('(Qi6o d~;tc nuoc ngoai - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ·,Kho~ h.C?c Giaq c;U}c.

,..' _... ? ' , " ? ,

VAN DE Tl! CHU, THAM GIA VA THACH NHI~M THONG QUAN Ll

' ' ' ? , , - _, ,

DU'A VAO NHA THU'O'NG 0' CAC NU'O'C THEN THE GIO'I
• TS. NGUYEN XUAN HAl
Truimg fJSHP Ha N(ji

1. D~t van de cac mU'c d9 W "yeu" den mU'c do "manh". Cac

Quc'm If dtja vao nha tnidng (School-Based mLtc dQ nay can dL19c ILiu y, tuy nhien khong nen
Management- SBM) Ia trao quyen ra quyet d!nh si'i dt,Jng mU'c d9 "yeu" hay "m9nh" de so sanh
cho hi$u trLJCing, giao vien, cha mE? h9c sinh va nha trlidng nao tot hon hay kem hon, song dieu
d<?i dien cong dong khac nham tang yeu cau va nay ngt,J y den vi$c xac d!nh mCJ'c do tli chu ma
dam bao rang, nha trlidng cung cap cho nhCtng cac nha trlidng dL19c chuyen giao.
i9i fch kinh te va xa hQi phan anh nhCJ'ng LiU tien Vf dt,J, khi xac d!nh SBM Ia "yeu", C1 d6 cac
va gia tri tot nhat cua cac c(lng dong d!a phlidng trlidng chi c6 quyen tlj chu C1 mCJ'c d9 h9n che,
d6 (Lewis, 2006; and Leithwood and Menzies, thlidng chila cac ITnh vtfc lien quan den phliong
1998). NhCJ'ng cai each giao dt,JC cua cac nlioc phap giang d9y ho~c l$p ke hO<?Ch cho slj cai tien
thu(lc To chU'c Phat trien va H9p tac kinh te nha trlidng, nhli m(lt chliong trinh nha trliong
(Organization Economic Co-operation and chat IL19ng C1 Mehico (the Programa Escuelas de
Development - OECD) cung c6 chung m(lt so Calidad or PEC) (Skoufi as and Shapiro, 2006;
dac diem pho bien cua lo<?i nay bao gom tang va Karim va cac c(lng slj, 2004). Khi cac H(li
quyen tli tr! cua cac nha trlidng, c6 trach nhiem dong nha trliong bat dau dong vai tro tli van, nhli
ion hdn doi voi cac nhu cau cua d!a phliong, muc C1 qu$n Prince William cua bang Virginia (Drury
tieu tong quat doi VOi Vi$c cai tien ket qua h9c Levin, 1994), ho~c C1 Edmonton, Canada
tap cua h9c sinh (OECD - 2004). Hau het cac (Wohlstetter va Mohrman, 1996; Abu-Duhou,
quae gia c6 hoc sinh thtjc hi$n ..tot cac trik 1999), thi n6 dLi9C xac d!nh (j mCJ'c dQ cai each
nghi$m ket qua h9C t$p quae te, cho phep chfnh "trung binh". Khi cac h(li dong nay trCI nen tli chu
quyen d!a phuong va nha trlidng quyen tlj chu nhieu hon - nh$n dL19c nguon tai chfnh try'c tiep
dang ke de quyet d!nh n(li dung chuong trinh w cac cap chfnh quyen trung LicJng ho~c cap
giao due cua ho va sli phan bo, quan If cac chfnh quyen phu h9p (vf du, mot khoan ngan
nguon ILic cua h9. Trong bai viet nay, chung toi sach ho~c tai chfnh) va tuyen dt,Jng, si'i dt,Jng d(li
khai quat cac van de ve Slj tli chu, Slf tham gia ngO giao vi en va hi$u trLJCing, chon chliong trinh,
va trach nhiem cua cac lien doi trong xu hliong sach giao khoa giang day - dieu nay Ia m(lt lo<?i
quan If dlfa vao nha trlidng hi$n nay tren the gioi. cai each SBM m9nh hon nhieu. Cac nha trliong
2. Van de t1! chu trong quim li dy'a vao nhli the c6 the thay C1 El Salvador (Gropello,
nha trLJC1ng 2006) va New Zealand (Wylie, 1996). Cuoi cua
Cac chuong trinh SBM Ia slf tiep tuc cac duong bieu dien slf tiep tt,Jc Ia h$ thong giao dt,Jc
mU'c d(l cua viec dua ra quyet d!nh dL19c chuyen cong d!a phLicJng. 0 d6, cha mE? h9c sinh hoan
giao cho cap d!a phLicJng - w
vi$c tlj chu c6 gioi toan ILia chon va dieu hanh tat ca cac quyet d!nh
han den cac chLJong trinh voi tham vong cho giao dt,Jc, cac nha truong Ia nhCJ'ng b9 ph$n doc
phep cac nha trlidng tuyen dung va si'i dt,Jng d(li l$p, tat ca cac quyet d!nh lien quan den quan If
ngo giao vien toi muc do c(lng dong va cac to giao dt,Jc, hoat d(lng, tai chinh do cac h(li dong
chU'c tli nhan, ca nhan quan If nha trlidng va cuoi nha truong ho~c cac nha quan If nha trLJong dlia
cung Ia cho phep cha mE? t90 ra nha trlidng cua ra. Trong cac trLJong h9P nay, cha mE? ho~c bat
chfnh h9. Hinh 1 mo ta Sli tiep tt,JC nay va gioi cU' cac thanh vien c(lng dong nao cOng c6 the
thi$u m(lt so quae gia da thljc hi$n SBM theo thanh l$p cac truong tli voi tai chfnh cong nhling

