LE Bare Essentials Word Bank
LE Bare Essentials Word Bank
LE Bare Essentials Word Bank
Regents Review
Topic One: Chemistry of Living Things
II. Life Processes: All living things carry out the same basic chemical____________. Taken
together, these process make up an organism’s____________.
1
5. __________: The control and coordination of life processes.
6. __________: Removing of wastes produced by metabolic activities.
7. __________: Passes on genes to offspring.
B) _________ (O2): Needed by most (not all) organisms for cellular respiration.
Released by plants and algae as a waste product of_____________.
Aerobic respiration: Process that uses oxygen to extract __________from glucose
(sugar). Used by most organisms.
Anaerobic respiration: Process that extracts energy from glucose __________using
oxygen. Gives __________energy, so only used by some simple organisms (some
bacteria, yeast). These organisms do not need to __________in oxygen.
C) Carbon Dioxide (CO2): With water, used by plants to make glucose (photosynthesis).
Waste product of____________________.
IV. __________Compounds: Larger, more complex chemicals. Always contain the elements like
carbon (C)and hydrogen (H). Synthesized from simpler substances (building blocks).
A) Carbohydrates: Sugars and______________.
1. Building blocks: simple______________.
2. Functions:
_____________energy.
_____________energy (starch in plants).
C) ___________: Complex compounds that carry out all the body’s activities.
1. Building blocks: _____________.
2. After water, proteins are the most __________substances in the body.
3
3. Have many different functions as determined by their______________.
4. Lock and _______Model: Proteins must have the right shape to “___” with other
molecules.
Changing the shape of a protein will change what it can interact with
its__________.
I. Definition:_____________________________________________.
3
IV. Cell Organelles: These are the tiny cell parts that make up a cell.
1. _______________
Controls the cell
Contains hereditary material (chromosomes, genes, DNA)
2. _______________
Fluid/liquid in the cell – mostly water
Helps transport material
3. _______________
Carries out cellular respiration.
Gives cell energy (Powerhouse of the cell).
4. _______________
Makes proteins from amino acids.
5. _______________
Stores food, water and waste
Food vacuoles may digest large molecules.
Waste vacuoles may excrete waste out the cell membrane
6. ________________
Carries out photosynthesis
Plant and algae cells only
7. ________________
Gives shape, structure and protection.
NEVER found in animal cells.
8. ________________
Separates cell interior from environment
Controls what enters and leaves the cell using______________.
Has ____________________that pick up signals from other cells.
Has _____________ which are proteins that identify the cell; prevent the cell from being attacked
by the immune system.
Reminder: All life processes are chemical activities which make up your____________.
A) Ingestion: ______________________________.
B) Digestion:______________________________.
1. Nutrients must be broken down into smaller parts so that they can be
_______________into the blood and cells of organisms.
Starches are digested into_____________.
Proteins are digested into______________.
3
_______________: consumes both.
_______________: breaks down dead matter.
II. Photosynthesis: Process in which sun’s energy is trapped in the chemical _________of sugar.
A) Requires__________, CO2 and H2O.
B) Makes ___________(C6H 12O6) as food.
C) __________and __________are waste products.
D) Benefits:
1. Provides ___________for all plants, animals and other organisms.
2. Provides oxygen to_____________.
3. Removes ______________from atmosphere.
E) Plant adaptations:
1. Chloroplast: Cell organelle that does_________________.
2. Gas exchange:
Stomata : _____________under a leaf; let gases in and out
Guard cells: open and close stomata to prevent__________________.
3. Transport:
Xylem and Phloem: “tubes” ___________food and water throughout the plant.
_____________________
glucose + O2 + H2O CO2 + H2O + _________
G) Common mistakes:
“Plants use photosynthesis, animals use respiration.”
All organisms, including plants, use respiration to get their_______________.
3
“Respiration is breathing.”
Breathing is not respiration. Breathing ________________the gases needed for
respiration. Inhaling and exhaling does not give you ATP.
3
3. The __________of the receptor molecule determines which neurotransmitter it can
receive.
B) A nerve cell is also called a____________.
C) The main organs of the nervous system are the _______and_____________.
D) The spinal cord controls __________and relays impulses between the brain and body.
