HONORS CHEMISTRY MID-TERM REVIEW

Allen; January This is the material from our first test:

Chapter 1: Section 1.1 and 1.3

Definition of Chemistry Five types of Chemistry Scientific Method

Chapter 2: Section 2.1, 2.2, and 2.3

What is matter? States of matter Mixtures Elements and Compounds

Chapter 3: All Sections

Accuracy, precision, uncertainty, and significant figures SI system of units Dimensional Analysis Density

You should be able to:

LJNrr 2: Scientific Method and Problem Solving I. Differentiate between quantitative and qualitative observations and interpretations. 2. Differentiate between the accuracy and precision of a measurement. 3. Identif the number of significant figures in a

measurement

1. Appropriately use measurement tools in the laboratoay.

2. 3. 4. Record measurements to the correct number of significant figures, with the correct uncertainty value, and with the correct label. Use the rules for significant figures in calculations to correctly round off numbers and perform addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. Use the uncertainty in recorded measurements to correctly report uncertainty in a calculation using those measurements. Calculate % error in a determined value.

5.

of length, mass, time and 4. Identify the metric units volume. basic and derived units. 5. Differentiate between metric prefixes and convert 6. Identify the common metric system. measurements within the object mass and the weight of an 7. Differentiate between gravity. density and specific 8. Differentiate between

6.

why the milliliter Use a decimeter cube to explam volume. and cubic centimeter have the same
.

7.

Calculate the density of an object from experimental data. s and Kelvin 8. Convert between the Celsiu scales. temperature density of a substance 9. Find the mass, volume or . when any two of these values are known from equivalent 10. Construct conversion factors measurementS. dimensional analysis to a 11. Apply the techniques of variety of conversion problems. to solve multi-step 12. Use dimensional analysis problems.

Energy UNIT 3: Introduction to Matter, Change, and us 1. Define chemistry and discuss the vario branches of chemistry. Differentiate between matter and pure substance. Identify the four states of matter. Characterize the solid, liquid, and gas phases of matter.

1.

Show how the terms experiment, hypothesis, theory, and law fit into the scientific method.

2. 3. 4.

2. Classify matter as a pure substance or a mixture. 3. Further classify matter as homogeneous or heterogeneous.

5. 6.

State the difference between an element and a compound Write the symbols and names of common elements, given one or the other.

4.

Distinguish between potential and kinetic energy, and provide an example of energy conversion. Classify changes in matter as physical or chemical changes. Interpret experimental results, based on the law of conservation of mass.

7.

State the law of conservation of energy. Define a chemical reaction. State the law of conservation of mass.

5.

8. 9.

6.

This is the material from our second test:

Chapter 4: Section 4.1-4.3

Five atomic theories Subatomic particles of the atom Atomic Number, Mass Number, Isotopes Atomic Mass (what it is; how to calculate)

Chapter 25: Section 25.1-25.4

Radioactivity Seven types of Radioactive Decay -Alpha -Beta -Gamma -Positron Emission -Electron Capture -Fission -Fusion Nuclear Stability and Decay Half-Life Understand fission and fusion

You should be able to: UNiT 4: Atomic Structure and Nuclear Chemistry 1. Summarize past atomic theories (Greeks, Dalton, Thomson, Rutherford, and Bohr). 1. Explain how Bohrs model of the atom differed from its predecessors. 2. Distinguish between protons, electrons, and neutrons in tenns of their relative masses and charges. 3. Defme an atomic mass unit. 4. State how isotopes of an atom differ. 2. Determine the number of subatomic particles given the isotopic symbol or atomic number and mass number. 3 Use the concepts of isotopes to explain why the atomic masses of elements are not whole numbers. 4. Calculate the average atomic mass of an element from isotope data.

Define radioisotope, radioactive decay, and transmutation. 6. Characterize alpha, beta, and gamma radiation by composition and penetrating power.
5.

Write balanced nuclear equations for alpha and beta decay. 6. Use the half-life to calculate the amount of radioisotope remaining at a given time. 7. Differentiate among classifications of nuclear reactions including fission, fusion, natural radioactivity and artificial radioactivity.

5.

This is the material from our third test:

Chapter 5: Section 5.1

5.3

Bohr Model Quantum Mechanical Model Energy levels, subshells, and atomic orbitals Quantum numbers Electron Configurations (using only periodic table) o Configurations o Dot Diagrams o Orbital box diagrams * *Remember Exception s

Chapter 6: Sections 6.1

6.3

Periodic Table Periodic Law Classifying elements (alkali, alkaline earth metals, etc) Periodic Trends o Atomic Radius o Ionizations Energy o Electronegativity

You should be able to:

UNIT

2. 3. 4.

