Digital Learning: Modeling and Simulation of Three-Phase Short

Circuit Fault Currents Using the Case Method for Strengthening

MBKM Policy
Rahmaniar1, Agus Junaidi2, Adi Sastra P. Tarigan3, Dicky Lesmana4, M. Rizki S.5, Abd.
Hakim Butar-Butar6
1,3,4,5
Universitas Pembangunan Pancabudi, Indonesia
2,6
Universitas Negeri Medan, Indonesia
[email protected], [email protected]

Abstract Keywords
digital simulation; short curcuit
This study discusses learning innovations in the field of electrical analysis; case methods; MBKM
engineering for the study of short circuit analysis with real data
using a computer program. Students work on projects from real
data in the field. The proposed method is to design a short circuit
analysis programming device based on Matlab GUI. The syntax
and GUI media are validated by experts. So that the standard
procedure is valid for students in working on projects in real
cases. At the initial stage, small-scale trial data was conducted
on 15 students as an experimental class with a GUI in learning.
15 students in another class as the control class. The test results
show that the experimental class has better learning
independence than the control class, which is indicated by the
ability to solve real problems with better project report results.
The results show that the role of the GUI in digitizing learning
becomes a tool to help foster motivation and independence in
electric power system analysis learning to support the MBKM
policy of the Ministry of Education and Culture of the Republic of
Indonesia in one aspect of the Main Performance Indicators that
applies the case method in learning.

I. Introduction

The skills of college graduates in using technology are the types of skills that are
predicted to be needed by the business world and industry in the future. There are 10 types of
skills, as reported by the World Economic Forum report (WEF, 2018), two of which are
competence in the fields of technology and computer programming, and critical thinking
skills. Important skills that need to be addressed by educators in implementing learning.
Skills in the use of computer technology in enhancing the strengthening of competence and
global competitiveness of Human Resources, especially in Indonesia.
The application of technology, especially computer simulations, is an important part in
developing the quality of learning in the 21st century. Computer technology with software for
simulation needs in learning is used to increase students' learning motivation in learning
(Rahmaniar, 2019). Learning construction in increasing learning independence through
learning practice experiments through computer simulations (Jordi, 2010). The world of
education continues to innovate in improving the quality and quality of learning to face the

_____________________________________
DOI: https://doi.org/10.33258/birci.v5i2.4725 9380
 Budapest International Research and Critics Institute-Journal (BIRCI-Journal)
Volume 5, No 2, May 2022, Page: 9380-9390
e-ISSN: 2615-3076(Online), p-ISSN: 2615-1715(Print)
www.bircu-journal.com/index.php/birci
email: [email protected]

