2

W orkbook in E nglish
for C lass X

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 1076 – WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS ISBN 978-93-5292-151-5
Textbook for Class X

First Edition ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

June 2019 Ashadha 1940  No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a
retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means,
Reprinted electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise
December 2019 Agrahayana 1941 without the prior permission of the publisher.
 This book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by
Revised Edition way of trade, be lent, re-sold, hired out or otherwise disposed
of without the publisher’s consent, in any form of binding or
February 2023 Fhalguna 1944
cover other than that in which it is published.
Reprinted  The correct price of this publication is the price printed on
this page. Any revised price indicated by a rubber stamp or
March 2024 Chaitra 1946 by a sticker or by any other means is incorrect and should
be unacceptable.

PD 40T SU OFFICES OF THE PUBLICATION

DIVISION, NCERT

NCERT Campus
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New Delhi 110 016 Phone : 011-26562708
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Educational Research and Training,
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and printed at Berry Art Press, A-9,
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New Delhi -110 064

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 Foreword
Teaching and learning of language in school education should be based
on the insight that language learning is a natural process which should
be enhanced in school for academic and overall achievement of the
learners. It is extremely important that learner-centric methodologies
of language learning should be promoted for eliciting critical responses,
and developing sensitivity to social issues.
The focus of language learning is on developing skills of language and
communicative competence. Language learning progresses naturally
with exposure to and use of language in meaningful situations. In this
context, importance has been attributed in the National Curriculum
Framework-2005, to methods of teaching which are process based.
These give opportunities to learners for engaging with texts through
various activities and exercises and equip them for self-assessment.
In multilingual India, English has been one of the languages which
is being learnt in schools. It is therefore recommended that English
be learnt along with the language of the learners since it leads to
transference of skills from the child’s own language to the second
language (English).
We, at the NCERT, make an endeavour to provide engaging, relevant,
and authentic resources. This supplements and complements language
acquisition and provides opportunities for learners to associate
experiences with everyday life.
The Council had developed two books, First Flight (textbook)
and Footprint without Feet (Supplementary Reader) for Class X
based on the National Curriculum Framework-2005. The workbook,
Words and Expressions 2 is a sequential continuation of these. It has
been developed taking into account the feedback on these books and
needs of learners and teachers.
The workbook has also taken into account the skills that are
critical for overall development of the learners, such as the skills of
collaboration, creativity and imagination, critical thinking and problem
solving, communication and compassion.
We hope this workbook will serve as an effective instrument for
learners and teachers for adding quality to the teaching and learning
processes. We are indebted to the institutions and organisations
which have generously permitted us to draw upon their resources and
materials. All the publications of the Council are regularly revised on
the basis of the feedback from students, parents, teachers, and teacher
educators.

Hrushikesh Senapaty
Director
New Delhi National Council of Educational
June 2019 Research and Training

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 Rationalisation of Content in the
Textbooks
In view of the COVID-19 pandemic, it is imperative to reduce content
load on students. The National Education Policy 2020, also emphasises
reducing the content load and providing opportunities for experiential
learning with creative mindset. In this background, the NCERT has
undertaken the exercise to rationalise the textbooks across all classes.
Learning Outcomes already developed by the NCERT across classes
have been taken into consideration in this exercise.

Contents of the textbooks have been rationalised in view of the

following:

• Content based on genres of literature in the textbooks and

supplementary readers at different stages of school education
• Content that is meant for achieving Learning Outcomes for developing
language proficiency and is accessible at different stages
• For reducing the curriculum load and examination stress in view of
the prevailing condition of the Pandemic
• Content, which is easily accessible to students without much
interventions from teachers and can be learned by children through
self-learning or peer-learning
• Content, which is irrelevant in the present context
This present edition, is a reformatted version after carrying out the
changes given above.

