CHUYÊN ĐỀ 4: PASSIVE VOICE (THỂ BỊ ĐỘNG)

I. Cách chuyển từ câu chủ động sang câu bị động:

Active: Chủ động S+V+O

Passive: Bị động S + be* + P.P + by + O

(* be chia theo thì của V)

Ex: They are painting the house.

→ The house is being painted.
They had destroyed all the documents when we arrived.
→ All the documents had been destroyed when we arrived.
II. Thay đổi hình thức động từ cụ thể trong từng thì:
TENSES ACTIVE PASSIVE
Simple Present S + V1-s/es S + am / is / are + PP
John delivers the newspapers every morning. The newspapers are delivered by John every morning.
Present S + am / is / are + V-ing S + am / is / are + being + PP
continuous He is asking me a lot of questions. I am being asked a lot of questions.
Simple Past S + V-ed /V2 S + was / were + PP
My mother wrote that letter. That letter was written by my mother.
Past continuous S + was / were + V-ing S + was / were + being + PP
She was doing her homework at that time. Her homework was being done at that time.
Present Perfect S + have / has + PP S + have / has + been + PP
My mother has made that cake. That cake has been made by my mother.
Past Perfect S + had + PP S + had + been + PP
They had prepared a party before we came. A party had been prepared before we came.
Simple Future S + will + V1 S + will + be + PP
They will build a new school here next month. A new school will be built here next month.
Modal verbs can can
may may
must must
S + have to + V1 S + have to + be + V3
should should
used to used to
be going to be going to
- Sue is going to write the book The book is going to be written by Sue
- You must finish this report This report must be finished

NOTES: LƯU Ý:
1. Khi chủ ngữ và túc từ trong câu chủ động là đại từ, ta phải thay đổi cho phù hợp.
Ex: The teacher punished me.
 I was punished by the teacher.
2. Khi chủ ngữ trong câu chủ động là: people, I, we, you, they, someone, somebody, everyone, everybody,
anybody…khi đổi sang bị động thường được bỏ đi
Ex: They built this bridge last year.
 This bridge was built last year (by them)
3. Khi trong câu chủ động có 2 túc từ thì dùng tức từ nào làm chủ ngữ cũng được, tuy nhiên, túc từ chỉ người
được sử dụng nhiều hơn.
Ex: My mother bought me a new shirt.
 I was bought a new shirt by my mother.
 A new shirt was bought for me by my mother.
4. Nếu chủ ngữ trong câu chủ động là Noone/ noboby khi đổi sang bị động ta bỏ by noone/ nobody nhưng động
từ phải đổi sang thể phủ định.
Ex: No one believes his story.
 His story isn’t believed.
5. Vị trí của trạng từ.
Trạng từ chỉ thể cách được đặt trứơc Past Participle.
Ex: I do my homework carefully.
 My homework is carefully done.
Trạng từ chỉ thời gian có thể đặt ở đầu câu hoặc sau by + O
Ex: I lent him money yesterday.
 He was lent money yesterday.
 Trạng từ chỉ nơi chốn được đặt trước by + O
Ex: Mary bought the gift from that shop.
 the gift was bought from that shop by Mary.
III. MỘT SỐ DẠNG CÂU BỊ ĐỘNG ĐẶC BIỆT:
1. Verbs of opinion (Động từ chỉ ý kiến): say, think, believe, know, report, consider, expect, feel, hope, know,
understand…
KINDS FORMS
Active S1 + VS1 + that + S2 + VS2
It + be V3/ ed + that + S2 + VS2

Passive S2 + be V3/ ed + to V(S2)