Explain the significance of quantizied energies of electrons. Compare the quantum mechanical model of the atom with previous models. Distinguish among principle energy level, energy sublevel, and atomic orbital. Describe the general shape of s, p, and d orbitals. Explain why the electron configuration for chromium and copper differ from those assigned using the Aufbau diagram.

5: Electronic Structure and Periodicity

5.

1. Use the Aufbau principle, the Pauli exclusion principle, and Hunds rule to write the electron configurations of the elements. 2. Given the wavelength of light, calculate the frequency, and vice versa. 3. Calculate the energy of a photon associated with a given wavelength or frequency of light.

Use quantum theory to explain the photoelectric effect. 7. Explain the origin of the atomic emission spectrum of an element. 8. Explain the origin of the periodic table. 9. Distinguish between a period and a group on the periodic table. 10. State the periodic law.

6.

11. Identify the s, p, d and f blocks on the periodic table.

4. Write the electron configuration of elements using the periodic table as a guide. 5. Explain how atomic radii, ionization energies, electron affinities, ionic size, and electronegativities vary within a group and within a period on the periodic table. 6. Classify an element as a representative element, noble gas, transition metal or inner transition metal. 7. Compare and contrast physical and chemical properties in any group of representative elements. 8. Draw electron dot diagrams of the representative elements. 9. Predict the charge on an ion given its electron configuration.

12. Identify an element as an alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, halogen, noble gas, actinide or lanthanide.

13. State the octet rule.

This is the material from our fourth test:

Chapter 7: Ionic Bonds Some topics include...

EN values associated with ionic compounds Properties of Ionic compounds (melting points, solubility, etc.) Formula writing including assigning charges to ions.

Chapter 8: Covalent Bonds Some topics include...

Octet rule and electron dot diagrams (make sure you understand and know how to them!); also, coordinate covalent bonds. Polar and Non-polar covalent: EN Values (remember a lot of this material you were quizzed on already so dont expect to see too much of the same thing) Intermolecular forces: what are they? Be able to explain the three types. Resonance structures VSEPR and hybridization theories: You will be responsible for the naming and drawing of the structures (i.e. bent, square pyramidal, etc.) Know how to predict the hybridization of the central atom along with the number of sigma and pi bonds associated with the compound.
-

You should be able to: 1. 2. 3.

4.

State the octet rule and the importance of the noble-gas configuration in the formation of ions.
1. Draw electron dot structures of the representative elements.

Define anion and cation. 2. Use electron dot structures to show cation formation from metals and anion formation from nonmetals. Define an ionic bond. 3. Use location of elements on the periodic table to identify a compound as having ionic bonds. Identify characteristics of ionic compounds. 4. Explain the electrical conductivity of molten and aqueous solutions of ionic compounds. Define metallic bonds.
5. Use the theory of metallic bonding to explain the physical properties of

5.

metals. 6. Define covalent bonds. 6. 7. 7. Define double and triple covalent bonds. 8. 9. 8. 9. Define hybridization. 10. Use the theory of hybridization to show how carbon is able to form up to four bonds. Describe the shapes of simple covalently bonded molecules. 11. Show the relationship between polar covalent bonds and polar molecules. Use electron dot structures to show coordinate covalent bond formation. Draw electron dot structures for simple covalent molecules containing single, double and triple bonds. Differentiate between polar covalent, nonpolar covalent, and ionic bonds using electronegativity differences as well as location of elements on the periodic table. Use electron dot structures to show formation of covalent bonds between nonmetallic elements.

I have put together a collection of multiple choice questions for you to use as a study tool. No organic chemistry will be on this mid-term!! Study and good luck!!

