PRIMARY FIVE SCIENCE LESSON NOTES

TERM I TOPICS
1. Keeping poultry and bees
2. Measurement
3. Immunization
4. The digestive system
Lesson 1 Week 1
POULTRY KEEPING
Key terms used in poultry
Poultry is the rearing of domestic birds (fowls).
Poultry are domestic birds.
Examples of poultry
i. Chicken iv. Turkeys
ii. Ducks v. Guinea fowl
iii. Pigeons

REASONS WHY FARMERS KEEP POULTRY

i. For egg production
ii. For meat (Chicken) production
iii. For sell to get money (family income)
Other uses of poultry
To get feathers for different purposes e.g. making pillows, decoration, dancing
propes, cushions.
Some birds are kept as pets in homes e.g. peacocks, hens, parrots.
Source of farm yard manure from the droppings.
EXTERNAL PARTS OF A COCK

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LESSON 2
Importance of each part on a bird
1. Spur - For protection / defence
2. Beak / bill
i. For picking food
ii. For defence
iii. For building their nests
iv. To clean itself and arrange its feather.(preen)
3. Toe nails (claws)
i. To scratch for food
ii. For defence
4. Comb and wattle
i. For identification
5. Feathers
i. For identification
ii. For courtship (attracting of opposite sex for mating) incase of a
cock.
iii. To protect the delicate skin
iv. To keep the birds warm
v. For incubation of eggs.
vi. For brooding their young ones.
NB: Cocks have bright feathers for courtship(Attracting of opposite sex for mating)

STRUCTURES OF FEATHERS
Quill feather Covert feather

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Down feather Filoplume

Purpose of the above feathers:

Quill feathers-They are used for flight
The body feathers-To keep the bird warm
Down feathers-They help in insulating the bird
Filoplume feathers-They keep the bird warm

LESSON 3
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN A HEN AND A COCK
A cock A Hen
i. Has a large spur Has a small spur
ii. Has a large comb Has a small comb
iii. Has a large wattle Has a small wattle
iv. Does not lay eggs Lays eggs
v. Has large ear lobes Has small ear lobes
vi. Has long strong claws Has small claws
vii. Has a large beak Has a small beak

NB: Observe the real bird (cock and hen)

BREEDS OF CHICKEN
What is a breed?
A breed is a group of animal with specific characteristics / behaviours.
Groups of breeds of chicken kept in Uganda
1. Local breeds (Indigenous)
2. Exotic breeds (Imported / foreign)
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NB: Exotic breeds can either be grouped as heavy breeds or light breeds.

Heavy breeds Light breeds

i. Rhode Island red i. Ancona
ii. New Hampshire ii. Minorca
iii. Orpington iii. Light Sussex
iv. White Leghorn
v. Skyers

LOCAL BREEDS
Advantages of local breeds of chicken (indigenous)
• Local breeds are easy to manage.
• Local breeds are resistant to tropical diseases.
• Local breeds look for their own food.
• Local breeds incubate their own eggs.
• They brood their own chicks.
• They get a lot of physical exercises as they move from one place to another
looking for food.
Disadvantages of keeping local breeds of chicken
• They grow very slowly
• They lay fewer eggs.
How to improve upon the local breeds of chicken
• Through cross-breeding of local breeds with exotic breeds to get a hybrid.
• Through selective breeding (choosing breeds of good quality).
• Throughout breeding – mating of different families of the same breed.
LESSON 4
Advantages of cross-breeding
• Encourages fast growth in birds
• Results into more eggs being laid by the offspring.
• Improves on the productivity of poultry.
Advantages of keeping Exotic breeds of chicken
• Exotic breeds grow very fast.
• Exotic breeds lay many eggs.

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Disadvantages of exotic breeds of chicken
• Exotic breeds are not resistant to diseases.
• They do not incubate their eggs.
• They cannot look for their own food.
• Exotic breeds are expensive and difficult to look after.
• They cannot brood their own chicks.
Compare the local poultry with exotic breeds.

Types of chicken
There are three main types of chicken kept in Uganda.
Layers: Kept for egg production
Boilers: Kept for meat production
Dual Purpose: Kept for both meat and eggs production.

FEEDING OF POULTRY
Chicks feed on chick mash
Boilers feed on Boilers’ mash
Layers feed on layers’ mash
Growers feed on Growers’ mash
Composition of chicken mash (feeds)
• Silver fish (enkejje)
• Bone meal
• Common salts
• Maize meal
• Sea shells (rich in calcium for the strong growth of bones)
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 Different types of birds are fed on such feeds for a purpose
i. Layers: Layers’ mash makes them to lay many eggs with hard eggshell as
its rich in calcium. The calcium also helps them to strengthen their bones.
ii. Boilers’: Broilers’ mash has a lot of proteins which makes the broilers to
grow very fast and put on more weight in short time.
iii. Growers’: Growers’ mash is very rich in protein which makes the growers
to grow very fast and well.
iv. Chicks’ mash is soft and easy to digest by the chicks’ gut. It is rich in
proteins which makes the chicks to grow very fast.
Summary table
Types of chicken Food Age
i. Chicks Chick mash 0 – 4 weeks
ii. Growers Growers’ mash 4 – 16 weeks
iii. Broilers Broilers’ mash 4 – 8 weeks
iv. Layers Layers’ mash Over 16 weeks

FEEDING AND DRINKING EQUIPMENT

LESSON 5
DIGESTION IN BIRDS
Digestion is the breaking down of food into smaller particles.
Birds have no teeth
They have a horny beak
They swallow food wholly (food is swallowed whole)

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ALIMENTARY CANAL OF BIRDS

Functions of different parts of the alimentary canal of bird

1. Beak / bill: Is used to:
• Pick food
• Break food into smaller piece
2. Gullet (Esophagus): Is used to carry food from the break to the crop.
3. Crop: Softens / moisten food before it is passed onto the stomach
4. Stomach: Secretes digestive enzymes that mix with food.
5. Gizzard: Contains small stones (grit) that grind (crush) food into small
particles.
6. small intestine: Final digestion takes place. Where absorption occurs.
7. Colon (large intestines): Absorption of water takes place.
8. Caeca: Stores undigested foods remain temporarily. It is where cellulose is
acted upon by bacteria.
9. Vent: allows wastes (chicken droppings) out of the body of a bird.

LESSON 6
INCUBATION
Incubation: is a process by which fertilized eggs are given favourable conditions in
order to hatch into chicks.