challenges of learning in the era of technological disruption (Higgs, 2012). The role of
technology can be effective in increasing the competence of students (Ghavifekr, 2015).
Learning System Design is also called a linear and interactive procedure that demands
accuracy and stability. Acting as a tool to control each other, all these stages must be
completed. Improving the Learning Experience of Power System Protection Students using
Computer-based Simulations and Practical Experiments, can improve the quality of student
learning through observation of system performance (Farhad, 2014).
The process has the same meaning as the product, because trust in the product is based
on the process. Planning to engineer the physical form that is formulated in a model. so that
communication occurs between students and the study material being studied by paying
attention to the rules of attention, perception, and capture power. Messages in the form of
cues, or symbols that achieve changes in cognitive, affective and psychomotor behavior.
Message design is related to various microstructures, such as: visualization materials,
animations, simulations to be powerful tools in changing students' attitudes and learning
behavior towards more optimal changes (Abbas, 2017). Simulation Product Design for
Stability Electric Power System Using Power System Optimized Stabilizer and Control,
designed using matlab software. This product was built to complement the simulation tool in
the field of system stability learning for college students (Agus, 2017).
The Merdeka Belajar–Kampus Merdeka (MBKM) Policy is part of the efforts of the
Indonesian Ministry of Education and Culture, aimed at encouraging students to be able to
master various competencies as stated in minister of Education Regulation Number 3 of 2020
concerning National Higher Education Standards. In the MBKM Policy it is stated that the
Merdeka Campus is expected to be the answer to these demands. In connection with the
above, government policies or programs that will be or are being implemented or
implemented in 2020, the problem of possible problems will occur. Problems will occur if the
government rules or policies that are implemented or implemented are not as expected, in this
case the Independent Learning Program Policy and the MBKM that are proclaimed are
different from their implementation. The learning process in the MBMK one of the very
essential manifestations of student centered learning. Learning in the MBKM provides
challenges and opportunities for the development of creativity, capacity, personality, and
student needs as well as developing independence in seeking and finding knowledge through
realities and field dynamics such as ability requirements, real problems, social interaction,
collaboration, self-management, performance demands, targets and achievements (Susetyo,
2020).
The MBKM policy is an effort to encourage the implementation of higher education to
be more responsive to the needs of the world of work, as well as an effort to increase
students' creativity in learning independently. Independent learning requires a pattern of
critical thinking skills that are appropriate for adult learners. A recommended innovative
learning model for critical thinking skills was tested. through purposive proportional random
sampling using the Culture Fair Intelligence Test. Critical thinking data from slow learners
and gifted students were collected using the Critical Thinking Scale. The results showed
significant differences in the critical thinking of gifted students 'and slow students'; the
former shows higher performance than the former last did it. The results of this study indicate
that learning that must be applied in inclusive classes must apply innovative learning models
that can accommodate differences in student abilities. This study recommends lecturers to
apply a careful model that characterizes the use of critical thinking skills in improving student
learning outcomes (Nurul, 2022).
The use of electrical energy continues to increase, along with the economic growth of a
nation. Every year, power generation units continue to be added, transmission lines and

9381
substations are developed to meet the needs of electricity users in Indonesia. As stated by the
Director General of Electricity at the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources of the
Republic of Indonesia, that the plan for generation, transition and distribution networks, as
well as electricity sales in an area in an effort to increase the production of electrical energy,
in accordance with Government Regulation no. 25 of 2021 concerning the Implementation of
the Energy and Mineral Resources Sector (RUPTL 2021-2030). This situation will have an
impact on increasing the fault current in the electric power system. Fault is a condition in
which the system experiences a relationship between one phase and another phase or system
which causes a very large increase in fault current, which can cause damage to electrical
equipment. Therefore, disturbance studies need to be carried out routinely by academics and
practitioners in the field of electrical engineering (Daljeet Kaur, 2014). Study on Computer
Based Learning Simulation (SCBL) for Short Circuit Multi Engine Power System Analysis.
The related research builds a short circuit fault model of an electric power interconnection
system with a bus impedance matrix model. The system modeling is done by observing the
inline diagram, and the bus admittance matrix is designed through the reactance diagram,
then the bus impedance matrix is modeled to determine the short-circuit impedance value
(Maharani, 2017).
Research that examines the effectiveness of digital simulations to measure the use of
digital media in learning in the field of vocational training techniques. To address the
challenges and harness the opportunities offered by digital technologies during this crisis,
participants shared a concern to recognize and protect digital rights in particular around the
areas of privacy and inclusion (Hariati, 2021). This can be interpreted as internet users in
Indonesia belongs to the category of digital natives group (Gunawan, 2020). The use of
digital technology worldwide is increasing, especially since the COVID- 19 pandemic in
early 2020 (Yugo, 2021). This observation uses a meta-evaluation technique. The use of
digital simulations is beneficial for students in increasing learning creativity. The trial was
applied in the field of technology and vocational training. Where the results obtained are
known that Digital simulation is suitable for use in technical knowledge of procedures in
vocational training. (Akrimullah, Giatman, et.al, 2020). This is in line with research
conducted by Wiszniewsk (2018), practical experimental learning with the help of the electric
LabVolt module using digital media. In the learning process in the field of electric power
protection, students can visualize the error domain on the Over Current relay, simulate it
using PSCAD / EMTDC software.

