Learning Facilitator:

Instr. Francisco III P. Palma

 • Identify the cause, signs, and
symptoms of the following
conditions of the casualty;
• Apply the correct procedures
to help reduce the pain of the
Objectives casualty;
• Appreciate the value of
compassion in administering
first aid; and
• Show active participation
during discussion.
 Checking if the patient is Conscious or
Unconscious
A – Alert – Is the patient responsive/alert?
V - Verbal Response – Is the patient reacting to your voice?
P - Pain Response
U - Unresponsive
• ABC in first aid is a list of important
things that first aiders must check
when dealing with a patient, including
airways, breathing and circulation.
• ABC serves as a list of main first
aid aims and signs to look for in the
event of an accident. These are the
things a person should look for
immediately when dealing with a
patient’s health. This is because they
can help identify the problem. It is
important to do so in a clear and
confident way, as panicking and
rushing could make the situation
worse.
 Airways
• An airway allows oxygen into the
body. If a person is unconscious, it
is more likely that an airway is
blocked. This is because the
tongue can fall back into the
mouth and block the throat.
• To fix the problem, you can
position someone in the recovery
position. This involves placing
someone on their side with their
head up, to open the throat. In
preparation for CPR, airways must
be clear.
 Breathing

• When arriving at an incident, you need

to check if someone is breathing. You
can look for visual signs like the chest
moving up and down. Furthermore,
check for physical signs by placing your
hand near their nose and mouth, and
feeling for air or moisture.
• If a person is breathing abnormally or
not at all, then prepare to resuscitate
and calmly move onto checking for
circulation.
 Circulation
• Finally, check for signs of a heartbeat and
blood circulation. Obvious signs of
circulation are movement and coughing,
but the person is most likely unconscious if
the previous two signs are absent.
• To check circulation and heart rate, place
two fingers either on the side of the neck
close to the windpipe, or on the open wrist
area. If there is a heartbeat, you should
never perform CPR. Instead, double-check
airways and loosen any tight clothing. If
they do not wake up, call an ambulance.
Recovery
position
1. Shock
• Shock is a critical condition
brought on by the sudden drop in
blood flow through the body. Shock
may result from trauma, heatstroke,
blood loss, an allergic reaction, severe
infection, poisoning, severe burns or
other causes. When a person is in
shock, his or her organs aren't getting
enough blood or oxygen. If untreated,
this can lead to permanent organ
damage or even death.
(https://www.mayoclinic.org/)
• Shock is a condition resulting from a
depressed state of many vital body
functions. It can threaten life even though
the injuries or conditions that caused the
depression may not otherwise be fatal. The
critical functions are depressed when there
is a loss of a significant amount of blood
volume, a reduced blood flow, or an
insufficient supply of oxygen.
 a. Significant loss of blood
Causes of Shock b. Heart failure
c. Dehydration
d. Severe and painful blows to the body
 Signs and Symptoms of Shock
a. Sweaty but cool skin (cold)
b. Paleness of the skin
c. Restlessness or nervousness
d. Thirstiness and dry mouth
e. Fast and shallow breathing
f. Rapid pulse
g. Nausea or vomiting
 First Aid Measures for Shock

a. Lay the Person Down, if Possible.

b. Elevate the person's feet about 12 inches unless head, neck, or back is injured or you suspect broken hip or leg
bones.

c. Do not raise the person's head.

d. Turn the person on side if they are vomiting or bleeding from the mouth.

e. Begin CPR, if Necessary.

f. Keep Person Warm and Comfortable

a. Loosen restrictive clothing.

b. Cover with a coat or blanket.

c. Keep the person still. Do not move the person unless there is danger.

d. Reassure the person.

e. Do not give anything to eat or drink. Trendelenburg
2. Drowning
• Drowning is a type of asphyxia
(inability to breathe) related to
either respiration of fluids or
obstruction of the airway caused
by spasm (involuntary contraction
of the muscles) of the larynx while
the victim is in the water.
• Drowning is a major cause of
accidental death, occurring in
swimming, diving, and other
water activities, usually in
unsupervised water areas.
 First Aid Measures for Drowning
1. Get Help
Notify a lifeguard, if one is close. If not, ask someone to call 911.
If you are alone, follow the steps below.
2. Move the Person
Take the person out of the water.
3. Check for Breathing/ABC
Place your ear next to the person's mouth and nose. Do you feel air on your cheek?
Look to see if the person's chest is moving.
4. If the Person is Not Breathing, Check Pulse
Check the person's pulse for 10 seconds.
5. If There is No Pulse, Start CPR
6. Recovery Position
3. Wound is a break in the
continuity of a tissue of the
body, either internal or
external. Wounds are
classified as open and closed.
An open wound is a break in
the skin or in a mucous
membrane. A closed wound
involves tissues without a
break in the skin or a mucous
membrane.
1. Laceration
A laceration is a deep cut or
tearing of your skin. Accidents
with knives, tools, and
machinery are frequent causes
of lacerations. In the case of
deep lacerations, bleeding can
be rapid and extensive.
2. Puncture

