FOREVER TVET INSTITUTE

ACADEMIC YEAR: 2021/2022

ELECTRICAL DEPARTMENT
TRAINER: NIYOMUGABO Jacques
LEV 3 DOMESTIC ELECTRICITY
LEARNING HOURS: 50
MODULE: BASIC HOME SOLAR P.V SYSTEM
COMPETENCE: INSTALL BASIC HOME SOLAR P.V SYSTEM
MODULE CODE: ELCSP 302

Contents
LEARNING UNIT 1: ANALYZE THE SITE FOR HOME SOLAR PV SYSTEM INSTALLATION. ............................... 2
1.1. Introduction. ...................................................................................................................................... 2
Learning Outcome1.1: implement hazard control safety measures related to home solar plan. ............... 3
Learning Outcome 1.2: Gather information according to the work ......................................................... 8
Learning Outcome 1.3: Select tools, materials and equipment based on the installation to be
installed. .................................................................................................................................................... 9
Learning Outcome 1.4: Calculate size for solar system components based on the load ....................... 13
1.5Calculate and Plan for bill. ................................................................................................................. 13
TYPE OF SOLAR SYSTEM STORAGE BATTERY (SECONDARY BATTERIES) ..................... 23
Type of charger controller .................................................................................................................. 27
Selection of switch: ............................................................................................................................. 33
Learning unit 2: Install home solar system ................................................................................................. 34
Learning Outcome 2.1: implement hazard control safety measures related to home solar plan .......... 34
Learning Outcome 2. 4:. Install the protective system according to their load ..................................... 48
Learning Outcome 2. 5: connect solar system components in accordance with the standard.............. 49
Learning Outcome 2. 6: Test home solar PV system in accordance with the expected output ............. 49
Learning Outcome 2. 7: arrange tools, materials and equipment in work place ................................... 50
Learning unit 3: Maintain home solar PV system ....................................................................................... 51
Learning Outcome 3.1: Implement hazard control safety measures related to home solar plan ......... 51
Learning Outcome 3.2: Select tools, materials and equipment based on the maintenance to be carried
out ........................................................................................................................................................... 51
 Learning Outcome 3.3: Check solar home system components according to the working principle .... 51
Learning Outcome 3.4: Clean solar home system for their efficiency purpose ..................................... 53

LEARNING UNIT 1: ANALYZE THE SITE FOR HOME SOLAR PV SYSTEM INSTALLATION.
1.1. Introduction.
 Energy is the ability to do the work; without energy no works can be done and we know
that every action realized on the earth is the work done.

 Solar Energy is the form of energy classified in Renewable energy.

 Renewable energy is energy which is generated from natural sources i.e. sun, wind,
Water, biomass, and geothermal and can be generated again and again as and when
required.
 Non-renewable energy is energy that are taken from the sources that are available on the
earth in limited quantity and will vanish fifty-sixty years from now. Non- renewable
sources are not environmental friendly and can have serious effect on our health. Non-
renewable energy resources are coal, nuclear, oil, and natural gas
 Solar energy can be generated in two forms, namely electricity and heat. Solar cells or
―photovoltaics‖ are used to convert solar radiation into electricity.

 Electricity is generated indirectly by first generating heat from solar energy and then
using the steam produced in the process to run power generators
Advantages and Disadvantages of Solar Panel
Advantages
 Fuel source for Solar Panel is direct and endless so no external fuels required.
 Sunlight - free of cost.
 Unlimited life of Solar Modules, fast response and high reliability.
 Can operate under high temperature and in open.
 Inherently short circuit protected and safe under any load condition.
 Pollution free.
 Minimum Maintenance
 Independent working
 Operation is simple and no electrochemical reaction and no liquid medium.
 Noise-free as there are no moving parts.
 No AC to DC conversion losses as DC is produced directly.
 No transmission losses as installed in the vicinity of the load.
 Suitable for remote, isolated and hilly places.
 Suitable for moving loads/objects
 Since it is in modular form, provision of future expansion of capacity is available.
 It can generate powers from milli-watts to several megawatts.
  It can be used almost everywhere from small electronic device to large scale MW power
Generation station.
 It can be installed and mounted easily with minimum cost.
Disadvantages
 Initial cost is high
 Dependent on sunlight
 Additional cost for storage battery.
 Climatic condition, location, latitude, longitude, altitude, tilt angle, ageing, dent, bird
 Dropping, etc. affect the output.
 It has no self-storage capacity.
 Manufacturing is very complicated process.
 To install solar panel large area is required.

Learning Outcome1.1: implement hazard control safety measures related to home

solar plan.
A) Identification of solar electrical safety hazards
 General electrical hazards

 Electrical hazards
The fire services mentioned above have highlighted a potential electrical hazard from energy
produced by PV units. Even when isolated at the inverter or fuse box, the system may remain
‗live‘ between the panels and the isolation point. This presents a potential DC electrical shock
hazard for firefighters at structural incidents- not just throughout daylight hours- but even
possibly in minimal light levels during the night. (E.g. bright moonlight or from scene lighting)

 Falling panels
In addition to electrical hazards, there are also dangers from solar panels falling from the roof;
either because they become detached from their fixings, or because the roof members have failed
below them and they collapse into the building.

 Danger of flying glass

Not only is there a danger of being struck by a falling panel, but once it hits the ground it may
cause the glass within it to shatter and be expelled outward with force

 Potential injuries from solar electric hazards.

Electrical injuries can include the following:

 Electrocution (death due to electrical shock).

 Electrical shock causing:
♦Severe burns.
♦Convulsions leading to ventricular fibrillation and internal or fall-related injury.
♦Numbness, tingling, paralysis.
♦Vision, hearing, or speech problems
 B) Safety Signs of solar P.V system
 Warning signs

They give safety information. These are triangular yellow signs with a black border and symbol,
and are given of a hazard or danger

 Information signs or ADVISORY OR SAFE CONDITION SIGN

These give safety information. They made in square or rectangular green signs with a
white symbol and they give information about safety provision.
  Mandatory signs
These signs are circular blue with a white symbol which instructions must be obeyed in
daily life in order to be safe

 Prohibition signs: These are circular white signs with a red border and red cross-
bar and they indicate an activity which must not be done.

Electro-cution risk warning sign

Live bus bars warning sign

High voltage warning sign

Main switch warning sign

  Electrical accident
 Causes of accidents while working with machinery
 Loose clothing, hair, jewelry being caught in moving parts
 Materials rejected from the machine when it is operational
 Inadvertent starting of the machine
 Contact with sharp edges, e.g., cutting blade
 Making adjustments while the machine is operational
 Unauthorized operation of machines
 Lack of preventive maintenance
C) Precautions when working on site

 Use proper protective gear – Glasses, Gloves, etc. to reduce the risk of electric shock.
 Do not wear metallic jewelry while working with any electrical circuits.
 Hold solar panels with two hands while transporting. Do not hold by the junction box or
wires.
 Keep the solar panel covered until after you‘ve mounted and made all electrical
connections.
 Be careful not to touch any live positive wire with a live negative wire.