3
IV. Circulatory System
A) Moves ___________through the body to the organs and cells that need them.
B) Transported material includes:
1. ___________and __________from intestines to all cells of body.
2. __________from lungs to all cells of the body.
3. ___________from glands to target cells
4. ___________from all cells to the excretory organs.
C) Materials usually enter and leave the blood through___________.
1. Diffusion: Process in which material moves from a ___concentration to a low
concentration.
Ex: There is a high concentration of oxygen in the lungs, so oxygen will diffuse from
the lungs into the_________, which has less oxygen.
2. ___________: Microscopic blood vessels where diffusion occurs.
D) The __________is the pump that drives the circulatory system.
E) ________________carry oxygen and carbon dioxide
1. Hemoglobin: ____________in red blood cells that carries oxygen.
F) _____________is the fluid of the blood. It transports everything except oxygen.
G) Platelets ___________the blood.
H) Common mistakes:
1. “The heart pumps oxygen to the brain.”
Technically true, but the heart pumps blood (which carries the oxygen)
________________in your body.
2. “Oxygen diffuses into and out of the heart.”
No materials _____________in or out of the blood when it is in the heart. This
__________occurs in capillaries.
3
Word Bank: passage chemically nutrients absorbed peristalsis broken
eliminated excretes
H) Common mistake:
1. “Antibodies are cells that attack pathogens.” Antibodies are_________, not cells.
3
4. The ________system protects the __________system from disease.
Word Bank: respiratory immune nervous (2) endocrine excretory circulatory digestive
1. AIDS
Caused by the _______virus (a pathogen)
Weakens human immune system, leaving body ___________to other diseases.
Spread through bodily___________, usually sexual contact, intravenous (IV) drug
use (sharing needles), or blood___________.
Can’t be cured, but spread may be ___________by sexual abstinence, “safe” sex
(using condoms), not sharing needles, or __________blood before using it for a
transfusion.
2. Cancer
Caused when a cell reproduces (divides) at an __________rate, forming a tumor.
Cancer cells do not specialize and take ___________from healthy tissue.
May be caused by_______, chemicals (such as asbestos or cigarette smoke), and
viruses.
Treatments include surgery, radiation therapy, and_____________.
3. Diabetes
Affects body’s ability to control blood______________.
Some diabetics may be treated using injections of __________made by genetically
engineered bacteria.
4. Allergies
Occur when the immune system __________to a harmless substance (such as
pollen)
2
_______________is a form of allergy caused by a reaction to dust particles in the
air.
I. Asexual reproduction:
A) Advantages: _______________________________
B) Disadvantage: _______________________________
III. Mitosis
A) Used in all forms of ___________ reproduction.
B) The number and types of chromosomes in the daughter cells are ______________ as in the
parent cell.
C) Large organisms use mitosis for ___________and _____________. Simple organisms use it
to _____________.
D) One division of a cell two identical, ________ (2n) cells.
1. Diploid: Cell with a ________ sets of chromosomes.
IV. Meiosis
A) Makes ______________ used in sexual reproduction.
1. Gamete: _______ cells; egg and sperm
B) One cell divides twice four DIFFERENT _________ (1n) cells.
3
1. Haploid: Cell with __________ set of chromosomes ( ½ normal)
C) Separates pairs of chromosomes so that offspring get ________ chromosome of each pair
from that parent.
D) Each daughter cell (gamete) gets only one half of the chromosomes of the “__________”
cell.
3
Waste (CO2, urea, salts) ___________ from placenta into mother’s blood.
Since the fetus does not eat solid food, it does not have to eliminate __________.
D) The child is vulnerable to alcohol, drugs, etc. because organs and systems are still
___________.
Early development – Fertilization (A) forms a single celled zygote which then begins the process of
cleavage (B) which will eventually create a layered ball of cells that will form the embryo.
2
Topic Six: Genetics
I. Chromosomes:
A) Humans have ______ chromosomes, or ______ homologous pairs.
1. Homologous: Chromosomes with the _______ genes, size and shape.
B) Chromosome pairs carry genes for the same _______.
1. Most organisms have ________ genes for each trait - 1 from each parent, 1 on
each member of the homologous pair.
C) Sex chromosomes – In humans, females are ______ and males are ______.
