Krate

Karate
Karate (空⼿) (/kəˈrɑːti/; Japanese pronunciation: [kaɾate] ; Okinawan

pronunciation: [kaɽati]), also karate-do ( 空⼿道 , Karate-dō), is a
martial art developed in the Ryukyu Kingdom. It developed from the indigenous Ryukyuan martial arts
(called te (⼿), "hand"; tī in Okinawan) under the influence of Chinese martial arts.[1][2] While modern
karate is primarily a striking art that uses punches and kicks, traditional karate also employs throwing
and joint locking techniques.[3] A karate practitioner is called a karate-ka (空⼿家).
The Ryukyu Kingdom had been conquered by the Japanese Satsuma Domain and had become its vassal
state since 1609, but was formally annexed to the Empire of Japan in 1879 as Okinawa Prefecture. The
Ryukyuan samurai (Okinawan: samurē) who had been the bearers of karate lost their privileged
position, and with it, karate was in danger of losing transmission. However, karate gradually regained
popularity after 1905, when it began to be taught in schools in Okinawa. During the Taishō era (1912–
1926), karate was introduced to mainland Japan by Gichin Funakoshi and Motobu Chōki. Karate's
popularity was initially sluggish with little exposition but when a magazine reported a story about
Motobu defeating a foreign boxer in Kyoto, karate rapidly became well known throughout Japan.[4]
In this era of escalating Japanese militarism,[5] the name was changed from 唐⼿ ("Chinese hand" or
"Tang hand")[6] to 空⼿ ("empty hand") – both of which are pronounced karate in Japanese – to
indicate that the Japanese wished to develop the combat form in Japanese style.[7] After World War II,
Okinawa became (1945) an important United States military site and karate became popular among
servicemen stationed there.[8][9] The martial arts movies of the 1960s and 1970s served to greatly
increase the popularity of martial arts around the world, and English-speakers began to use the word
karate in a generic way to refer to all striking-based Asian martial arts.[10] Karate schools (dōjōs) began
appearing around the world, catering to those with casual interest as well as those seeking a deeper
study of the art.
Karate, like other Japanese martial arts, is considered to be not only about fighting techniques, but also
about spiritual cultivation.[11][12] Many karate schools and dōjōs have established rules called dōjō kun,
which emphasize the perfection of character, the importance of effort, and respect for courtesy. Karate
featured at the 2020 Summer Olympics after its inclusion at the Games was supported by the
International Olympic Committee. Web Japan (sponsored by the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs)
claims that karate has 50 million practitioners worldwide,[13] while the World Karate Federation claims
there are 100 million practitioners around the world.[14]
Etymology
Originally in Okinawa during the Ryukyu Kingdom period, there existed an indigenous Ryukyuan
martial art called te (Okinawan:tī, lit. 'hand'). Furthermore, in the 19th century, a Chinese-derived
martial art called tōde (Okinawan:tōdī, lit. 'Tang hand') emerged. According to Gichin Funakoshi, a
distinction between Okinawan-te and tōde existed in the late 19th century.[15] With the emergence of
tōde, it is thought that te also came to be called Okinawa-te (Okinawan:Uchinādī, lit. 'Okinawa hand').
However, this distinction gradually became blurred with the decline of Okinawa-te.
Around 1905, when karate began to be taught in public schools in Okinawa, tōde was read kun’yomi and
called karate (唐⼿, lit. 'Tang hand') in the Japanese style. Both tōde and karate are written in the same
Chinese characters meaning "Tang/China hand," but the former is on'yomi (Chinese reading) and the
latter is kun'yomi (Japanese reading). Since the distinction between Okinawa-te and tōde was already
blurred at that time, karate was used to encompass both. "Kara (から)" is a kun’yomi for the character
"唐" (tō/とう in on'yomi) which is derived from "Gaya Confederacy (加羅)" and later included things
deriving from China (specifically from the Tang dynasty).[16] Therefore, tōde and karate (Tang hand)
differ in the scope of meaning of the words.[17]
Japan sent envoys to the Tang dynasty and introduced much Chinese culture. Gichin Funakoshi
proposed that tōde/karate may have been used instead of te, as Tang became a synonym for luxury
imported goods.[18]
According to Gichin Funakoshi, the word pronounced karate (から⼿) existed in the Ryukyu Kingdom
period, but it is unclear whether it meant Tang hand (唐⼿) or empty hand (空⼿).[19]
However, this name change did not immediately spread among Okinawan karate practitioners. There
were many karate practitioners, such as Chōjun Miyagi, who still used te in everyday conversation until
World War II.[20]
When karate was first taught in mainland Japan in the 1920s, Gichin Funakoshi and Motobu Chōki used
the name karate-jutsu (唐⼿術, lit. 'Tang hand art') along with karate.[21][22] The word jutsu (術) means
art or technique, and in those days it was often used as a suffix to the name of each martial art, as in
jujutsu and kenjutsu (swordsmanship).[23]
The first documented use of a homophone of the logogram pronounced kara by replacing the Chinese
character meaning "Tang dynasty" with the character meaning "empty" took place in Karate Kumite (空
⼿組⼿) written in August 1905 by Chōmo Hanashiro (1869–1945).[24] In mainland Japan, karate (空⼿,
empty hand) gradually began to be used from the writings of Gichin Funakoshi and Motobu Chōki in the
1920s.[25][26]
In 1929, the Karate Study Group of Keio University (Instructor Gichin Funakoshi) used this term in
reference to the concept of emptiness in the Heart Sutra, and this terminology was later popularized,
especially in Tokyo. There is also a theory that the background for this name change was the worsening
of Japan-China relations at the time.[27]
On October 25, 1936, a roundtable meeting of karate masters was held in Naha, Okinawa Prefecture,
and it was officially resolved to use the name karate (empty hand) in the sense of kūshu kūken (空⼿空
拳, lit. 'without anything in the hands or fists').[28] To commemorate this day, the Okinawa Prefectural
Assembly passed a resolution in 2005 to decide October 25 as "Karate Day."[29]
Another nominal development is the addition of dō (道; どう) to the end of the word karate. Dō is a
suffix having numerous meanings including road, path, route and way.[30] It is used in many martial
arts that survived Japan's transition from feudal culture to modern times. It implies that these arts are
not just fighting systems but contain spiritual elements when promoted as disciplines.[31] In this context
dō is usually translated as "the way of …". Examples include aikido, judo, kyūdō and kendo. Thus
karatedō is more than just empty hand techniques. It is "the way of the empty hand".[32]
Since the 1980s, the term karate (カラテ) has been written in katakana instead of Chinese characters,
mainly by Kyokushin Karate (founder: Masutatsu Oyama).[33] In Japan, katakana is mainly used for
foreign words, giving Kyokushin Karate a modern and new impression.
Name Transition
15th – 18th
19th century 1900s – 1920s – 1980s –
century
Te or Okinawa-te Karate(-jutsu) Karate (Empty Karate (カラテ)