KHGD so 51, thong 12- 2009 49

Khoa hc;tc Giao d~;~c - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Giao dl;Jc nuoc ngtt4i

ho~m toan dL(OC tLJ chu ve tai chinh, nhli d Dan ai Ia nglidi dlic;Jc trao quyen ra quyet dinh trong
M~ch, Ha Lan va trong m<)t s6 trlidng hop cac bat elf cai each SBM nao (Leithwood and
trlidng cong ho.:m toan tli chu (J mot s6 bang cua Menzies, 1998): 8ieu himh quan li hanh chinh;
Hoa Ki (Abu-Duhu 1999) va (J VLJong qu6c Anh. dieu hanh chuyen mon; dieu hanh cong dong;
Ve mot phliong dien nao d6, cha me h9c sinh c6 dieu hanh slf can bang.
quyen ve tl/ chu va slillia Ch9n (J ca trlidng tliiEln - EJitm hanh quim If hanh chinh SBM Ia
trlidng cong nhling dliOC tl/ chu hoan toan ve tai chuy§n giao quyen llfc cho hieu trLJCJng nha
chin h. trl1dng. Mo hinh nay nham mt,JC dich lam cho moi
3. Moi quan h~ gilia Sl/ tl/ chu va Sl/ tham nha trliong c6 trach nhiem hon d6i voi co quan
gia trung tam cua quan/huy$n hoac van ph6ng hoi
Mot phliong dien khac, d6 Ia ai nh~n dlioc dong. Loi ich cua loai SBM nay baa gom viec
quyen ra quyet d!nh khi dieu nay dlic;Jc chuy§n tang ClJCing hieu qua CUa Vi$C chi tieu doi Vdi van
giao den cap d<) nha trlidng. M<)t each don gian, de nhan slf, chLJong trinh giao d1,1c va mot ca
4 mo hinh sau c6 hieu qua d6i vdi vi¢c xac d!nh nhan cua moi nha trlidng c6 trach nhiem hon d6i

a
Hlnh 1: Phan IO?i cac cai each SBM dli(JC thl.fc hi~n cac quae gia khac nhau
Yeu Trung Tudng doi m~nh Manh Rat m~nh
binh
He thong duac Tll chu a Cac hoi dong Cac hoi dong nha Dieu hanh Cha m~ hoc Llfa chon mo
phi t$p !rung muc do gic'1i nha truang truang c6 quyen !If cac nguon sinh hoac hinh rna cha
hoa d6i vai cac h~n, chu duac thanh chu trong viec tuyen life trong cong dong me va nhvng
bang hoac cac yeu qua l$p song chu va sv dung giao yeu (vi du dieu hanh nguai khac c6
dia phuang vi$c lap ke yeu c6 chuc vien, hi$u truang va nhll cac nha truang, the thanh lap
nhllng khong hoach va nang Ill van. lua chon chuang khoan tai trLI6'ng.
cho cac tru6'ng, giang day. trinh, sach giao chinh)
vi the cac khoa, ...
trll6'ng khong
dlJQC !If chu.