D) Conditions of working smart

Controlling contact with electrical voltages and the currents they can cause helps you create a
safe work environment. In addition to preventing shocks, a safe work environment reduces
the chance of fires, burns, and falls.
Make your solar electric construction environment safer by:
 Prevent shocking currents from electrical systems and tools by grounding them.
 Prevent potential hazardous currents by using GFCIs.
 Work with a ―buddy.‖
Do not work alone. Both of you should be trained in CPR. Both of you must know what to
do in an emergency.
 Plan to lock out and tag out circuits and equipment.
Before work is done on a circuit, shut off the circuit, lock and tag out the circuit at the
distribution panel, then test the circuit to make sure it is de-energized.
Working on energized (―hot‖) circuits is one of the most dangerous things any worker
could do. If someone turns on a circuit without warning, you can be shocked, burned, or
electrocuted. The unexpected starting of electrical equipment can cause severe injury or
death.
 Remove jewelry and metal objects.
Remove jewelry and other metal objects or apparel from your body before beginning work.
These can cause burns if worn near high currents and can get caught as you work.

E) Recovering from electrical accidents

Emergency planning protects lives, equipment, and property. By planning for
emergencies, you can increase your ability to act properly to avoid further injury. Do not
wait for an emergency to start thinking about how to respond. It is difficult to think
clearly during an emergency; training can increase the chances of a proper response.

Learning Outcome 1.2: Gather information according to the work


Objectives: The objective of this topic is to provide knowledge on calculation of the daily
energy
requirement, wiring line diagram of PV system and measurement of basic parameters of a fully
functional solar PV system.
Load calculation
The load calculation is a first step of designing a solar PV system. Based on this the size and
capacity of all other systems components (solar module, battery, charge controller, DC-DC
converters, DC-AC inverters) can be estimated. Inaccurate calculation of the load may lead to
system failure or high loss of
load probability. Generally, people want more electricity, but there is always a tradeoff between
what people want and what they actually are willing to pay for. There could be two approaches
in calculating load:
 The fund available is fixed, and the load size is determined based on available fund;
 The fund is not a problem, and the load is determined based on user’s requirement.

The first step in load calculation is to prepare a table of daily consumption of electrical energy by
various appliances to be powered by the solar PV. By load we will refer to the energy consumed
by particular appliances per day. There are few concerns that the designers need to check before
preparing the load table.
The load (or the energy consumed) is generally expressed in Watt-hours (Wh). But for more
accurate
sizing of the array and battery, sometimes the load is expressed in Amepre-hours (Ah). If Wh is
known,
Ah can be calculated as:

Maximum Load Current

Learning Outcome 1.3: Select tools, materials and equipment based on the installation to
be installed.

 Types and use of tools used in solar P.V home system


 All types of electrical pliers,
Combination pliers
Cutting pliers
Long nose pliers
Stripping pliers
Tape measure

cords
Electrical hammer,
Drilling machine
Spirit level
Chisel
Phase tester
Electrical knife
Hacksaw
Crimping tool
All types screw drivers
 Flat screw-drivers
Star screw drivers 

Types of materials used in home solar P.V system
  PV module Types
Solar Panel Manufacturing Technologies
The most common solar technology is crystalline Si. Its two types are: Mono- Si and Poly- Si.
 Mono- crystalline: Crystal Lattice of entire Sample is continuous.
It consists of silicon in which the crystal lattice of the entire solid is continuous, unbroken to
its edges, and free of any grain boundaries. Mono-Si can be prepared as an intrinsic
semiconductor that consists only of exceedingly pure silicon, or it can be doped by the
addition of other elements such as boron or phosphorus to make p-type or n-type silicon

 Poly- crystalline: Composed of many crystallites of varying size and orientation.

This has a slightly lower conversion efficiency compared to single crystalline but
manufacturing costs are also lower. Module efficiency averages about 10% to 11%*
Polysilicon consists of small crystals, also known as crystallites, giving the material its
typical metal flake effect. While polysilicon and multisilicon are often used as synonyms,
polycrystalline usually refers to crystals larger than 1 mm.
  Amorphous :or Thin Film PV Modules
A thin-film solar cell is a second generation solar cell that is made by depositing one or more
thin layers, or thin film (TF) of photovoltaic material on a substrate, such as glass, plastic or
metal.
Thin-film solar cells are commercially used in several technologies, including cadmium telluride
(CdTe), copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS), and amorphous thin-film silicon(a-Si, TF-Si).
Silicon material is vaporized and deposited on glass or stainless steel. The cost is lower than any
other method. Module efficiency averages 5% to 7%

A crystal or crystalline solid is a solid material whose constituents (such as atoms, molecules, or
ions) are arranged in a highly ordered microscopic structure, forming a crystal lattice that
extends in all directions.


Types of equipment
Pyranometer: is used for measuring solar irradiance on a planar surface and it is designed
to measure the solar radiation flux density from the hemisphere above within a wavelength range
0.3µm to 3µm

Solar thermometer: used for to determine the intensity of solar radiation overall , as well
as the intensity of radiation in different parts of spectrum.

Multi-meter : measuring different electrical quantities

Learning Outcome 1.4: Calculate size for solar system components based on the load
Loads (DC &AC)
The general purpose of solar system like other source of energy is to get output and
use it for different purpose such as lighting, pumping, heating etc. In order to do this
the items called loads (electrical appliances) must be in place in order to use the
output electricity from the system. The major purpose of solar system is lighting. So
loads (lamps) are used. These lamps can be AC loads or DC loads.

1.5Calculate and Plan for bill.

Calculate the load (Energy in a given time)

Loads power(P) quantity Daily Remarks Energy

operation(t) consumed

(Wc = P x
t)

Electric 10W 1 3hours Living 30Wh

lamp room

Electric 7W 1 3 Kitchen 21Wh

lamp

Electric 7W 1 1 Bed 7Wh

lamp room

Electric 5W 1 2 Entrance 10Wh

lamp

Television 60W 1 2 Living 120Wh

room

Radio 5W 1 3 Living 15Wh

room

Total 94W 203Wh

 Plan for bill
Part of bill: Number, Items, Unit, Quantity, rate and, total amount

number Item name unit quantity Rate Total

amount

1 Solar PV panel Piece 1 120'000rwf 120'000rwf

2 Charge Piece 1 25'000rwf 25'000rwf

controller

3 Storage battery Piece 1 42'000rwf 42'000rwf

4 DC/AC Piece 1 35'000rwf 35'000rwf

inverter

5 Fuse box Piece 1 1'500rwf 1'500rwf

6 DC lamps Piece 4 1'000rwf 4'000rwf

7 Stranded cable meter 15 800rwf 12'000rwf

2x4mm2

TOTAL 239'500rwf

Calculation of total daily system energy requirement

The load calculation is a first step of designing a solar PV system. Inaccurate calculation of the
load may lead to system failure or high loss of load probability. Generally, people want more
electricity, but there is always a tradeoff between what people want and what they actually are
willing to pay for. There could be two approaches in calculating load:

The fund available is fixed, and the load size is determined based on available fund;
If the fund is not a problem and the load is determined based on user‘s requirement.
The first step in load calculation is to prepare a table of daily consumption of electrical energy by
various appliances to be powered by the solar PV. By load we will refer to the energy consumed
by particular appliances per day.
In this case this must be put into consideration:
AC loads to be used
DC loads to be used

Loads efficiency
This task is started by investigation on load number and load capacities also on maximum daily
operating time for each load. These information lead on total daily energy requirement by the
system

Wc = P x t
Where:
Wc : is the energy consumed by a given load in watt-hours (Wh)
P: is load capacity or load power in watts (W)
t : is operating time of that load in hours (h)
The total daily system energy requirement is Wt = ƩW (sum of energy consumed by each
load in the system)
Sizing of PV module.

When the energy consumed per day is known, it is now easy to select an appropriate solar PV
module capable to generate that energy. Sometime it requires to use more than one PV module
when the PV module available cannot generate the required energy. In this case the knowledge
of different connection of PV module is required.
 The first step in sizing the array is to determine the estimated design insolation or the
peak sun for the given locality. To be in safer side, the minimum insolation (monthly
average) should be considered as estimated design insolation. The required total array
output current can be calculated using the formula:

The derating factor is generally taken as equal to 0.9 and

the coulombic efficiency equal to 0.95
The required number of modules is a function of Imp. The higher value of Imp per module,
lower will be the number of modules required. But modules with higher Imp cost more.
  The next step is to determine the number of PV modules connected in series (Ns) to
obtain the desired system voltage.
The number is found using the formula
Ns =the number of PV modules connected in series
Total number of modules required to deliver daily average (in Ah) at the system voltage is;
Nt =Np x Ns
Where Np represents the number of PV modules connected in parallel or the number of parallel
paths.
By increasing the insolation level the number of modules required decreased.

PV module connection
In many applications, the power available from one module is inadequate for the load. In this
case, individual modules can be connected together to increase either output voltage or current,
and this increase the output power.

The PV modules can be connected in three ways which are:

 Series connection
 Parallel connection
 Series/parallel connection

Series connection

PV modules are said to be connected in "series", when they are chained together in a single
line. Since the current generated by the first PV module has no other way to go, it must also
pass through the second module and the third and so on. The purpose of series connection is
to increase the output voltage of PV modules.

The amount of current that flows through a set of photovoltaic cells in series is the same at
all points in a series circuit. When two or more PV module are connected in series, positive
terminal of one PV module is connected to negative terminal of other PV module, then
output is taken between positive terminal of one and negative terminal of other.
Parallel connection

Parallel connection of solar panels gives higher current. And voltage will remain the same.
Parallel Connection is best for us because we do not need high voltage. Normal battery is 12v
and by selecting high voltage we require higher voltage charge controller. To connect solar
panels in parallel we have to connect plus (+) to plus and minus (-) to minus.

Series/parallel connection

If we want a 24v system. Then we have to connect two solar panels in series and connect
two series connected panels in parallel as showed in figure under. This increases the voltage
to 24v and when we have connected two other 24v connected solar panels in parallel so
voltage remains same and increases current Amps. If we want to increase output current to
24v we connect more solar panels in parallel same way under as shown in figure under.

Calculation of energy produced.

The energy produced or energy generated by a given PV module is calculated by using this
formula:
W = PS x Pmax x η Where W is the energy generated in Wh
PS :peak sun hours
Pmax :maximum power that can be generated by the PV module in Watts
η : Is the PV module efficiency.
 Peak sun hour: the number of hours in which the solar radiation in the location can
generate the averaged 1kW/m2 irradiance. The unit is hour (the duration of 1kW/m2
irradiance). Peak sun hours is the number of hours required for a day‘s total solar
irradiation to accumulate at peak sun condition.

 For example, a day with an average irradiance of 600 W/m2 over 8 hr. may only reach
peak sun condition for an hour or less around noon. However, the total irradiation of
4800 Wh/m2 (600 W/m2× 8 hr = 4800 Wh/m2) is equivalent to 4.8 peak sun hours (4800
Wh/m2 ÷ 1000 W/m2 = 4.8 peak sun hr).

In Rwanda there are 4 to 5 average peaks during sun hours.

Pmax = Vmp x Imp where
Imp is the current generated at maximum power and,
Vmp is the voltage at maximum power.
The sufficient current for the given loads to be generated by the PV module can be calculated
from this formula
 Im = Wc / (Ps x Bv xDF) where
Wi :required energy for the given loads,
Ps :is the peak sun hours of the location,
Bv: is the battery voltage and
DF is derating factor of the system
1.6. Solar and P.V array angles

Two angles are used to define the sun‘s position, relative to an observer on Earth. The solar
altitude angle is the vertical angle between the sun and the horizontal. During daytime, this angle
varies between zero and 90° and complements the zenith angle (the two added together always
equal 90°).
The solar azimuth angle is the horizontal angle between a reference direction (typically due south
in the Northern Hemisphere) and the sun. This angle varies between –180° and +180°. Sun
position to the east of due south is generally represented as a positive azimuth angle, and to the
west as a negative azimuth angle.

Similar to sun position, array orientation is also defined by two angles. The array tilt angle is the
vertical angle between horizontal and the array surface. The array azimuth angle is the
horizontal angle between a reference direction and the direction an array surface faces. The
reference direction is typically either due north or due south.
The array tilt angle should be equal to your latitude +15 degrees in winter or minus 15 degrees in
summer
 Derating factor: when we do calculation of solar PV system, we are referring on the
indication given on the name plate of the components. We must remember that those
indications are observed in standard test conditions (STC) so according to the
location and environmental conditions, those standard conditions may not be reached
and the output result are different from those rated on devices' name plate.