to have V3/ ed
Ex. People say that he is a famous doctor.
It is said that he is a famous doctor.
He is said to be a famous doctor.
People believe that he drove through the town at 90 km an hour.
It is believed that he drove through the town at 90 km an hour.
He is believed to have driven through the town at 90 km an hour.
Luyện tập: Change the following sentences into the passive voice.
1. They grow rice in tropical countries.
→
2. Someone broke his windows last night.
→
3. The police didn’t find the lost boy yesterday.
→
4. Jack has typed the article recently.
→
5. They were carrying the injured player off the field at that time.
→
6. The computer can do all the accounts.
→
7. They are going to build a new school.
→
8. He isn’t going to buy that house.
→
9. They will pull down that building
→
10. The teacher won’t correct the exercises tomorrow.
→
11. You have to keep dangerous chemicals in the safe place.
→
12. No one can solve that problem.
→
13. People know that English is an international language.
→ It is known _____________________________________________________________
→ English is known ________________________________________________________
14. They reported that the President had suffered a heard attack.
→ _______________________________________________________________________
→ _______________________________________________________________________
CHUYÊN ĐỀ 5: CÂU TƯỜNG THUẬT (REPORTED SPEECH)
Câu tường thuật được dùng để tường thuật lại một lời nói của ai đó.
1. Một số lưu ý khi chuyển từ câu trực tiếp sang câu gián tiếp
- Sự chuyển đổi về thì.
Simple present (V(s/es))  Simple past (V2/ed )
Simple past (V2/ed)  Past perfect ( had + V3/ed )
Simple future (will/ shall + V0 )  Future in the past ( would/ should + V0 )
Present continuous (am/is/are + V-ing)  Past continuous (was/ were + V-ing )
Past continuous (was/were + V-ing)  Past perfect continuous / past continuous
Future continuous (will + be + V-ing)  Future continuous in the past (would + be + V-ing)
Present perfect (have/has + V3/ed)  Past perfect (had + V3/ed)
Past perfect (had + V3/ed)  Past perfect (had + V3/ed)
Future perfect (will + have + V3/ed)  Future perfect in the past (would + have + V3/ed)
can  could
may  might
shall  should
must  had to
- Thay đổi về đại từ nhân xưng, đại từ sở hữu, tính từ sở hữu cho phù hợp
Ex: He said, “I like my job.”
He said that he like his job.
He said to me, “You look like my sister.”
He told me that I looked like his siter.
- Sự chuyển đổi của các trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian và nơi chốn.
Câu trực tiếp Câu gián tiếp
Today that day
Tonight that night
Now then
Ago before
Yesterday the day before, the previous day
last week the week before next week/ the week after
Tomorrow the next day, the following day, the day after
Next year / month / week the year / month / week after; the following year / month / week.
A year / month / week ago A year / month / week before; a year / month / week earlier
The day before yesterday Two days before
The day after tomorrow Two days after
this that
these those
here there
 Chú ý: Đa phần các động từ tường thuật đều ở quá khứ. Tuy vậy, đôi khi động từ tường thuật có thể ở thì hiện
tại. Khi động từ tường thuật ở thì hiện tại thì ta không lùi thì.
Ví dụ: Tom said “I will go to England tomorrow”.
=> Tom said (that) he would go to England the next day.
Ví dụ: Mary says ‘I am from England”.
=> Mary says (that) she is from England
2. Các dạng câu tường thuật.
a. Câu nói khẳng định và phủ định
Động từ tường thuật thường là said/told.
Ví dụ: He said, “I have seen her today.”
 He said (that) he had seen her that day.
Ví dụ: The teacher said to Peter, “The prize was not given to you.”
 The teacher told Peter (that) the prize had not been given to him.
Chú ý: Said → said that
Said to sb → told sb
b. Câu hỏi
Động từ tường thuật thường là asked/ wondered/ wanted to know
- Với dạng câu Yes/ No question.
Ví dụ: She asked me, “Do you like reading books?”
 She asked me if I liked reading books.
Ví dụ: He said, “Can you speak English, Mary?”
 He asked Mary whether she could speak English.
- Với dạng câu Wh question.
Ví dụ: He said, “What is her name?”
=> He asked what her name was.
Ví dụ: She said to him, “Where do you live?”
=> She asked him where he lived.
c. Câu mệnh lệnh, yêu cầu, đề nghị, lời khuyên ...:
Động từ tường thuật thường là told/ asked/ ordered/ commanded, requested
 Khẳng định: S + asked/ told + O + to V-inf
Phủ định: S + asked/ told + O + not to V-inf
Ví dụ: The teacher said, “Answer the question, Nam.”
 =>The teacher told Nam to answer the question.
Ví dụ: Nam said to his friend, “Don’t shut the door.”
 => Nam asked his friend not to shut the door.
d. Câu cảm thán (Exclamation)
Câu cảm thán bắt đầu bằng What + (a/an) .../ hoặc How + ...! thường được thuật lại bằng động từ exlaim/ say that.
Ví dụ: What a lovely garden!
 She exclaimed/ said that it was a lovely garden. Or
She exclaimed/ said that the garden was lovely.
Lưu ý: Câu điều kiện loại 2 và 3
Nếu câu nói trực tiếp là câu điều kiện loại 2 và loại 3, ta chỉ thay đổi các đại từ, tình từ…mà không đổi thì trong câu.
Ex: “If I were older, I would retire.”, he said.
He said if he were older, he would retire.
“If I had heard the whole story, I would have acted differently”, he said
He said that if he had heard the whole story, he would have acted differently.
Luyện tập: Change into reported speech
1. Thu said, “All the students will have a meeting next week.”
=>
2. “Where does your father work?” The teacher asked me
=>
3. “Were you reading this book at 8 o’clock last Sunday?” She asked Ba
=>
4. “How many books do the students need?” The librarian asked my teacher
=>
5. Nam said, “I was at school after 7 o’clock last night.”
=>
6. “Do your sister and brother go to the same school?” She asked Nam
=>
7. “Will it rain tomorrow morning?” He asked his friend
=>
8. “When will your father leave Vietnam for USA?” Phong asked Thu
=>
9. “Did you go to Hue three years ago?” Tam asked Peter
=>
10. Teacher to John “Write that exercise carefully”
=>Teachers requested
11. Mrs. Green said “Please sing at our party, Mary”
=> Mary” Mrs. Green invited
12. “What a dirty face you have!” Ann said to her son.
=> Ann requested
13. “Don’t come back before one o’clock” advised my brother
=> My brother advised
14. She said to me “I want to lend you my bike, but my brother has broken it yesterday. I’m so sorry.”
=>
CHUYÊN ĐỀ 6: CÂU AO ƯỚC (WISH AND IF ONLY)
Mệnh đề sau wish và if only diễn tả một điều không có thật, cấu trúc của wish và if only như sau
1. Diễn tả điều ước không có thật ở tương lai.
S + wish + S + would/ could + V
Ví dụ: She wishes Tom would be here tomorrow.
If only Tom would be here tomorrow.
2. Diễn tả điều ước không có thật ở hiện tại.
S + wish + S + Ved/ V2
(be  were)
Ví dụ: I wish Mary were here now. (Mary isn’t here now.)
If only I had more money. (I don't have money.)