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 About the Workbook
Words and Expressions 2 is a sequence to the textbook in English for Class
X, First Flight. Like Words and Expressions 1, it is a self-study material.
It lays emphasis on providing a variety of rich and comprehensible
inputs. This gives learners exposure to the target language and enables
them to further their skills in the English language. The passages and
activities given here create opportunities for them to handle the English
language for performing important language functions and help them
develop critical thinking on contemporary concerns. The book is
expected to help learners to read for meaning in context and also serve
as a base for communication in the English language.
There are 11 units in this workbook. The chapters of the textbook and
the units are to be taught in a coordinated manner. The units correspond
to each lesson in the textbook. There are various tasks in each unit.
‘Let’s begin’ is followed by Comprehension passages, Vocabulary tasks,
Grammar exercises, Editing, Listening, Speaking, and Writing activities.
All units end with Project work reiterating the learning through elaborate
activities. The sections have followed an integrated approach and focus
on a particular skill of the English language.
The introductory section, ‘Let’s begin’ asks questions making the
students think and discuss on the chapter they have read. They are
asked to collect information, read various written texts and e-texts,
watch, and listen to online resources from Internet services like
YouTube. They can also refer to the materials given in the QR code of
the textbook along with the reading aloud of the texts and recitation
of the poems. They are required to work in groups of two or four, note
down points, develop speech, debate, etc., and then to speak before
the whole class. This follows an integrated process of reading with
comprehension, reflection, writing, and expressing thoughts.
The themes of the unseen comprehension passages, span across
the literary, cultural, and sociological realms — which appeal to and
inspire the adolescents — are chosen based on the corresponding
chapters in the textbook. Reading Comprehension has prose passages
as well as poems. The familiarity of the context has been taken care
of while selecting the passages. An attempt has been made to expose
the learners to a variety of texts, comprehend the meaning of words
in context, understand the theme, and answer factual and thought-
provoking questions. Learners are also given opportunities to interpret
poems, be acquainted with beautiful expressions, phrases, and
understand the expressions of the images. Some questions have been
given to infer meaning and other to inspire learners to think critically
and bring out their deeper understanding of the text. Multiple choice
questions are also given in the book for students to assess themselves.

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 The workbook is a self-study material for the students. They are
encouraged to work in pairs or groups so that they support each other
and learn from each other. However, if required, teachers may guide.
A variety of tasks, exercises, and ‘Look up and understand’ are placed
strategically to build vocabulary in the given context. The learners are
encouraged to use the dictionary as often as required. The intention is
to help them learn new words and their usages in different contexts.
Further, ‘Proofreading marks’ have been given for students to learn the
basics of proofreading and editing.
The written and spoken compositions are preceded by discussions
in peer groups. The themes of the composition include contemporary
issues like gender, environment, diversity, human values, animal rights,
adolescent issues which are relevant to the age group, and appropriate
in the contemporary time. This is to enable the learners to see the
world, develop necessary skills, and face the challenges of the present
as well as future.
Enough opportunities are given to the students to develop listening
comprehension and to use the English language in real-life situations.
It is reiterated that basic language skills are developed simultaneously,
not in isolation, but in an integrated manner. So integrated listening
and speaking activities are given in the book. Grammar activities are
presented in everyday contexts and are given with keeping usage in
mind, not the formal explication of grammatical concepts.
The fine distinction of the workbook is that it is directly addressed
to the students. The language used is simple, so that there is less
dependence on the teachers. The activities are simple and stress free,
enabling the learners to complete these confidently. Self-learning is
encouraged. The pair or group work will give students an opportunity
to look at the work of their peers and make each of them feel both
responsible as well as independent. Every learner has a unique learning
style. The group work may help them understand their challenges,
evaluate themselves vis-a-vis their peers, and find the best way to
overcome them.
The project activities given at the end of each unit are expected to
be engaging, across the entire curriculum and interdisciplinary. These
help generate interest to explore, analyse, think critically, reflect, and
then present thoughts orally or in writing.
‘Fun facts’ are given in the margins throughout the workbook, with
the hope that the learner would have a lasting impression of the correct
usage of the English language. Teachers must remember that ‘Fun
facts’ are for joyful learning and non-evaluative.
It is hoped that this book will help students use the English language
effectively and meaningfully for the purpose of communication
which will make them proficient and perceptive users of the English
language. They will find this workbook enjoyable and rewarding as it
is learner-centered and activity based. Comments and suggestions
on any aspect of the workbook are welcome. This would enable us to
improve the next edition.
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 Workbook Development Committee
Members
Dolly Dhawan, PGT (English), G.D. Salwan Public School, Rajendra
Nagar, New Delhi
Keerthi Sahni, TGT (English), Sanskriti School, Chanakyapuri,
New Delhi
Kirti Kapur, Professor, Department of Curriculum Studies, NCERT,
New Delhi
Malathi Srinivasan, PGT (English), Army Public School, Delhi Cantt.,
New Delhi
Mamta Saluja, Lecturer in English, Rajkiya Pratibha Vikas Vidyalaya,
BT Block, Shalimar Bagh, Delhi
Meenakshi Khar, Associate Professor, Department of Education in
Languages, NCERT, New Delhi
Meenu Gupta, Lecturer in English, Sarvodaya Kanya Vidyalaya, B L
Block, Shalimarbag, Delhi
Monal Dewle, Assistant Professor, Centre for English Language
Education, Ambedkar University, Delhi
Monishita Hajra Pande, Assistant Professor, Centre for English
Language Education, Ambedkar University, Delhi
R. Meganathan, Professor, Department of Education in Languages,
NCERT, New Delhi
Shobha Sharma, Principal, Kendriya Vidyalaya – 1, AFS Hindan,
Ghaziabad
Shveta Uppal, Chief Editor, National Council of Educational Research
and Training, New Delhi
Sonia Makheeja, Lecturer in English, Sarvodaya Kanya Vidyalaya,
Rajouri Garden Extn, New Delhi