 Eg. The PV module power ratings are for Standard Test Conditions (STC) of 1000
W/m2 solar irradiance and 25oC PV module temperature. The derating factor on PV
module may reach 0.9. But each component used in the system has its derating factor
The overall DC to AC derate factor is calculated by multiplying the component derate
factors.
Overall DC to AC der ate factor = 0.77 (When considering the derating factor of each
component within the system)
Example:
Table: Load table for AC loads
A B C D E
S/N Device Device Watts Hours of daily Average Wh
use per day
1 Television 60w 3h 180Wh
2 Radio 25w 6h 150Wh
3
4
Total average AC Wh per day {∑ (C x D)} 330Wh

Table : Load table for DC loads

A B C D E
S/N DC device or appliance (i) Device Hours of Average Wh
Watts daily use per day
1 Electric lamp 10w 3h 30Wh
2 Electric lamp 7w 3h 21Wh
3 Electric lamp 7w 2h 14Wh
4 Electric lamp 10w 8h 80Wh
Total average DC Wh per day {∑ (C x D)} 145Wh

Total energy consumption is

Wc = (1)Total average AC Wh per dayt + (2)Total average DC Wh per day
=330Wh + 145Wh = 475Wh per day.
The required current to be generetad by the PV module is
Im = Wc/ Ps x Bv Xdf let take peak sun hours Ps = 5 hours, batteries voltages Bv = 12V
and derating factor of all system DF = 0.77
Im = 475Wh / 5h x 12V x 0.77
= 10.28A
 If Vmp = 17V, then the maximum power that our PV module can generate is Pmax = 17Vx
10.28A = 174.76W
Depending on the output current of available PV module on the market, number of modules
to be connected in parallel and in series can be estimated. For example if available pv module
are of Vmp=3volts and Imp 2amps the number of PV module to be installed are
in series : Ns = 12V / 3V = 4 PV modules, in parallel Np = 10.28A/2A = 5.14 or 6 PV
modules

STRING: String is a circuit in which PV modules connected in series, in order for a PV

array to generate the required output voltage.

ARRAY: Array is a circuit in which PV modules or strings connected in parallel, in order for
a PV module system to generate the required output current.

In the example above a string is composed by 4 PV modules and the array has 6 strings total
PV modules required are 4x6 = 24 PV modules

Use a inverter

Working principle of DC to AC converter (inverter)

Inverter is an electronic device that converts DC voltage into AC voltage of required magnitude
and frequency. In solar PV applications inverters are used to power the equipment/devices that
operate from AC source. The input voltage of the inverter should match the DC system voltage
of the PV system. The parameters of AC output voltage are generally selected to be the same as
that of grid supply of the country.
Sizing of an inverter is basically finding the capacity in VA and selecting the required
input/output voltage ratings. If the total AC load is known (Pl), then the minimum VA rating of
inverter (Pi) can be calculated as:
Pi min = Pi / (PF x η)
Where, PF is the power factor of the inverter normally considered to be equal to 0.8, and η is
the inverter efficiency which is taken as 0.8 also
The rated capacity of the selected inverter Pi is chosen to be 2 to 3 times Pi min to ensure the
surging effect of many AC loads .Therefore
 Pi max = Pi minx3

When considering the example airier the total AC power is 60W for television plus 25W for
radio then P1 = 60W + 25W = 85W
Pi min= P1 / (PF x η) = 85W / (0.8 x 0.8) =132.81VA
Pi max = Pi min x 3 = 398.43 VA
The inverter that will be used may have the capacity around 400W

Use of solar storage devices

Working Principle of solar storage devices (Batteries)

Batteries are basically the only method to store direct current (DC) power produced from sources
like solar panels. They accumulate excess energy created by your PV system and store it to be
used at night or when there is no other energy input. Batteries convert electrical energy into
chemical energy when charging and vice versa when discharging.

Types of storage (Batteries):

In general, electrical storage batteries can be divided into two major classification, primary and
secondary batteries.
Primary Batteries
Primary batteries can store and deliver electrical energy, but cannot be recharged. Typical
carbon-zinc and lithium batteries commonly used in consumer electronic devices are primary
batteries. Primary batteries are not used in PV systems because they cannot be recharged.
Secondary Batteries
A secondary battery can store and deliver electrical energy, and can also be recharged by
passing a current through ist in an opposite direction to the discharge current. Common lead-acid
battery used in automobiles and PV systems are secondary batteries.
TYPE OF SOLAR SYSTEM STORAGE BATTERY (SECONDARY BATTERIES)

Secondary batteries are classified into two types which are;

The lead-acid cell:
This one is similar to the car battery and is consist of a number of
identical cells. These cells contain two different lead plates. These
plates are immersed in electrolyte (a solution of sulfuric acid and
water).
Alkaline cells:
These cells are often referred to as ―wet‖ cells, and they come in two varieties. The
serviceable, and the maintenance-free type (which means they are designed to fail as soon
as the warranty runs out)

Steps of batteries design:

 Calculation of energy consumed (Wc) Let us consider the example used on PV module
sizing where Wc = 475Wh
 Number of days for working (Na) Autonomy days:

Autonomy days for battery are days on which battery can be able to supply the loads without
being charged from power generation (PV module). or
is the number of consecutive days a battery bank can provide energy to loads without
being recharged.
These days are taken to be three days in small system like Home Solar System and taken to be
five days in very big system mostly connected to the national grid and in the system where there
are Critical loads like vaccine refrigerators; telecommunications equipment, emergency room
lighting, and operation theater lighting etc. need to be operated without interruption.

 Maximum permissible discharge of batteries according to theirs type also named

Depth Of Discharge (DOD)

This is the permissible percentage of battery to be reached during discharging system. Depending
on the battery manufacture, each type of battery can have is minimum depth of discharge in
order to protect that battery from being damaged. Depth of discharge is expressed in percentage
(%) The common depth discharge for many batteries varies between 40% to 70%. or
Depth of Discharge (DOD) is defined as: Capacity in Ampere Hours (Ah) that is discharged
from a fully charged battery, divided by battery nominal capacity (C20). DOD is normally
presented in percent (%).

Example: if a 100Ah battery is discharged for 20 minutes at 50A, the Depth of Discharge is:
50*(20/60)/100= 16.7%
 Calculation of capacity (C) of Batteries.

The parameters (capacity, voltage and the type) of the battery used in solar PV system should
match the daily energy requirement of the load and the energy generating capacity of the solar
module. The voltage of the battery/battery bank normally is detected by the required load
voltage. And in most cases tubular plate deep cycle stationary batteries are used. In cases when
the ambient temperature might fall below freezing level, gel or AGM batteries are preferred.
The capacity of the battery of a given voltage is calculated using the following formula:
C = ( Wc x Na)/(ηb x DOD x Bv ), in Ah
Where,

C : Required capacity (in Ah) of the battery of Bv voltage

Wc: Average daily energy consumption by the load (in Wh)
Na: Number of autonomy days (in numbers)
ηb : Battery charging efficiency (value ranging from 0.8 to 0.95)
DOD: Allowable depth of discharge of the battery (in value e.g. 0.4)
Bv : Battery voltage (in Volts)
The capacity of the solar module in sizing the battery capacity is reflected in the average daily
energy consumption, because the solar module selected should be able to deliver a minimum of
this energy per day.
Consider our example on page 13 and take ηb (battery charging efficiency) = 0.8, and DOD:
Allowable depth of discharge of the battery =0.4 or 40%, Na: Number of autonomy days
=3days the capacity of the batteries will be
C = ( Wc x Na) / (Bv x DOD x ηb)
= (475Wh x 3)/ (12Vx 0.4 x 0,8)
=371.09Ah

 Battery connection

Battery can be connected together in series, parallel or parallel series way. The following
diagrams illustrate how to get increased current (more power) by using parallel connection
and how to increase voltage levels by using series wiring. You can do both using series and
parallel connection in combinations.