Argentina
Chile
Mexico,
Cong hoa
Sec
Virginia (US)
Canada
Brazil
Thailand
B Chicago
New
York
Spain
New Zealand
El Salvador
Honduras
Nicaragua
Guatemala
Australia
Israel Hong Kong
Cambodia

11 SU sap xep nay thea Slj tiep dien CUa tU chiJ Va quyen chuyen giao ChO nha tru(Jng VOi CEJC lo<;Ji
SBM kh<'Jc nhau.
21 Cac nha trUCJng 0 Israel c6 quyen tlj chU ve ng{m sach cua ho. Ngfm s;:'lch nha trUCJng dUc;Jc dieu
hanh odia phucJng va dUc;Jc phi'in chia m¢t ph8n nhO trong tong so chi tieu cong, bOi vi Mu het
nhung chi tieu dUc;Jc dieu hanh va thtjc hi?n bOi chinh quyen trung ucJng. Khong hoi dong nha
truong va hiep hoi cha mf? nao c6 quyen dua ra quyet dinh.
31 Cac nha truang oCam-pu-chia trong chucJng trinh Education Quality International Program - EQIP
nhf!m ducJc su tai trc;J tren mat, cha mf? va doi ngu can b¢ nhan vien nha truong c6 quyen trong
viec ra quyet dinh, nhung hOi dong nha truong khong ducJc thanh tap mot each chinh thL!c.

