Chapter 1 Introduction To Biology

Chapter 1:Biology, the Study of Life
_______________ – The study of life

_____________ Characteristics of Life (present in all organisms)
What makes something alive???
1. Life is organized (cell → biosphere) ___________
2. Life responds to stimuli ___________________________________
3. Life reproduces (via asexual or sexual means) __________________
4. Life adapts _________________
5. Life grows and develops _____________________________
6. Life requires regulatory mechanisms _________________________________
7. Life uses materials and energy (undergoes metabolism) __________________________
8. Life evolves ___________________
______________ of cellular organization:
Evolution is the unifying concept in biology . . . it explains both the ____________ and the
_____________________ of life.
_____________________
__________ - Part of biology concerned with identifying/grouping organisms
Typically based on evolutionary relationships.
Sources of data:
Taxonomy is ever-changing. Why?

_____________________________________________________
An _____ category (taxon) system can be used for naming & classifying organisms:
Domain (BROADEST)
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species (MOST DESCRIPTIVE)
_________- Accredited with the binomial _____________________ system used in taxonomy
Gives a ____ part scientific name to a species
• ___________________________ = species name = genus + specific epithet
• Example man = Homo sapiens or Homo sapiens
_______- Language typically used; Universal language of scholars; “Dead” Language
In research publications, scientists refer to an organism by its scientific name versus the common
name. Why?
Classification system commonly used today: 3 domains with 4 kingdoms.

• ______________: Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya
• _________________: Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
Similarities Differences
What type of cells? Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic
What is the level of cellular organization? Unicellular vs Multicellular
How do they obtain their nutrients? Autotrophic vs Heterotrophic
How do they reproduce? Sexual vs Asexual
How do they respond? Motile vs Non-motile
__________ – cell with no nucleus; no organelles (exception: ribosomes)
__________ – cell with a nucleus and various organelles
__________ – one celled
__________ – many cells working together
__________ – makes own food (e.g. via photosynthesis)
__________ – relies on their surroundings for food (e.g. absorbs or ingests)
**Classification Handout**
Branches of Biological Study

• Microbiology -
• Molecular biology -
• Neurobiology -
• Ecology -
• Genetics -
• Zoology -
• Botany -
• Physiology -
• Forensics –
_________________ . . .defined as knowledge about the natural world
_______________________ – seeks to expand knowledge regardless of the short-term

application of that knowledge
____________________ – aims to solve real world problems

PROs:
• In many ways, science has improved our lives especially in the field of medicine with the
development of:
CONSs:
• In some ways, science has generated concerns in the research fields such as:
_________________
• Science is impartial and simply attempts to study the natural world.
• Science does NOT make ethical or moral decisions.
• Society (people) have the sole responsibility on deciding how best to use scientific
knowledge in the way that benefits all living things.
Science is OBJECTIVE and phenomena that are SUBJECTIVE cannot be tested using the
scientific method.
• Objective –
• Subjective –
Examples:
The __________________is an approach used to gather factual information in order to explain a

phenomenon
The Scientific Method has four basic steps.

1. ______________________________ presents a query/question
Use past studies to help explain (via Internet or library research)
Or could be new phenomenon (no previous studies)
2. __________________________ (educated guess or tentative statement which is subject to
change)-must be testable and falsifiable
3. __________________________ or TESTING (of hypothesis)
Gathering of new data (data = factual information; AKA the results)
Results ADD to the body of knowledge
• LAB EXPERIMENT (typically more controlled study; Can use models)
• FIELD OBSERVATION (collect descriptive data)
4. ______________________ (analysis of data/results either supports or disproves hypothesis)
It is customary to publish research in a Scientific Journal so that the design of the experiment and
results are available to everyone. Experimental results must be ____________________. If not,
the research cannot be considered valid.
Inductive vs. Deductive Reasoning:
 __________ reasoning allows scientist to form hypotheses and theories based on specific
observations
 __________ reasoning helps a scientist design an experiment that tests a hypothesis;
Allows scientists to apply theories to specific situations
Key Components of Controlled Laboratory Investigation