Using parallel wiring to increase current (power).

This diagram shows a simple parallel connection of two batteries to increase current or
power. Assume that we are using 12 volt batteries. The power of all 2 batteries adds to give
us the effect of a battery 2 times as powerful but the voltage stays the same at 12 volts.
Parallel connection increases current but the voltage does not change.

Series wiring to increase voltage.

This diagram shows a simple series connection of two batteries to increase the battery
voltage level. Assume that we are using really big 6 volt industrial batteries. The voltage of
all 3 batteries adds to give us the effect of a battery 2 times the voltage or in this case a very
large 12 volt battery. In this circuit the current is the same as the current in just 1 of the
batteries. But since the 4 volt industrial batteries are very large, we have in effect created a
huge 12 volt battery.

Use series & parallel wiring in combination

 This diagram shows a combination series and parallel connection of six batteries to increase
both the battery current and voltage level at the same time. Assume this time we are using 12
volt batteries.

The left to right series connection add the two 12 volt batteries to make 24 volts. And, since we did this 3
times and then connected each group of 2 (now 24 volts) in parallel we end up with one very large 24 volt
battery. It has twice the voltage of a single 12 volt battery and 3 times the current or power because all 3
groups are wired in parallel.
Role of battery
• Change electricity into chemical form(charging)
• Change chemical form into electricity (Discharging)
• Stabilize fluctuated output from PV modules.

Use regulators (Charge controller)

Over charge protection
• When the battery is fully charged, the PV module is disconnected from the battery so that
further charging (over charging) can be stopped.

Type of charger controller

Depending on the way used by charger controllers to disconnect battery from PV module, they
are classified into 4 type which are:

 Semiconductor charger controller

  Mechanical relay charger controller
 Shunt regulator
 A series regulator
 Semiconductor charger controller

In most controllers, charge current passes through a semiconductor (a transistor) which acts like
a valve to control the current. It is called a "semiconductor" because it passes current only in one
direction. It prevents reverse current without any extra effort or cost.

 Mechanical relay charger controller

In some controllers, an electromagnetic coil opens and closes a mechanical switch. This is called
a relay. (You can hear it click on and off.) The relay switches off at night, to block reverse
current.

 Shunt regulator

A controller which short-circuits the panel is known as a shunt regulator .Because solar cells are
not damaged by being short -circuits, this methods can be used to stop power reaching the
battery. A switch is provided to short circuit PV module when battery is full. This type of
charger controller also has another series switch provided to disconnect the loads when the
battery reach it discharge state.

 Series regulator

A controller which opens the circuit as a series regulator .Because solar cells are not damaged
by being open -circuits, this methods can be used to stop power reaching the battery. A switch is
provided to open circuit of PV module to battery when battery is full (remove one wire which
connect PV module to battery) and another series switch is provided to disconnect the loads
when the battery reaches it discharge state.

Charge Controller Sizing (In and output energy characteristics of charge controller)
The selection of the CC will be based on the three basic parameters: the system voltage, the
maximum charging current and the maximum load current. The ratings of the selected CC must
be equal to or exceed the calculated values of the charging and load currents.
The load current (IL) is calculated by the simple formula:

IL = Pt /Bv , in A
Where,
Pt : The total power of the devices to be powered from the system
Bv : The battery voltage

The rated charging current (IC) is the current delivered to the battery by solar module/array
and is calculated using the following formula:

IC = Wc / (Ps x Bv ), in A
Where,
Wc - Total energy consumed per day (Wh)
Ps - Peak sun (Hours) (hp)
Bv - Battery voltage
The current handling capacity of the selected Charge Controller should exceed both IL and IC.
Generally the charge controller should be selected from those whose current bearing capacity
should be two times of load maximum current and short-circuit current of PV module (Isc)
Let consider the same example of page 13, The load current (IL) is calculated by the simple
formula: IL = Pt /Bv
and total power will be total DC loads power plus the minimum power of the inverter (Pi
min)of inverter because all AC loads are supplied through inverter.
Minimum power of inverter Pi min is 132.81VA,
DC loads power is 34W. Hence the total power will be Pt = 132.81 + 34W = 166.81W.
IL = 166.81W / 12V = 13.90A
Ic = Wc / (Ps x Bv )
= 475Wh / (3 x 12V)
=13.19A
Now size of charge controller to use is ICC = 2 x IL = 13.90 X 2 = 37.80A
  The selection of the CC (charge controller) will be based on the three basic parameters:
-The system voltage,
-The maximum charging current and
- The maximum load current.

Sizing of wires and switches

In solar PV home system five different types of wire size are used: let to name
 wire A wire that connect the solar module to charge controller
 wire B: wire that connect battery to charge controller
 wire C: wire that connect to junction box(or to fuse box)
 Wire D: a wire that connect lamps to junction boxes (or fuse box) trough switches
 Wire E: a wire that connect junction box (or fuse box) to socket outlets
When selecting of any wire type and size, these facts must be taken into consideration:
The allowed voltage drop in these wires are the ones so that determine the length and cross
section area of the wire
The outer agents depending on where the wire is used like atmospheric, chemical, mechanical
agents that determine type of sheaving of the wire to use
THIS IS THE MAXIMUM ALLOWED VOLTAGE DROP PURCENTAGE
NO WIRE WHERE THE WIRE IS USED MAX.
NAME ALLOWED
VOLTAGE
DROP(▽V)
1 Wire A Between PV module and charge 3%; ▽V = 3
controller
2 Wire B Between battery and charge controller 1%; ▽V = 1
3 Wire C Between charge controller and fuse 1%; ▽V = 1
box
 4 Wire D Between fuse box and lamp 5%; ▽V = 5
5 Wire E Between fuse box and socket outlet 2%; ▽V = 2

The cross section are of a wire is calculated using this formula

S =0.3* L * Im /▽V
Where S = cross section area of wire in square millimeter(mm2)
L = length of wire in meter(m)
Im = current following within the wire in ampere(A)
▽V = maximum allowed voltage drop percentage
Example: let use the last example.
Calculate the current following within each wire
No Wire Location Distance current Volt Section area
name age
drop
1 Wire PV module to 4m Ic=13.19 3% 0.3*13.19*4/
A charge controller 3=5.27 or
6mm2 wire
2 B Battery to charge 1m IL=13.9 1% 0.3*13.90*1/
controller 0A 1=
4.17mm2 or
6mm2 wire
3 C Charge controller to 1m IL=13.9 1% 0.3*13.90*1/
fuse box 0A 1=
4.17mm2 or
6mm2 wire
4 D Fuse box to lamp 20m Im =P/ 5% 0.3*10*20/(
V 12*5) =
=10W/1 1mm or a
2V 1mm2 wire
5 E Fuse box to socket 4m Im= Pi 2% 0.3*132.81*
 outlet min /V 4/(12*2) = 6.
=132.81 Or a 6mm2
VA/12V

Selection of switch:
During selection of switch, we should consider the current following through the switch, and
voltage applied. The voltage of the solar home system is generally 12VDC. Generally, domestic
electric lamps consume less than one ampere each; if the DC rated switch is not available in the
local market then 5amperes AC switch can be used. For television and other 15 amperes rated
AC switch can be used.