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Favourable conditions for eggs to hatch
• Good temperature (warmth) 320C - 380
• Relative humidity (moisture) of 0%
• Good ventilation (free circulation of air).
Reasons some eggs fail to hatch even in the presence of favourable
conditions
• If an egg has double yolks
• In case an egg has an abnormal shape
• In case an egg is too small in size.
• When an egg has no air space.
• If an egg has a soft egg shell.
INCUBATION PERIOD
Incubation period is the time taken by the eggs to hatch into chicks.
Incubation period of the following birds
Birds Incubation period

Hens 21 days

Ducks 28 days

Turkeys 28 days

Geese 30 days

Pegions 14 days

LESSON 7
Parts of an egg

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FUNCTIONS OF EACH PART
Egg shell: It protects the inner egg content.
It is made of mineral salt called calcium
Chalaza
It balances the yolk in position to get equal temperature during incubation period.
Yolk
It supplies food and mineral salts to the growing chick.
We obtain proteins from the yolk.
Albumen
It supplies water and other food values to the growing chick.
It allows oxygen from the air space to pass through to the growing chick and carbon
dioxide from the growing chick to diffuse to air space.

LESSON 8
TYPES OF INCUBATION
i. Natural incubation
ii. Artificial incubation

An Incubator (Artificial Incubation)

Natural incubation
In natural incubation the broody hen provides all the necessary conditions as it sits
on the eggs for 21 days.
A broody hen can incubate between 15 – 20 eggs at once.
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Advantages of natural incubation
• Little or no attention is paid to an incubating hen.
• Chicks get care from the mother hen.
• It is cheap and easy to manage by the poultry farmer.
• There is no bother with brooding the chicks.
Disadvantages of natural incubation
• Few chicks can be hatched at once.
• The hen may get diseases and parasites at an early stage.
• The hen may not be good at incubation.
• Natural brooding is not very effective for commercial production.
Artificial incubation
Artificial incubation is the type of incubation where the eggs are put inside an
incubator to hatch into chicks.
NB: In an incubator the conditions for hatching like temperature, humidity are
maintained at good level at all times.

Advantages of artificial incubation

• Man eggs can be hatched at once.
• It can be used for commercial purposes.
• It does not require the presence of broody hen.
• Diseases can be easily controlled.
LESSON 9 AND 10
Disadvantages of artificial incubation
• Artificial incubation is expensive
• It requires constant supervision
• It needs expert or skilled attention and care.

Week 2
BROODING
Brooding is giving special care and attention to chicks below 8 weeks.
Types of brooding
There are mainly two types of brooding namely;
i. Natural brooding
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 ii. Artificial brooding
Natural brooding: Is where the brooding hen cares for her chicks.
• It provides the chicks with security, warmth and food.
Advantages of natural brooding
• The broody hen provides the chicks with food other than the farmer.
• It saves the farmer from expenses of buying an artificial brooder.
• Natural brooding is cheap to the farmer.
Disadvantages of natural brooding
• Chicks can easily die if poorly protected.
• Chicks can easily be killed by wild animals like kites, eagles, wild cats, monitor
lizards etc.
Artificial brooding: Is where the chicks are kept in a brooder.

BROODER
A brooder is a special structure where farmers keep their chicks below 8 weeks.
Types of brooders
There are various types of brooders namely:-
1.Infra-red lamp brooder: Is where the infra-red lamp provides heat and light
energy.
Feeding and drinking troughs are kept inside the brooder.
Litter is put on the floor to make chicks warm and more comfortable.
Diagram of an infra-red brooder

Advantages of an infra-red lamp brooder

• Chicks are safe
• Warmth in fully provided

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 • Chicks are protected from parasites and diseases.
• Chicks are given enough food and water.
• The litter poured on the on the floor makes the chicks feel comfortable.
Disadvantages of the infra-red lamp
i. It is expensive to buy
ii. There can be food poisoning
iii. This system cannot be used in places where there is no electricity.
iv. It is difficult to control disease outbreak.
v. In case of power failure, chicks may die of coldness.
2 Kerosene (kerosene brooder)
In this system a kerosene lamp is used to provide warmth and light. This lamp is
put on a raised ground and on the floor or lamp above the chicks.
Charcoal brooder
In this system a charcoal stove is used to provide (warmth / heat) and light.
Advantages of a charcoal brooder
• It is cheap since charcoal is easily got.
• It can even be used in rural areas without electricity.
Disadvantages of a charcoal brooder
• It provides a lot of smoke
• The litter poured on the floor can easily catch fire.
Other examples of artificial brooder are:-
• Hot water pipe brooder
• Gas brooder
Disadvantages of the above brooder
• They are expensive to use
• They require a lot of skills and knowledge.

LESSON 11
SYSTEMS OF KEEPING POULTRY
There are four systems of keeping poultry
• Free range system (open system)
• Deep litter system
• The cage (battery) system
• The art / fold / pen system
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1. Free range system
Free range system is where birds are allowed to move (roam) about to look for food
but shelter is provided to them.
Advantages of free range system
• Birds eat a variety of foods
• Birds look for their own food
• Free range system is cheap to maintain
• It reduces labour to the farmer.
Disadvantages of free range system
• Birds can easily get lost
• The eggs can easily get lost and are difficult to collect.
• The birds can easily be eaten by wild animals like kites, eagles cats etc.
• Eggs become dirty easily
• It is difficult to control diseases and pests parasites.

2. Fold / Ark / Open system

Is where a limited number of birds are kept in a small moveable house called a fold /
pen / ark.
• Birds lay their eggs in the pens / folds/ arks.
• These folds are moved from one place to another every day (daily)
• The fold is made of wood, wire mesh and sticks tied together.
STRUCTURE OF A PEN

Advantages of the pen system

• It is cheap to maintain compared to cage system or deep litter system.
• Manure is evenly distributed on the farm.
• Birds are restricted in movement
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 • Birds can easily get vitamins and sunlight.
Disadvantages of the pen system
• It is more expensive than free range system
• The folds easily get old and break due to constant movements from one place
to another.
• Birds are easily bored since their movement is restricted to their fold / pen.
• More land is needed to shift the folds.
• Much labour is needed to move the folds daily.