Te (hand) Karate (Tang hand)
hand)
Tōde (Tang hand)
History
Origin
There are several theories regarding the origins of karate, but the main ones are as follows.
Theory of development from mēkata

In Okinawa, there was an ancient martial dance called mēkata ( 舞⽅ ). The dancers danced to the
accompaniment of songs and sanshin music, similar to karate kata. In the Okinawan countryside,
mēkata remained until the early 20th century. There is a theory that from this mēkata with martial
elements, te (Okinawan:tī, hand) was born and developed into karate. This theory is advocated by Ankō
Asato and his student Gichin Funakoshi.[34]
Theory of introduction by thirty-six families from Min

It is said that in 1392, a group of professional people known as the "Thirty-six families from Min"
migrated to Kume Village (now Kume, Naha City) in Naha from Fujian Province in the Ming Dynasty at
that time. They brought with them advanced learning and skills to Ryukyu, and there is a theory that
Chinese kenpō, the origin of karate, was also brought to Ryukyu at this time.
There is also the "Keichō import theory," which states that karate was brought to Ryukyu after the
invasion of Ryukyu by the Satsuma Domain (Keichō 14, 1609), as well as the theory that it was
introduced by Kōshōkun (Okinawan: Kūsankū) based on the description in Ōshima Writing.[35]
Other theories
There are also other theories, such as that it developed from Okinawan sumo (shima) or that it
originated from jujutsu, which had been introduced from Japan.[36]
Okinawa
15th–17th centuries
The reason for the development of unarmed combat techniques in Ryukyu has conventionally been
attributed to a policy of banning weapons, which is said to have been implemented on two occasions.
The first was during the reign of King Shō Shin (1476–1526; r. 1477–1527), when weapons were
collected from all over the country and strictly controlled by the royal government. The second time was
after the invasion of Ryukyu by the Satsuma Domain in 1609. Through the two policies, the popular
belief that Ryukyuan samurai, who were deprived of their weapons, developed karate to compete with
Satsuma's samurai has traditionally been referred to as if it were a historical fact.[37]
However, in recent years, many researchers have questioned the causal relationship between the policy
of banning weapons and the development of karate.[38] For example,
as the basis for King Shō Shin's policy of banning weapons, an
inscription on the parapet of the main hall of Shuri Castle (百浦添欄
⼲之銘, 1509), which states that "swords, bows and arrows are to be
piled up exclusively as weapons of national defense,"[39] has been
conventionally interpreted as meaning "weapons were collected and
sealed in a warehouse." However, in recent years, researchers of
Okinawan studies have pointed out that the correct interpretation is
that "swords, bows and arrows were collected and used as weapons
of the state."[40]
King Shō Shin
It is also known that the policy of banning weapons (a 1613 notice to
the Ryukyu royal government), which is said to have been
implemented by the Satsuma Domain, only prohibited the carrying of swords and other weapons, but
not their possession, and was a relatively lax regulation. This notice stated, "(1) The possession of guns is
prohibited. (2) The possession of weapons owned privately by princes, three magistrates, and samurai is
permitted. (3) Weapons must be repaired in Satsuma through the magistrate's office of Satsuma. (4)
Swords must be reported to the magistrate's office of Satsuma for approval."[41] It did not prohibit the
possession of weapons (except guns) or even their practice. In fact, even after subjugation to the
Satsuma Domain, a number of Ryukyuan masters of swordsmanship, spearmanship, archery, and other
arts are known. Therefore, some researchers criticize the theory that karate developed due to the policy
of banning weapons as "a rumor on the street with no basis at all."[42]
Karate began as a common fighting system known as te (Okinawan: tī) among the Ryukyuan samurai
class. There were few formal styles of te, but rather many practitioners with their own methods. One
surviving example is Motobu Udundī (lit. 'Motobu Palace Hand'), which has been handed down to this
day in the Motobu family, one of the branches of the former Ryukyu royal family.[43] In the 16th century,
the Ryukyuan history book "Kyūyō" (球陽, established around 1745) mentions that Kyō Ahagon Jikki, a
favored retainer of King Shō Shin, used a martial art called "karate" (空⼿, lit. 'empty hand') to smash
both legs of an assassin. This karate is thought to refer to te, not today's karate, and Ankō Asato
introduces Kyō Ahagon as a "prominent martial artist."[34]
18th century
However, some believe that Kyō Ahagon's anecdote is a half-legend and that it is unclear whether he was
actually a te master. In the 18th century, the names of Nishinda Uēkata, Gushikawa Uēkata, and
Chōken Makabe are known as masters of te.[44]
Nishinda Uēkata and Gushikawa Uēkata were martial artists active during the reign of King Shō Kei
(reigned 1713–1751). Nishinda Uēkata was good at spear as well as te, and Gushikawa Uēkata was also
good at wooden sword (swordsmanship).[45]
Chōken Makabe was a man of the late 18th century. His light stature and jumping ability gave him the
nickname "Makabe Chān-gwā" (lit. 'little fighting cock'), as he was like a chān (fighting cock). The
ceiling of his house is said to have been marked by his kicking foot.[46]
It is known that in "Ōshima Writing" (1762), written by Yoshihiro Tobe, a Confucian scholar of the Tosa
Domain, who interviewed Ryukyuan samurai who had drifted to Tosa (present-day Kōchi Prefecture),
there is a description of a martial art called kumiai-jutsu ( 組合術 ) performed by Kōshōkun
(Okinawan:Kūsankū). It is believed that Kōshōkun may have been a military officer on a mission from
Qing that visited Ryukyu in 1756, and some believe that karate originated with Kōshōkun.
In addition, the will (Part I: 1778, Part II: 1783) of Ryukyuan samurai Aka Pēchin Chokushki (1721–
1784) mentions the name of a martial art called karamutō (からむとう), along with Japanese Jigen-ryū
swordsmanship and jujutsu, indicating that Ryukyuan samurai practiced these arts in the 18th century.
[47]
In 1609, the Japanese Satsuma Domain invaded Ryukyu and Ryukyu became its vassal state, but it
continued to pay tribute to the Ming and Qing Dynasties in China. At the time, China had implemented
a policy of sea ban and only traded with tributary countries, so the Satsuma Domain wanted Ryukyu to
continue its tribute in order to benefit from it.
The envoys of the tribute mission were chosen from among the samurai class of Ryukyu, and they went
to Fuzhou in Fujian Province and stayed there for six months to a year and a half. Government-funded
and privately funded foreign students were also sent to study in Beijing or Fuzhou for several years.
Some of these envoys and students studied Chinese martial arts in China. The styles of Chinese martial
arts they studied are not known for certain, but it is assumed that they studied Fujian White Crane and
other styles from Fujian Province.
Sōryo Tsūshin (monk Tsūshin), active during the reign of King Shō Kei, was a monk who went to the
Qing Dynasty to study Chinese martial arts and was reportedly one of the best martial artists of his time
in Ryukyu.[48]
19th and early 20th century