50 I<HGD so 51, thong 12- 2009

~~~wlpo d~;~c nu'Qc ngoai
'<,;:_-~.c~:J~-{/
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Khoa h9c Giao d~;~c

voi cac nha chlic trach trung tam. nha trlidng d~ cai tien cong tac quan If nha
- EJieu h8nh chuyen man SBM Ia chuy~n trlidng va lam cho nha trlidng c6 trach nhi$m
giao quyen ra quyet d!nh chu yeu den giao vii'm. hc:ln doi voi cha mE? h9c sinh.
Mo hinh nay nham muc dich t$n dt,mg tot han Mo hinh dieu hanh quan li hanh chinh c6 the
kien thlic ma nha tnidng can cua giao vien d cap khong baa gid ton t<?i thea d9ng thuan tuy khi
d(l lop h9c. Slf tham gia day du vao tien trinh ra cac hi$u trliong khong baa gid quan li n6 trong
quyet d!nh cOng dong thdi t~10 dong llfc cho cac thlfc tien. Hi$U trlidng can nglidi khac d~ thlfc
giao vien thlfc hi$n cong vi¢c giimg d<?Y tot han, hien vi¢c nay va giup h9 dlia ra quyet d!nh cho
c6 th~ dan den hi$u qua va anh hliong lon han nha trlidng. Nhin chung c6 4 mo hinh dliqc trao
trong viec giang d9y. quyen tt! chu SBM tren the giCii duqc mo ta tren
- EJieu hanh c¢ng a6ng SBM Ia slf chuy~n day. Trang hau het cac trlidng hqp, quyen llfc
giao quyen ra quyet d!nh chu yeu cho cha mE? dl10c chuy~n giao cho mot b(l ph$n hqp phap
hoc sinh hoac cong dong. Thea mo hinh nay, chfnh thlic dang ton t<?i ki~u nhli h(li dong nha
giao vien va hi$u trliong dliQC coi Ia can dap Ling trlidng ho~c uy ban quan li nha trlidng, trong d6
nhieu han doi VOi nhu cau cua cha mE? h9C sinh. baa gam cac giao vien va hi$u trliong. Hau het
M(lt lai ich khac nLJ'a d6 Ia chl10ng trinh giao dt,Jc cac kieu SBM, cac d<?i di$n c(lng dong con phL,Jc
c6 the phan anh cac nhu cau va mong muon d v~,~ cho uy ban ho~c nh6m. Ket qua Ia nhLJ'ng
d!a phl10ng. nglidi lam vi¢c cua nha tnidng can lam quen d~
- EJieu hc'mh sv can bEing SBM Ia lam cho c6 biet nhLJ'ng nglidi d!a phl10ng, nhlJ'ng nglidi c6
sli can bang giLJ'a quyen ra quyet d!nh giLJ'a cha trach nhi$m doi voi nha trlidng va xem xet cac
me hoc sinh va giao vien khi ma ca hai deu Ia nhu caU, nguy$n V9ng cua d!a phli0ng de dlia ra
cac lien doi chinh cua bat eli nha trlidng nao. quyet d!nh thea Sl/ hieu biet cua h9. Nhltng
Muc dich cua Sl/ dieu hanh nay Ia t$n dL,Jng nglidi dan d!a phl10ng c6 the giam sat ho<?t dong
nhlJ'ng lqi the ve kien thlic cua giao vien doi voi chuyen mon cua nha trlidng de dlia ra nhlJ'ng

Hinh 2: Maj. quan h~ giO'a Sif Iif chtJ va Sif tham gia

Ha Lan
•:J New Zealand
..c
u * * Chicago,
~-
s::: USA
'cQ)
>-
:J
0
Guatemala *
*
El Salvador * Mozambique

*
Mexico
PEC
Mexico
AGES
*
*
Hieu trvemg Giao vien Cong d6ng/cha m~ svket hqp
Sl!tham gia

KHGD so 51, thong 12 - 2009 51

Khoa h9c Giao d~;~c - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Giao d~;~c nuoc ng~·f'
...
~. ;:.~

thay doi. M~c du slj tham gia cua c(mg dong c6 hien SBM Ia lam cho nha trLJC1ng c6 trach nhi$m
the cai tien vi$c l~p va thljc hi$n cac chl1c1ng he1n va quan If mang tfnh minh be~ch hC1n.
trinh thea each nay, song cac nhan vien nha Anderson (2005) de xuat 3 Joe~i trach nhi$m cua
trLJ'Cing Joi CUOn Sl/ tham gia cua C(>ng dong chi SBM. Doi vC1i nhCtng ngLJC1i dieu hanh nha trLJC1ng
thea each be ngoai ma khong lam ph etc te~p them can phai:
cu(lc song CUa hi$U trlfdng Va CaC giao vien a) C6 trach nhi$m gan ket giCta cac quy d!nh
(World Bank, 2007b; and Cook, 2007). Cha mE? va trach nhi$m cua nhCtng ngLJC1i c6 tham quyen
h<;>c sinh va thanh vien cong dong d6ng vai tro ve giao dt,~c.
trong SBM nhlfng khong c6 anh hlidng ro rang. b) C6 trach nhi$m gan ket cac tieu chuan va