A puncture is a small hole

caused by a long, pointy object,
such as a nail or needle.
Sometimes, a bullet can cause
a puncture wound. Punctures
may not bleed much, but these
wounds can be deep enough to
damage internal organs. If you
have even a small puncture
wound, visit your doctor to get
a tetanus shot and prevent
infection.
3. Avulsion

• An avulsion is a partial or
complete tearing away of
skin and the tissue beneath.
Avulsions usually occur
during violent accidents,
such as body-crushing
accidents, explosions, and
gunshots. They bleed
heavily and rapidly.
1. Wash your hands. This helps avoid infection.
2. Stop the bleeding. Minor cuts and scrapes usually stop bleeding on their own. If needed, apply gentle
pressure with a clean bandage (15 minutes) or cloth and elevate the wound until bleeding stops.
3. Clean the wound. Rinse the wound with water. Keeping the wound under running tap water will reduce the
risk of infection. Wash around the wound with soap. But don't get soap in the wound. And don't use
hydrogen peroxide or iodine, which can be irritating. Remove any dirt or debris with a tweezers cleaned with
alcohol. See a doctor if you can't remove all debris.
4. Apply an antibiotic or petroleum jelly. Apply a thin layer of an antibiotic ointment or petroleum jelly to keep
the surface moist and help prevent scarring. Certain ingredients in some ointments can cause a mild rash in
some people. If a rash appears, stop using the ointment.
5. Cover the wound. Apply a bandage, rolled gauze or gauze pad held in place with paper tape. Covering the
wound keeps it clean. If the injury is just a minor scrape or scratch, leave it uncovered.
6. Get a tetanus shot. Get a tetanus shot if you haven't had one in the past five years and the wound is deep or
dirty.
7. Watch for signs of infection. See a doctor if you see signs of infection on the skin or near the wound, such as
redness, increasing pain, warmth or swelling.
Tourniquet

a strip of cloth that

is tied tightly around
an injured arm or leg to stop it
bleeding:

If it continues to bleed, you may

have to apply a
tourniquet to the limb.
4. Burn occurs when
tissue is damaged as
caused by excessive
heat, electricity,
radioactivity, or
chemicals that
corrode the proteins
in the skin cells.
• Cool the burn. Hold the burned
area under cool (not cold) running
water or apply a cool, wet
compress until the pain eases.
• Remove rings or other tight items
from the burned area. Try to do
this quickly and gently, before the
area swells.
• Don't break blisters. Fluid-filled
blisters protect against infection. If
a blister breaks, clean the area
with water (mild soap is optional).
Apply an antibiotic ointment. But if
a rash appears, stop using the
ointment.
 5. Heat Injury- is an environmental injury when one is
overexposed to extreme heat or high temperature.
Types of Heat Injury
a. Heat cramps happen when there are inadequate salt and
electrolytes in the body.
b. Heat exhaustion is caused by a low amount of water in the body.
c. Heat stroke is caused by a failure of the body’s cooling mechanism
Signs and Symptoms
a. Muscle cramps in the arms, legs or stomach
b. Wet, sweaty skin
c. Extreme thirst
d. Weakness
e. Dizziness
f. Headache
g. Tingling of hands and feet
h. Rapid but weak respiration and pulse
i. Victim may lose consciousness.
Transfer Loosen Drink
• Transfer the victim to a • Loosen tight clothing. • Have the victim drink
cool or shady area. slowly at least one liter
of water.

Apply Elevate Monitor

• Apply cold compress or • Elevate the victim’s legs • Monitor the victim until
ice batch if available. in a recovery/Shock the symptoms lessen or
position. disappear.

Seek
• Seek a doctor’s
assistance if symptoms
persist.
6. Choking (Airway Obstruction)
• Choking is the blocking of the
airway that occurs when a foreign
object gets lodged in the
respiratory tract. It may be partial
or complete. To determine
whether the obstruction is partial
or complete, ask the patient if he
or she is choking. If he or she can
talk, then the obstruction is
partial. However, if the patient is
unable to talk, then the
obstruction is complete.
Source: https://www.mayoclinic.org/first-aid/first-aid-choking/basics/art-20056637
References:
• The American Red Cross. (1981) Washington D.C. Swimming and Aquatic Safety.

• The American Red Cross. (2015) Washington D.C. First Aid and Water Safety.

• Department of Education, WA. (2016). Swimming instructor handbook and guidelines SCIS NO: 1553678
ISBN NO: 9780-7307-4399-6.

• https://legacy.medictests.com/