It is not known when the name tōde (唐⼿, lit. 'Tang hand') first came into use in the Ryukyu Kingdom,
but according to Ankō Asato, it was popularized from Kanga Sakugawa (1786–1867), who was
nicknamed "Tōde Sakugawa."[34] Sakugawa was a samurai from Shuri who traveled to Qing China to
learn Chinese martial arts. The martial arts he mastered were new and different from te. As tōde was
spread by Sakugawa, traditional te became distinguished as Okinawa-te (沖縄⼿, lit. 'Okinawa hand'),
and gradually faded away as it merged with tōde.
It is generally believed that today's karate is a result of the synthesis of te (Okinawa-te) and tōde.
Funakoshi writes, "In the early modern era, when China was highly revered, many martial artists
traveled to China to practice Chinese kenpo, and added it to the ancient kenpo, the so-called 'Okinawa-
te'. After further study, they discarded the disadvantages of both, adopted their advantages, and added
more subtlety, and karate was born."[15]
Early styles of karate are often generalized as Shuri-te, Naha-te, and Tomari-te, named after the three
cities from which they emerged.[49] Each area and its teachers had particular kata, techniques, and
principles that distinguished their local version of te from the others.
Around the 1820s, Matsumura Sōkon (1809–1899) began teaching

Okinawa-te.[50] Matsumura was, according to one theory, a student
of Sakugawa. Matsumura's style later became the origin of many
Shuri-te schools.
Itosu Ankō (1831–1915) studied under Matsumura and Bushi

Nagahama of Naha-te.[51] He created the Pin'an forms ("Heian" in
Japanese) which are simplified kata for beginning students. In 1905,
Itosu helped to get karate introduced into Okinawa's public schools. Karate training in front of Shuri
These forms were taught to children at the elementary school level. Castle in Naha (1938)
Itosu's influence in karate is broad. The forms he created are
common across nearly all styles of karate. His students became some of the most well-known karate
masters, including Motobu Chōyū, Motobu Chōki, Yabu Kentsū, Hanashiro Chōmo, Gichin Funakoshi
and Kenwa Mabuni. Itosu is sometimes referred to as "the Grandfather of Modern Karate."[52]
In 1881, Higaonna Kanryō returned from China after years of