LESSON 12
3. Deep litter system
Is a system where the birds are kept in a house throughout.
• The feeds and water are given to the birds inside the house.
• Litter is put on the floor to keep the birds warm among others.
• The house is well lit to allow the birds to feed constantly.
Advantages of the deep litter system
• The litter poured on the floor can be used as manure.
• Birds are protected from thieves and wild animals e.g. wild cats.
• Many birds can be kept in a small house.
• Clean eggs are collected.
• This system can be used for all stages of birds.
• Birds cannot get lost as their movement is controlled.
Disadvantages of deep litter system
• It encourages vices e.g. egg eating, cannibalism, toe pecking etc.
• Litter can be a fire hazard (can easily catch fire).
• It is more expensive than free range system.
• The litter can harbor (keep) pests and parasites.
Components of litter (what litter is made of)
Coffee husks, wood shavings, rice husks, crushed maize cubs and saw dust.
Importance of litter
• Provide warmth for the birds
• Prevent the eggs from breaking as they are laid.
• Litter provides heat that kills parasites / germs.
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 • Litter got from the house can be used as manure by crop farmers.
LESSON 13
Disadvantages of litter
i. Litter harbors parasites
ii. Litter is a fire hazard.
Battery (cage) system
In this system, birds are kept in separate cages.
• It is not commonly used in Uganda.
• Each cage has one or two birds put outside the cages.
• This enables people to feed the birds easily and reduce contamination of
feeds by the birds themselves.
• Cages can also be constructed in rows / one above the other.
• The cage should have good ventilation.

A DIAGRAM SHOWING A CAGE

Advantages of battery system

i. Diseases and diseased birds are easy to identify
ii. It is easy to identify a bird that does not lay eggs.
iii. Birds are very easy to control.
iv. They are protected from thieves and wild animals.
v. Farmers can get manure easily.
vi. There are less poultry vices than in the deep litter system.

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 LESSON 14
Disadvantages of battery system
i. A lot of money is needed to start (so it is very expensive)
ii. Birds do not eat whenever they need to.
iii. Birds need much attention.
Poultry diseases
i. Coccidiosis iii. Fowl typhoid vi. Avian leucosis
ii. New Castle iv. Fowl pox vii. Salmonellosis
disease v. Gumbro diseases viii. Worms
Diseases caused by a virus
i. New castle diseases
ii. Fowl pox
iii. Gumbro disease
Poultry diseases
1. Coccidiosis
Is caused by protozoa.
Signs of Coccidiosis
• Ruffled feathers
• Yellowish – White diarrhoea
• Chicks are thin and not lively.
• Blood stained (faeces) droppings.
• Chicks crowd together
• Dullness and drooping of wings.
Prevention of Coccidiosis
• Put drugs in food and water for the birds
• Should keep all the feeding troughs clean
• Isolate or kill infected birds.
• Keep the brooder and the areas around clean and dry.

2. New castle disease

Caused by a virus
Signs of New castle diseases
• Difficulty in breathing, coughing, sneezing and rattling.
• Lameness
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 • Several birds suddenly die
• Greenish – yellow dropping
• Birds twist their necks
• Staggering and dropping of wings.
Prevention, treatment and control of New Castel diseases
• Disinfect the poultry house regularly
• Vaccinate the birds after every 6 months
• Incase of out break, the flock should be killed.
NB: There is no treatment for New Castle disease so far.

LESSON 15
3. Fowl pox
Caused by virus
Signs of fowl pox
• Difficulty in breathing
• Egg production and fertility reduces
• Watery sores on the comb, wattle and around the eyes.
• Discharge from the nostril and eyes.
• Molting and shedding feathers.
• Ulcers in the mouth (small wounds)
Prevention and treatment of fowl pox
• Vaccinating the birds.
• Maintaining perfect hygiene
• Killing and burning the infected birds.
• Disinfecting the poultry house regularly.
4. Fowl typhoid
Fowl typhoid is caused by Bacterial called Salmonella.
These salmonella bacteria can attack the human beings as well, therefore it is
dangerous for people to eat raw eggs.
Signs of fowl typhoid
• Raffled feathers and a pole wattle
• Folding their heads close to the body
• Watery greenish – yellow droppings
• The liver, kidneys and spleen may become enlarged.
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Control and prevention of fowl typhoid
• Vaccinate the birds at 5 weeks.
• Revaccinate at 4 months
• Kill and burn the infected birds
• No specific treatment for fowl typhoid.

5. Gumbro diseases
Caused by a virus

Signs of Gumbro diseases

NB: Affects the chicken between 3 to 6 weeks.
• Ruffled feathers
• Drooping of the wings
• Diarrhoea and later blood stained droppings.
• Chicks die in a short time.
LESSON 16
Poultry parasites
A parasite is a living organism that depends on its host for food and shelter and
harms it (has a harmful effect on it)
Types of parasites
i. Endo – parasites
ii. Ecto – parasites
Examples of ecto – parasites
Lice Depluming mites
Red mites
Fleas
Signs of worms
• White chalky droppings
• Watery diarrhoea
• Fewer eggs are laid
Control of worms
Deworm at 6 weeks and every month
How to control ecto – parasites
• Dusting laying nests
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 • Ensure good hygiene in the poultry house
• Dusting birds with disinfectants
• Dipping the birds’ feet in kerosene to kill the fleas

POULTRY VICES
Poultry vices are bad habits in poultry.
Examples of common poultry vices
• Cannibalism • Feather pecking • Toe and skin
• Egg eating • Bullying pecking

Causes of vices in poultry

• Boredom • Over crowding of poultry
• Starvation (little or no food) • Lack of a balanced diet
Signs of poultry vices
• Blood stained beaks / bills
• Bleeding at the vent
• Yellow stains of egg yolk on the beak
• Broken egg shells in the poultry house.
• Fighting amongst poultry
How to control poultry vices
• Debeaking birds that eat eggs.
• Avoiding over crowding the birds
• Give the poultry feeds rich in calcium
• Cull or isolate the birds that are aggressive.
• Hang greens in the poultry house to keep the birds busy.
• Provide proper nestling for the layers.
• Collect laid eggs regularly.
• Remove broken egg shell from the house.
• Provide enough feeds to the birds.

LESSON 17 AND 18
Record keeping on poultry
Types of records kept on poultry farm

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1. Flock records: Shows the number of birds on a farm i.e. (number sold,
dead or killed daily).
2. Health records: Shows the treatment given to the birds.
3. Production records: Shows the production percentage and the number of
eggs collected daily.
4. Feeding records: Shows the type of feeds, quantity or amount consumed
or wasted.
5. Sales and expenditure: Shows the expenditure and income from the
feeds, eggs, sales of birds etc.
Importance of keeping records on a farm
• Help to plan for the future of the farm
• To know the profit or losses made on the farm
• For fair tax assessment
• Enable the farmer to get loans
• To know the progress of the farm
• Enables the farmer to review the history of the farm.