Mid-Term Review
Multiple Choice

Identfy the letter ofthe choice that best completes the state ment or answers the question.
1. Which of the following measurements is expressed to three si?ificant figures? a. 0.007 m C. 7.30 x 10 km b. 7077 mg d. 0.070 mm 2. In the measurement 0.503 L, which digit is the estim ated digit? a. 5 b. the 0 immediately to the left of the 3 c. 3 d. the 0 to the left of the decimal point 3. How many significant figures are in the measurem ent 811.40 grams? a. two c. four b. three d. five 2 3 3 4. What is the luipe of a salt crystal measuring 2.44 x 10 ny .4 x 10 m by 8.4 x 10 m? a. 2.9 x 10 m 3 C. 2.9 x 10 m 3 b. 2.9x10 m d. 2.9x10 m 5. What quantity is represented by the metric system prefi x deci-? a. 1000 c. 0.1 b. 100 d. 0.01 6. Which temperature scale has no negative temperatu res? a. Celsius c. Joule b. Fahrenheit d. Kelvin
Prefix mega (M) kilo (k) Commonly Used_Metnc Prefixes Meaning 1 million times larger than the unit it precedes 1000 times larger than the unit it precedes 10 times smaller than the unit it precedes 100 times smaller than the unit it precedes 1000 times smaller than the unit it precedes 1 million times smaller than the unit it precedes 1000 million times smaller than the unit it precedes 1 trillion times smaller than the unit it precedes

CAt.

Factor

deci (d) centi (c) milli (m) micro (J) nano (n) pico (p)

6 io 1o 3
1 0 10_2 1

io
1o 1 0_12

7. What is the quantity 0.0075 meters expressed in centi meters? Use the table above to help you. a. 0.075 cm c. 7.5 cm b. 0.75 cm d. 70.5 cm 8. Which of the following equalities is NOT correct? Use the table above to help you.

(tciyy)

a. lOOcg=lg d. b. 1000 mm = 1 m 9. Density is found by dividing c. mass by area a. mass by volume d. area by mass b. volume by mass me? from 20C to 50C, what happens to its volu 10. If a liter of water is heated a. The volume decreases. b. The volume increases. eases. c. The volume first increases, then decr then increases. d. The volume first decreases,

lmL 1cm 10 kg = I g

Multiple Choice ers the question. nt Identify the letter ofthe choice that best completes the stateme or answ

1. A golf ball has more mass than a tennis ball because it c. contains different kinds of matter a. takes up more space d. has a definite composition b. contains more matter 2. All of the following are physical properties of matter EXCEPT c. melting point a. mass d. ability to rust b. color 3. Which of the following is NOT a physical property of water? a. It has a boiling point of 100C. b. It is a colorless liquid. oxygen. c. It is composed of hydrogen and d. Sugar dissolves in it. d physical properties of a substance? 4. Which of the following are considere c. malleability and hardness a. color and odor d. all of the above b. melting and boiling points is a substance? 5. Which of the following materials c. stainless steel a. air d. silver b. gasoline chemical symbols today? 6. Which of the following is used for c. letters a. drawings d. numbers b. icons d does NOT indicate the 7. The chemical formula of a compoun pound a. identity of the elements in the com joined in the compound b. how elements are c. the composition of the compound in the compound d. relative proportions of the elements on dioxide and se is heated and decomposes to form carb In the chemical reaction in which sucro 8. ant? water, which of the following is a react c. water a. sucrose d. heat b. carbon dioxide

9. Which of the following indicates that a chemical change has happened during cooking? a. The food darkens. b. Bubbles form in boiling water. c. Butter melts. d. Energy is transferred from the stove to a pan. 10. Which action changes the identity of the substance referenced? a. melting gold b. running an electric current through copper c. corroding iron d. breaking an ice cube

Multiple Choice

s the question. Identjfy the letter ofthe choice that best completes the statement or answer
of all elements? 1. Why did J. J. Thomson reason that electrons must be a part of the atoms a. Cathode rays are negatively-charged particles. b. Cathode rays can be deflected by magnets. c. An electron is 2000 times lighter than a hydrogen atom. used. d. Charge-to-mass ratio of electrons was the same, regardless of the gas 2. Which of the following is true about subatomic particles? e. a. Electrons are negatively charged and are the heaviest subatomic particl d and the lightest subatomic particle. b. Protons are positively charge c. Neutrons have no charge and are the lightest subatomic particle. d. The mass of a neutron nearly equals the mass of a proton. 3. Which of the following is correct concerning subatomic particles? a. The electron was discovered by Goldstein in 1886. b. The neutron was discovered by Chadwick in 1932. c. The proton was discovered by Thomson in 1880. d. Cathode rays were found to be made of protons. model of the atom is 4. As a consequence of the discovery of the nucleus by Rutherford, which thought to be true? volume of the atom. a. Protons, electrons, and neutrons are evenly distributed throughout the b. The nucleus is made of protons, electrons, and neutrons. volume of the atom. c. Electrons are distributed around the nucleus and occupy almost all the d. The nucleus is made of electrons and protons. 5. What does the number 84 in the name krypton-84 represent? c. the sum of the protons and electrons a. the atomic number d. twice the number of protons b. the mass number 6. Isotopes of the same element have different c. numbers of electrons a. numbers of neutrons d. atomic numbers b. numbers of protons nted? 7. In which of the following is the number of neutrons correctly represe c. Mg has 24 neutrons. a. F has 0 neutrons. 238 U 93 has 146 neutrons. As 33 has 108 neutrons. phosphorus-3 1? 8. Which of the following isotopes has the same number of neutrons as c. a.
.

