Water Supply Engineering

‫هندسة اإلمداد بمياه الشرب‬

Drinking Water Resources ‫مصادر مياه الشرب‬

Groundwater ‫المياه الجوفية‬

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 Water Supply Project
Stages …
Population Studies
Water Consumption Studies
1. Preliminary Studies Water Resources Studies
Topographic Survey
Geotechnical Studies … etc

2. Design
Drawings & Specifications

3. Construction

4. Operation & Maintenance

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 Water Resources

1. Surface water
2. Groundwater
3. Rain water
4. Sea water
5. Reuse

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Hydrology

is the study of the movement, distribution, and quality

of water on Earth, including the hydrologic
cycle, water resources and environmental
watershed sustainability. A practitioner of
hydrology is a hydrologist, working within the fields
of earth or environmental science, physical
geography, geology or civil and environmental
engineering.

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Hydrologic Cycle

The hydrologic cycle is a constant movement of water above,

on, and below the earth's surface. It begins as water vaporizes
into the atmosphere from vegetation, soil, lakes, rivers,
snowfields and oceans-

The process called evapotranspiration.

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 Hydrologic Cycle

As the water vaporizes it condenses to form clouds that return

water to the land through precipitation: rain or snow.
Precipitation falls on the earth and either percolates into the
soil or flows across the ground. Usually it does both. When
precipitation percolates into the soil it is called infiltration;
when it flows across the ground it is called surface runoff.

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 Water Quality

How Water Cycle Can Affect Water Quality?

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 Engineered Water Cycle
Ground Water Rain or Sea Water
Isolated Coastal

How Community Location Can Affect Water/

Wastewater Scheme?
Surface Water
Agricultural

Surface Water
Coastal

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 Construction of Water Supply Systems
Surface Water Ground Water
‫المياه السطحية‬ ‫المياه الجوفية‬

Collection Works
‫أعمال تجميع المياه‬

Purification Works
‫أعمال التنقية‬

Distribution Works
‫أعمال التوزيع‬
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 Groundwater

Groundwater is water that is found underground in the

cracks and spaces in soil, sand and rock.

Groundwater is stored in--and moves slowly through--layers

of soil, sand and rocks called aquifers.

Aquifers typically consist of gravel, sand, sandstone, or

fractured rock, like limestone. These materials are permeable
because they have large connected spaces that allow water to
flow through.

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The area where water fills the aquifer is called the
saturated zone (or saturation zone). The top of this zone
is called the water table. The water table may be located
only a foot below the ground’s surface or it can sit
hundreds of feet down.

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 Types of Wells
According to depth:

(a) Shallow wells (<30m)

(b) Deep wells (>30m)

According to existing pressure:

(a) Gravity (ordinary) wells (pressure = atm. pressure)

(b) Pressure (artesian) wells (pressure > atm. pressure)

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Ground Water Wells

Ground surface Qw

Static water level

Drawdown
Cone of depression
Pumping water level

Radius of influence
(R)

Radius of well
(r)
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1. Static water level — The water level in a well when no water is being
taken from the groundwater source (i.e., the water level when the pump is
off). It is also called piezometric surface.

2. Pumping water level — The water level when the pump is on. When water
is pumped out of a well, the water level usually drops below the level in the
surrounding aquifer and eventually stabilizes at a lower level; this is the
pumping level.

3. Drawdown — the difference, or the drop, between the static water level
and the pumping water level (Simply, it is the distance the water level drops
once pumping begins).
4. Cone of depression — In unconfined aquifers, there is a flow of water in
the aquifer from all directions toward the well during pumping. The free
water surface in the aquifer then takes the shape of an inverted cone. The
curve of the line extends from the pumping water level to the static water
level at the outside edge of the zone (or radius) of influence.

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5. Zone (or radius) of influence — The distance between the pump shaft
and the outermost area affected by drawdown. The distance depends on the
porosity of the soil and other factors.

6. Well yield (Qw) is the rate of water withdrawal that a well can supply
over a long period.

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 Gravity Well
At any distance “x” from the well:
Ground surface
Qw = A* V , (V= K*i) Peizometric
surface
x
Qw = (2Π * x * y) * (K* dy/dx)
R ∫Q dx/x = H ∫ 2 Π K y dy
w H
r h
R H h
y
Qw ln x = 2 Π K y /22
R
r h
Qw )ln R- lnr) = Π K(H2-h2) r

Π K (H2-h2)
Qw =
ln (R/r)
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Pressure Well
At any distance “x” from the well:
Ground surface
Qw = A* V , (V= K*i)
Peizometric
x surface
Qw = (2Π * x * b) * (K* dy/dx)
R H
∫Qw dx/x = ∫ 2 Π K b dy H
y
r h

R H h
b
Qw ln x = 2 Π K * b * y
h
r
R r
Qw )ln R- lnr) = 2 Π K b (H-h)

2 Π K b (H-h)
Qw =
ln (R/r)
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 Required number of wells:
n= Qcity/ Qw

Where, Q city = Pop * qav* 1.4 (Max. Monthly Water Cons.)

Distribution of wells:

2R
2R 2R
2R 2R

2R 2R 2R

2R
2R

Well Field 20
 Velocities
Velocity through soil (seepage velocity)= k * i

Velocity through screen= Q/( 2π r Lscreen x%pores)

Velocity through well = Q / Well Area

Where,

Well area = πr2

i= hydraulic gradient , K = Coefficient of permeability

Lscreen= screen length

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 Methods of Well Construction

Dug Wells ‫حفر‬

Dug wells are the oldest type of

well and date back many
centuries; they are dug by hand
or by a variety of unspecialized
equipment. They range in size
from approximately 4 to 15 ft in
diameter and are usually about
20 to 40 ft deep.
Such wells are usually lined or
cased with concrete or brick.
They are vulnerable to
contamination and are not
acceptable as a public water
supply in many locations.

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Bored Method

Bored wells range from 1 to 36 in.

in diameter. The boring is
accomplished with augers (either
hand or machine driven) that fill
with soil and then are drawn to the
surface to be emptied.
The casing may be placed after the
well is completed (in relatively
cohesive soils), but must advance
with the well in non-cohesive soils.

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Driven Method

Driven wells consist of a pipe casing

terminating in a point slightly
greater in diameter than the casing.
The pointed well screen and the
lengths of pipe attached to it are
pounded down or driven in the
same manner as a pile, usually with
a drop hammer, to the water-
bearing strata.
Driven wells are used only in
unconsolidated soils.

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Drilled Method

Drilled wells are usually the only

type of well allowed for use in most
public water supply systems. Several
different methods of drilling are
available; all are capable of drilling
wells of extreme depth. Drilled wells
are constructed using a drilling rig
that creates a hole into which the
casing is placed. Screens are installed
at one or more levels.

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Example:
A community has an average water consumption of 2000 m3/day.
The water supply source is a group of 5 artesian wells, each of 30
cm diameter. If the drawdown at the well is 5 m, radius of
influence is 600 m and soil coefficient of permeability is
1.25m/hr, calculate the thickness of aquifer.

Answer:
2 Π K b (H-h)
Qw =
ln (R/r)
2 Π (1.25×24) * b * (5)
1.4×2000/5 =
ln (600/0.15)
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