1. The Y chromosome is much _____________ than the X, so it is missing many
genes. This means many genes on the X chromosome do not have a “_____” so:
If a male has a recessive trait on the X chromosome, the Y chromosome will
not be able to “_______” it with a dominant gene, so...
This makes ________ more likely to have some traits (like color blindness).
These are called sex _________ traits.
D) Common mistake: “Humans have 23 _____________ (or 46 pairs of chromosomes,
or some other incorrect number).”
These numbers are often confused. You must memorize them correctly.
Word Bank
3
III. DNA
A) DNA is the chemical that makes up your ___________ and chromosomes.
1. Analogy: If your genes and chromosomes are the “instruction manual” for your
body, DNA would be the paper it is __________ on.
B) The shape of a DNA molecule is a____________, which resembles a twisted ladder.
C) The shape of DNA allows it to ___________________ (copy) itself almost perfectly.
D) DNA is made of 4 bases: ____________________.
1. The DNA to DNA base pairs are: _________ and __________
The DNA to RNA base pairs are __________ and ____________
Word Bank
Word Bank
Word Bank
B) Genetic engineering: “_______” a gene from one organism and “pastes” it into the
DNA of a new organism.
1. ____________________are used to cut and paste the DNA segments.
2. Organism that receives the new gene will begin to make the _______________,
___________________ or hormone coded for by that gene.
Word Bank
3
3. The new protein/enzyme/hormone will be exactly the same as the one produced
by the _________ organism.
4. _______________are often used because they are simple and reproduce quickly.
5. The example of gene splicing you MUST know:
Bacteria have been engineered to make ________________ for diabetics.
Bacteria have been engineered to make ___________________________.
In both cases the ___________ hormones are safe to use because they are
identical to normal human hormones.
Word Bank
original engineered bacteria insulin growth-hormone
Word Bank A karyotype shows all 23 pairs of human chromosomes. Note the last pair
identifies this as a male.
disease karyotype disorder fingerprinting identify
relationships morally ethical
2
Topic Seven: Evolution
I. Evolution:
_____________________________________________________________________
II. Modern Theory of Evolution:
A) Charles Darwin:
1. Was not the first to think of __________, but he did figure out how it works
(mostly).
2. Darwin didn’t know about __________, so he couldn’t know about mutations.
B) The ________ theory (which combines Darwin’s ideas with genetics and other new
ideas) contains the following ideas:
1. Earth is old (4.55 billion years) and is constantly ______________.
2. As the environment changes, evolution causes species to _____ to their
environment.
3. ______________________________________ is the mechanism that causes
species to change.
4. Common Descent: Modern species evolved from _______, different species and
share a _________ ancestor.
5. Species that can not adapt become _____________________.
6. New traits arise in a species from __________ and ______________________.
Word Bank
gene-recombination
3
1. Climate change
2. Change in temp
3. Change in _________ availability
4. Change in _________ availability
5. Introduction of _______ species (new food, new predator)
6. Species may be moved to a new ______ (accidentally taken to an island for
example)
Word Bank
Word Bank
Word Bank
E) ________________________________:
1. More ____ organisms reproduce and pass on their genes than unfit organisms.
2. On average, the next generation will have more traits from the “fit” parents than
the _______ ones.
3. NOTE: Traits are still inherited ___________. Individuals offspring of “fit”
parents can still _________ “unfit” traits (though it will be unlikely to survive
and reproduce). It is only by looking at the ENTIRE population that you will see
the “fit” traits become more ______________.
F) _____________________: Evolution does not happen overnight. It takes many
generations of __________ selection to weed out the unfit traits.
Word Bank
3
V. Speciation: The process of making a new species from an ___________ one.
Word Bank
Word Bank
Word Bank
anatomy support relationships dating fossil
3
Individual organisms die; they cannot go _________. Only _______ can become
extinct.