Member Coordinator
Sandhya Rani Sahoo, Professor, Department of Education in Languages,
NCERT, New Delhi

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 Acknowledgements
The National Council of Education Research and Training is thankful
to Saroj Yadav, Professor and Chairperson, Dean, Academics, NCERT;
A K Srivastava, Professor and Dean, Research, NCERT; Ranjana Arora,
Professor and Head, Department of Curriculum Studies (DCS); Sandhya
Singh, Professor and Head, Department of Education in Languages
(DEL); Anjum Sibia, Professor and Head, Department of Educational
Psychology & Foundations of Education (DEPFE); Dinesh Kumar,
Professor, Department of Education in Science and Mathematics
(DESM); Gouri Srivastava, Professor and Head, Department of Education
in Social Sciences (DESS); Anita Julka, Professor, Department of
Education of Groups with Special Needs (DEGSN); and Anup Rajput,
Professor, Department of Elementary Education (DEE) for making
valuable suggestions, providing feedback towards the improvement and
finalisation of this workbook. Special thanks are due to the West Bengal
Tourism Department and Madhya Pradesh Tourism Department for
the information on The Sundarbans and Sanchi Stupa respectively.
Special thanks are also due to Devanshi Tyagi, Assistant Editor
(Contractual), and Chanchal Chauhan, Proofreader (Contractual) for
carefully editing the manuscript and making it interesting. Gratitude is
expressed to the Publication Division, NCERT, for their support. NCERT
gratefully acknowledges the contributions made by Rekha and Nitin
Kumar Gupta, DTP Operators (Contractual), for patiently incorporating
the corrections and doing a flawless layout.
The Council is grateful to the writers, photographers, and publishers
who have accorded permission to reproduce the following materials in
this workbook.
1. ‘Sardar Patel’s Call to Youth to build up Character and be
Disciplined’, The Collected Works of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel (1
January 1948-31 December 1948), Konark Publishers, Delhi.
2. Excerpt from ‘The Diary of Lena Mukhina: A Girl’s Life in the
Siege of Leningrad’, trans. Amanda Love Darragh, Macmillan
Publishers Limited, London.
3. ‘8th September 1941: Start of the Siege of Leningrad’, https://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=5n2ym0LHyRU
4. Excerpt from Harriet Tubman: The Moses of Her People, Langston
Hughes, Ginn and Company, Massachusetts.
5. ‘Stephen Hawking, the TV Star’, Raja Sen, livemint, 14 March
2018.