1. _______________________
• Component of experiment being tested (CAUSE)
• The ONE factor that is deliberately altered during the experiment (ALL other
factors are held constant.)
• AKA Independent variable
2. ____________________
• Result or change that occurs due to the experimental variable; it is WHAT is observed or
measured (EFFECT)
• AKA Dependent variable
3. _____________
• Sample group that goes through all the steps of the experiment except the one
being tested (experimental variable)
• Helps validate the results (e.g. placebo)
• Gives us something to compare the results to
4. _____________
Sample group that goes through all the steps including the one being tested (experimental
variable)
Scientific Theories
__________________- A conceptual scheme supported over the years by a broad range of
abundant research from scientists using scientific method
____________ Theory
Three tenets of the cell theory
• All living things are composed of ________
• _________are the basic structural and fundamental unit of life
• Cells come from pre-existing cells
Cells __________ and come from pre-existing cells (biogenesis)
Reproduction perpetuates the species via asexual and sexual means.
 _________- an organism simply splits in two; offspring genetically the same to parent
cell; Associate with unicellular organisms such as bacteria
 _________- union of sex cells (e.g. sperm & egg); offspring undergoes various stages of
development to become an adult; offspring not genetically identical to parents; Associate
with multicellular organisms
Living cells undergo ____________
Process converts nutrients (food) into energy
_____________- All chemical reactions occurring in body
__________- Capacity to do work
Cells need energy in order to:
• Maintain organization
• Reproduce
• Respond
• Grow & repair
______ - Ultimate source of all energy (e.g. for plants and animals)
_______________ - Process that plants use to transform solar energy into chemical energy
(organic nutrients or food)
___________ Theory
Genes are hereditary units composed of DNA
 ________ - basic units of heredity
 ________ - large spiral (double-helix) molecule that contains genes
Genes control the form (structure) & function of cells/organisms
 _____________ - permanent change in DNA structure
 ___________ - made of amino acids that code for particular products
Theory of ___________________
• Organisms have an internal environment that must be maintained within a fairly constant
range
____________- Maintenance of internal conditions w/in specific boundaries
____________- Intricate mechanism that helps organism maintain homeostasis; Under
involuntary control (nervous & endocrine systems)
 Negative feedback – _______________ condition
 Positive feedback – ________________ condition
____________ (responses to stimuli) also regulate internal conditions
EXAMPLES: Plant’s leaves move toward sunlight; Reptiles sunbathe or seek shade
EXAMPLES of internal factors organisms must maintain:
• Temperature ● Glucose
• Water ● Blood Pressure
• pH ● Etc . . .
Concept Question: What happens when your body fails to maintain homeostasis?
Illness – mild to severe; Possible death
 Hyper/hypothermia ● Hyper/hypoglycemia ●Diabetic ketoacidosis (coma)
 Dehydration ● Hyper/hypotension
Theory of ____________________
All living (biotic) organisms interact with each other and with their physical non-living (abiotic)
environment.
Individual Organism → ____________ → ____________ → ____________ → Biosphere
Biotic components:
Abiotic (environmental) components:
NOTE: Abiotic factors (climate) determine the type of ecosystem (e.g. desert vs. forest)
Examples of ecosystems that exhibit high biodiversity:
Aquatic –
Terrestrial –
Ecosystems are characterized by:

1. ______________ input energy (noncyclic)
2. _________________ continuous chemical cycles
3. ________________ food chains (webs)
Impact of Human Populations on natural ecosystems


The Theory of _________________

• Organisms have ________ characteristics because they have common ancestor
• Over time, there are changes in a species ______________________ attributes due to
gene changes.
_____________- physical and/or behavioral change that makes organism better suited to survive
in their environment
_____________- genetic changes within a species that occurs over time; concept associated with
Darwin’s idea of descent with modification
___________________ leads to survival of the fittest – the most fit are best adapted to meet their
basic survival needs and produces more ____________________.
Modifications (adaptations) occur thru a process called _______________
FACT: Some organisms share similar characteristics, which infers a _______________ ancestor

Chapter 1 Introduction To Biology

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Chapter 1:Biology, the Study of Life

_______________ – The study of life

______________ of cellular organization:

Taxonomy is ever-changing. Why?

Classification system commonly used today: 3 domains with 4 kingdoms.

Branches of Biological Study

_______________________ – seeks to expand knowledge regardless of the short-term

____________________ – aims to solve real world problems

The __________________is an approach used to gather factual information in order to explain a

The Scientific Method has four basic steps.

Key Components of Controlled Laboratory Investigation

Ecosystems are characterized by:

The Theory of _________________

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