C4. )f

b.

15 3 16

14

d.

s 28 14
.

9. The atomic mass of an element depends upon the a. mass of each electron in that element b. mass of each isotope of that element C. relative abundance of protons in that element mass and relative abundance of each isotope of that element
.

rs the question. Multiple Choice: pletes the statement or answe letter ofthe choice that best com Identy5 the
1. A beta particle is a(n) c. helium nucleus a. photon d. hydrogen nucleus b. electron ha particle? when an atom emits an alp change in the atomic number 2. What is the c. increases by 1 a. decreases by 2 d. increases by 2 b. decreases by 1 radiation? by the emission of gamma nge in atomic number caused 3. What is the cha c. remains the same a. decreases by 2 d. increases by 1 b. decreases by 1 an alpha particle? 4. Which symbol is used for C. He a. He d. 4 J4e b. He beta radiation? to produce the electron of 5. What particle decomposes c. electron a. proton pC5i+ron rwtwon b.

C h. 15

a.

for beta radiation? 6. What symbol is used a. o e 0 b. e 0 .1

d.

e 1 I

ion, the process of beta emiss If an isotope decays by 7. changes a. the mass number ber changes b. the atomic num off c. protons are given trons remains the same d. the number of neu ion counter? t detected by a scintillat on only at type of radiation is bes 8. Wh c. alpha and beta radiati y a. alpha radiation onl d. all types of radiation ma radiation only b. gam

n. 5/ Lo or answers the questio Multiple Choice completes the statement the choice that best Identify the letter of level? ond principal energy sublevels are in the sec c. 3 1. How many energy d. 4 a. 1 the electron b. 2 a higher energy level, moves from a lower to on 2. When an electr ays doubles its energy a. alw t of energy uously variable amoun b. absorbs a contin m of energy c. absorbs a quantu nucleus the gen atom? d. moves closer to energy level of an oxy ctrons in the outermost ber of ele c. 6 3. What is the num d. 8 a. 2 ? 4 b. el is the most stable of the 4f energy sublev configuration c. 4/3 4. Which electron a. 4/ d. 4f 4 4f b. (&1

CA.

ons of outer sublevels is the most stable? 5. Which of the following electron configurati C. 4d 5s 3 a. 4d5s d. 4d 4 5s 2 b. 4d 2 5s 4 cy? portional to frequen 6. Which variable is directly pro c. position a. wavelength d. energy b. velocity compare with the the higher energy levels of an atom do the energy differences between 7. How lower energy levels of the atom? energy differences between the rgy levels. de than those between lower ene a. They are greater in magnitu rgy levels. de than those between lower ene b. They are smaller in magnitu differences. erence in the magnitudes of these c. There is no significant diff from the information given. d. No answer can be determined atoms? lain the spectra of which type of 8. Bohrs model could only exp tron a. single atoms with one elec electron b. bonded atoms with one one electron c. single atoms with more than one electron d. bonded atoms with more than electrons are useful in 9. The wavelike properties of a. defming photons ons b. writing electron configurati c. magnifying objects position of a particle d. determining the velocity and elements? gories includes the majority of the 10. Which of the following cate c. metals a. metalloids d. nonmetals b. liquids elements? upings contains only representative 11. Which of the following gro , Li c. Al, Mg a. Cu, Co, Cd d. Hg, Cr, Ag b. Ni, Fe, Zn ntative elements? tron configurations of the represe of the following is true about the elec 12. Which p sublevels are completely filled. a. The highest occupied s and p sublevels are partially filled. b. The highest occupied s and t energy are in a d sublevel. c. The electrons with the highes t energy are in anf sublevel. d. The electrons with the highes iod? ct to remain constant across a per 13. What causes the shielding effe e principal energy level. a. Electrons are added to the sam t principal energy levels. b. Electrons are added to differen constant. c. The charge on the nucleus is eases. d. The atomic radius incr 14. Atomic size generally left to right across a period a. increases as you move from top to bottom within a group b. decreases as you move from iod c. remains constant within a per left to right across a period d. decreases as you move from hin a group in the to the increase in atomic size wit of the following factors contributes 15. Which increases? periodic table as the atomic number level s by the highest occupied energy a. more shielding of the electron leus b. an increase in size of the nuc ber of protons c. an increase in num t occupied energy level d. fewer electrons in the highes
.

