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9.

Design of Services

9.1 Design of Vertical and Horizontal Circulation Systems 9.1.1 Introduction Normally buildings must have corridors and stairways sufficiently wide to cope with the pedestrian traffic. But in multistory buildings (high-rise buildings) in addition to that, there are lifts (elevators) and sometimes escalators and moving walkways. There are several types of lifts available for different purposes. In high rise buildings rather than the passenger lifts there are service lifts also available. In here there are three types of high-rise buildings available. Those are, 1. Residential Tower 2. Office Complex 3. Shopping Complex

Therefore three different buildings have separate vertical and horizontal circulation systems. Those are indicated below. Table 9-1: Different Types of Circulation Systems Type of Building Residential Office Complex Shopping Complex Types of Circulation Systems Lifts, Stairway Lifts, Stairway Lifts, Stairway, Escalator

To design of lifts we are using soft zoning for all of the 3 buildings. Therefore all the lifts will serve every floor in their particular building.

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9.1.2 Residential Tower 9.1.2.1 Lift Design Calculation Assumptions Basement height is 4.5m Parking floor height is 2.7m Additional floor height is 2.4m (This is used where the transfer plate is located) Floor height of other floors 3.6m Midrange type apartment Population density is 2 per bedroom (Table 25) = = =

Number of 6 apartment floors Number of 2 bedroom houses

Number of 4 apartment floors Number of 3 bedroom houses

= = =

Number of occupants in a bedroom = Total number of bedrooms = = ( ) ( )

Total Number of population in Residential Building =

Total Number of floors to be served

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Lift system is designed for 5 minutes peak capacity. % of population handles in 5 minutes # Of population handle to be in 5 minutes = 6% (Table 25.5) = = Average interval Capacity of a lift car Elevator speed Round Trip Time = = = = (Table 25.4) (Figure 25.7.2)

(Round trip time is based on 3.6m building height. Therefore correction must be done) Correction of RTT = = Corrected RTT # of lifts required = = = =

Since the building height is greater than the 18m have to provide a fire fighting lift (service lift) according to building regulations. (BS 5588-5 : Fire precautions in the design, construction and use of buildings) Therefore rather than the 3 passenger lifts additional service lift is same as the passenger lift. Lift arrangement is indicated in the next page.

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Figure 9-1: Lift Arrangement of Residential Tower

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9.1.2.2 Stairway Design Calculation

Rise and thread of the stairs are taken as 180mm and 230mm respectively. Floor to floor height of steps needed floor to floor = = = As the numbers of steps are more than the recommended value for a single flight, 2 flights of 10 steps are used. Width of the flight is taken as 1.0m. Therefore depth of the landing is selected as 0.9m(less than width of the flight) (Building services hand book, 5th edition, Fred Hall and Roger Greeno) Let angle of the flight to the horizontal to be :

Check for the angle ; ( ( ( ) ) )

Therefore angle is of satisfactory value and design was done accurately.

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Figure 9-2: Side View of a Residential Building Stairway

9.1.3 Office Complex 9.1.3.1 Lift Design Calculation Assumptions Floor to floor height is 3.6m Area allocated per one person is 10m2 Building type is investment, downtown Service core is 25% from the total area

Note: Calculation procedure is same as the above (Lift design calculation of Residential Tower). Therefore it is not shown in here. Calculation is indicated in Annex. # of lifts required Since the building height is greater than the 18m have to provide a fire fighting lift (service lift) according to building regulations. (BS 5588-5 : Fire precautions in the design, construction and use of buildings)

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Therefore rather than the 2 passenger lifts additional service lift which is same size as the passenger lift. Lift arrangement is indicated in the next page.

Figure 9-3: Lift Arrangement of Office Complex

9.1.3.2 Stairway Design Calculation

Note: Calculation procedure is same as the above (Stairway design calculation of Residential Tower). Therefore it is not shown in here. Calculation is indicated in Annex.