II. Research Methods

Symmetrical Short Circuit Analysis Model

Electrical power short-circuit faults caused by asymmetric three-phase short circuits,
can cause hazards such as Damage to insulation, welding of conductors, fire and danger to
life (Benoit, 2005). Short-circuit fault current is affected by the distance of the fault point, the
closer the fault point to the source, the greater the short-circuit fault current at that point. The
maximum and minimum short circuit currents result in a difference in the working time of the
relay at each fault location, figure 1. Shows a model of a system experiencing symmetrical
disturbances.

9382
 Symmetrical Fault

Figure 1. Symmetrical Fault Model

The system model concept for symmetric short circuit analysis and simulation is carried
out by calculating the fault current at the point (bus) with a short circuit equivalent
impedance (ZSC) value. Figure 3 shows a reactance equivalent circuit of a power system. If
there is a symmetrical fault on the k-bus Hadi (1999).

Figure 2. Diagram of a Typical Power System Bus

The fault current flowing at the k-bus point is called Ik(F) with the short-circuit
impedance value expressed in ZF. The voltage on the bus that is interrupted by thevenim
equivalent circuit.
Matlab-assisted simulation tools are carried out to obtain the fault current of each
channel of each bus. Symmetrical disturbance modeling is carried out with the following
steps:
1. Observation of the inline diagram of the electric power system, the equivalent diagram
in question is an inline diagram with equivalent reactance data. Multiple machines on
each bus are represented by a single emf symbol.
2. Compile an inline diagram in the form of a reactance diagram. Inline diagrams depicted
with data are only positive sequence diagrams (for symmetrical disturbances).
3. Determine the bus admittance matrix model through the data contained in the reactance
diagram, and convert the bus admittance matrix model into the bus impedance matrix
(ZBUS) with software.
4. Calculating the magnitude of the momentary current, the total fault current that occurs
on the selected bus (bus k) with the short circuit fault current (IF) formulation:
V
I F  1K (1)
Z KK
5. the fault current equation from bus-i to bus-j can be written as:

(2)

The symmetrical fault analysis model is compiled in a program database, through the
stages as shown in figure 3.

9383
 Start

One line diagram of electric power system

Change the one line diagram to a reaction diagram

Entering reactance data into diagrams

Forming admittance matrix equation based on reactance diagram

Compiling the Zbus Matrix Model

Compiling Matlab GUI blocks via Reactance data entry

Formulate the system Impedance Matrix on GUI database

Read the matrix for positive, negative

and zero sequence components

Analysis of symmetrical components related to current and

voltage by considering the location of the fault location

observe the simulation results for the

magnitude of the fault current and voltage

Write down the fault current and voltage from the

simulation results

Stop
Figure 3. Stages of preparing a GUI Program for Short Circuit Simulation

Figure 3, shows the stages of designing a symmetrical short circuit simulation using the
Matlab GUI program. The GUI system is built based on the Fault Analysis MATLAB
Simulation literacy source by Josep M, (2013) modified, for the implementation of digital
learning in electric power system analysis learning. The process starts from observing the
inline diagram on the electric power system. Then compile a reactance diagram so that the
admittance and bus impedance matrices can be modeled on the script m. In the matlab file
there is a GUI Matlab source program. Next, perform data entry in the GUI and check the
simulation results of the calculation of the power system short circuit fault. The programming
design process is built with system reactance data input blocks from bus-i to bus-j arranged
for data entry of positive sequence reactance, negative and zero sequence reactance, Base
MVA and Base Voltage and determination of fault locations as shown in figure 4.

9384
 Figure 4. Display Enter data in GUI Program

Figure 5, shows the data input in the Program GUI. The input data is the reactance
value of the electric power system with PU units. The data is based on observations of the
real system reactance value or sourced from scientific articles.
The display of the GUI program used for learning symmetric short circuit analysis is shown
in figure 6.