_ ___

all the ions? the charges given correctly for 16. In which of the following sets are C. Rb, Ba P , 23 a. Na, Mg, Al d. N, 02_, F 3 b. K, Sr O , 2 correctly? of ions are the charges all shown 17. In which of the following groups C. K F, Mg 2 , 2 a. Li, 02_, S 2 d. Na, F, Rb b. Ca Al Br ,, 23 is the most difficult to remove? For Group 2A metals, which electron 18. a. the first b. the second c. the third icult to remove. d. All the electrons are equally diff ? the smallest first ionization energy following elements, which one has 19. Of the c. aluminum a. boron d. silicon b. carbon stion. Multiple Choice C..h. es the statement or answers the que letter ofthe choice that best complet Identfy the pounds? octet rule when reacting to form com 1. How does calcium obey the a. It gains electrons. b. It gives up electrons. of electrons. c. It does not change its number octet rule. d. Calcium does not obey the ration of the oxide ion (0 2 ) 2. What . tl ectron configu C. 2 2 1s 2 a. 1s 6 2p 2 2 d. b. ls2s2p ;itin cth iode ion? 3. What t1j ect?n ongu a. 1s 5p 5 4 4 10 3d 3 6 2p 2 2 b. 1s 2 4 4 10 3d 3 6 2p 2 2 C. 1s 5s 4 4 10 3d 3 3 6 2p 2 2 d. ls2s2p3s3p3d 4s4p ionic compound calcium fluoride? 4. What is the net charge of the c. 0 a. 2 d. 1+ b. 1 aluminum oxide? 5. What is the formula unit of 3 c. A10 a. AlO 2 d. Al 03 0 3 b. Al and bromine? ic compound formed from lithium 6. What is the name of the ion bromium c. lithium a. lithium bromine d. lithium bromate b. lithium bromide ium sulfate? 7. What is the formula for sod 2 ) 4 c. Na(S0 4 a. NaSO ) 4 (SO 2 d. Na 4 SO 2 b. Na r to? ation number in ionic crystals refe 8. What does the term coordin atom electrons in an a. the total number of valence lar ion charged ions surrounding a particu b. the number of oppositely ticular formula unit c. the number of atoms in a par s surrounding a particular ion d. the number of like-charged ion

_ ___

electricity? can potassium bromide conduct 9. Under what conditions a. only when melted b. only when dissolved form c. only when it is in crystal or dissolved i,- yvoAcr onJ whQI rrtId le covalent ic molecules held together by trip owing elements can form diatom 10. Which of the foll bonds? c. fluorine a. carbon d. nitrogen b. oxygen covalent bond? ic molecules joined by a single Which elements can form diatom 11. a. hydrogen only b. halogens only oxygen group only c. halogens and members of the only d. hydrogen and the halogens ment of the four valence rations gives the correct arrange the following electron configu 12. Which of molecule methane (CH.)? 1 2 1 electrons of the carbon atom in the 2 2 C. 2s 3 3 2p 1 a. 2p 1 2s 1 d. 2s2p b. 2s2p3s ble covalent bond? omic molecules is joined by a dou 13. Which of the following diat 2 c. N a. 2 2 d. He b. Cl 2 ng as far pes to keep which of the followi theory, molecules adjust their sha 14. According to VSEPR apart as possible? c. mobile electrons lei a. pairs of valence electrons d. the electrons closest to the nuc er shell electrons b. inn EPR theory? have a bent shape, according to VS What causes water molecules to 15. hared pairs of electrons a. repulsive forces between uns oxygen d orbitals of the unshared pairs of b. interaction between the fixe c. ionic attraction and repulsion electrons d. the unusual location of the free exists in the methane moleule? 16. What type of hybrid orbital 3 SJ 2 a. sp d. spd 1. 2 ? 4 H 2 in ethene, C ed when sp hybridization occurs 17. How many pi bonds are form c. 2 a. 0 d.3 b.1 d with st negative charge in a covalent bon uires the mo ich of the following atoms acq 18. Wh hydrogen? c.O a.C d. S b. Na

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