9.1.4 Shopping Complex 9.1.4.1 Service Lift In a shopping complex we are using a service lift to transport the goods for upper floors. Dimensions of the lift indicate in next figure. Operational speed 2.5m/s Shaft width 1.8m Shaft depth 2.1m Shaft pit depth 2.8m

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Shaft head height 5m Minimum area of lift motor room 14m2 Lift car width 1100mm Lift car depth 1400mm Clear height of lift car 2200mm

Figure 9-4 : Lift Arrangement of Shopping Complex 9.1.4.2 Escalator Design Escalators are moving stairs used to convey people between floor levels. The maximum carrying capacity depends on the step width and conveyor speed. Step width People per step Speed of lift = = =

Escalator capacity formula to estimate the number of persons (N) moved per hour, (Building services hand book, 5th edition, Fred Hall and Roger Greeno)

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P Number of person per step V Speed of travel (m/s) Angle of incline L Length of each step (m)

Here we used cross over escalator to move up. Cross section of the escalator is indicated in below.

Figure 9-5 : Cross Section of the Escalator

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9.1.4.3 Stairway Design Calculation

Note: Calculation procedure is same as the above (Stairway design calculation of Residential Tower). Therefore it is not shown in here. Calculation is indicated in Annex.

9.2 Design of Sanitary Appliances 9.2.1 Office Tower 9.2.1.1 Sanitary Appliances for Ground, 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th & 5th floors Sanitary appliances mainly used in public area, 1. WCs 2. Urinals 3. Lavatory Basins 4. Cleaners Sinks Assumptions 10m2 need per person Male to female ratio is 60:40 Service area is about 20% Ground floor consists of reception area. It is also consider as the office area. = = = = =

Total usable floor area # of population per floor # of males # of females

Therefore, these are the selected sanitary appliances for 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th & 5th floors.

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Table 9-2: Sanitary Appliances required for 1st to 5th floors (Office Tower) Types of Appliances WC Urinals Lavatory Basin Cleaners Sink 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 Male Female

(Ref: Table 2- Metric Hand Book Planning and Design Data)

Figure 9-6 : Sanitary Arrangement of 1st to 5th floors in Office Complex Provide an additional sanitary appliances for staff in reception area (Ground Floor Common Area)

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Selected sanitary appliances for ground floor, Table 9-3: Sanitary Appliances required for ground floor in Office Complex Types of Appliances WC Urinals Lavatory Basin Cleaners Sink 3 3 3 1 3 3 1 Male Female

9.2.1.2 Sanitary Appliances for 6th floor (Top floor)

Note: Calculation procedure is same as the above (Sanitary appliances calculation for ground to 5 th floor of Office Tower). Therefore it is not shown in here. Calculation is indicated in Annex. Therefore selected sanitary appliances for top floor, Table 9-4: Sanitary Appliances required for top floor in Office Complex Types of Appliances WC Urinals Lavatory Basin Cleaners Sink Confer. 2 2 2 1 Male Cafeteria 1 1 1 Total 3 3 3 1 Confer. 2 2 1 Female Cafeteria 2 2 Total 4 4 1

Note: Sanitary arrangement of top floor is indicated in Annex.

9.2.2 Residential Tower 9.2.2.1 Sanitary Appliances for 2 bedroom apartment

Each apartment consists of master bathroom and common bathroom. Following chart indicate the types of appliances used for different bathrooms

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Table 9-5: Sanitary Appliances needed in Residential Tower-2 bed room apartment Master Bath room Shower Bath tub WC Wash Basin Common Bath room Shower WC Wash Basin Washing Machine

Figure 9-7 : Sanitary Arrangement of Master Bath room

Figure 9-8 : Sanitary Arrangement of Common Bath room

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9.2.2.2 Sanitary Appliances for 3 bedroom apartment

Note: Calculation procedure is same as the above (Sanitary appliances calculation for 2 bed room apartment). Therefore it is not shown in here. Calculation is indicated in Annex. Arrangements of bathrooms are same as the arrangement of bathrooms in 2 bed room apartments. Arrangement is indicated in the Annex. 9.2.2.3 Sanitary Appliances for 4th floor (Swimming Pool and Gym) Note: Calculation procedure is same as the above (Sanitary appliances calculation for office tower). Therefore it is not shown in here. Calculation is indicated in Annex. Therefore selected sanitary appliances for Gym, Table 9-6: Sanitary Appliances for 4th floor in Residential Tower-Gym Types of Appliances WC Urinals Lavatory Basin Cleaners Sink 2 2 3 3 ( Ref: Metric Handbook Planning & Design Data) Therefore selected sanitary appliances for swimming pool area, Table 9-7: Sanitary Appliances for 4th floor in Residential Tower-Swimming Pool Types of Appliances WC Urinals Lavatory Basin Cleaners Sink 3 3 4 4 ( Ref: Metric Handbook Planning & Design Data) 5 3 3 Male Female 2 2 2 Male Female