TOPICAL QUESTIONs
1. How are feathers important to a bird?
2. Give the differences between poultry and poultry keeping.
3. Why do farmers keep the following types of poultry?
a. Layers
b. Broilers
c. Dual purposes
4. Give any two examples of poultry.
5. Identify the importance of the following on a poultry farm.
a. Brooder
b. Incubator
6. What is the incubation period of a hen?
7. How can a poultry farmer improve upon his local breeds of chicken?
8. Briefly explain the disadvantages of keeping local breeds of chicken.
9. Why do poultry farmers keep farms records?
10. Identify any one poultry diseases caused by each of the following germs
a. Virus
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 b. Bacterium
c. Protozoa
11. Give the importance of grits/palliables in the alimentary canal of birds.
12. Identify any one cause of poultry vices.

Week 2
LESSON 1
BEE KEEPING (API CULTURE)
Bee keeping is sometimes called Api-culture
APIARY
An apiary is a farm of bees OR
An apiary is a place where bees are kept.
Why bees are referred to as social insects.
Bees live and work together in organized group called colonies.
Examples of social insects
Termites Wasps
Red ants Black ants
Solitary insects
Solitary insects are the insects that live and work alone.
Examples of solitary
Mosquitoes Dragon flies
Houseflies Cockroaches etc.
Butterflies
Grass hoppers
NB: There are two types of bees :
Solitary bees i.e.bumble bee
Social bees i.e. honey bee
External parts of a bee

LESSON 2
TYPES OF BEES IN A HIVE
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 • Queen bee
• Drone bee
• Worker bee

THE QUEEN BEE

CHARACTERISTICS OF QUEEN BEE

i. It has along abdomen and long legs.
ii. It is the largest bee in the hive
iii. It has shorter wings as compared to its body.
iv. It has a sting.
NB: Its life span is 4 – 5 years. It lays between 1500 – 3000 eggs per day.
Function of the Queen bee in the hive
i. To lay eggs in the hive
Queen bee feeds on
The queen bee is fed on royal jelly by the worker bees
THE DRONE BEE

Characteristics of a drone bee

ii. It is the male bee in the hive
iii. The drone is the second largest bee in the hive
iv. It has a blunt hairy abdomen

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 v. It is the only bee without a sting in the hive.
NB. It is almost never in the hive because it is killed after mating the queen.
Function of a drone bee
• To mate with the queen bee
Wedding flight / maiden flight
A wedding flight is a flight during which the drone bee mates the queen bee.
Why does the drone bee die after the wedding flight?
Due to loss of its reproductive organ (truct) during mating.

LESSON 3
WORKER BEE

Characteristics of the worker bees

i. They are the smallest and busiest bees in the hive.
ii. They have a sting used for defence
iii. They have a pollen basket on their hind leg for carrying pollen grains.
iv. They are female sterile bees because their reproduction organs are under
developed.
Diagram showing the hind leg of a worker bee

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Roles of the workers bees
i. Guards the hive.
ii. Collect nectar water and pollen grains.
iii. Build the hive using wax
iv. Clean the hive
v. Collect propolis used to seal the cracks on the hive.
vi. Feed the grubs (larvae) on honey
vii. Feed the queen bee on royal jelly.
viii. Fan the hive to reduce(lower) the temperature
ix. Make honey and store it in the honey combs.

LESSON 4
GENERAL HABITS OF BEES
i. Bees make woggle and round dances to communicate
ii. Bees swarm from one place to another
iii. Bees collect nectar and pollen grain from flower.
TERMS USED IN APICULTURE
Apiculture: Is the keeping and management of bees (refers to bee keeping)
An apiary: Is a farm of bees / a collection of bees hives or a place where bees are
kept.
Hiving: Is the act of attracting bees to the hive using baits.
Baits: are things used to attract bees into the hive e.g. fruit juices, ripe bananas,
cow dung e.t.c.
A colony: Is a group of bees living together.
Swarming: Is the movement of a swarm of bees from one place to another for a
purpose.
Maiden / marital flight
Is a flight during which the drone bee mates with the Queen bee.
A SWARM
A swarm is a group of bees either deserted or moving.
Bees always store enough honey in their stomachs to last them for some days.

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After swarming, the bees settle down on a branch to wait for the scouts or
messenger bees that are sent to look for a new hive to come back.
Why bees swarm
i. Bees swarm when they are over crowded in the hive
ii. When a new queen bee is born.
iii. Due to a bad smell near the hive or inside the hive.
iv. Due to dampness in the hive (incase the hive leaks)
v. Due to direct sunlight into the hive.
vi. In case the bees are attached by enemies.
vii. Due to shortage of food and water in an area due to drought.
viii. In case the queen bee dies.
ix. If there are two or more queen bees in the hive.
LESSON 5 AND 6
LIFE CYCLE OF A BEE
Bees undergo a complete metamorphosis i.e.
Eggs – Larva (grubs) - Pupae – Adult (Imago)

Diagram

Bee hives
Bees naturally hive in holes in the ground, caves or in hollows in big trees.
When a farmer wants to keep bees, he provides for them a shelter called a bee hive.
Types of bee hives
There are two types of bee hive.
i. Traditional (local bee hive)
ii. Modern been hive.

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Local bee hive
Examples of local bee hive
a). Kigezi hive

b). Dug out long bee hive

Advantages of local bee hive

i. They are easy to make
ii. They are made from locally available materials
iii. They are cheap to maintain.
Disadvantages of local bee hive
i. It is easily destroyed
ii. Not easy to inspect
iii. Lasts for time
iv. Honey is not always clean
v. Not easy to harvest honey.
Modern bee hives

Internal structure of a modern beehive

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Section in a modern bee hive
Brood chamber: Where queen lays eggs which later hatch into grubs (larvae)
Honey chamber: This where the worker bees keep honey. Only workers can reach
this section.
The honey is clean without eggs or larvae.
Queen excluder: Prevents the queen from entering the honey chamber or
Separates the honey chamber from the brood.
Therefore the queen excluder prevents honey from ge3tting contaminated
Advantages of a top bar hive
a. The hive can easily be inspected
b. Harvested honey is always clean
c. Top bar hive is durable (lasts for along time)
d. Only the honey combs which are ready can be harvested.