instruction with Ryu Ryu Ko and founded what would become Naha-
te. One of his students was the founder of Gojū-ryū, Chōjun Miyagi.
Chōjun Miyagi taught such well-known karateka as Seko Higa (who
also trained with Higaonna), Meitoku Yagi, Miyazato Ei'ichi, and
Seikichi Toguchi, and for a very brief time near the end of his life,
An'ichi Miyagi (a teacher claimed by Morio Higaonna).
Karate in Naha before the war;
In addition to the three early te styles of karate a fourth Okinawan
(before 1946)
influence is that of Uechi Kanbun (1877–1948). At the age of 20 he
went to Fuzhou in Fujian Province, China, to escape Japanese
military conscription. While there he studied under Shū Shiwa (Chinese: Zhou Zihe 周子和 1874–1926).
[53] He was a leading figure of Chinese Nanpa Shorin-ken style at that time.[54] He later developed his
own style of Uechi-ryū karate based on the Sanchin, Seisan, and Sanseiryu kata that he had studied in
China.[55]
Japan
When Shō Tai, the last king of the Ryūkyū Kingdom, was ordered to move
to Tokyo in 1879, he was accompanied by prominent karate masters such as
Ankō Asato and Chōfu Kyan (father of Chōtoku Kyan). It is unknown if they
taught karate to the Japanese in Tokyo, although there are records that
Kyan taught his son karate.[56]
In 1908, students from the Okinawa Prefectural Middle School gave a

karate demonstration at Butokuden in Kyoto, which was also witnessed by
Kanō Jigorō (founder of judo).
In May 1922, Gichin Funakoshi (founder of Shotokan) presented pictures of

karate on two hanging scrolls at the first Physical Education Exhibition in
Tokyo.[57] The following June, Funakoshi was invited to the Kodokan to
give a karate demonstration in front of Jigoro Kano and other judo experts. Gichin Funakoshi
This was the beginning of the full-scale introduction of karate in Tokyo.
In November 1922, Motobu Chōki (founder of Motobu-ryū) participated in a judo versus boxing match
in Kyoto, defeating a foreign boxer. The match was featured in Japan's largest magazine "King," which
had a circulation of about one million at the time, and karate and Motobu's name became instantly
known throughout Japan.[4]
In 1922, Funakoshi published the first book on karate,[58] and in 1926 Motobu published the first
technical book on kumite.[59] As karate's popularity grew, karate clubs were established one after
another in Japanese universities with Funakoshi and Motobu as instructors.[60][61]
In the Showa era (1926–1989), other Okinawan karate masters also came to mainland Japan to teach
karate. These included Kenwa Mabuni, Chōjun Miyagi, Kanken Tōyama, and Kanbun Uechi.
With the rise of militarism in Japan, some karate masters gradually came to consider the name karate
( 唐⼿ , lit. 'Tang hand') undesirable. The name
karate ( 空⼿ , lit. 'empty hand') had already been
used by Chōmo Hanashiro in Okinawa in 1905,[62]
and Funakoshi decided to use this name as well. In
addition, the name karatedō (唐⼿道, lit. 'the way of
the Tang hand'), which was already used by the
karate club of Tokyo Imperial University (now the
University of Tokyo) in 1929 by adding the suffix dō
(道, way) to karate,[63] was also used by Funakoshi,
who decided to use the name karatedō ( 空⼿道 ,
lit. 'the way of the empty hand') in the same way.[15]
The dō suffix implies that karatedō is a path to self-

knowledge, not just a study of the technical aspects Illustration depicting a match between Motobu Chōki and
of fighting. Like most martial arts practised in a foreign boxer
Japan, karate made its transition from -jutsu to -dō

around the beginning of the 20th century. The "dō" in "karate-dō" sets it apart from karate-jutsu, as
aikido is distinguished from aikijutsu, judo from jujutsu, kendo from kenjutsu and iaido from iaijutsu.
In 1933, karate was officially recognized as a Japanese martial art by the Dai Nippon Butoku Kai, but
initially belonged to the jujutsu division and title examinations were conducted by jujutsu masters.
In 1935, Funakoshi changed the names of many kata and karate itself. Funakoshi's motivation was that
the names of many of the traditional kata were unintelligible, and that it would be inappropriate to use
the Chinese style names in order to teach karate as a Japanese martial art.[64] He also said that the kata
had to be simplified in order to spread karate as a form of physical education, so some of the kata were
modified.[65] He always referred to what he taught as simply karate, but in 1936 he built a dōjō in Tokyo
and the style he left behind is usually called Shotokan after this dōjō. Shoto, meaning "pine wave", was
Funakoshi's pen name and kan meaning "hall".
On October 25, 1936, a roundtable meeting of karate