Learning Outcome 1.5: draw installation plan according to the work to be done

Learning Outcome 1.6: select PV location based on sunlight radiation

 Peak sun hour

  Altitude

 Irradiance

 Effect of temperature to the output of cell

 Autonomy day

 Space saving

 Mechanical protection of solar panel

Learning unit 2: Install home solar system

Learning Outcome 2.1: implement hazard control safety measures related to home solar
plan

Electrocution
Electrical shock

bition signs

Warning signs

 Fire and fire extinguishers

Fire is a self-sustaining, chemical chain reaction with varying degrees of light and heat.

•Fuel
•Oxygen
•Heat
•Chemical Chain Reaction
 Four things must be present at the same time in order to produce fire:
1. Enough oxygen to sustain combustion,
2. Enough heat to raise the material to its ignition temperature,
3. Some sort of fuel or combustible material, and
4. The chemical, exothermic reaction that is fire.
If You Discover a Fire Follow The 3 A‘s
Activate
Activate the buildings fire alarm system or call police to notify emergency services.

Assist:
Assist those who are in immediate danger or who are incapacitated. Do this with out risk to
yourself.
Attempt :Attempt to fight a fire only after the first two steps have been completed and you feel
confident in yourself to do so.
Dry Chemical
-
purpose ABC fire extinguisher.

rupting the chemical chain reaction. Also, on a class A fire it creates a barrier
between the fuel and the oxygen.

Carbon Dioxide

Water/Foam
nd coating the fuel. Foam extinguishers create a foam barrier
preventing the fuel from coming in contact with oxygen.
Dry Powder
separating fuel from oxygen and/or removing heat

Wet Chemical
material and cooling it below it‘s
ignition temperature.
Clean Agent

Learning Outcome 2.2: Selection tools, materials and equipment based on the installation
Types and use of tools used in solar P.V home system

Combination pliers
Cutting pliers
Long nose pliers
Stripping pliers

ksaw

Flat screw driver

Star screw drivers
 Consumer control units

: is type of device used for measuring solar irradiance on plane surface and it is
designed to measure the solar radiation flux density from hemisphere.
hermometer

Learning Outcome 2. 3: Mount frames in accordance with the working area and number of
components to be fixed.
Types of PV Home system:

Direct system
PV direct systems are usually very simple systems where the photo voltaic panel is connected
directly to a motor or pump which matches the voltage and amperage output of the panel. When
the sun shines and PV panel produces electricity, the device works. When the sun is not available
the device stops. This system is often used for livestock where a well-pump lifts water out of the
ground to a watering through remote locations. Other applications include solar powered attic
fans irrigation systems and small day-time garden waterfalls or fountains.

Deferred system also called “Off-grid or standalone PV system”

This system incorporates large amount of battery storage to provide power for a certain number
of days (and nights) in a row when it is not shining. The array of solar panel must be large
enough to power all energy needs at the site and recharge the batteries at the same time.
Most off-grid PV systems benefit from the installation of more than one renewable energy
generator and may include Wind or hydro power. A gas generator often employed for emergency
backup power. You may have seen mini versions of standalone PV system on remote road signs
and radio towers...
Line tie (Grid integrated) battery free system
The simplest and most cost-effective PV design for most sites is the ―GRID-TIE‖ (some time
referred to as intertied or utility-interactive) system. This system does not provide backup
power during a power outage (even if the sun is shining) but for sites with reliable grid
power, this is usually the logical system choice.
Line tie with battery backup.
Grid tie with battery backup system can also push excess electricity produced to the electric
utility grid but has the added feature of batteries in order to power some selected backup loads
when the grid is down.

Describe types of PV modules mounting

PV module mounting system, advantages and disadvantages

Mounting solar panels correctly is part of maximizing power production, and it is also an
important way to protect your investment from the force of wind chief actions. The proper solar
panel mounting also provides stability and the proper directional and latitudinal orientation for
the solar arrays. Types of mounting system are:

 Top roof mounting system

 Wall mounting system
 Ground mounting system
 Pole mounting system
 Solar track mounting system
 Top roof mounting system

This is the mostly way used in major home solar system to mount the PV modules. In this
system, PV arrays are mounted on top of roof where they are fixed and oriented in proper
direction and on required tilt angle. In this mounting system proper metallic frame to
accommodate a certain number of PV modules are designed depending on amount of PV
modules for the system and fixed on the roof of house with bolt and nut.
Advantages

 Both affordable and fairly easy to install,

 No theft action
 Cheap compare to others
 Protection from unwanted & accidental contact
 Height may make the system less affected by shading & obstructions

Disadvantages

 House roof destruction and cause roof leakage

 They are roof penetrations to leak
 Difficult maintenance

Wall mounting system

Sometime it can be difficult to mount PV module on house roof because house of the structure or
because the need to maximize PV output which cannot be possible on roof mounting. In this time
wall mounting system can be used.

This mounting system is comprised by what is called support fixed on wall house and all PV
module mounted on that support. This support is designed on top to accommodate a certain
amount of PV module for the system.

Disadvantages

 House wall destruction

 Difficult to be done
 Require high skills
 Pole mounting system

When all those mounting system (wall mounting and top roof mounting) are not possible or
cannot maximize the output, other choice which is ‗pole mounting system‘ can be put into
consideration. As it name suggest, in this system a pole which is designed on top to
accommodate all PV modules of the system is placed in location (site) where the system produce
the maximum power to the system.

Advantages

 They allow the panels to be directed and pitched in order to catch the most sunlight.
 These types of mounts can allow for manual or mechanical adjustment of the panel
orientation for seasonal tracking of the panels to the overhead sunlight path.
 Maximize the output of the system

Disadvantages

 High cost (expensive)

 Solar trucks mounting system
This system is similar to pole mounting system, but the only difference is that as the name
suggest, this system comprise a component called ‟solar truck” which permit the PV arrays
system to follow the sun according to the time in order to maximize the output of the system.

