Beam Col.
Beam Col.
Beam Col.
INTRODUCTION
The reinforced concrete beam-column joint is defined as the portion of the column
within the depth of the beam framing into the column.
An important result from the research done so far is that the notion of a rigid joint can
be discarded forever. Thus, just as beams, columns and other structural elements
exhibit flexibility in response to applied loading, so do the joints"
(Sarsam and Phipps 1985) reported on tests carried out by the author that there are
five high strength exterior beam-column joints. The loading was applied in two stages.
In the first stage, the column was loaded to a predetermined concentric load and this
was kept constant throughout the test. In the second stage, the beam was loaded near
its tip as a cantilever until either the joint failed or the beam failed. The specimens
were grouped to examine different parameters.
(Hamil et al, 2000) used two-dimension nonlinear finite element method for the
analysis of high strength reinforced concrete beam-column connection. Quadrilateral
elements formed from a pair of triangular elements with nodes at each corner were
used to represent concrete while the reinforcement was represented by bar element.
Perfect bond between concrete and steel was assumed to occur. The developed
model was shown to be sensitive to changes in concrete strength, the detailing
arrangements of the tension steel and the presence or absence of joint ties. From their
investigation, the strength of a joint without column ties was proportional to the square
root of the concrete`s compressive strength.
(Hamza 2005) studied the behavior of beam-column joints with nonlinear interface
elements. She assumed the interface as a thin brick element with Millard dowel forces.
Classification of Beam-Column Joint
Structural joints are classified into two categories in accordance with the loading
conditions on the joint.
1. A joint for which the primary design criterion is strength and no significant inelastic
deformations are expected".
A smeared fixed-cracking Is used to represent the crack model and it is widely used
in connection with the finite element analysis. This implies that the cracks are
distributed at a cracked sampling point (Al-Shaarbaf). It is assumed that the concrete
becomes orthotropic after the first crack has occurred. Cracks are assumed to form in
a plane perpendicular to the direction of the maximum principal tensile".
Modeling of Reinforcement
In this study the reinforcing steel is modeled as a linear elastic, homogeneous material
that can be assumed to have the same strength in tension and compression behavior
and its mechanical properties in comparison to the properties of concrete are well
known and well understood. Reinforcing bars are usually long and slender and
therefore can be generally assumed to be capable of transmitting axial forces only".
In the current study, an elastic-linear work hardening model simulates the uniaxial
stress-strain behavior of steel bars (Raid Ahmed 2005).
Interface Element
The behaviour of a composite concrete specimen depends upon the interaction
between the two concerts
cast at different times. There can be separation, closing of gap, and slipping between
the two parts. In
the present study a thin layer element is used to represent this behaviour.
Thin Layer Element
An isoperimetric finite element formulation, which is treated essentially like a solid
element, can be used to represent the behaviour of the interface region (Desai and
Zaman 1984), since the element is treated essentially like any other solid element, its
incremental stress-strain relationship is expressed as:
Shear-Friction Concept
The shear- friction contrives Provides a convenient tool for the design of members for
direct shear where it is inappropriate to design for diagonal tension, as in precast
connections, and brackets or(corbels). The approach is to assume that a crack has
formed at an expected location, as illustrated in Fig. ( 4 ) . As slip begins to occur along
the crack, the roughness of the crack surface forces the opposite faces of the crack to
separate. The separation is resisted by reinforcement (Avf) across the assumed crack.
The tensile force (Avf fy) developed in the reinforcement by this strain induces an
equal and opposite normal clamping force, which in turn generates a frictional force
(Avf fyμ) parallel to the crack to resist further slip, where μ is the coefficient of friction.
Ex1 specimen is used in the present study, its dimensions are shown in Table (1) and
Fig. (5). Material properties and additional material parameters of this specimen are
shown in Table (2). The column was first loaded to a predetermined value of (Nc),
Figure 6. Experimental and analytical response to vary interface thickness for Ex1
Fig. (9) shows the numerical repeated load-beam tip deflection curve. Also the figure
reveals that the first half-cyclic, a tri-segmental curve was usually recognized. The first
segment represents the elastic uncracked stage of behaviour. The second represents
the elastic-cracked stage. While, the third stage represents the yielding of main
reinforcement. During the sequence of half cycles, these segments will disappear and
a smooth behaviour is seen which is characterized by cracking and post-yielding
stages.
In order to inspect the effect of column axial load on the behaviour of construction joint,
a numerical study has been carried out, one with experimental column axial load
(Nc=292.6 kN), and the other with half column axial load (Nc/2) for the case of
construction joint at the top level of the beam - column joint. It can be observed from
Fig. (11) and (12) that the shear and normal this feature may be the following: higher
compressive stresses (at Nc=292.6 kN), in spite of the more intimate interlocking they
secure, produced a shortening of the protruding asperities and subsequently reduce
overriding resistance. This mechanism is less apparent at Nc/2. On the contrary, due
to loss of some confinement for Nc/2, the response of the specimen at Nc/2 is softer
than the response for Nc=292.6kN, Fig. (10).
Three numerical tests have been carried out by using percentages of steel across the
construction joint (diameter of the bar)(16mm), (18mm), and (20mm) for the
construction joint at the top level of the beam-column joint, these tests occurred with
the original designed specimen. From Fig. (13), the deflection decreases with the
increase in the steel percentage across the construction joint (column reinforcement),
the contribution in this result is the decreased strains in joint due to increase in dowel
stiffness. Figs. (14) and (15 ) show the shear and normal strains in joint. It can be