masters was held in Naha, Okinawa Prefecture, where it
was officially decided to change the name of karate from
karate (Tang hand) to karate (empty hand). In
attendance were Chōmo Hanashiro, Chōki Motobu,
Chōtoku Kyan, Jūhatsu Kyoda, Chōjun Miyagi, Shinpan
Gusukuma, and Chōshin Chibana. In 2005, the Okinawa
Prefectural Assembly passed a resolution to
commemorate this decision by designating October 25 as
"Karate Day."[66]
The modernization and systemization of karate in Japan Masters of karate in Tokyo (c. 1930s), from left to
right, Kanken Toyama, Hironori Otsuka, Takeshi
also included the adoption of the white uniform that
Shimoda, Gichin Funakoshi, Chōki Motobu,
consisted of the kimono and the dogi or keikogi—mostly Kenwa Mabuni, Genwa Nakasone, and Shinken
called just karategi—and coloured belt ranks. Both of Taira
these innovations were originated and popularized by
Jigoro Kano, the founder of judo and one of the men
Funakoshi consulted in his efforts to modernize karate.
At that time, there was almost no kumite training in karate, and kata training was the main focus.[67]
There were also no matches. However, at that time, judo and kendo matches were already being held in
mainland Japan, and randori (乱取り, lit. 'free-style practice') practice was also being actively practiced,
the young people in mainland Japan gradually became dissatisfied with kata-only practice.[67]
In pre–World War II Okinawa, karateka practiced iri kumi (Okinawan for kumite) allowing all kinds of
techniques (strikes, choke holds, joint locks, etc.) but in a controlled manner to not injure the opponent
when aiming to vital areas.[68] Despite sparring was originally an unnoticed form of practice for senior
students, there were no "contests" until Western-style competitions were introduced to Japan.[69]
Gichin Funakoshi stated, "There are no contests in karate."[70] Shigeru Egami relates that, during his
visit to Okinawa in 1940, he heard some karateka were ousted from their dōjō because they adopted
sparring after having learned it in Tokyo. In the early 1930s, pre-arranged sparring was introduced and
developed, and finally a few years later free sparring was permitted for Shotokan students.[71]
According to Yasuhiro Konishi, kata-only training was often criticized by the leading judo practitioners
of the time, such as Shuichi Nagaoka and Hajime Isogai, who said, "The karate you do cannot be
understood from kata alone, so why don't you try a little more so that the general public can understand
it?"[67] Against the backdrop of these complaints and criticisms, young people such as Hironori Ōtsuka
and Konishi devised their own kumite and kumite matches, which are the prototypes of today's kumite.
[67][72] Motobu's emphasis on kumite attracted Ōtsuka and Konishi, who later studied Okinawan kumite
under him.[67]
After World War II, karate activities were temporarily stalled due to the "Notice Banning Judo, Kendo,
and Other Martial Arts" issued by the Ministry of Education under the directive of the Supreme
Commander for the Allied Powers. However, because this notice did not include the word "karate," it
was interpreted by the Ministry of Education that karate was not prohibited, and karate was able to
resume its activities earlier than other martial arts.
A new form of karate called Kyokushin was formally founded in 1957 by Masutatsu Oyama (who was
born a Korean, Choi Yeong-Eui 최영의). Kyokushin is largely a synthesis of Shotokan and Gōjū-ryū. It
teaches a curriculum that emphasizes aliveness, physical toughness, and full contact sparring. Because
of its emphasis on physical, full-force sparring, Kyokushin is now often called "full contact karate", or
"Knockdown karate" (after the name for its competition rules). Many other karate organizations and
styles are descended from the Kyokushin curriculum.
Practice
Karate can be practiced as an art (budō), self defense or as a combat sport. Traditional karate places
emphasis on self-development (budō).[73] Modern Japanese style training emphasizes the psychological
elements incorporated into a proper kokoro (attitude) such as perseverance, fearlessness, virtue, and
leadership skills. Sport karate places emphasis on exercise and competition. Weapons are an important
training activity in some styles of karate.
Karate training is commonly divided into kihon (basics or fundamentals), kata (forms), and kumite
(sparring).
Kihon
Kihon means basics and these form the base for everything else in the style including stances, strikes,
punches, kicks and blocks. Karate styles place varying importance on kihon. Typically this is training in
unison of a technique or a combination of techniques by a group of karateka. Kihon may also be
prearranged drills in smaller groups or in pairs.
Kata
Kata (型:かた) means literally "shape" or "model." Kata is a formalized
sequence of movements which represent various offensive and defensive
postures. These postures are based on idealized combat applications. The
applications when applied in a demonstration with real opponents is
referred to as a Bunkai. The Bunkai shows how every stance and movement
is used. Bunkai is a useful tool to understand a kata.
To attain a formal rank the karateka must demonstrate competent

performance of specific required kata for that level. The Japanese
terminology for grades or ranks is commonly used. Requirements for
examinations vary among schools.
Kumite
Chōki Motobu in Naihanchi-
Sparring in Karate is called kumite (組手:くみて). It literally means dachi, one of the basic
"meeting of hands." Kumite is practiced both as a sport and as self-defense karate stances
training. Levels of physical contact during sparring vary considerably. Full
contact karate has several variants. Knockdown karate (such as
Kyokushin) uses full power techniques to bring an opponent to the
ground. Sparring in armour, bogu kumite, allows full power
techniques with some safety. Sport kumite in many international
competition under the World Karate Federation is free or structured
with light contact or semi contact and points are awarded by a
referee.
In structured kumite (yakusoku, prearranged), two participants

perform a choreographed series of techniques with one striking Bōgutsuki, a form of full-contact
while the other blocks. The form ends with one devastating karate fought with armour, one of
the competition formats for kumite
technique (hito tsuki).
In free sparring (Jiyu Kumite), the two participants have a free