Advantages

 They allow the panels to be directed and pitched in order to catch the most sunlight.
 These types of mounts can allow automatically adjustment of the panel orientation
 Maximize the output of the system

Disadvantages

 High cost (expensive)

 Require high skills
 Ground mounting system

This is the system used to mount the PV arrays on ground. This one is used to the very big
system which cannot be possible to be done on roof, wall, and pole and to other mounting
system. Ground mounted solar systems consist of solar panels held in place by racks or frames
that are attached to ground based mounting supports fixed in Foundation mounts, such as
concrete slabs or poured footings.

Advantages

 Increased airflow around them

 There are no roof penetrations to leak
 They are not limited to the size of the roof
 No climbing, no safety roping
  Modules can operate at lower temperatures yielding higher performance.

Disadvantages

Higher capital cost because of the added need for a foundation

PV Module installation

When installing PV module there are steps to be followed in order to maximized their output and
to make it secured from physical damaged effects. Steps of PV module installation are:
Site survey: this step includes surveying the location when there is maximum sunshine and
where those sun shine are available long period of day.
Designing mounting system. The best possible and cheap mounting system which permits the
maximum output of PV module must be put into consideration.
PV module holding frame construction: depending on type of mounting system this frame to
hold.
PV array must be designed. This must include tilt angle design.
PV arrays frame fixation: depend on type of mounting system; this PV array frame must be
fixed to secure the PV array of the system
.
PV module orientation and tilt angle design

In what direction should the panels be oriented when designing the PV system is essential to
choose the side of the roof on which to mount the panels. We therefore need to know which side
has more sunlight throughout the day in order to have the maximum possible energy production.
Because the solar panels are more productive when the sun's rays are perpendicular to their
surfaces, the best orientation is directly to south (azimuth angle = 0 °).
In the case that in a southerly direction is not possible to install or have problems of shading (like
for example a tree very high) it is possible to slightly vary the orientation of the panels. And 'in
fact useful to know that if we orient the panels to the outside of the south, up to a maximum of
45° (south-east and south-west), the annual output is reduced quite low (1-3%). The solar
radiation that photovoltaic panels receive is in fact almost the same. However, if the panels are
turned at an angle greater than 45 ° with respect to the south, the production starts to decrease
considerably. 90 ° from the south (ie directly east and west), the decline in production can
reach up to 30%. This decrease is due to the fact that the photovoltaic panels, during most of
the day, are affected by weak sunlight and not perpendicular. These panels produce solar energy
but certainly to a lesser extent than panels facing directly south.
How many degrees must the panels be tilted for maximum energy production? Well, now
that we know that the optimal orientation is south, we find the optimum angle. First, it is good to
say that the choice of the inclination of the photovoltaic panels on the roof of a house we are
bound to meet two basic needs: the need for energy production and the need for an end result
aesthetically pleasing and durable
Typically, fixed (non-adjustable) PV arrays should be tilted toward the sun‘s ―average‖
elevation—equal to the latitude of the array‘s location—to capture the most year-round solar
energy. For example, I live at about 36°N latitude. Generally, to produce the most energy
over an entire year at my location, a fixed array should be oriented to true south and set at a
tilt of 36° from the ground.
Another option is an adjustable mount, which can be ground-, pole-, or roof-mounted. The
standard adjustment is to add 15° to the location‘s latitude for the winter tilt angle and
subtract 15° from the latitude to arrive at the summer tilt. Adjusting twice a year on the
spring and fall equinoxes can increase production by about 5%—with quarterly adjustments,
a little more can be gained. In the winter, especially, these few extra kilowatt-hours can be
crucial to an off-grid home, but most on-grid system owners choose the simplicity of a fixed
array.

BATTERIES INSTALLATION

In their construction manner, batteries can degrade wet condition. In batteries installation the
following facts must but into consideration.
Ambient temperature. Very low temperature reduces life of batteries
Maximum permissible voltage drops between PV module and batteries. The wires from
charge controller to battery must not be long as it can add voltage drop in system.
Batteries holder construction. Battery cannot be placed on wet floor as it can be damaged
rapidly cause of wet condition. Battery holder must be constructed to secure they‘re from this
wet problem.
 CHARGER CONTROLLER INSTALLATION

This is the bridge between PV module and battery. It also bridges between battery and loads.
As their function is to control charging and discharging system of battery, it must be installed
in place where wires from PV module pass through and wire going to load (DC to AC
inverter) pass through. It is also localizing in place where voltage drop between PV module
and charger controller be minimized and voltage drop between battery and load be
minimized.

Most charger controllers are installed on wall in solar system where it easy to be reached and
verified if it still performs it duty.
The following precaution must be taken:
 Output of PV module must be connected to the PV input on charger controller.
Sometime this input on charger controller is indicated by drawing of PV module and
polarity signs (positive sign and negative sign).

 During connection process, polarity must be respected. It means positive to positive

and negative to negative.

 This charger controller has output to the battery and sometime it is indicated by
drawing of battery. Battery must be connected in this output of charger controller.
Polarity also must be respected. Means positive to positive and negative to negative.

 This charger controller also has output to load. Load can be either DC load or AC
load (DC to AC inverter). When inverter is used to convert DC current into AC
current, it must be connected in this output of charger controller. Sometime this
output way is indicated by drawing of load like lamp. During load connection to
charger controller (DC to AC inverter, polarity must be respected. Positive to positive
and negative to negative
DC TO AC INVERTER INSTALLATION

This is the last PV system before installation. It means that output of this DC to AC inverter
must be connected to the consumer unit of the domestic electrical installation. As mention
above this DC to AC inverter has input which DC input and label with positive sign and
negative sign.

As it converts input DC into output AC, it has also output label with phase and neutral. Then
when this is going to be installed to the installation the following precaution must be taken.
DC to AC inverter works when power needed and if not the case, this inverter must in OFF
position. This must be installed in location where it will be facilitating the user to switch it
OFF or ON as it operated manual. Most inverters are designed to be mounted on the wall of
building.
Input of this DC to AC inverter must be connected to the output of charger controller of load
as indicated by load sign and with polarity respect. Mean‘s positive to positive and negative
to negative.
Their output must be connected to the installation with polarity respect. It mean‘s phase to
phase and neutral to neutral.

LOADS INSTALLATION

This is Domestic electrical installation, where many domestic electrical switches installation,
outlet sockets installation and lamps installation takes place
Logical sequence of PV Home system installation
Connecting and disconnecting sequence:
When all solar PV system components are in their respective place, the following step is to
connect them in order of getting output electrical energy to supply loads. The charge
controller is an intermediate component where other solar PV system component are
connected. When connecting those components this is the sequence rule to follow: first is
the battery to be connected to charge controller, and last is batteries to be disconnected
to charge controller. If battery is not connected to charge controller, high voltage (18V) of
PV module may damage load (max input is approximately 14.5V)
Connecting sequence

Battery PV module Load

First battery
Disconnecting sequence

Load PV module Battery

last battery

Application area of solar PV system.