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9.2.2.4 Sanitary Appliances for Ground floor (Reception Area) Ground floor has a recreation area. Therefore in reception area has to provide sanitary facilities for staff. Therefore selected sanitary appliances for Ground floor, Table 9-8: Sanitary Appliances for Ground floor in Residential Tower Types of Appliances WC Urinals Wash Basin 1 1 1 ( Ref: Metric Handbook Planning & Design Data) 1 1 Male Female

9.2.3 Shopping Complex Sanitary appliances mainly used in public area, 1. WCs 2. Urinals 3. Lavatory Basins 4. Cleaners Sinks

9.2.3.1 Sanitary Appliances for Shopping Complex 1th floor Assumptions Basement and ground floor reserved for parking. There isnt any sanitary items installed in this area Male to female ratio is 50:50 Area allocated for a person is 6m2 Service area is about 25% from the total area = =

Total area of first floor Usable area of first floor

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= # of customers in first floor = = # of males # of females Therefore selected sanitary appliances for 1st floor, Table 9-9: Sanitary Appliances for 1st floor in Shopping Complex Types of Appliances WC Urinals Lavatory Basin Cleaners Sink 2 2 2 1 3 3 1 Male Female = =

( Ref: Table 2-Metric Handbook Planning & Design Data) 9.2.3.2 Sanitary Appliances for Shopping Complex 2nd floor Note: Calculation procedure is same as the above (Sanitary appliances calculation for Shopping Complex 1st floor). Therefore it is not shown in here. Calculation is indicated in Annex. Therefore selected sanitary appliances for second floor, Table 9-10: Sanitary Appliances for 2nd floor in Shopping Complex Types of Appliances WC Urinals Lavatory Basin Cleaners Sink Shopping 2 2 2 1 Male Cinema 2 2 2 Total 4 4 4 1 Shopping 3 3 1 Female Cinema 4 3 Total 7 6 1

( Ref: Table 2-Metric Handbook Planning & Design Data)

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9.2.3.3 Sanitary Appliances for Shopping Complex 3rd floor Note: Calculation procedure is same as the above (Sanitary appliances calculation for Shopping Complex 1st floor). Therefore it is not shown in here. Calculation is indicated in Annex. Therefore selected sanitary appliances for third floor, Table 9-11 Sanitary Appliances for 3rd floor in Shopping Complex Types of Appliances WC Urinals Lavatory Basin Cleaners Sink Male Shopping Restaurant 1 1 1 1 2 4 3 Total 3 5 4 1 Female Shopping Restaurant 1 1 1 6 6 Total 7 7 1

( Ref: Table 2-Metric Handbook Planning & Design Data) 9.3 Design of Water Supply System Water sump is designed to locate at basement level with two day storage. Same pump is used to distribute the water for three buildings. And another domestic water tank is located at the roof top level in order to provide the water to the buildings. In here we did not go for an intermediate water tanks. Therefore we can save that space also. But when we supply the water to the lower floors from the roof top level domestic tank pressure develops will be higher when the head increased. Therefore in order to control the pressure we have located several break water pressure valves at every 8 floors.

9.3.1 Calculation of Water Requirement for Residential Building Per capital demand of water Total population at building Water Requirement of Upper 7 floors # of occupants per bedroom # of bedrooms per apartment = = = =

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# of apartment per floor # of floors Total population

= = = =

Required water storage

= =

Note: Calculation procedure for water requirement of other floors of the residential building is same as above.(water requirement calculation for upper 7 floors). Therefore, calculations of water requirement of other floors are indicated in Annex. Here indicate the final values only. Table 9-12: Water Requirement of Residential Building Type of Floors 19th 25th 11th 18th 3rd 10th 1st,2nd, Gym & Parking Total Water Requirement (m3/day) 30 35 35 16 116

Therefore Total water requirement of Residential Tower per day 9.3.2 Calculation of Water requirement for Office Complex Assumptions Water required per person is 45l/day in office area Water required per person is 20l/day in conference hall Water required per person (customer) is 10l/day in cafeteria