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 6. Excerpt from The Moffats, Eleanor Estes, Harcourt Young
Classics, New York.
7. ‘The Galaxy Song’, Monty Python, (Song writers: John Du Prez
and Eric Idle), Universal Music Publishing, London.
8. Excerpt from ‘Speak Truth to Power’, Wangari Maathai, https://
www.greenbeltmovement.org/wangari-maathai/key-speeches-
and-articles/speak-truth-to-power
9. Excerpt from ‘There will always be a seed for everyone’, Aditi
Pinto, The Hindu, https://www.thehindu.com/society/there-
will-always-be-a-seed-for-everyone/article18194781.ece
10. Excerpt from ‘Down memory Lane with Parsis of New Delhi’,
Shernaz Italia, The Wire, https://thewire.in/uncategorised/the-
parsis-of-new-delhi
11. Excerpt from ‘What’s Brewing in Araku Valley?’ Diya Kohli,
livemint, https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/features/
what-s-brewing-in-araku-valley-1550829797335.html
12. Excerpt from ‘Can wetlands find a safe haven in our cities?’,
Sutirtha Lahiri, livemint, https://www.livemint.com/
Leisure/6Juh1zr8tPpSS6Gql44GGL/Can-wetlands-find-a-safe-

Sentences
haven-in-our-cities.html
13. Excerpt from ‘Have you had your daily dose of Vitamin P?’, Sandip
Roy, livemint, https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/features/
have-you-had-your-daily-dose-of-vitamin-p-1552630970050.
html
14. Excerpt from ‘A Jewel of the Andaman Sea’, Neeta Lal, livemint,
https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/features /a-jewel-of-
the-andaman-sea-1552641881763.html
15. ‘The Civet Cat– Baby Bhakat, a true story from Assam’, Rommel
Shunmugam, Conservation photographer and author, Haryana.
16. ‘Dharani playing with civet cat’, ‘Civet cat sleeping near two
babies’, Rommel Shunmugam, Conservation photographer and
author, Haryana.
17. ‘It’s not easy having Elephants in your Backyard’, https://
www.wwf.org.uk/what-we-do/area-of-work/preventing-human-
wildlife-conflict
18. ‘Animal rights’, https://www.peta.org.uk/action/what-is-
animal-rights/

xi

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 19. Excerpt from ‘Pedaling through the Golden Years’, Vishav
Driman, India Travel360 (AirAsia Inflight Magazine), Issue 21,
New Delhi.
20. Excerpt from The Transformed Mind, His Holiness the Dalai
Lama, Hodder and Stoughton, London.
21. Excerpt from ‘On Violence’, On Education, J Krishnamurti,
Krishnamurti Foundation India, Chennai.
22. ‘WP steaming out with a Special Train from Ballard Pier Mole
Station’, Mukul Jain, Western Railway website, http://www.
trainweb.org/railworld/Western%20Railway%20Historical%20
Pictures/WP%20at%20Ballard%20Pier.jpg
23. ‘Appendix 5: Proofreading marks’, The Concise Oxford English
Dictionary, Tenth Edition, ed. Judy Pearsall, Oxford University
Press, 1999, New York.

For ‘Man vs Nature’ by Norman Littleford, we have been unable to

find the address to write to for copyright. We will be happy to write for
permission upon procuring the address.
Sincere efforts have been made to procure permission from all those
individuals, agencies, and institutes from where any text, visual or
reference has been used in this workbook. However, in case any credits
have been missed out inadvertently, the Council regrets the same and
will rectify it immediately on being informed.

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 Contents
Foreword iii

Rationalisation of Content in the Textbooks v

About the Workbook vii

Unit 1 A Letter to God 1

Unit 2 Nelson Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom 17

Unit 3 Two Stories about Flying 31

Unit 4 From the Diary of Anne Frank 45

Unit 5 Glimpses of India 57

Unit 6 Mijbil the Otter 73

Unit 7 Madam Rides the Bus 93

Unit 8 The Sermon at Benaras 109

Unit 9 The Proposal 124

Appendix Proofreading marks 140

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 Perfection is achieved, not when there
is nothing more to add, but when there
is nothing left to take away.
— Antoine de Saint-Exupéry

To write is human,
to edit is divine.
— Stephen King

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