Word Bank
A) “The bacteria became resistant to antibiotics when they were exposed to them”
To evolve, _________ must exist in a species BEFORE the ________ changes (pre-
adaptation). Bacteria who did not already have a _________ to antibiotics would
die when exposed to them, a Chihuahua who is left out in the cold will not grow
_____, warm fur and a squirrel who plays in traffic will not evolve
_______________ resistance.
B) “Giraffes got long necks because they _________ them to eat leaves at the tops of
trees.” Species do not _______ traits because they need them - Life would be much
better if we could! _________ necked giraffes were never given long necks any more
than slower antelopes are given _________ when confronted by a predator. The
reason there are no short necked giraffes (or slow antelope) is that they were out
________ by members of their species with more ______ traits. Better answers are
“Giraffes evolved long necks because the ones with longer necks were better
__________ to get food than short neck giraffes.”
“Giraffes evolved long necks because more short necked giraffes _______,
and more long neck giraffes lived and _____________.”
Word Bank
3
Topic Eight: Ecology
Word Bank
Word Bank
Word Bank
III.Populations: A given area can only supply enough _____ for a limited number of
organisms.
A) Carrying capacity: ________ population that an ecosystem can support.
B) Limiting factors: Anything which limits the ______ of a population, including: food,
water, sunlight, soil, predators and disease.
Word Bank
3
IV. Energy in an Ecosystem
A) Sunlight provides all _________ for life on Earth.
B) Sun’s energy is stored in the chemical bonds of food through the process of
__________.
C) Food chain – Shows 1 way that energy can “______” through an ecosystem.
Word Bank
E) Energy pyramid: Shows that energy gets _______ with each step in a food chain
1. Energy is lost because every organism uses some of the energy for it’s own life
____________. Only about 10% of energy is _______ from one step to the next.
2. This is why populations of ___________ are typically less than the populations
of their prey.
Word Bank
Word Bank
VI. Ecological Succession: Process in which existing communities are gradually replaced
by a series of ______ communities.
A) The organisms in each ________ of succession change the environment, and allow
new organisms to move in and replace them.
B) Climax Community: _________ stage of succession.
1. The climax community is determined by the _________ climate.
Ex: Kansas has very fertile soil, but not enough rain to support trees, so
succession ____________ with grasses and shrubs.
C) Any temporary ________ of a community will begin the process of succession all
over again.
Ex: If a forest fire _____ all the trees in an area, succession will eventually
return the area back into a forest, but it much first pass through all the
_________ stages.
Word Bank
3
VII. Human Impact: Human __________ can have both a negative or positive impact on
the environment.
A) The primary reason humans have a _________ impact on the environment is
because the human population is growing, which places a greater demand on
_________ such as food, water and space.
C) ________ actions that generally have a negative impact on the environment include:
1. Development/__________
2. Pollution
3. Farming
4. ____________/overgrazing
5. Clear cutting/____________
6. Introduction of _________ species
Word Bank
Word Bank
2. Negative effect: ___________ of soil and water which kills plants and wildlife.
3. What can be done: Reduce use of ______ fuels. Use air scrubbers to reduce
Word Bank acidification fossil NO2 acids emissions buffers neutral bases
3
3. What can be done: _______ using CFCs.
C) Industrialization
1. Cause: Change from agriculture to factory or ______________.
3. What can be done: _________ to regulate pollution, recycling, set aside land for
Word Bank
2. Negative effect: Species lose habitat which is a loss of biodiversity and possible
F) Global warming
1. Cause: Greenhouse gas _________ (CO2) from fossil fuels.
2. Negative effect: May lead to habitat loss, loss of biodiversity, extinction and
climate ______________.
3. What can be done: Reduce emissions. Use _________ fuels and alternative
G) Introduced ____________
1. Cause: _______ species brought to new ecosystems by human travel and trade.
3
2. Negative effect: Alien species can out compete _________ species. Reduces
biodiversity.
population. Control trade and sale of __________ plants and animals. Screen
2. Common Mistake: “Theories are things that are ________, or are not proven.”
This is an incorrect use of the word “theory” in a scientific _________. A
scientific theory is not a simple ________or conjecture, and is strongly
supported by________.
Word Bank
effect explanation inference tested evidence if-then-because
prediction context observation opinions guess laws
3
Example of a Controlled Experiment:
_____________:
If people chew gum then, it will improve their memory because of the ingredients . . .
______________variable:
Chewing gum – some people will chew gum, some will not.
Dependent variable
Memory – ______groups should have their memory checked both before and after the experiment to see if it was
improved.