LESSON 7 AND 8
Disadvantages of a top bar hive
A top bar hive is expensive to make.
STARTING A COLONY
Requirements for starting a colony
• Queen bee
• Baits e.g. sugar solution for the bees to feed on.
• A trough of water to place near the hive.
Stocking a hive
Stocking a hive means putting bees in an empty hive to occupy it.
How is stocking done in apiculture?
By setting up a hive, putting baits and waiting for the bees to occupy it or Trapping
bees into the hive using a swarm cather.
Diagram of a swarm catcher

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NB: The farmer uses the above swarm catcher to transfer the bees trapped to the
main hive.
Location of an apiary (farm of bees)
• Away from people or animals to avoid disturbances
• Away from the main road
• In a sheltered and quiet (under shade)
• Near a water source
• Near flowering plants.
HARVESTING HONEY
• Dress in suitable clothing e.g. overall
• Make sure the smoker works properly.
• Lower the hive to the ground to avoid damaging the combs.
• Avoid killing the bees.
• Leave some old combs for the bees to suck honey.

The best time of the day for harvesting honey

In the evening when it is cool and all the bees are settled or clam.
Equipment for harvesting
i. A bucket (pan) for collecting honey.
ii. A knife: used to cut honey combs
iii. Overall to protect the harvester from stings.
iv. Bees veil: to protect the face from bee stings
v. Gloves: to protect the hands
vi. Gum Boats: to protect the feet.
vii. A smoker: to produce smoke that calms bees.
LESSON 9
THE HONEY HARVESTER

28
Bee products (summary)
Honey and bee wax are the main products from bees.
Other bee products include
i. Propolis iv. Brood
ii. Royal jelly v. Bee venom
iii. Combs
How is honey processed?
• Golden yellow combs are removed and crushed.
• The crushed combs are sieved / filtered.
• The wax remains on the sieve as honey drops into a clean container under
the sieve.
• Collected honey is then melted over a steam bath.
• After settling, the scum that forms on top of the honey is removed using a
spoon or knife.
• At this stage, honey is ready for eating.
• However, it can be sieved a gain to make it purer and give it clean clear
colour.

29
How to obtain bee wax
i. Honey combs are placed in a sauce pan filled with warm water.
ii. The water may be heated but not at boiling point.
iii. The bee wax melts into the warm water.
iv. After cooling, wax forms on top of the water.
Which food value do you mostly got from eating honey?
We mostly get carbohydrates.
Importance of honey to man
i. Honey is eaten directly as food
ii. Honey is used to sweeten tea.
iii. Liquid honey is eaten with bread and cakes.
iv. Honey is used to make alcoholic drinks.
v. Honey is used to treat cough.
vi. Honey can be sold to get money.

Industrial uses of honey

i. Honey is used to make medicine e.g. cough syrups.
ii. It is also used to make sweets, chocolate.
iii. It is used in fruit canning as a preservative.
iv. Honey is used to make cosmetics e.g lip shiner.
v. Honey is also used in hospitals to dress wounds in surgical cases.
Importance of bee wax to man
i. For making shoe polish
ii. For making crayons used in painting
iii. For making candle wax
iv. To make varnish for furniture
v. To make cosmetics like body creams / Vaseline.
Advantages of keeping bees
i. Apiculture takes little space i.e. the land under the lives can be used for crop
farming.
ii. Less labour and attention is needed since bees look for their own food.
iii. Bee farmers get regular income from bee products like honey.

30
 iv. Bees pollinate flowers.

LESSON 10 AND 11
BEE ENEMIES AND DISEASES
Examples of bee pests include
Wood ants
Safari ants
Rats
Wasps
Wax moths

31
Diseases of bees
Bees are resistant to diseases but the following diseases can attack them:-
American foul brood
Stone brood
Bald brood
European foul brood
Nosema

How can we prevent enemies from destroying bees?

i. By oiling the base of the poles on which bees are.
ii. Putting grease on the wives to prevent the ants from climbing.
iii. Spraying insecticides at the base of poles to kill the pests.
iv. Keeping the grass around the hives short.
v. Hanging the hives in trees 100 – 150cm high.
TOPICAL QUESTIONS

……………………………………………………………………
WEEK 3
LESSON 1
THEME: MATTER AND ENERGY
TOPIC MEASUREMENT
It is the process of finding out how long, short, big, small, heavy or light an object is.
Mass
It is the amount or quantity of matter in an object.
It is measured in grams (g), kg (kilograms).
NB: Its standard unit is kg.
Gravity: Is the force of the earth that pulls down objects.or Is the force of
attraction that objects have on one another because of their masses.
NB On earth the gravitational force acting on mass is 10N
The size of the force becomes smaller as the object moves further from the surface
of the earth.

32
Length
• It is the distance between two point
• It is measured in metres (m), centimeters (cm) Hecto metres (hm),
millimetrees (mm, decamitre (Dm) decimeters (dm).
NB: The standard units for length are Metres
Instruments used to measure length
i. Tape measures iv. Sticks
ii. Metre rulers v. Strings
iii. Foot rulers vi. Strides
A line segment: Is a line between two points.
Activity
Learners draw line segments of different length.
a). 4cm b) 6cm c) 8cm d) 14cm
LESSON 2
AREA
It is the total space covered by an object.
It is measured in Square Units cm2, m2, dm2, km2.
Area of a rectangle

Width (w)
Length (L)
The width is the shorter side of a rectangle
The length is the longer side of a rectangle
Area = Length x Width = sq units
By counting the squares

4 squares 24 squares
Area = L x W
= 6 squares x 4 squares
= 24 squares
6 squares
NB: A regular rectangle has two opposite sides equal.
Area of a square
A square has all its sides equal

33
Area = s x s
Area = s x s
S2
= 4cm x 4cm
= 16cm2
4cm

Volume
It is the space occupied by an object
It is measured in cubic units (cc, cm2, mm3, m3))

Regular objects
They are objects with specific (definite) shapes e.g. cuboids, bricks, blocks, tins,
rectangles, square etc

Finding volume of regular objects

V = L x W x H = Cubic units
Height (H)

Width (W)
Length (L)
Find the volume of the figure above.
Sample questions
………………………………….
NB Set word problems as well.

