Wa0035

The Republic of Iraq
Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research

Imam Ja'afar Al-Sadiq University /College of Technical
Department of Cooling and Air Conditioning Engineering
Engineering Mechanics, Statics
First Class
4th lecturer
Structures
By instructor
MSC: Monther A. Dookhi
Chapter Four Structures MSC: Monther A. Dookhi
Chapter four
Structures
4-1 Introduction:
In chapter three we focused our attention on the equilibrium of a single body –
showing all forces external-apply equilibrium equations. Now, our attention is
directed toward the determination of the forces internal to a structure.
-Types of structures, trusses, frames & machines.
-Statically determinate structures, adequate equations of equilibrium to solve.
4-2 Plane Trusses:

-A framework composed of members joined at their ends to form a rigid structure is
known as a truss. Bridges, roof supports, derricks, examples of trusses, Figure 4/1.
- -beam, channels, angles, bars & special shapes which are fastened together at their
ends by welding, riveting, bolts, pins…..etc.
-Members of the truss lie in a single plane, then the truss is known as a plane truss,
Figure 4/2.
1
- Figure 4/3 (a), shows the basic element of a plane truss (rigid frame). While Figure
4/3 (b), shows four (or more) bars (non-rigid). If additional units are added, the frame
again rigid, Figure 4/3 (c).
-Members of truss is assumed to be two-force member, equal, opposite & collinear

for equilibrium, in tension or compression, and Figure 4/4.
-We may assume that the connection is a pin joint if the centerlines of the members
are concurrent at the joint as in Figure 4/5.
-Weight of the member is small compared with the force it supports, unless it is
being a three force member.
-Provision for expansion & contraction due to temperature changes and for
deformations resulting from applied loads is usually made at one end of the supports.
-Determine the reactions for the truss & proceed for the two methods for the analysis
of simple truss and its F.B.D. shown in Figure 4/6 as follows:
2
4-3 Method of Joints:

-This method for finding the forces in the members of a simple truss consists of
satisfying the conditions of equilibrium for the forces acting on the connecting pin
of each joint.
-We begin the analysis with any joint where at least one known exists & where not
more than two unknown forces are present.
-Apply equilibrium equations for joint , Figure 4/7 and Figure 4/8,
, is obtained. , is obtained
-Joint is the next to be analyzed, since it contains only two unknowns, & .
3
-joints , , & are subsequently analyzed in that order.

- must be in equilibrium with the forces of & obtained from analysis (i.e.
check).
Sample Problem 4/1: Compute the force in each member of

the cantilever truss by the method of joints.
Solution: We begin with the F.B.D. of the structure as a
whole,
apply equilibrium equations,
, ,
, ,
, ,
Next we draw F.B.D. for each of the joints, starting from
joint , apply equilibrium equations,
, Ans.
, Ans.
Joint is the next, (why not joint ),
, Ans.
, Ans.
For joint ,
,
Ans.
,
Ans.
Finally with joint ,
, Ans.
And the equation for checks.
4
4-4 Method of Sections:

-The main advantage of this method is that the force of any member can be found
without the need to analyze the joints until reaching that member, and Figure 4/6 is
shown again in Figure 4/12 to illustrate the method.
-Let us determine force , an imagining section with the forces and directions
(arbitrary) as shown.
-Find as before & apply will eliminate the forces
, & , then is known.
- can be found using Either or to
find force at .
-Method of joints & method of sections can be combined for

efficient solution.
5
Sample Problem 4/2: Calculate the forces induced in members , , and by

the load on the cantilever truss.
Solution: We may pass a section as shown.

Summing
Moments
about
,
Ans.
Now, to find , we need to find the angle ,
,
Ans.
To find , , and
β=
, cos
Ans.
Note: we can use & to find and .
6
Sample Problem 4/3: Calculate the force in member DJ of the Howe roof truss
illustrated. Neglect any horizontal components of force at the supports.
Solution: The reaction at can be found by considering the truss as a whole
. Also It is not convenient to cut ,
because (although moment about J will
eliminate DJ, CJ and KJ and can find DE) not
enough equilibrium equations to find DJ. Hence
we begin with cut as shown.
7
4-5 Frames and Machines:

-A structure is called a frame or machine if at least one of its individual members is
a multiforce member (three or more force).
-A frames are structures which designed to support applied loads & are usually fixed
in position.
-A machines are structures which contain moving parts and are designed to transmit
forces or couples from input values to output values.
-Since frames & machines contain multi-force members, the forces in these members
in general will not be in the directions of the members. Therefore, we cannot analyze
these structures by the method developed in Art. 4-3, 4-4 & 4-5 for simple trusses
composed of two-force members where the forces are in the direction of the
members.
-F.B.D. for each member of a connected system & apply equilibrium equations, and
with the principle of action & reaction for the pin & for the ball-and-socket
connection Figure 4/15, we can find the forces acting on the whole system.
8
Sample Problem 4/6: The frame supports the 400

kg load in the manner shown. Neglect the weights of
the members compared with the forces induced by
the load and compute the horizontal and vertical
components of all forces acting on each of the
members.
Solution: Draw the F.B.D. for whole body, then,

,
, ,
, ,
-Now dismember the frame and draw F.B.D. for each

member.
-For F.B.D. of pulley , equilibrium equations in and
directions gives the values shown. The cable tension is
also shown at member .
Member CE,
-We observe that it is a two-force member, and from the

slope of , we see that , also equilibrium
equations for in and directions gives the
components and .
Member ,
, , =13.08KN Ans.
, , Ans.
, , Ans.
-For check, apply equilibrium equations to member ,
,
,
,
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Sample Problem 4/7: Neglect the weight of the frame

and compute the forces acting on all of its members.
Solution: Draw the F.B.D. for whole body, then,

, ,
, ,
-Now dismember the frame and draw F.B.D. for each

member.
-Since is a two-force member, then the direction of
the force at on and at on is known.
Member ,
, Ans.
, Ans.
Member Clearly is equal and opposite to .
Member ,
, , Ans.
, , Ans.
, , Ans.
Member ,
, , Ans.
For check, apply the remaining two equilibrium

equations,
,
,
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The Republic of Iraq

Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research

Engineering Mechanics, Statics

-Types of structures, trusses, frames & machines.

-Statically determinate structures, adequate equations of equilibrium to solve.

4-2 Plane Trusses:

-Members of truss is assumed to be two-force member, equal, opposite & collinear

4-3 Method of Joints:

-joints , , & are subsequently analyzed in that order.

Sample Problem 4/1: Compute the force in each member of

4-4 Method of Sections:

-Method of joints & method of sections can be combined for

Sample Problem 4/2: Calculate the forces induced in members , , and by

Solution: We may pass a section as shown.

4-5 Frames and Machines:

Sample Problem 4/6: The frame supports the 400

Solution: Draw the F.B.D. for whole body, then,

-Now dismember the frame and draw F.B.D. for each

-We observe that it is a two-force member, and from the

Sample Problem 4/7: Neglect the weight of the frame

Solution: Draw the F.B.D. for whole body, then,

-Now dismember the frame and draw F.B.D. for each

For check, apply the remaining two equilibrium

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