Stylistics Analysis

Frely Starzel D.
Desucatan BSED 3
Lesson 1: What is Discourse?
1. Explain the meaning of the following keywords: discourse, test, context, cohesion, utterance,
discourse analysis, interdisciplinarity.
• Discourse - Language in use beyond the level of individual sentences, encompassing
spoken or written communication that conveys a complete message and is influenced by
its context.
• Text - A written or spoken piece of language, often used interchangeably with
"discourse," but sometimes specifically referring to written language.
• Context - The environment or circumstances in which language is used, including both
linguistic elements (linguistic context) and non-linguistic factors (extra-linguistic context).
• Cohesion - The grammatical and lexical relationships that hold parts of a text together
and contribute to its coherence.
• Utterance - A spoken or written expression, usually attributed to a specific speaker or
writer, and forming part of discourse.
• Discourse analysis - The study of language use beyond the level of individual sentences,
focusing on the structure, function, and meaning of stretches of language in their
context.
• Interdisciplinarity - Involving or drawing on multiple disciplines or fields of study to
approach a particular subject or problem.
2. Make a graphical presentation of the ideas and definitions of the different author.
McArthur (1996) Carter (1993) Trask (1999)
Introduces the etymological roots Offers various denotations and Provides clarification on the scope of
of the term "discourse" and its distinctions related to the term discourse, emphasizing its inclusivity
significance within linguistics. "discourse," including its usage in beyond individual speakers or
different contexts and its writers.
relationship with text.
Chomsky - Mentioned indirectly

through the reference to Schiffrin (1994, 2006) Discusses
Brown and Yule (1983) Present
"grammatical knowledge of two approaches to discourse
a functional perspective on
sentence structure" in the text, analysis: formal/structural and
discourse analysis, focusing on
highlighting the limitations of functional, highlighting the
language use rather than
grammatical analysis alone in importance of studying language
internal structure.
understanding language. beyond the sentence level.
Yule (1985) Widdowson (1973) - Discusses Harris (1952) - Recognized

the importance of context in for his work on text
Discusses the role of understanding language use, structure and its connection
discourse rules in distinguishing linguistic and to social situations.
interpretation and extra-linguistic contexts.
communication.
The Prague School of Austin, Searle, and Grice -
Dell Hymes -
linguistics Referenced for their contributions
Acknowledged for his
to speech act theory and
Acknowledged for its focus studies on speech in
conversational maxims,
on the relationship social settings during
emphasizing the social nature of
between grammar and the 1960s.
speech.
discourse.
3. What is the difference between formal and non-formal approach of DA?

The study of Discourse Analysis (DA) encompasses two distinct approaches first, the
formal approach it is like zooming out to see the bigger picture of how language works. It
focuses more on how words and sentences fit together to form larger pieces of language, like
paragraphs or conversations. It's all about understanding the rules and patterns that make
language make sense. This approach pays close attention to things like grammar rules, word
order, and the structure of sentences. By studying these things, researchers can figure out how
language pieces connect and make sense. On the other hand, the non-formal approach takes a
more practical view of language. Instead of just looking at how language is put together, it's
interested in how people use language to communicate in real life. This approach looks at the
social and cultural factors that influence how people talk and understand each other. It considers
things like the setting of a conversation, the relationships between speakers, and even the
unstated meanings behind what people say. By focusing on these real-life aspects of
communication, researchers can learn more about how language works in different situations
and why people say what they say.
Lesson 2: Types of Discourse
Guide Questions:
1. What are the different structures of the following types of discourse?

a. Argumentation: Argumentation involves convincing an audience through logic and
evidence. It starts with a clear thesis statement followed by orderly presentation of
evidence, aiming for agreement but not necessarily action.
b. Narration: Narration tells a story, often to evoke different perspectives or emotions.
It unfolds from a single character's viewpoint and is descriptive, appealing to the
audience's humanity and imagination.
c. Description: Description relies on the senses to make something memorable and
relatable. It uses nouns and adjectives to provide a material sense of what is being
described, often creating a particular mood or atmosphere.
d. Exposition: Exposition informs the audience about a topic, utilizing various tools
such as definition, analysis, and comparison. Each type serves a different purpose,
providing different types of information, for example, defining a word or comparing
opinions.
2. What is meant by "overlap use" of the different types?
The "overlap use" of different types of discourse refers to situations where writers,
speakers, or authors employ multiple types of discourse within their works. This means
they may blend argumentation, narration, description, and exposition, utilizing each for
its specific strengths, depending on the information being conveyed and the intended
audience. In real-life communication, it's common for discourse to not neatly fit into just
one category; instead, individuals often switch between different types to effectively
convey their message and engage their audience.
Assessment:
Identify what type of discourse are the following examples below and identify the word/phrase
to justify your answer.
1. "A long time ago in a galaxy far away, far away from the movie "Star Wars"
Narration. Because the phrase "A long time ago in a galaxy far away" sets the scene and
introduces a story, characteristic of narrative discourse.
2. " Adults keep saying "we owe it to the young people to give them hope". But I don't want your
hope, I don't want you to be hopeful I want you to panic. I want you to feel the fear I feel
everyday. And then I want you to act I want you to act as you would in a crisis. 1 want you to act
as if our house is on fire. Because it was." -Greta Thunberg, World economic Forum, Jan. 2019.
Argumentation. As Greta Thunberg's speech is aimed at convincing the audience to take
urgent action on climate change, using logical appeals to persuade them to feel fear and act,
typical of argumentative discourse.
3. "Once upon a time, there were three bears. There was a Daddy Bear, who was very big, a Mama
Bear, who was middle-sized, and a Baby Bear, who was very stall. They all lived together in a little
cottage in the middle of the woods. Their favorite breakfast was porridge. One morning, after
they made their porridge, Daddy Bear said, "Let's go for walk in the woods until it cools." Mama
Bour and Baby Bear liked the idea, so off they went. While they were away, a little girl named
Goldilocks came walking through the forest and smelled the porridge..."
Narration. Because the phrase "Once upon a time" and the storytelling structure,
including character descriptions and sequential events, indicate narrative discourse commonly
found in fairy tales.
4. "I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed:
"We hold these truths to be self- evident, that all men are created equal" "I have a dream that
one day on the red hills of Georgia, the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave
owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood-Martin Luther King.
Exposition. Because Martin Luther King's speech "I have a dream" presents ideas and
ideals about equality, justice, and unity, which are characteristic of expository discourse aimed at
informing and educating the audience.
5. "Telling us to obey instinct is like telling us to obey people. People say different things so do
instinct. Our instincts are at war... Each instinct if you listen to it, will claim to be gratified at the
expense of the rest." C.S. Lewis
Argumentation. As C.S. Lewis's passage argues that instincts are conflicting and
unreliable guides for behavior, urging the audience to critically assess their instincts, typical of
argumentative discourse aiming to persuade through logical reasoning.

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Frely Starzel D.

Lesson 1: What is Discourse?

McArthur (1996) Carter (1993) Trask (1999)

Chomsky - Mentioned indirectly

Yule (1985) Widdowson (1973) - Discusses Harris (1952) - Recognized

3. What is the difference between formal and non-formal approach of DA?

Lesson 2: Types of Discourse

1. What are the different structures of the following types of discourse?

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