Water required per person (staff member) is 20l/day in cafeteria

Common Area (Ground Floor), Usable floor area of ground floor =

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= Expected population = = Water requirement in common area = = Note: Calculation procedure for water requirement of other floors of the office complex is same as above.(water requirement calculation for Ground floor). Therefore, calculations of water requirement of other floors are indicated in Annex. Here indicate the final values only. Table 9-13: Water Requirement of Office Complex Type of Floors 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th Total Water Requirement (m3/day) 2.5 2.8 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.6 20.0

Total water requirement in Office Complex 9.3.3 Calculation of Water requirement for Shopping Complex Assumptions Water required per staff member is 45l/day Water required per customer is 10l/day Water required per meal is 7l/meal Staff to customer ratio is 20:80 # of seats available in restaurant is 300 5 meals will be served from a seat per day

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Water requirement for cooking is 20l/ person (person meal) Water sump is designed for 2 days

First Floor Usable area # of population = = = Water requirement in first floor =( = Note: Calculation procedure for water requirement of other floors of the Shopping Complex is same as above.(water requirement calculation for first floor). Therefore, calculations of water requirement of other floors are indicated in Annex. Here indicate the final values only. Table 9-14: Water Requirement of Shopping Complex Type of Floors 1st 2nd 3rd Total Water Requirement (m3/day) 3.4 4.9 42.0 50.0 ) ( )

Total water requirement in shopping complex Total water requirement in all 3 buildings = = Capacity of the basement water storage tank = = 9.4 Design of Above Ground Disposal System All the sanitary appliances could generate a certain quantity of waste water. This has to be disposed with due care to ensure habitable conditions within the building. In here all the buildings we are using

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two pipe systems. Therefore waste water from WCs, urinals is collected to one pipe ( soil stack) and waste water from wash basins, sink, kitchens and bath tubs is collected to another pipe which is called waste stack.

Figure 9-9 : Typical Arrangement of Two pipe System 9.4.1 Calculation for Residential Building 9.4.1.1 Internal Diameter for Traps Internal diameter for traps, (Ref: Building Services Handbook-5th edition-Fred Hall and Roger Greeno) Table 9-15: Internal Diameter of Traps for Residential Building Types of Fitments Bath tub Shower Water closet (WC) Wash Basin Trap Size (internal-mm) 40 40 50 32

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Washing Machine

40

9.4.1.2 Calculation of Diameters of Vertical Stack and Horizontal Branch Discharge units of 3 Bedroom Apartments (7 floors-24th to 30th floor), Table 9-16: Discharge units of 3 Bedroom Apartments Appliances Discharge Unit (per item) WC Wash Basin Shower Bath tub Washing Machine 7 1 1 6 3 # of Appliances per Floor 8 8 8 4 4 Total Discharge Units Per Floor 56 8 8 24 12 Total Discharge Units 392 56 56 168 84

Discharge units of 2 Bedroom Apartments (18 floors-6th to 23rd floor), Table 9-17: Discharge units of 2 Bedroom Apartments Appliances Discharge Unit (per item) WC Wash Basin Shower Bath tub Washing Machine 7 1 1 6 3 # of Appliances per Floor 12 12 12 6 6 Total Discharge Units Per Floor 84 12 12 36 18 Total Discharge Units 1512 216 216 648 324

Discharge units of Ground Floor, Ground floor has a recreation area. Therefore in reception area, has to provide sanitary facilities for staff,

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Table 9-18: Discharge units of Ground Floor-Residential Tower Appliances Discharge Unit (per item) WC Wash Basin Urinals 7 1 2 # of Appliances per Floor 2 2 1 Total Discharge Units per Floor 14 2 2 Total Discharge Units 14 2 2

Discharge units of 4th Floor (Gym and Swimming Pool Area), Table 9-19: Discharge units of 4th Floor-Residential Tower Appliances Discharge Unit (per item) WC Wash Basin Urinals Showers 14 2 2 2 # of Appliances per Floor 12 12 5 12 Total Discharge Units per Floor 168 24 10 24 Total Discharge Units 168 24 10 24