Tuy nhien, trong m(>t so trLJC1ng hC1p, b(> ph~n h<;1p trach nhi$m vC1i dong nghi$p cua h<;>.
phap c6 quyen ILic chu yeu doi vC1i vi$c thljc hi$n c) C6 trach nhi$m ve vi$c h<;>c t~p cua h<;>c
SBM Ia hoi dong cha mE? h<;>c sinh, m~c du h<;> sinh va trach nhi$m vC1i c(lng dong n6i chung.
khong the hoe~t d(lng thanh cong neu khong c6 Cac chl1C1ng trinh SBM vU'a tang cl1C1ng sue
Sl/ ho tr<;J cua CaC giao vien va hi$U tnidng nha me~nh, dong thC1i vU'a dC1n gian hoa cac loe~i trach
trl1C1ng. nhi$m nay bang each tang cLJC1ng quyen llfc cac
Moi quan h$ giCta Sl/ tlj chu va Sl/ tham gia trach nhiem nay d cap do nha trLJC1ng de dlia ra
xac d!nh tam quan tr<;>ng cua cai each SBM. Hinh quyet d!nh c6 tfnh chat t~p the, do d6 Jam tang
2 slt dt,mg m(lt so ft nhCtng cai each SBM thong Slf minh bach cua tien trinh.
dung hC1n tren the giC1i de phaC hOC! moi quan h$ . Bang ~~~h tang cLJdng tfnh minh be~ch, SBM
nay. c6 the lam giam slf tham nhOng. Vf dt,~, de~ng tli
Chl1C1ng trinh AGES (Apoyo a Ia Gestiun chu b! giC1i han cua SBM trong chl1C1ng trinh PEC
Escolar) d Mehico giao quyen tlj chu d mete d(> d Mehico dL1<;1c cong nh~n c6 slj gia tang trach
toi thieu cho cac h9i dong nha tnJC1ng, chu yeu nhi$m va slj minh bach cOng nhlf phong ngU'a va
dli<;Jc cac b~c cha mE? dieu hanh (Gertler et al., he~n che dL1<;1c thljc te tham nhOng trong quan If
2006). Nhli v~y, trong hinh 2, tn,Jc hoanh the hi$n cac nguon tai chfnh danh cho giao dt,~c (Karim et
m(lt chut quyen tlj chu cua cha mE?. M~t khac, al., 2004 ). Dieu nay do cac hoi dong nha trLJC1ng
New Zealand c6 the dL1<;1c coi nhlf Ia nC1i c6 c6 trach nhi$m doi vC1i nhCtng ngLJC1i c6 tham
a
quyen tl/ chu mete cao khi hau het cac b~c cha quyen ve giao dt,~c (trach nhi$m dung) va doi vC1i
mE? c6 quyen ra quyet d!nh (Wylie, 1996). M(>t c(>ng dong nha trLJC1ng cOng nhlf cac nha tai tr9
muc cao khac Ia Ha Lan, quoc gia da thljc hi$n (trach nhi$m ngang). Neu dL1<;1c md r(>ng,chl1C1ng
giao quyen dLJa ra quyet d!nh cho hi$u trlfdng trinh nay c6 nhieu tiem nang de Jam giam phan
nha trLJC1ng de lam cho nha trl1C1ng c6 hieu qua JC1n slj tham nhOng (thea tai li$u Slf minh be~ch
hem vao nam 1985. Cung thC1i gian d6, cha me d quoc te- 2005 va Patrinos va Kagia- 2007). M(>t
Ha Lan c6 the dL1<;1c uy quyen de sang l~p ra m(lt so IL1<;1ng cac quae gia thljc hi$n mo hinh SBM
trl1C1ng mC1i nham dap etng nhu cau tfn ngl1Bng va vC1i mt,~c dfch r6 rang Ia lam tang trach nhi$m,
van hoa Cl,J the cua chfnh ban than h<;>. Thanh tang Sl/ tham gia cua cha mE? va c(lng dong trong
pho Chicago c.Ua Hoa Ki Ia m(lt vf du dien hinh tien trinh dLJa ra quyet d!nh. PhLJC1ng dien trach
ve h$ thong trLJ'Cing hoc CO Sl/ ket h<;Jp giCfa cac nhi$m cua cac cai each SBM cOng dLi<;Jc nhan
thanh vien c(>ng dong, giao vien va hi$u trlidng me~nh trong Bao cao Phat trien the giC1i cua WB
dliac trao quyen tlj chu d muc d9 cao (Cook et (World Bank 2004) nhLJia phl1C1ng each de tang
al., 2000). CL1C1ng setc me~nh cho cac moi quan h$ trach
4. Moi lien h~ gill'a slf tl! eMu - slf tham nhi$m giCta khach hang (cha mE? va h<;>c sinh) va
gia va trach nhi~m nglf(ji cung cap d!ch Vt,J (giao Vien, hi$U trlidng
C6 moi quan h$ khac trong ·chuoi W chu - va chfnh quyen).
tham gia, do Ia trach nhi$m. Te~i m(>t so quoc gia, Do d6, ve m~t ban chat, SBM c6 kha nang
mot trong nhCtng mt,~c tieu chu yeu cua vi$c thljc dam bao trach nhi$m cua nhCtng ngl1C1i ra quyet

52 KHGD so 51~ thang 12- 2009