Application of solar system
 Lighting
 Battery charging station
 Pumping
 Radio station

Learning Outcome 2. 4:. Install the protective system according to their load

Block diodes: it allows the flow of current from a solar panel to the battery but
prevents/blocks the flow of current from battery to the solar panel (discharging of battery)
By-pass diodes: function is to eliminate the hot-spot phenomena which can damage pv cells
and even cause the fire if the light hitting the surface is not uniform.

 Array protection: is a fuse link on each sub-array will protect the conductors from
current faults and help minimize any safety hazards.
 Loads calculation : to get a best solar system loads calculation for solar, multiply the
power utilized by every machine times the hours of the day that you use it

 Solar PV protective system according to their loads

Strings combiner: the role of combiner box is to bring the output several solar string
together
Grounding system: a pv system is defined as grounded system when one of dc conductors
(either positive or negative) is connected to the grounding system, which in turn is connected to
the earth.
 : it helps to prevent the damages of electronics by diverting the extra electricity
from the hot power line into a ground wire.
Lightning arrestor: are designed to absorb voltage spikes caused by electrical storms and
effectively allow the surge to bypass power wiring and your equipment

Learning Outcome 2. 5: connect solar system components in accordance with the standard

1) Set up scaffolding
2) Install solar panel mounts
3) Install solar panels
4) Wire the solar panel
5) Install solar inverter
6) Bond solar inverter and solar battery
7) Connect the inverter to the consumer units
8) Start and test the solar panels

Series connection
Parallel connection
Series-parallel connection
Parallel-series connection
racks

Learning Outcome 2. 6: Test home solar PV system in accordance with the expected output

test
 Functional tests:
  Switchgear test
 Inverter tests
 Charger controller

 Visual inspection

 Loads tests

-circuit test

Learning Outcome 2. 7: arrange tools, materials and equipment in work place

 arrangement of tools

 arrangement of materials

 arrangement of equipment
Learning unit 3: Maintain home solar PV system
Learning Outcome 3.1: Implement hazard control safety measures related to home solar
plan

Learning Outcome 3.2: Select tools, materials and equipment based on the maintenance to
be carried out

Learning Outcome 3.3: Check solar home system components according to the working
principle

Types of PV modules maintenance:

 Keep the surface of PV module clean
 Avoid shadow over a PV module
 Check water penetration
 Check bolts and nuts of mount and pole
 Check orientation and tilt angle.

The solar PV panels need almost negligible maintenance and have a life of over 20 years.
Moreover, research and studies have shown that it can meet with problems such as water
penetration, cracks of glass surface, disconnect to the battery while appliances are on, dust
accumulation on it, shadow, losing it tilt angle etc. which can reduce PV module efficiency.
However, it is optional but it is checked periodical that the PV module does not meet with those
problems and maintain them by cleaning PV module, reconnect to the battery again, remove
shadow, and maintain their proper tilt angle, and so on in order to maximize the output power.

Identify different types of Batteries maintenance and safety.

Types of Batteries Maintenance:

 Refill type maintenance
 Free type maintenance
 Cleaning of batteries
 Safety of batteries

The maintenances requirement for batteries varies significantly depending on the battery design
and application. Maintenance considerations may include cleaning of cases, cables and terminals,
tightening terminals, water additions, and performance checks.
Generally speaking, flooded lead-antimony batteries require the most maintenance in terms of
water additions and cleaning. Sealed lead-acid batteries including gelled and AGM types remain
relatively clean during operation and do not require water additions. Battery manufacturers often
provide maintenance recommendations for the use of their battery.

Perform maintenance for Wiring, control and load of PV system.

Inspect, fuses/circuit breakers, indicator lamps, and switches every periodical

Common problems for a PV module:

 Water penetration into cells
 Corrosion of ribbon
 Crack of surface glass
 Theft (security of a PV module is essential)
 Disconnected battery while the appliances are on.

Common problems for batteries:

 Poor quality of battery
 Lack of maintenance for refill type battery
 Capacity of a battery is too big as compared to PV module size.
 Corrosion caused by sulfuric acid
 Dumping of dead battery

Common problems of lighting:(loads)

 Burnout of tube when battery is not connected.
 Wiring and connections
 Power Production
 Power consumption
 Continuity
 Insulation resistance checks


Common problems of DC/AC inverter

 Burnout of electronic components within the inverter
 Abnormal noise of its magnetic circuit
 Heat of inverter reduces lifetime of the inverter circuit
Learning Outcome 3.4: Clean solar home system for their efficiency purpose

This can be done by keeping the surface (glass) area of the module clean from any excess dirt.
1. To remove a layer of dust and dirt from the modules, simply wash the panel with water
2. A visual inspection of the modules can then be done to check for defects in the modules such
as cracks, chips, de-lamination, fogged glazing, water leaks and discoloration.
3.The condition of the array mounting frame should also be noted

Batteries should be regularly and carefully maintained to extend their useful life. These activities
include:
1. Inspecting and cleaning regularly: A visual inspection should be done to assess the general
condition of the system‘s batteries
2. Checking the electrolyte level (not required for Gel Batteries) : Battery maintenance involves
checking the cell electrolyte level for correct acid volume once a month
3. Keeping in a high state of charge

This component can be maintained by minimizing dust accumulation. A dry cloth should be used
to wipe away any accumulated dirt/dust. A visual inspection should be done to ensure that all the
indicators such as LED lights are working and that the wires leading to and from this device are
not loose. Note that the charge controller should indicate that the system is charging when the
sun is up.

Wiring installations should be checked for any cracks, breaks or deterioration in the
insulation/conduits. Inspect panel boxes to ensure that they have not become a home for rodents
and insects. Also inspect connections for any corrosion and/or burning. Switches should not
spark when turned on or off.
  Precaution to be carried out during cleaning
To minimize hazards, the following precautions should be taken prior to carrying out
battery maintenance.
1. Safety goggles must be worn when performing battery maintenance
2. Protective gloves and chemical-resistant rubber gloves must be worn to prevent contact
with battery acid.
3. If there is acid spillage, neutralize the acid with a water and bi-carbonate soda solution.
Metal files should not be used to remove corrosion.
4. Use tools with insulated handles to carry out any maintenance.
Do not smoke or light fire near batteries. Batteries produce hydrogen gas which is highly
flammable.
5.Do not use a metal brush to clean solar panel surface. Detergents should not be used.
6.Take adequate precautions while doing maintenance of the solar panels since these are
located on rooftops and there is the risk of falling off

 Types of materials and products to use in cleaning of home solar PV system components

The effective way to clean your solar panels is with a hose and a bucket of soapy water.
Because you don‘t want to scratch the panels in any way , it is best to use just water and a non-
abrasive sponge to apply soapy water
 Weekly cleaning log book

leaned