Note: Calculation procedure for total discharge units is indicated in the Annex. Here indicated the tabulated form of final values only. As well as the calculation of vertical and horizontal branch pipe sizes are indicated in Annex. Here indicate the final values only. Table 9-20: Vertical & Horizantal Branch Pipe Sizes of Residential Building Type of Pipe Total Discharge Units Soil Stack Vertical Stack Hoizantal Branch Pipe Waste Stack Vertical Stack Hoizantal Branch Pipe Vent Pipe (0.5D) 1838 2098 Pipe Diameter (mm) 125 150 125 150 63 1:100 1:100 Slope

References:

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BS EN 12056-2 : Gravity drainage systems inside buildings Building Services Handbook : 5th edition

Figure 9-10 : Section of Above Ground Water Disposal System-Residential Tower 9.4.2 Calculation for Office Complex 9.4.2.1 Internal Diameter for Traps Internal diameter for traps, (Ref: Building Services Handbook-5th edition-Fred Hall and Roger Greeno) Table 9-21: Internal Diameter of Traps for Office Complex Types of Fitments Water closet (WC) Urinal Lavatory Basin Cleaners Sink Trap Size (internal-mm) 50 40 32 40

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9.4.2.2 Calculation of Diameters of Vertical Stack and Horizontal Branch Discharge units of Basement, Two taps are fitted in basement area, Discharge unit of basement (for waste stack) Discharge units of Ground floor and1st to 5th floors Table 9-22: Discharge units of Ground floor to 5th floors-Office Complex Appliances Discharge Unit (per item) WC Urinals Lavatory Basin Cleaners Sink 14 2 2 14 28 12 28 12 392 24 56 168 Total # of Appliances Total Discharge Units =

Discharge units of Top floor (6th floor) Table 9-23: Discharge units of Top floor-Office Complex Appliances Discharge Unit (per item) WC Urinals Lavatory Basin Cleaners Sink 14 2 2 14 7 3 7 2 98 6 14 28 Total # of Appliances Total Discharge Units

Note: Calculation procedure for total discharge units is indicated in the Annex. Here indicated the tabulated form of final values only. As well as the calculation of vertical and horizontal branch pipe sizes are indicated in Annex. Here indicate the final values only. Table 9-24: Vertical & Horizantal Branch Pipe Sizes of Office Complex Type of Pipe Total Discharge Units Soil Stack Vertical Stack Hoizantal Branch Pipe 520 Pipe Diameter (mm) 100 125 1:100 Slope

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Waste Stack

Vertical Stack Hoizantal Branch Pipe

270

90 125

1:100 -

Vent Pipe (0.5D)

50

References: BS EN 12056-2 : Gravity drainage systems inside buildings Building Services Handbook : 5th edition

9.4.3 Calculation for Shopping Complex 9.4.3.1 Internal Diameter for Traps Internal diameter for traps, (Ref: Building Services Handbook-5th edition-Fred Hall and Roger Greeno) Table 9-25: Internal Diameter of Traps for Shopping Complex Types of Fitments Water closet (WC) Urinal Lavatory Basin Cleaners Sink Trap Size (internal-mm) 50 40 32 40

9.4.3.2 Calculation of Diameters of Vertical Stack and Horizontal Branch Discharge units of first floor Table 9-26: Discharge units of First floor -Shopping Complex Appliances Discharge Unit (per item) WC Urinals 14 2 5 2 70 4 Total # of Appliances Total Discharge Units

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Lavatory Basin Cleaners Sink

2 14

5 2

10 28

Discharge units of Second floor Table 9-27: Discharge units of Second floor -Shopping Complex Appliances Discharge Unit (per item) WC Urinals Lavatory Basin Cleaners Sink 14 2 2 14 11 4 10 2 154 8 20 28 Total # of Appliances Total Discharge Units

Discharge units of Third floor Table 9-28: Discharge units of Third floor -Shopping Complex Appliances Discharge Unit (per item) WC Urinals Lavatory Basin Cleaners Sink 14 2 2 14 10 5 11 4 140 10 22 56 Total # of Appliances Total Discharge Units

Note: Calculation procedure for total discharge units is indicated in the Annex. Here indicated the tabulated form of final values only. As well as the calculation of vertical and horizontal branch pipe sizes are indicated in Annex. Here indicate the final values only. Table 9-29: Vertical & Horizantal Branch Pipe Sizes of Shopping Complex Type of Pipe Total Discharge Units Soil Stack Vertical Stack Hoizantal Branch Pipe Waste Stack Vertical Stack 164 386 Pipe Diameter (mm) 90 125 90 1:100 Slope