______________Group
Group that chews gum.
______________Group
Doesn’t chew gum (remember – the control group never receives the new treatment)
Constants
Should be the _________for both groups:
People in each group should be of similar health with ____________memory, with similar mixes of sexes, ages, and
ethnicities. Each group should also be __________in the same way.
___________collected
You should test people’s memories both before and _________the experiment.
Word Bank: similar data tested experimental after same independent control all hypothesis
C) Placebo: A sugar pill or other “fake” treatment ________to the control group.
Usually only needed when using human subjects.
B) Both the x and y axis of the graph must be ________or titled. These labels are
typically the _________ones used in the data table. Once again units of
__________must be written with the title.
1. The independent variable is always plotted on the ___________.
2. The dependent variable is always plotted on the ____________.
Word Bank
3
labeled measurement x-axis same second
arranged independent titled data-tables y-axis
D) To date, all graphs drawn on the LE Regents have been ________graphs. Any
student who draws a bar graph instead of a line graph will be ________credit for this
part of the test.
Word Bank
L) Is objective – the experiment and conclusion are fair and ___________. Fact and
opinion are not _____________.
Word Bank
3
Topic Ten: The State Labs (Part D)
I. Making Connections (aka The Clothespin Lab)
A) Part A
1. What you did: measured how exercise affected ___________ rate.
2. What you learned: exercise __________ pulse rate.
B) Part A2
1. What you did: Squeezed a clothespin for 1 minute, then _________ it again for
another minute
2. What you learned:
If you squeezed more in the second round, it may have been because your
finger muscles were “warmed up” from increased ___________.
If you squeezed less the second round, it may have been because your finger
muscles were ______________.
C) Part B
1. What you did: Designed an experiment to test how exercise __________
squeezing a clothespin.
2. What you learned: How to _________ an experiment (see pages 3-5).
Word Bank
increases affects design fatigued pulse squeezed circulation
2
II. Relationships and Biodiversity (Botana curus lab)
A) What you did: Compared 4 species of plants, based on _________ (physical) and
____________ (chemical and genetic) traits.
B) What you learned:
1. Species that are related __________ similar traits.
2. Different techniques (such as gel electrophoresis and paper chromatography)
can be used to determine ___________ between organisms.
3. ________________ species should be protected because they may offer benefits
to humans.
Word Bank
molecular endangered relationships share structural
Gel ___________________ – A technique used to show how species are related to one another.
Restriction enzymes cut DNA into _____________, which are placed into a well in a gel plate.
An electric current carries the DNA fragments through the gel, separating them according to ______ (smaller pieces of DNA are carried
farther from the well than larger pieces). This creates a pattern of ___________ which is unique for every organism.
Related organisms will show similar banding patterns because their DNA have similar base sequences.
Word Bank
3
III.Beaks of Finches
A) What you did: Played different finch species ____________ for food.
B) What you learned: Different environmental conditions (food) ________ different
species of finch, allowing some to ___________ and reproduce, but not others.
Word Bank
favored survive competing
2
IV. Diffusion Through A Membrane
A) Part A
1. What you did:
Made a model ______ using dialysis tubing.
Put __________ and starch inside your “cell.”
Put starch indicator (________) outside cell
2. What you saw:
Inside of cell turned black because iodine _______ into the cell
Because outside of the cell was not black, you know the starch did not
diffuse through the ___________.
Used blue glucose indicator (Benedict’s solution) to ______ that glucose did
diffuse through the membrane.
3. What you learned
_______ molecules (glucose, iodine) can diffuse through a membrane on
their own.
Large molecule (starch) _____ diffuse through a membrane on their own.
You can use _________ to identify the presence of specific substances.
Word Bank
iodine indicators diffused cannot membrane cell glucose see small
B) Part B
1. What you did:
Looked at red onion cells under the ______________.
Added ________ water to the onion cells.
Added distilled (pure) _________ to the onion cells.
2. What you saw:
Salt water caused the onion cells to ________.
Distilled water caused the cells to _______ back to normal.
3. What you learned:
Salt water causes water to diffuse ______ of a cell.
In pure water, water will diffuse ______ a cell.
Word Bank: swell out salt shrivel water into microscope