3 Network Reference Models Script

Hello everyone!
In this video you will understand the

network reference models and will also learn about the OSI
model, one of the most popular network reference models.
Reference models are theoretical frameworks that

systematize the communication between different type of
networks or machines.
They represent the blueprints for designing the networks.
Most popular reference models are OSI and TCP/IP
protocol suite.
Network reference models work based on layered

architecture, in which the complete functionality is divided
among layers to reduce the complexity and orderly
execution. This model can be understood using the example
of a postal system where the tasks are always executed in a
order to get the letter delivered.
Here you have understood, what is a network reference

model. Before knowing about a popular network reference
model, let’s understand some more terms related to
communication of data through a communication system
like network. In any communication system, there are five
components. Sender, receiver, Message, Transmission
medium and the protocols.
The protocols represent the set of rules to be followed by
sender and receiver both for making communication,
possible, correct and secure.
Functions represented by layers in a reference model are
implemented with the help of these protocols.
Let’s understand one of the most popular network

reference models, OSI model. OSI stands for open systems
interconnection model, allowing heterogeneous computers
like windows, Linux or MAC based machines of any
hardware architecture, talking to each other. There are
seven layers within the model depicting different set of
related functions required for communication in a network.
These layers are Application, Presentation, Session,
Transport, Network, Data Link and Physical layer.
These layers are implemented by a combination of network

card drivers, operating systems, applications and
networking hardware that facilitate the transmission of
signal over various types of cables or wireless mediums.
This slide represents the conceptual communication
between the peer layers of OSI model. In layered
architecture, the sender and receiver both have same set of
layers executing the related functions. For example, the
presentation layer on sender side, receives the data from
application layer and encrypts it while the presentation
layer on receiver side decrypts the data and gives it to
application layer.
Let’s understand, the layers from the top to bottom. The

topmost layer of OSI model is application layer. Users
interact with this layer, using various applications such as
browsers, skype, outlook etc. These applications use
various protocols defined on this layer such as http, dns,
telnet, ftp etc.
All of the applications provide a set of services to be

performed by application layer, which are executed with the
help of Presentation layer, the layer below it. On receiver
side, the reverse operations are performed by application
layer.
The presentation layer, or layer 6, performs conversion of
data, you provide to the computer in natural languages, into
computer understandable form using encoding techniques
such as ASCII or Unicode.
After conversion, the data may also be encrypted by the
presentation layer for security purpose. For example, while
ordering something from an online store, the data is first
converted into binary and then encrypted using some
encryption algorithm.
On receiver side the data will then be decrypted and
decoded to user understandable form by the presentation
layer.
After processing done by presentation layer, the data is

passed to the session layer or the application layer,
depending on whether the data is transmitted or received.
At the session layer, or layer 5, the sessions are established

and released. This layer is also responsible for
synchronization of sent and received data.
After the session is established, the data is then passed to
the transport layer on sender side. On receiver side, the
reverse operation is performed, and data is handed over to
presentation layer for further processing.
The Transport layer, or layer 4, is responsible for the

transmission of data across network connections between
processes. This layer is also responsible for error recovery,
data flow, and retransmission.
Once the transport layer has completed its function, the

data is then passed to the Network layer on sender side and
to the session layer on receiver side.
More precisely, Transport layer manages the process-to-

process communication.
The Network layer, or layer 3, handles the routing of the

data. From source machine to destination machine.
Machines are identified by a network address which is a
global identifier of the machine.
The layer sends data to correct destination flowing through
a set of routers in a path such as the Internet.
After processing the data by network layer, it is handed over

to the data link layer on sender side. On receiver side the
network layer receives the correct data from data link layer
and hands it over to transport layer.
The Data Link layer, or layer 2, is considered the most

complex of the layers.
This layer sets up links across the physical network. This
layer receives data from network layer and prepare in for
the error handling by creating the frames.
On the receiver side, it accepts the data from the physical
layer and checks for the transmission errors. Apart from
this, it also handles flow control for dealing with data loss
between a slow receiver and fast sender.
Data link layer from sender side after processing the

network layer data, transfers the data to the bottommost
layer. The physical layer and on receiver side, after checking
for errors, it passes the data to the network layer.
The physical layer, or layer 1, deals with the physical

transmission medium which may be wired or wireless. This
layer deals with network cables, power plugs, cable pinouts,
wireless radio frequencies, connectors, transceivers,
receivers, etc.
This layer converts the digital data into electromagnetic

signal on sender side and electromagnetic signal into digital
data on receiver side.
Thank You…

3 Network Reference Models Script

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3 Network Reference Models Script

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Hello everyone!

In this video you will understand the

Reference models are theoretical frameworks that

Network reference models work based on layered

Here you have understood, what is a network reference

Let’s understand one of the most popular network

These layers are implemented by a combination of network

Let’s understand, the layers from the top to bottom. The

All of the applications provide a set of services to be

After processing done by presentation layer, the data is

At the session layer, or layer 5, the sessions are established

The Transport layer, or layer 4, is responsible for the

Once the transport layer has completed its function, the

More precisely, Transport layer manages the process-to-

The Network layer, or layer 3, handles the routing of the

After processing the data by network layer, it is handed over

The Data Link layer, or layer 2, is considered the most

Data link layer from sender side after processing the

The physical layer, or layer 1, deals with the physical

This layer converts the digital data into electromagnetic

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