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Hoizantal Branch Pipe Vent Pipe (0.5D) -

100 50

1:100 -

References: BS EN 12056-2 : Gravity drainage systems inside buildings Building Services Handbook : 5th edition

9.5 Below Ground Water Disposal System Wastewater generated from the building is 90% of its daily requirement Sewer waste water capacity is 40% of total generated waste water Total quantity of water used in 14 hours Peak discharge is six times the average discharge

9.5.1 Residential Tower 9.5.1.1 Estimation of Sewer Line Characteristics in Residential Tower Generated waste water capacity = = Generated sewer waste quantity =

Average Discharge

= =

Peak Discharge

= =

Assume, Half of the pipe is filled Self-cleansing velocity (V) is

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If the diameter of pipe D, , Where,

Therefore, we used 150mm diameter pipe. Then, Where,

150mm diameter pipe with 1:140 inclination pipe is used for the sewer line. 9.5.1.2 Estimation of Waste Water Line Characteristics in Residential Tower Generated Total waste water capacity Generated waste water quantity = =

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Average Discharge

= =

Peak Discharge

= =

Assume, Half of the pipe is filled Self-cleansing velocity (V) is

If the diameter of pipe D, , Where,

Therefore, we used 150mm diameter pipe. Then, Where,

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Use 150mm diameter pipe with 1:140 inclination pipe for the waste water line. 9.5.2 Office Complex Assumptions Water requirement per person is 45l/day in office area Water requirement per person is 20l/day in conference hall Water requirement per person (customer) is 10l/day in cafeteria Water requirement per person (staff member) is 20l/day in cafeteria

9.5.2.1 Estimation of Sewer Line Characteristics in Office Tower Note: Calculation procedure is same as the above (Estimation of Sewer Line Characteristics in Residential Building). Therefore here indicate the final values only. Calculation is indicated in Annex. Peak Discharge =

Use 65mm diameter pipe with 1:60 inclination for the sewer line. 9.5.2.2 Estimation of Waste Water Line Characteristics in Office Tower Note: Calculation procedure is same as the above (Estimation of Waste Water Line Characteristics in Residential Building). Therefore here indicate the final values only. Calculation is indicated in Annex. Peak Discharge =

Use 65mm diameter pipe with 1:60 inclination pipe for the waste water line.

9.5.3 Shopping Complex Assumptions Staff to customers ratio is 20:80 Water requirement per person (customer) is 10l/day Water requirement per person (staff member) is 45l/day Water requirement for cooking 20l/day

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Water requirement per meal 7l/day # of seats available in Restaurant 300

9.5.3.1 Estimation of Sewer Line Characteristics in Shopping Complex Note: Calculation procedure is same as the above (Estimation of Sewer Line Characteristics in Residential Building). Therefore here indicate the final values only. Calculation is indicated in Annex. Peak Discharge =

Use 100mm diameter pipe with 1:90 inclination for the sewer line.

9.5.3.2 Estimation of Waste Water Line Characteristics in Office Tower Note: Calculation procedure is same as the above (Estimation of Waste Water Line Characteristics in Residential Building). Therefore here indicate the final values only. Calculation is indicated in Annex. Peak Discharge =

Use 100mm diameter pipe with 1:90 inclination pipe for the waste water line. 9.6 Design of Fire Fighting Services

9.6.1 Introduction to Fire Fighting Services Firefighting system of a high-rise building can be divided in to mainly in two parts. Those are, 1) Fire Prevention Fire Prevention means the methods we can used to prevent a fire taking place. This includes, a. Fire doors, fire walls these doors and walls given a rating such as 1 hour, 2 hour, and etc. b. Fire meetings, fire education, fire inspection these methods specially used in factories 2) Fire Management Fire management means how we can manage the fire after taking place. This can be categorized into 3 parts. 1. Fire Detection

