW

Edition 3 / Revision 1 TRANSPORT FOR NSW

2 EARTHWORKS MATERIALS ...................................................................................................... 10

3.2 Foundation Treatments Under Embankments ........................................................... 15

4.5 Pre-splitting or Line Drilling .................................................................................... 32

5.1 General .................................................................................................................... 35

6 STRUCTURAL TREATMENTS ..................................................................................................... 41

7 ADDITIONAL CONFORMITY REQUIREMENTS ............................................................................. 44

ANNEXURE R44/A – PROJECT SPECIFIC INFORMATION ...................................................................... 51

ANNEXURE R44/B – (NOT USED) ...................................................................................................... 56

ANNEXURES R44/D TO R44/K – (NOT USED) .................................................................................... 58

ANNEXURE R44/M – REFERENCED DOCUMENTS ............................................................................... 70

LAST PAGE OF THIS DOCUMENT IS ...................................................................................................... 71

TFNSW COPYRIGHT AND USE OF THIS DOCUMENT

When this document forms part of a deed

TfNSW SPECIFICATION D&C R44

1.2 EARTHWORKS PROCESS

Table R44.1 – Summary of Earthworks Process

Clause 7 Conformity Requirements

The earthworks process outline by activity sequence is given in Figure R44.1.

Erosion and R44 Process Outline

Excavate Unsuitable Material

Foundation Shallow Foundation

Embankment Cut/Fill Transition

Figure R44.1 – Earthworks Process Outline By Activity Sequence

1.3 STRUCTURE OF SPECIFICATION

1.3.1 Project Specific Information

1.3.2 (Not Used)

1.3.4 Planning Documents

1.3.5 Minimum Frequency of Testing

conform to the requirements of Specification TfNSW D&C Q6.

1.3.6 Referenced Documents

The following definitions apply to this Specification:

Contaminated Material classified as “Special”, “Hazardous” or “Restricted Solid” Waste in

Earthworks The activities covered by this Specification.

Road Same as Formation.

Stripped Level of the surface after stripping of topsoil.

Unsuitable Unsuitable material is material occurring:

where excavation to that level is required as part of Foundation Treatment);

It excludes materials excavated to Foundation Level for Foundation Treatment

Working A layer located at the foundation of the formation in an embankment or within a

BATTER MEDIAN (dual carriageways only)

Selected Material Zone Verge or Pavement (see drawings)

Figure R44.2(a) – Embankment Nomenclature

BATTER MEDIAN (dual carriageways only)

Refer to drawings for

Figure R44.2(b) – Cutting Nomenclature

1.5 EARTHWORKS PLAN

1.5.2 Plan Submission and Updating

Submit to the Principal an updated EARTHWORKS PLAN:

construction, if such requirement alters any details in the EARTHWORKS PLAN.

An updated EARTHWORKS PLAN must show:

1.6.2 (Not Used)