LESSON 3
Irregular objects-
These are objects that do not have a specific shape e.g. stones

Displacement method
Is the method used to find the volume of irregular objects?
Instruments used to measure the volume of irregular objects
1. Measuring cylinder
2. An over flow can or Eureka can

34
Activity
Why do we use the displacement method to find the volume of stone?
It has no specific shape
Using a measuring cylinder to find the volume of an irregular object.
Procedure
Step I
Pour water into a measuring cylinder about half full and record the volume of the
water.
Step II
Gently lower the irregular object tied on a string into the measuring cylinder.
Step III
Record the final level of the water in the measuring cylinder.
Step IV
Subtract the first level from the final level.
V = Final level – 1st level
V = 10cc – 5cc
V = 5cc
NB
The volume of the irregular object is equal to the volume of the displaced water.
Using an over flow can (Eureka can)
Step I
Pour water in the can up to the level of the spout
Step II
Put the irregular object tied on a thread gently in the can.
Step III
Collect the water that pours out of the can in a measuring cylinder

1. What is the volume of the stone?

10cc
2. What is the use of the string (thread) in the experiment above? To gently
lower the stone into the water and avoid it from splashing.

35
LESSON 4
Weight
3. It is the gravitational force exerted on an object by the earth.
The standard unit of weight is Newton
Mass
• It is the amount of matter on an object.
• It is the quantity of matter contained in a body.
Machines used to measure weight and mass
i. Beam balance
ii. Spring balance-weight
iii. Set of scale
iv. Scale of balance
v. Weighing balance
Difference between weight and mass
1. Mass does not change from place to place while weight changes.
2. Mass is the amount of matter in an object while weight is the force of gravity
exerted on an object.
3. Mass is measured in kilograms while weight is measured in Newton (N).
Floating objects
Floating is when an object stays on top when thrown on water.
Objects float because they are less dense than water.
When an object floats in a fluid, two forces act on it; its own weght and upthrust
force of the fluid.
Examples of floating objects
Cork Feather Petrol, paraffin
Plastic Leaves
Boats Soft dry wood
Sponge Paper
Sinking
It is when an object thrown on water goes to the bottom of the water.
Objects sink because they are more dense than water.

36
Examples of sinking objects
Stones Metal Coins
Sand Glass Pins
Soil Nails Clay
Keys
NB: Any sinking objects displaces water equal to its volume.

LESSON 5
Density
It is the ratio of mass to volume of a substance or density of a substance is defined
as its mass per unit volume.
The density of water is 1.0g/cc and ice is 0.92g/cc.
We use density bottle to measure densities of substance.
It is measured in units like (kg / cc, gm /cm3, kg/m).

Activity
Find the density of an object with mass 400gm and volumes 20cc>
D = Mass (M)
Volume D
D = Mass
Volume
D = 400gm
20
D = 20gm/cc

37
LESSON 7
TOPICAL QUESTIONS
1. Write one sentence to show the meaning of measurement.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. How are irregular objects different from regular objects?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. Calculate the area of the figure below

3m
6m
Calculate the volume of the cuboid below.

3cm

2cm
4cm

……………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. What is the standard measure (units) for length?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
5. Calculate the volume of the cuboid below.
6. Why does paraffin and petrol float when mixed with water?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
7. Give one difference between mass and weight.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
8. Identify one object that can float when thrown on water.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
9. State any two machines that can be used to measure mass.

38
 ……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
b. Calculate the density of an object with mass 20gm and volume 2cc.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
10. Use the experiment below to answer the questions below.

a. What is the volume of the stone

……………………………………………………………………………………………………
b. Name the objects marked
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
c. Why is the above method used to find the volume of the stone?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
11. Why do we use displacement method to find the volume of irregular object?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
12. What is the meaning of the term sinking?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
b. Give any two examples of sinking objects.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
c. Why do some objects sink in water?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………

Week 4
LESSON 1
IMMUNISATION

39
Immunization – is the administration/ introduction of vaccines into the body to cause
immunity.
OR
Is a way of putting vaccines into the body in order to cause immunity.
IMMUNITY
Immunity is the body’s ability to resist disease attack.
TYPES OF IMMUNITY
There are two types of immunity.
1. Natural immunity.
2. Artificial (acquired immunity)
Natural Immunity
Is the type of immunity a baby or a person gets without introduction of vaccines. This
can be got through breast feeding, from mother to baby through the placenta.
Eating a balanced diet and develops as a result of infection.
The baby gets it as it develops in the mother’s womb.
Artificial Immunity
Is the type of immunity a baby gets through receiving vaccines in the body.
After birth, a child is immunized and gets immunity.
VACCINES
Vaccines are medical substances which are introduced into the body to produce
antibodies against certain diseases.
Vaccines take the form of dead or weakened bacteria or viruses that can still act as
antigens.
Vaccines can be administered orally or through an injection.
ANTIBODIES
These are chemical substances produced by white blood cells to defend the body
against diseases.
LESSON 2
TYPES OF VACCINES
There are three types of vaccines
i. Toxoids
ii. Attenuated vaccines

40
 iii. Killed vaccines
Toxoids
There are prepared from toxins produced by bacteria in the body. They are made
harmless and injected into the body like T.T vaccines.
Killed / Dead vaccines
These are killed bacteria or virus that has been grown in suitable host cells. They are
made harmless before being injected into a person e.g. cholera and the sack anti polio
vaccine.
Attenuated vaccines
These are live bacteria or virus which has been weakened in such a way that they can
not cause diseases. When injected into the body, they cause immunity.
Importance of immunity to our body
Protects us from being attacked by diseases.
Boosts our body immune system.
How does baby get immunity?
i. From mother to child during development in the womb.
ii. Through immunization from vaccination.
iii. After suffering and recovering from an illness.