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It has two types of methods. Those are smoke detectors and heat detectors. Heat detectors available in two types as: fixed temperature detectors (it detects the temperature rising above a pre-defined level) which are the heat detectors going to be used in the emperor building and rising temperature detectors. (Detects rate of increasing temperature) 2. Fire Protection This method includes, a. Sprinkler It has a bulb filled with alcohol which is burst at particular temperature. (For the Emperor Tower this temperature is 630) And after burst the bulb it sprays water to control fire. b. Hose reel Hose reel can be handle by single person for small scale of fires c. Wet Riser It is the pipe running vertically through the whole building and which is filled with water under pressure. (this cant be handle by normal person but fire fighter only) d. Breaching inlet It is available at the outside of the building to connect the fire engine directly to the fire system of the building e. Fire extinguishers 0 these have different color-coded for easy to identified c. CO2 Black for oil and electrical fires Foam Spreads Pink/Cream ordinary and oil fires Water Red Ordinary fires Chemical Powder Blue any fire (specially for electrical fires)

Evacuation

In case of fire, it is better to plan the evacuation in high rise building. This includes, Fire staircase we have provided staircase in an emergency it can be used for evacuation Emergency exit Fire escape plan showing escape route this plan should be displayed normally at every floor. It should be shown the way to emergency exit. Signboards Sounders Public Announce System

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9.6.2 Sprinkler System Fire of the building depends on the usage of the building. According to the usage of the building sprinkler system is categorized in to three classes. Such as, Extra Light Hazard Ordinary Hazard Extra High Hazard

9.6.2.1 Design of Sprinkler System in Residential Building

Table 9-30: Hazard Conditions of Residential building Floor Number Basement Ground floor to 3rd floor 4th floor 5th to 29th floor Function Car park + Storage Car Park Gym + Spa Residential Hazard Condition Extra light Extra light Extra light Extra light

According to the hazard condition we can calculate the S (design spacing of sprinklers) and D (distance between rows of sprinklers) values. Table 9-31: Design of Sprinkler System in Office Tower Hazard Condition ( Extra Light 21 ) ( ) 4.5 ( ) 4.5

Table 9-32: Hazard Conditions of Office Complex Floor Number Basement Function Car parking Hazard Condition Extra light

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Ground floor 1st to 5th floor 6th floor

Common area Office area Conference hall

Extra light Extra light Extra light

According to the hazard condition we can calculate the S (design spacing of sprinklers) and D (distance between rows of sprinklers) values. Table 9-33: Dimensions of Sprinkler System in Office Complex Hazard Condition ( Extra Light 21 ) ( ) 4.5 ( ) 4.5

9.6.2.2 Design of Sprinkler System in Shopping Complex

Table 9-34: Hazard Conditions of Shopping Complex Floor Number Basement + Ground floor 1st to 2nd floor 3rd floor Function Car parking Shopping area Restaurant + Cinema Hazard Condition Extra light Ordinary Ordinary

According to the hazard condition we can calculate the S (design spacing of sprinklers) and D (distance between rows of sprinklers) values. Table 9-35: Dimensions of Sprinkler System in Shopping Complex Hazard Condition ( Extra Light Ordinary 21 12 ) ( ) 4.5 4 ( ) 4.5 3

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Figure 9-11 : Section of Wet Riser Schematic Diagram

9.6.3 Hose Reels Hose reels are firefighting equipment for the use as a first aid measure by building occupants. They should be located (near stair case), where users are less likely to be endangered by the fire. Discharge of a hose reel Hose reel should supply water at least one hour. Tank volume needed = = = One hose reel is not enough, when the area of the floor greater than the 800m2. Therefore we have to provide two hose reels per floor in apartment complex and shopping mall. But in office complex one hose reel is enough per each floor. All tanks should be located top of the building. Hose reel tank capacity needed, =

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Table 9-36: Hose Reel Tank Capacity Needed Building Type Apartment Shopping Office Capacity (m3) 4 4 2

Figure 9-12 : Section of Hose Reel Schematic Diagram

9.7 Design of Lighting System

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1. Use Incandescent Light Bulbs 2. Use Compact Fluorescent Lights (CFL) 3. Use LED Lighting Systems In order to identify the best option we did a comparison between above three lighting systems. Table 9-37: Comparison of Three Lighting Systems

Comparison Factors

LEDs

Incandescent Light Bulbs

CFLs

Life Span (average) Watts of electricity used (equivalent to 60 watt bulb) Kilo-watts of Electricity used (30 Incandescent Bulbs per year equivalent) Annual Operating Cost (30 Incandescent Bulbs per year equivalent) Contains the TOXIC Mercury Carbon Dioxide Emissions (30 bulbs per year) Heat Emitted Durability