1 3 5
4
G1 T1 2 T3

T2

Figure 5. The Display of the GUI Program Used for Learning Symmetric Short Circuit

Figure 5, shows the GUI interface of the program used for symmetric short circuit
analysis. On the left side of the figure, showing the data input between buses, adding a sell
for the other bus reactance data netries. Conversion of x to z is a converter of reactance
parameters per unit into impedance per unit. In the delete cell is the part where the cells that
are not needed are removed. On the clear data button is to clear the simulation results for
system impedance data. On the Short Ciscuit Types button, this is a button to select the type
of short circuit fault to be calculated. Furthermore, on the SC database input, there are several
commands to enter the fault location/location data, fault impedance, MVA base and KV
rating. As supporting data for short circuit analysis. Run simulation analysis button, is a
button to run GUI program. The results will be displayed on the left side of the GUI program.
Here students will make careful observations in seeing the process or results of the short
circuit simulation

9385
 III. Discussion

3.1 Sample Analysis

The data that is used as a trial analysis is sourced from the IEEE data sample. In this
case, a 5 Bus system is tested with three generator units connected via T1, T2 and T3 to each
transmission line, as shown in figure 6.
1 3
L1-3 L3-5
5

2 L3-4 4
L1-2
G1 T1

L2-4
T2

Figure 6. One line Diagram 5-Bus Power System

The reactance data and the voltage value as well as the MVA base are shown in table 1

Table 1. Electric power system: Bus Data (5 Bus)

Bus V(Pu) Δ(deg) PG QG
1 1.06 0 232.9 -19.5
2 1.04 -5.01 40 36.92
3 1.01 -12.82 0 0
4 1.02 -10.60 0 0
5 1.02 -8.7 55 51.48

Transformer, transmission line and Generator data contained on buses 1, 2 and 5 and
the lines connected between buses, shown in table 2.

Table 2. Transformer data and Transmission Line Data

Transformer data
From To Positive Zero TAP
Bus RP.U. XP.U. RP.U. XP.U.
Bus
0 1 0.0006 0.56 0.0006 0.56 0.93
0 2 0.0006 0.45 0.0006 0.45 0.98
0 5 0.0006 0,56 0.0006 0,56 0.97
Transmission Line Data
From To Positive Negative Zero Sequence
Bus Bus Sequence Sequence X0
(X1.) (X2)
1 2 0.125 0.125 0.331
1 3 0.150 0.150 0.452
2 4 0.255 0.255 0.514
3 4 0.142 0.142 0.315
3 5 0.213 0.213 0.298
4 5 0.130 0.130 0.411
Generator Data

9386
 From To Positive Negative Zero Sequence
Bus Bus Sequence Sequence X0
(X1.) (X2)
0 1 0.095 0.095 0.05
0 2 0.130 0.130 0.05
0 5 0.162 0.162 0.10

3.2 Simulation and Result

The simulation starts by entering data in the program GUI, sequentially as shown in the
GUI data entry application figure 7.

Figure 7. SCC GUI Program

From the simulation results using the GUI program, we get a picture of the magnitude
of the 3-phase symmetrical fault current on bus 3 which is experiencing fault current. As
shown in figure 8.

1 3 5
1.95 pu 2.20 G3
1.17

1.08 1.28 4
G1 2
1.08
1.08
0.76

G2
1.17

Figure 8. Symmetrical Faults Result

From the simulation results, it can be seen that the direction of the fault current if there
is a fault on bus 3, respectively, namely: from the G1, the Fault Current (IF) is 1.95 pu. from
G2 the current is 1.17 pu. Mean while, from G3 it is 1.08 pu. Fault current flows to the fault
point, namely IF (L1-3) of 2.20 pu, IF (L2-1) 1.08 pu, IF(L2-3) 0.76 pu, IF (L5-4) 1.08 pu, IF (L5-1) 1.17
pu. so that the total current entering bus 3 is 4.66 pu. This means that the fault current on bus
3 has a value of 4.66 times greater than the nominal current. So this short-circuit current can
damage the equipment if it is not quickly secured by protective equipment.