LESSON 3
CHILDHOOD IMMUNIZATION DISEASES
The six childhood killer diseases attack children below the age of six years.
These are:
- Poliomyelitis (Polio) - Diphtheria
- Measles - Whooping cough (pertussis)
- Tuberculosis - Tetanus
Other Immunisable diseases
- Cholera - Small pox (already eradicated)
- Yellow fever - Hepatitis B
- Meningitis .e.t.c. - Haemophilus
- Rabies - Influenza B
- Typhoid - Rubella (Geman, measles)

41
- Typhus fever
- Plague

DISEASES, CAUSE, SIGNS, SYMPTOMS, PREVENTATION AND TREATMENT

1. Tuberculosis.
Cause - bacteria (mycobacterium tuberculosis)
It usually attacks the lungs, bones, joints and the brain
How its spread.
Through air/coughing or sneezing

Signs (what is seen with our eyes)

- A lot of sweating
- Loss of weight - Loss of skin color
- Chronic cough - Thick sputum
Note; Sputum is a liquid from the throat or lungs especially when it’s coughed as out
because of a disease.
Symptoms
- Mild fever
- Loss of appetite
- General body weakness
- Chest pain.
Treatments
- Use antibiotics
Prevention
- Immunize with(Bacillus Calmette- -
Bwerine) BCG vaccine. - Isolation of sick people
- Eats a balanced diet - Drinking properly boiled milk
- Avoid sharing, cutting, cups, plates

42
LESSON 4
2. Measles
Caused by virus
Measles is spread by contact with the nose or throat secretions of infected people and
in air borne droplets.
Signs
- Sore in the mouth - Dry cough
- Runny nose - Red eyes
- Skin rash
Symptoms
- High temperature (fever)
- Itching skins
- Body weakness
Prevention
- Isolation of infected persons.
- Immunize with measles vaccine at 9 months after birth
Treatment
There is no proper treatment but we can control symptoms
3. Whooping cough (pertussis)
It’s a respiratory disease caused by a bacteria called Boraletella Pertussis.
Its spread through droplet infection (coughing and sneezing)
Signs
- Running nose
- Severe coughing with spells that end with whoops
- Watery discharge from eyes, sneezing.
- Quick deep breath
- Mild cough.
Symptoms
- Fever - A cold
Treatment
Treat with anti biotic

43
4. Diphtheria
Caused by bacteria
Signs
- Swollen neck
- Sore throat

44
 Prevention
- Immunize with D P T vaccine
- Isolation of infected persons.
Treatment
Use antibiotics

LESSON 5
5. Tetanus
Caused by bacteria called Clostridium tetani.
Signs
- Stiff muscles all over the body especially the jaws
- Sudden and strong muscles that spasm when touched
- Baby stops suckling
- Difficulty in swallowing.
Symptoms
- Fever
Prevention / Treatment
- Immunize with D P T vaccine
- Immunize with TT vaccine for females between 15 – 49 years

6. Poliomyelitis (polio)
Caused by a virus
Its spread through drinking or eating contaminated water and food
Signs
- Paralysis in the limbs (legs / hands)
Prevention of polio
- Drinking boiled water
- Proper disposal of faeces
- Immunize with polio vaccine
Symptoms
- High fever
- Weakness of the body

45
Other Immunisable diseases
CHOLERA
- Caused by bacteria
- Spread through drinking contaminated water
- Spread through eating contaminated food.
Signs
• Excessive diarrhea
• Excessive vomiting
Treatment
- Give ORS
- Give fluids like juice, waters and milk.
- Take to the health centre.
Prevention
- Drinking boiled water
- Wash hands before handling food
- Ensure proper disposal of refuse
- Ensure proper of latrines
- Cover all cooked food and leftovers
- Prepare food in a clean place and eat it from a clean container.
- Observe general cleanliness of both body and environment

LESSON 6
HEPATITIS B
Its caused by Hepatitis B virus.
It affects the liver.
Spread by contact with blood of an infected person.
Symptoms
Body weakness
Stomach upset
Signs
Very dark urine
Very pale stool

46
No treatment
Prevention
Immunize with Hepatitis B antibiotics(Hepatitis B serum) HIB vaccine

AGE VACCINE DISEASE METHOD OF IMMUNIZATION

a At birth BCG & Polio Tuberculosis Injection-right upper arm
vaccine polio
Drops in the mouth
b 6 weeks DPT vaccine Diphtheria Pertussis Injection on the left upper thigh
Polio Tetanus
vaccine Poliomyelitis Drops in the mouth
c 10 weeks DPT vaccine Diphtheria Pertussis Injection on the left upper thigh
polio Tetanus
Poliomyelitis Drops in the mouth
d 14 weeks DPT vaccine Diphtheria Pertussis Injection on the left upper thigh
& Polio Tetanus
vaccine Poliomyelitis Drops in the mouth
e 9 months Measles Measles Injection on the left upper arm.
36 weeks vaccine

IMMUNIZATION SITES

47
 LESSON 7
IMMUNIZATION CARD (C H C) CHILD HEALTH CARD
This is a card given by health workers at a health centre to every child (baby) who
receives immunization
A child health card shows the following information about a baby
1. Date of birth (D.O.B)
2. Date of next visit for immunization
3. Vaccine received and date
4. Birth weight of the child
5. Child’s name
6. Parent’s name, place of residence, parent’s occupation.
7. Birth order
8. Doctor’s advice to health growth and nutrition of the child.
Importance of immunization
1. Helps to remind the parent of the next date of visit for immunization
2. Helps the parent to monitor the child growth
3. Helps both the doctor and the parent to know which vaccine was already given and
which one is remaining.

LESSON 8
Roles of individual families and communities in immunization
a) Individuals
- Helps to inform other family members and neighbors on immunization dates and
venue.
- Learning how to immunize so that they can help the health workers.
- Help to accept and convince other people to accept immunization as an important
programme
- Encourage others to take their children for immunization.
- Assisting health workers in arranging the places selected for immunization
b) Family
- Share all information that they know about immunization.
- Parents should make sure that all children and pregnant women are immunized.

48
- Bigger children should take younger ones for immunization
c) Community
- Organize seminars, workshops, plays and concerts to educate others about
immunization
- Schools should perform plays and concerts about immunization on open days and
speech days.
NOTE: The common immunization centers in our communities include; hospital,
clinics, dispensaries, health centers etc.

Week 5
LESSON 1 AND 2
THEME HUMAN BODY
TOPIC: THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
DIGESTION – Is a process by which food is broken into simple forms that can be
absorbed in the blood stream.
THE DIGESTION SYSTEM
Is a group of parts which work together to digest food in the body.
The alimentary canal (digestive gut)
Is the tube in the body of animals in which food moves by peristalsis
Alimentary canal
Is the muscular tube that runs from the mouth to the anus.
Parts of the alimentary canal
- Mouth
- Gullet Colon
- Appendix
- Rectum
- Pancreas
- Liver
- Appendix
- Rectum
- Pancreas
- Liver

49
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM OF MAN;

50
LESSON 3
Uses of the parts of the digestive system
1. Mouth
- It is where digestion begins.
- Food is broken into simpler forms.
- Food is mixed with saliva to make it soft for easy swallowing.
Saliva
- It is a digestive juice produced by the salivary glands in the mouth
- It has an enzyme called salivary amylase or ptyalin.
- Ptyalin breaks down starch into maltose.
- It also has mucus which lubricates the food.
2. The tongue
- It rolls food into bolus
- It is used for tasting.
- It pushes the food into the gullet
3. Gullet (oesophagus)
It leads food from the mouth to the stomach.
Food passed through the gullet by the process of peristalsis.
Illustration of peristalsis.