choice of scoring techniques. The allowed techniques and contact level are primarily determined by
sport or style organization policy, but might be modified according to the age, rank and sex of the
participants. Depending upon style, take-downs, sweeps and in some rare cases even time-limited
grappling on the ground are also allowed.
Free sparring is performed in a marked or closed area. The bout runs for a fixed time (2 to 3 minutes.)
The time can run continuously (iri kume) or be stopped for referee judgment. In light contact or semi
contact kumite, points are awarded based on the criteria: good form, sporting attitude, vigorous
application, awareness/zanshin, good timing and correct distance. In full contact karate kumite, points
are based on the results of the impact, rather than the formal appearance of the scoring technique.
Dōjō Kun
In the bushidō tradition dōjō kun is a set of guidelines for karateka to follow. These guidelines apply
both in the dōjō (training hall) and in everyday life.
Conditioning
Okinawan karate uses supplementary training known as hojo undo. This uses simple equipment made of
wood and stone. The makiwara is a striking post. The nigiri game is a large jar used for developing grip
strength. These supplementary exercises are designed to increase strength, stamina, speed, and muscle
coordination.[74] Sport Karate emphasizes aerobic exercise, anaerobic exercise, power, agility, flexibility,
and stress management.[75] All practices vary depending upon the school and the teacher.
Sport
Karate is divided into style organizations.[76] These organizations sometimes cooperate in non-style
specific sport karate organizations or federations. Examples of sport organizations include AAKF/ITKF,
AOK, TKL, AKA, WKF, NWUKO, WUKF and WKC.[77] Organizations hold competitions (tournaments)
from local to international level. Tournaments are designed to match members of opposing schools or
styles against one another in kata, sparring and weapons demonstration. They are often separated by
age, rank and sex with potentially different rules or standards based on these factors. The tournament
may be exclusively for members of a particular style (closed) or one in which any martial artist from any
style may participate within the rules of the tournament (open).
The World Karate Federation (WKF) is the largest sport karate organization and is recognized by the
International Olympic Committee (IOC) as being responsible for karate competition in the Olympic
Games.[78] The WKF has developed common rules governing all styles. The national WKF organizations
coordinate with their respective National Olympic Committees.
WKF karate competition has two disciplines: sparring (kumite) and forms (kata).[79] Competitors may
enter either as individuals or as part of a team. Evaluation for kata and kobudō is performed by a panel
of judges, whereas sparring is judged by a head referee, usually with assistant referees at the side of the
sparring area. Sparring matches are typically divided by weight, age, gender, and experience.[80]
WKF only allows membership through one national organization/federation per country to which clubs
may join. The World Union of Karate-do Federations (WUKF)[81] offers different styles and federations
a world body they may join, without having to compromise their style or size. The WUKF accepts more
than one federation or association per country.
Sport organizations use different competition rule systems.[76][80][82][83][84] Light contact rules are used
by the WKF, WUKO, IASK and WKC. Full contact karate rules used by Kyokushinkai, Seidokaikan and
other organizations. Bogu kumite (full contact with protective shielding of targets) rules are used in the
World Koshiki Karate-Do Federation organization.[85] Shinkaratedo Federation use boxing gloves.[86]
Within the United States, rules may be under the jurisdiction of state sports authorities, such as the
boxing commission.
Mixed Martial Arts (MMA)

Karate, although not widely used in mixed martial arts, has been effective for some MMA practitioners.
[87][88] Various styles of karate are practiced in MMA: Lyoto Machida and John Makdessi practice
Shotokan;[89] Bas Rutten and Georges St-Pierre train in Kyokushin;[90] Michelle Waterson holds a black
belt in American Free Style Karate;[91] Stephen Thompson practices American Kenpo Karate;[92] and
both Gunnar Nelson[93] and Robert Whittaker practiced Gōjū-ryū.[94] Additionally, John Kavanagh has
been successful as coach with a Kenpo Karate pedigree.[95]
Olympic Games
In August 2016, the International Olympic Committee approved karate as an Olympic sport beginning at
the 2020 Summer Olympics.[96][97] Karate also debuted at the 2018
Summer Youth Olympics. During this debut of Karate in the
Summer Olympics, sixty competitors from around the world
competed in the Kumite competition, and twenty competed in the
Kata competition. In September 2015, karate was included in a
shortlist along with baseball, softball, skateboarding, surfing, and
sport climbing to be considered for inclusion in the 2020 Summer
Olympics;[98] and in June 2016, the executive board of the
International Olympic Committee (IOC) announced that they would Bronze medal match at the 2018
support the proposal to include all of the shortlisted sports in the Summer Youth Olympics in Buenos
2020 Games.[99] Finally, on 3 August 2016, all five sports (counting Aires, Argentina.
baseball and softball together as one sport) were approved for
inclusion in the 2020 Olympic program.[100]
Karate will not be included in the 2024 Olympic Games, although it has made the shortlist for inclusion,
alongside nine others, in the 2028 Summer Olympics.[101]
Dan Rank system

In 1924, Gichin Funakoshi, founder of Shotokan Karate, adopted the
Dan system from the judo founder Jigoro Kano[102] using a rank
scheme with a limited set of belt colors. Other Okinawan teachers
also adopted this practice. In the Kyū/Dan system the beginner
grades start with a higher numbered kyū (e.g., 10th Kyū or Jukyū)
and progress toward a lower numbered kyū. The Dan progression
continues from 1st Dan (Shodan, or 'beginning dan') to the higher
dan grades. Kyū-grade karateka are referred to as "color belt" or
Karatekas wearing different colored
mudansha ("ones without dan/rank"). Dan-grade karateka are
belts
referred to as yudansha (holders of dan/rank). Yudansha typically
wear a black belt. Normally, the first five to six dans are given by
examination by superior dan holders, while the subsequent (7 and
up) are honorary, given for special merits and/or age reached.
Requirements of rank differ among styles, organizations, and
schools. Kyū ranks stress Karate stances, Equilibrioception, and
motor coordination. Speed and power are added at higher grades.
Minimum age and time in rank are factors affecting promotion.