 :','(\ijio d~;~c nu'oc ngoai - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Khoa h9c Giao d~:,~c

d!nh ij dip d9 nha tnidng cho chinh cac hanh

dong cua hQ. Tuy nhien, ij rat nhieu ndi, can phai TAl LI~U THAM KHAO
xay dlfng nang llfc cho cac thanh vien c<?ng
1. Caldwell, B. J. (2005), School-Based Management.
dong, giao vien va hi~u trliCJng d§ tao ra ho~c
Education Policy Series, The International Institute ,for
tang them m<?t van hoa trach nhiem.
Educational Planning and The International Academy
5. Ket lu~n of Education, Paris and Brussels
Slf- tli chu, slf tham gia duoc gEm lien v6i 2. Nguyen Xuan Hai, Quan If dlfa vao nha twang va m¢t
trach nhiem Ia nhiJng van de het sue cot loi trong so bai hQc kinh nghi~m cho cac twang pho thong Vi~t
qua trinh thlfc hi~n SBM. Giao dt,Jc Vi~t Nam Nam hi~n nay, T9p chi GiC:10 due- B¢ Giao d~c va 8ao
dang trong tien trinh thlic hi~n phan cap quan If 190, s6 220, Ki 2- 812009, tr.5-6-7-8.
giao dt,JC Vdi cac n<?i dung ve: Quan If chlidng 3.http://www.unesco.org /iiep/Educationpolicyseries
trinh giao due va d6i mdi qua trinh day h<;>c; 4. The World Bank (11/2007), What Is School-Based
Ouan If tai chfnh va co sb vat chat; QuEm If nhan Management?, Washington, DC.
Sli. Nghien cU'u cac van de tren day ij cac nlidc
khac c6 th§ giup cho qua trinh phan cap quan If SUMMARY
giao due ij nliCJC ta c6 dli<;1C bai hoc If lu~n va The arlicle presents the issues of autonomy in school
thlic tien quy bau, t~n dt,Jng dude nhiJng thanh -based management, relationship between autonomy, par-
tliU va tranh nlliJng bliCJC di khong can thiet ticipation and accountability in school-based management
nham day nhanh tien trinh tat yeu nay. in other countries.

Dlf BAD ... (Tiep thea trang 48)

- 1997 cua B6 truong B¢ GO- 8T ve to chU'c va ho9t
d¢ng cua truang PTDTNT.
nghi~p. Ban hanh chfnh sach dao tc:to nghe, 6. B¢ Giao d~c va Dao 190, Soli~u thOng ke giao dl.!c- dtw
trung cap chuyen nghiep, cao d~ng Va dc:ti hQC
t?o cac nam 2000 - 2008.
doi hoc sinh, sinh vien DTTS nham dam baa so
7. Bo GiC:10 d~c va Dao t9o, Baa cao tong k€t tinh hinh phat
Iuong va chat lu·ong nguon nhan llfc cho vung
trie'n cua h~ thong Twang phD thong OTNT giai do<;~n
dan toe, vung nui, vung cao.
1997 - 2007 va phlfang hlfang phat tri6n den nam
TAl LI~U THAM KHAO
2020. thang 1112008.
1. 86 Giao due va 8ao l<~lO, fJoi mai phl!ang thlrc diJO t?O 8. B¢ Giao due va Dao t9o, £Jtnh hlfang phat tri6n h~ thOng
a/ll(Ctng ph6 th6ng dan tqc nqi tru trnh dap ling nhu cau trlf&ng pho thong Dan t¢c n¢i tru thea Ngh! quyet Trung
diJO lao can bQ dan IQC thi{/u so trong giai do~Jn hi~n lfang 2 khoa VIII, Ha N¢i, 1997.
nay, De tai cap 86 B 2003 - 49 58, 2005.
9. Bo Giao d~c va 8ao t9o, Tai li~u HQi ngh! ve Twang
2. Bo Giao d~c va Dao tao De an, Nang cao cha't llfqng va
PTDTBT dan nuoi, Bien Bien 7!200l:J.
hieu qua dfw tiilo cac t,-lfang ph6 thong dan t¢c n¢i tru,
2003.
SUMMARY
3. 86 Giao due va 8ao tao, M¢t so chU twang chinh sach
cua fJang va nha nlfac ve trlfang PTDTNT, NXB Giao Based on some prognosis about ethnic minority man-
due, Ha N6i, 2000. power in Vietnanm, forecast of the needs for higher educa-
tion students from ethnic minority in Vietnam, prognosis
4. 86 Giao due va 8ao tao, Nang cao cMt llfqng dao t'iJo cac
about ethnic minority manpower in Norlhwest up to 2020
trlfang PTDTNT, NXB Van hoa dan toe, Ha Noi, 2000. the author presents some solutions to the development of
5. B6 GiEJO due va 8EJO tao, 082590/GD- 8T ngay 14- 8 ethnic minority manpower up to 2020

KHGD so 51, thong 12 - 2009 53