4. Epiglottis
- It prevents food from entering the wind pipe.
5. Stomach
- It keeps food for 1-4hrs depending on the type of food.

51
- The stomach walls produce the gastric juice and hydrochlonic acid
Hydrochlonic acid – kills most of the germs brought by the food into the stomach.
- The gastric juice enzymes that start the digestion of proteins.
Alcohol is absorbed in the stomach.
6. The duodenum
- It is the first section of the small intestine.
- It receives bile juice and pancreatic juice through the pancreatic duct.
7. The liver
- It produces the bile juice

8. Gall bladder
- It keeps or stores the bile juice.
- Bile has salts that breaks (emulsify) fats for easy digestion.
9. The pancreas
- It produces the pancreatic juice.
- The pancreatic juice has enzymes that complete the digestion of carbohydrates,
proteins and fats.
10. The Small intestines
- It is the second part of the small intestine
- It is where the digestion of food ends.
- It is where the absorption of food takes place.
Absorption
- Is a process by which digested food is taken into the blood stream.
- The lleum has finger like projection called the vilil
- The villi absorbs food
- The walls of the lleum produce a juice called intestinal juice that completes the
digestion of food.
How the small intestines is adapted to its function
• It has a large surface area made of villi and micro villi

52
 • It has a lot of blood capillaries which allow the transportation of blood
molecules all over the body.

The large intestine (colon)

- It is where water and mineral salts are absorbed or take place
Rectum
- It keeps the undigested waste materials before they are passed out
Anus
- It passes out the undigested materials
- It is used for digestion
Components of faeces
- Water
- Dead cells
- roughage
- Bacteria

LESSON 4
Disorder and disease of the digestive system
Disorder
They are problems that can make the alimentary canal fail function well.

Constipation
It is when the undigested matter stays in the rectum for too long.
Causes
- Lock of roughage in the diet
- Drinking little water
- Lack of physical exercise
How to prevent constipation
- Eat fruits and vegetables e.g. mangoes, apples e.t.c.
53
 - Doing plenty of physical exercises.
- Drinking water before and after eating food.
- Eating a balanced diet.
B) Indigestion
It occurs when the food we eat is not properly digested
Causes of indigestion
- Improper chewing of food
- Over eating
Symptoms of indigestion
- Stomach ache
- Heart burns
- Tiredness/ fatigue
Prevention of indigestion
i. Chewing food properly before swallowing.
ii. Drinking enough water before and after eating food.
Vomiting
i. It is a disorder caused eating poisonous food or over eating
ii. It can also be caused due to some diseases e.g. malaria

LESSON 5
Diseases of the digestive system
1. Appendicitis
- It is caused by bacteria that enters the appendix
- It leads to swelling of the appendix
- It causes too much pain in the lower right side of the abdomen.
- It can be treated by cutting it off.

2. cholera
- cholera is used by bacteria

54
 - it is spread by houseflies, cockroaches.
- It is also spread by drinking contaminated water, eating contaminated food.
Symptoms of cholera
Pain around the abdomen
Control of cholera
i. Boil water before drinking it.
ii. Kill houseflies by spraying
iii. Wash hands before eating, serving or handling food.
iv. Wash hands after visiting the toilet or latrine
v. Cover cooked food to keep away houseflies.
vi. Properly dispose human faeces
3. Typhoid
i. It is caused by bacteria
ii. It can be spread by house flies
iii. Typhoid can be spread by drinking contaminated water and eating dirty food
Signs of typhoid
- Diarrhea
Symptoms of typhoid
- Headache
- Fever
Prevention of typhoid
- Boiling water for drinking
- Spraying insecticides to kill houseflies
- Washing hands before eating food
- Wash hands after visiting the latrine or toilet
- Properly disposing rubbish and faeces
4. Dysentery
- The frequent passing out of watery stool with blood stains.
- Amoebic dysentery is caused by amoeba.
55
 - Bacillary dysentery is caused by a bacteria
Spread of dysentery
i. Drinking contaminated water
ii. Eating contaminated food
iii. Houseflies carry germs onto the food and hands.
Control of dysentery
i. Boiling water for drinking
ii. Washing fruits before eating them
iii. Spraying insecticides to kill houseflies
iv. Washing hands before eating, serving food
v. Wash hands after visiting the toilets
Dangers of dysentery
i. It leads to dehydration
ii. It leads to anaemia
5. Peptic ulcers (stomach ulcers)
- They are wounds formed in the stomach or small intestine
- They cause a lot of pain especially when one is hungry

LESSON 5 AND 6
CARE FOR THE ALIMENTARY CANAL
i. Wash hands before eating
ii. Chew food properly before swallowing it
iii. Wash hands after visiting a toilet or latrine
iv.Eat well looked food
v.Avoid eating very hot or cold food
vi.Having regular physical exercise
vii.Having enough rest after eating
viii.Brushing the teeth after eating food

56
TOPICAL TEST
1. Why is it important for a young child to properly chew food before swallowing?
....................................................................................
2. How is the hydrochloric acid produced by the stomach importance to us?
3. Mention the process that takes place in the following parts of the alimentary
canal?
Stomach…………………………………………………………….
Small intestines………………………………………………………………..
Colon…………………………………………………………………
4. How is bile produced by liver important to our bodies?
5. How is the small intestine adopted to its function?
………………………………………………………………………………………………..
6. Write down any two diseases that affects the digestion system?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
7. Briefly explain the term digestion? ..................................................
8. Where does digestion begin in a p.5 child’s body? ................................
9. Where does digestion end in our bodies? ..................................................
10. State any two ways of keeping our digestive system in proper working
conditions.
a) State any two disorders of the digestive system. ……………………………………
11. In which parts of the digestive system are the following juices produced.
a) Bile juice………………………………………………………
b) Gastric juice…………………………………………………
c) Saliva…………………………………………………………..

57