9387
3.3 Short Circuit Simulation Trial in Small Class Training
The trial was carried out by applying training on understanding of symmetric short
circuit analysis to 15 students who were taken randomly in the strata 1 electrical engineering
class, through a training offer. The students involved consisted of 15 6th semester students
who in carrying out learning activities for the power system analysis course and students in
charge of the electrical power protection course. Learning treatment is given by providing the
concept of symmetric short circuit analysis material, then students are given real field data
based on data from scientific journals and data from the 14 Bus IEEE electric power system.
students conduct guided investigative trials with the help of the program's GUI simulation
tool. Lecturers as verifiers in checking student learning outcomes, who solve project-based
learning problems. From the results of the trial, a measurement of the level of student
learning success was carried out, by comparing the initial ability (before being treated with
learning with the GUI Program) and the final ability through the post-test (after being treated
with learning with the GUI Program. Through the analysis of effectiveness and practicality,
test results were obtained as follows: shown in figure 9.

(b) Post Test

(a) Pre-test

Figure 9. The Effectiveness of Learning Using a GUI Simulation

Measurement of effectiveness was carried out by testing before (pretest) and after being
given treatment (post test) to 15 students participating in the training by using the comparison
method against the average value, analyzed using simulation, obtained an average result of

9388
77.33, an increase from the previous average value of 54.53. This shows that the use of
simulation media in learning with digital learning concepts is effectively applied to adult
students. he results of testing GUI products for learning are in line with research conducted
by (Ismail, 2022), trials of implementing Augment Reality in experimental classes with
culture-based Learning Model Problem Based Learning with Augmented Reality using
parametric, that is t-test. To see the quality of student improvement mathematical
communication skills taught through Learning model Problem Based Learning based on
culture-assisted Augmented Reality Shows higher results.

IV. Conclusion

From analysis studies, simulations and measurements of GUI program trials in the field
of electric power system learning, for symmetric short circuit analysis studies, it can be
concluded
1. The GUI program is designed to solve learning problems in the field of analysis of
short circuit analysis of electric power systems, in practical electrical power
interconnection systems. Shown from the simulation results, the value of the short
circuit fault current is 4.46 pu. The results are in accordance with theoretical studies
that the magnitude of the symmetrical fault current can reach 3 to 6 times greater than
the nominal current. Simulation results show the values are in that range. So it is
concluded that the GUI SCC program can be used by students in project-based learning
and independent learning
2. Testing using a comparison method with pretest and post test instruments to test the use
of the GUI program in learning shows significant results, where the GUI Program can
improve learning outcomes and independence and freedom in guided learning are more
effective, this can create support in strengthening the program MBKM policy
proclaimed by the government of the Republic of Indonesia through the Ministry of
Education's Key Performance Indicators contained in the plan. medium term 2020-2024

References

Abbas, 2017. ‘A Review of the Literature on the Integration of Technology into the Learning
and Teaching of English Language Skills’, International Journal of English Linguistics
doi: 10.5539/ijel.v7n5p95. 95–106.
Agus Junaidi, Abdul Hamid K. (2017) Design of Simulation Product for Stability of Electric
Power System Using Power System Stabilizer and Optimal Control. IOP Conf. Series:
Journal of Physics: Conf. Series 970, 1-7.
Akrimullah Mubai1, M Giatman2, Usmeldi,et.al (2020). Meta Analysis: The Effectiveness of
Learning Media Based on Virtual Simulation in Technical Vocational Education.
Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 504
Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference Innovation in Education (ICoIE 2020).
353-360.
Benoit d, Frederic DDumas Christophe P. (2005) Calculation of short-circuit currents.
Cahier technique no. 158. ahttp://www.schneider-electric.com
Daljeet Kaur, Dr. S.K.Bath, Darshan Singh Sidhu. (2014). Short Circuit Fault Analysis of
Electrical Power System using MATLAB, IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics
Engineering (IOSR-JEEE) e-ISSN: 2278-1676,p-ISSN: 2320-3331, Volume 9, Issue 2
Ver. III (Mar – Apr. 2014), PP 89-100.
Farhad Shahnia, (2014). Improving the Learning Experience of Power System Protection
Students using Computer-based Simulations and Practical Experiments. Australasian