Testing consists of demonstration of techniques before a panel of
examiners or senseis. This will vary by school, but testing may Karatekas at a dojo with different
include everything learned at that point, or just new information. colored belts
The demonstration is an application for new rank (shinsa) and may
include basics, kata, bunkai, self-defense, routines, tameshiwari
(breaking), and kumite (sparring).
Philosophy
In Karate-Do Kyohan, Funakoshi quoted from the Heart Sutra, which is prominent in Shingon
Buddhism: "Form is emptiness, emptiness is form itself" (shiki zokuze kū kū zokuze shiki).[103] He
interpreted the "kara" of Karate-dō to mean "to purge oneself of selfish and evil thoughts ... for only with
a clear mind and conscience can the practitioner understand the knowledge which he receives."
Funakoshi believed that one should be "inwardly humble and outwardly gentle." Only by behaving
humbly can one be open to Karate's many lessons. This is done by listening and being receptive to
criticism. He considered courtesy of prime importance. He said that "Karate is properly applied only in
those rare situations in which one really must either down another or be downed by him." Funakoshi did
not consider it unusual for a devotee to use Karate in a real physical confrontation no more than perhaps
once in a lifetime. He stated that Karate practitioners must "never be easily drawn into a fight." It is
understood that one blow from a real expert could mean death. It is clear that those who misuse what
they have learned bring dishonor upon themselves. He promoted the character trait of personal
conviction. In "time of grave public crisis, one must have the courage ... to face a million and one
opponents." He taught that indecisiveness is a weakness.[104]
Styles
Karate is divided into many styles, each with their different training methods, focuses, and cultures;
though they mainly originate from the historical Okinawan parent styles of Naha-te, Tomari-te and
Shuri-te.
However some of the schools' founders have been sceptical with the separation of karate into many
styles. Gichin Funakoshi simply stated that there are as many styles as instructors in the world while
Kenwa Mabuni explained that the notion of different variations of karate came from outsiders.[105]
During karate popularization in mainland Japan, it was spread the idea that karate was divided into two
branches: Shōrin-ryū (derived from Itosu's teachings) and Shōrei-ryū (derived from Higaonna's
teachings);[106] but Chōjun Miyagi believed that was just a wrong perception.[107] Mas Oyama was
actively opposed to the idea of the break-down into several karate schools.[108] He believed that making
karate a combat sport, as well keeping it as a martial art, could be a possible approach to unify all
schools.[109]
In the modern era the major four styles of karate are considered to be Gōjū-ryū, Shotokan, Shitō-ryū,
and Wadō-ryū.[110] These four styles are those recognised by the World Karate Federation for
international kata competition.[111] Some widespread styles[112][106] oftenly accepted for kata
competition include Kyokushin, Shōrin-ryū or Uechi-Ryū among others.[113][114][111]
World
Africa
Karate has grown in popularity in Africa, particularly in South Africa and Ghana.[115][116][117]
Americas
Canada
Karate began in Canada in the 1930s and 1940s as Japanese people immigrated to the country. Karate
was practised quietly without a large amount of organization. During the Second World War, many
Japanese-Canadian families were moved to the interior of British Columbia. Masaru Shintani, at the age
of 13, began to study Shorin-Ryu karate in the Japanese camp under Kitigawa. In 1956, after 9 years of
training with Kitigawa, Shintani travelled to Japan and met Hironori Otsuka (Wado Ryu). In 1958,
Otsuka invited Shintani to join his organization Wado Kai, and in 1969 he asked Shintani to officially
call his style Wado.[118]
In Canada during this same time, karate was also introduced by Masami Tsuruoka who had studied in
Japan in the 1940s under Tsuyoshi Chitose.[119] In 1954, Tsuruoka initiated the first karate competition
in Canada and laid the foundation for the National Karate Association.[119]
In the late 1950s Shintani moved to Ontario and began teaching karate and judo at the Japanese
Cultural Centre in Hamilton. In 1966, he began (with Otsuka's endorsement) the Shintani Wado Kai
Karate Federation. During the 1970s Otsuka appointed Shintani the Supreme Instructor of Wado Kai in
North America. In 1979, Otsuka publicly promoted Shintani to hachidan (8th dan) and privately gave
him a kudan certificate (9th dan), which was revealed by Shintani in 1995. Shintani and Otsuka visited
each other in Japan and Canada several times, the last time in 1980 two years prior to Otsuka's death.
Shintani died 7 May 2000.[118]
United States
After World War II, members of the United States military learned karate in Okinawa or Japan and then
opened schools in the US. In 1945, Robert Trias opened the first dōjō in the United States in Phoenix,
Arizona, a Shuri-ryū karate dōjō.[120] In the 1950s, William J. Dometrich, Ed Parker, Cecil T. Patterson,
Gordon Doversola, Harold G. Long, Donald Hugh Nagle, George Mattson and Peter Urban all began
instructing in the US.
Tsutomu Ohshima began studying karate under Shotokan's founder, Gichin Funakoshi, while a student
at Waseda University, beginning in 1948. In 1957, Ohshima received his godan (fifth-degree black belt),
the highest rank awarded by Funakoshi. He founded the first university karate club in the United States
at California Institute of Technology in 1957. In 1959, he founded the Southern California Karate
Association (SCKA) which was renamed Shotokan Karate of America (SKA) in 1969.
In the 1960s, Anthony Mirakian, Richard Kim, Teruyuki Okazaki, John Pachivas, Allen Steen, Gosei