50000 hours 6-8 watts

1200 hours 60 watts

8000 hours 13-15 watts

329 KWh/yr

3285 KWh/yr

767 KWh/yr

$32.85/yr

$328.59/yr

$76.85/yr

No 451 pounds/yr 3.4 btus/hour Very Durable

No 4500 pounds/yr 85 btus/hour Not very durable

Yes 1051 pounds/yr 30 btus/hour Not very durable

Therefore finally after comparison we decided to go for LED Lighting systems. Different areas need different illumination levels according to next table. (Ref: CIBSE (Chartered Institute of Building Services Engineers) Code for Lighting Part 2 (2002)

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Table 9-38: Illumination Level of Different areas Area Living Bed Room Kitchen Bathroom Corridor and Stairs Dinning Illumination Level (lux) 250 50 250 150 100 200

Following indicate the different illumination levels of different types of LEDs. Table 9-39: Illumination level of three lighting Systems

9.7.2 Calculation of Number of Lamps required in different areas Following indicate the sample calculation for number of lamps required in living area of 2 bedroom apartments. ( ) ( )

Ref: Building Services Handbook

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Where, N = number of lamps E = average illuminance on the working plane (lux) A = area of the working plane (m2) F = flux from one lamp (lumens) U = utilization factor M = maintenance factor Assumptions: Utilization factor is 0.5 Maintenance factor is 0.8 Used 25W LEDs with 2600 lumens Area of living 20.4m2 Illumination level of living is 300

Therefore number of lamps required in living area of 2 bedroom apartments. ( ) ( ) ( )

Likewise we can calculate the amount of LEDs required for the entire Residential Building. Following tables indicate the amount of LEDs required for the apartments.

Lamps Required in 2 Bed Room Apartments

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Table 9-40: LED Lamps required in 2 Bed room apartments 2 Bed Room Apartment Master Bed Room Master Bath Room Bed Room Bath Room Living Dinning Kitchen Corridor & Lobby TV Longe Total 13 5 12 4 20 9 9 10 8 Area Type Area (m2) Illumination Level(lux) 50 150 50 150 250 200 250 100 200 Number Of Lamps 1 1 1 1 5 2 2 1 2 14

Total number of Lamps required 5th -22nd floors = = Lamps Required in 3 Bed Room Apartments Table 9-41: LED Lamps required in 3 Bed room apartments 3 Bed Room Apartment Area Type Area (m2) Illumination Level(lux) 50 150 50 150 50 250 200 250 Number Of Lamps 1 1 1 1 1 6 3 3 per floor

Master Bed Room Master Bath Room Bed Room 1 Bath Room Bed Room 2 Living Dinning Kitchen

20 7 18 7 13 23 14 12

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Corridor & Lobby TV Longe Total Total number of Lamps required 23rd -29th floors = =

11 10

100 200

1 2 19

per floor

9.7.3 Calculation of Energy Required for Lighting Total amount of lamps required = Energy required for lighting = = = After calculating the energy requirement for lighting we can calculate the energy requirement for entire Residential Building approximately. Average energy consumption in a Residential building is indicated below. Wet Cleaning Computers Other 3% 1% 3% Refrigeration Cooking 4% 4% Electronics 5% Lighting 6% Adjust to seds 2% w

Space Cooling 45%

Space Heating 9%

Water Heating 18%

Figure 9-13 : Residential Site Energy Consumption

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This is design for America. But Sri Lanka is tropical country. Since our site is located in Nawala area space heating is not required. Due to Sri Lanka is tropical country we decided to used 45% for space cooling. Note: Here indicate the Energy requirement in tabulated form only. Calculations are indicating in the Annex. Table 9-42: Energy Requirement of the Building Requirement Space Cooling Water Heating Lighting Electronics Cooking Refrigeration Wet cleaning Computers Others Total Energy Required (kW)

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9.8 Design of Gondola Window Cleaning System It is very difficult task to cleaning the windows in high rise buildings. Therefore to do that, we have provided a Gondola Window Cleaning system to our residential building.

Figure 9-14 : Image of Gondola window Cleaning System

Figure 9-15 : Section of Gondola Window Cleaning System-Autocad Drawing

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