9389
 Universities Power Engineering Conference, AUPEC 2014, Curtin University, Perth,
Australia, 28 September – 1 October 2014. 1-10
Ghavifekr, S. and Athirah, W, 2015. ‘Teaching and Learning with Technology :
Effectiveness of ICT Integration in Schools Teaching and Learning with Technology :
Effectiveness of ICT Integration in Schools’, International Journal of Research in
Education and Science Volume,1(2).
Gunawan, G.G., and Sulaeman, M. (2020). Determining Factors in the Use of Digital
Marketing and Its Effect on Marketing Performance inthe Creative Industriesin
Tasikmalaya. Budapest International Research and Critics Institute-Journal (BIRCI-
Journal) Vol 3 (3): 2543-2550.
Hadi Saadat (1999). Power System Analysis. Third Edition. Mc Graw Hill.
Hariati, P. (2021). Implementation of Digital Literacy toward Pandemic Situation. Budapest
International Research and Critics Institute-Journal (BIRCI-Journal) Vol 4 (2): 2920-
2926.
Ismail Hanif Batubara1,2, Sahat Saragih1, Elmanani Simamora1, (2021)Analysis of
Student’s Mathematical Communication Skills through Problem Based Learning
Models Assisted by Augmented Reality", Budapest International Research and Critics
Institute-Journal (BIRCI-Journal) Volume 5, No. 1, February 2022, Page: 1024-
1037,ISSN: 2615-1715
John J. Grainger, William D. Steverson Jr (1994), Power system analysis . McGraw Hill,
ISBN.0070612935
Higgs, J. (2012). Practice-Based Education Perspectives and Strategies. Sense Publishers.
Jordi-Roger Riba Ruiz (2010). A Computer Model for Teaching the Dynamic Behavior of
AC Contactors. Journal IEEE transactions on education, VOL. 53, NO. 2, May 2010,
248-256.
Joseph. A. M (2013); EE Faults Analysis. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WY957
0wmS1
Maharani Putri & Rahmaniar, (2017). The Simulation Computer Based Learning (SCBL) for
Short Circuit Multi Machine Power System Analysis. . IOP Conf. Series: Journal of
Physics: Conf. Series 970.
Nurul Hidayati Rofiah, Muya Barida (2022). Critical Thinking Ability among Gifted and
Slow Learner Students in Higher Education. What is the Recommended Learning
Model?. Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education. Vol.13 No.02. E-
ISSN:1309-4653, 26-30
Rahmaniar, agus Junaidi, et al (2019). Modelling And Simulation: An Injection Model
Approach to Controlling Dynamic Stability Based On Unified Power Flow Controller.
Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology, ISSN: 1992-8645, Vol.97.
No 20, 2334-2345
Susetyo (2020). Permasalahan Implementasi Kurikulum Merdeka Belajar Program Studi
Pendidikan Bahasa Indonesia FKIP Universitas Bengkulu. Prosiding Seminar Daring
Nasional” Prosiding Seminar Daring Nasional, 21 Oktober 2020. E-ISBN : 978-602-
5830-27-3 29, 29-43.
Wiszniewski, A., Solak, K., Rebizant, W., & Schiel, L. (2018). Calculation of the lowest
currents caused by turn-to-turn short-circuits in power transformers. International
Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems, 95,.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2017.08.028. 301–306.
Yugo, V.R.S., Juanda, B., and Anggraeni, L. (2021). Does Digital Readiness Affect
Economic Growth?. Budapest International Research and Critics Institute-Journal
(BIRCI-Journal) Vol 4 (4): 7735-7746.

9390