Yamaguchi (son of Gōgen Yamaguchi), Michael G. Foster and Pat Burleson began teaching martial arts
around the country.[121]
In 1961, Hidetaka Nishiyama, a co-founder of the Japan Karate Association (JKA) and student of Gichin
Funakoshi, began teaching in the United States. He founded the International Traditional Karate
Federation (ITKF). Takayuki Mikami was sent to New Orleans by the JKA in 1963.
In 1964, Takayuki Kubota relocated the International Karate Association from Tokyo to California.
Asia
Korea
Due to past conflict between Korea and Japan, most notably during the Japanese occupation of Korea in
the early 20th century, the influence of karate in Korea is a contentious issue.[122] From 1910 until 1945,
Korea was annexed by the Japanese Empire. It was during this time that many of the Korean martial
arts masters of the 20th century were exposed to Japanese karate. After regaining independence from
Japan, many Korean martial arts schools that opened up in the 1940s and 1950s were founded by
masters who had trained in karate in Japan as part of their martial arts training.
Won Kuk Lee, a Korean student of Funakoshi, founded the first martial arts school after the Japanese
occupation of Korea ended in 1945, called the Chung Do Kwan. Having studied under Gichin Funakoshi
at Chuo University, Lee had incorporated taekkyon, kung fu, and karate in the martial art that he taught
which he called "Tang Soo Do", the Korean transliteration of the Chinese characters for "Way of Chinese
Hand" (唐手道).[123] In the mid-1950s, the martial arts schools were unified under President Rhee
Syngman's order, and became taekwondo under the leadership of Choi Hong Hi and a committee of
Korean masters. Choi, a significant figure in taekwondo history, had also studied karate under
Funakoshi. Karate also provided an important comparative model for the early founders of taekwondo
in the formalization of their art including hyung and the belt ranking system. The original taekwondo
hyung were identical to karate kata. Eventually, original Korean forms were developed by individual
schools and associations. Although the World Taekwondo Federation and International Taekwon-Do
Federation are the most prominent among Korean martial arts organizations, tang soo do schools that
teach Japanese karate still exist as they were originally conveyed to Won Kuk Lee and his
contemporaries from Funakoshi.
Soviet Union
Karate appeared in the Soviet Union in the mid-1960s, during Nikita Khrushchev's policy of improved
international relations. The first Shotokan clubs were opened in Moscow's universities.[124] In 1973,
however, the government banned karate—together with all other foreign martial arts—endorsing only
the Soviet martial art of sambo.[125][126] Failing to suppress these uncontrolled groups, the USSR's Sport
Committee formed the Karate Federation of USSR in December 1978.[127] On 17 May 1984, the Soviet
Karate Federation was disbanded and all karate became illegal again. In 1989, karate practice became
legal again, but under strict government regulations, only after the dissolution of the Soviet Union in
1991 did independent karate schools resume functioning, and so federations were formed and national
tournaments in authentic styles began.[128][129]
Philippines
Europe
In the 1950s and 1960s, several Japanese karate masters began to
teach the art in Europe, but it was not until 1965 that the Japan
Karate Association (JKA) sent to Europe four well-trained young
Karate instructors Taiji Kase, Keinosuke Enoeda, Hirokazu
Kanazawa and Hiroshi Shirai. Kase went to France, Enoeada to
England and Shirai in Italy. These Masters maintained always a
strong link between them, the JKA and the others JKA masters in
the world, especially Hidetaka Nishiyama in the US Karate movements in Lappeenranta
France
France Shotokan Karate was created in 1964 by Tsutomu Ohshima. It is affiliated with another of his
organizations, Shotokan Karate of America (SKA). However, in 1965 Taiji Kase came from Japan along
with Enoeda and Shirai, who went to England and Italy respectively, and karate came under the
influence of the JKA.
Italy
Hiroshi Shirai, one of the original instructors sent by the JKA to Europe along with Kase, Enoeda and
Kanazawa, moved to Italy in 1965 and quickly established a Shotokan enclave that spawned several
instructors who in their turn soon spread the style all over the country. By 1970 Shotokan karate was the
most spread martial art in Italy apart from Judo. Other styles such as Wado Ryu, Goju Ryu and Shito
Ryu, are present and well established in Italy, while Shotokan remains the most popular.
United Kingdom
Vernon Bell, a 3rd Dan Judo instructor who had been instructed by Kenshiro Abbe introduced Karate to
England in 1956, having attended classes in Henry Plée's Yoseikan dōjō in Paris. Yoseikan had been
founded by Minoru Mochizuki, a master of multiple Japanese martial arts, who had studied Karate with
Gichin Funakoshi, thus the Yoseikan style was heavily influenced by Shotokan.[130] Bell began teaching
in the tennis courts of his parents' back garden in Ilford, Essex and his group was to become the British
Karate Federation. On 19 July 1957, Vietnamese Hoang Nam 3rd Dan, billed as "Karate champion of
Indo China", was invited to teach by Bell at Maybush Road, but the first instructor from Japan was
Tetsuji Murakami (1927–1987) a 3rd Dan Yoseikan under Minoru Mochizuki and 1st Dan of the JKA,
who arrived in England in July 1959.[130] In 1959, Frederick Gille set up the Liverpool branch of the
British Karate Federation, which was officially recognised in 1961. The Liverpool branch was based at
Harold House Jewish Boys Club in Chatham Street before relocating to the YMCA in Everton where it
became known as the Red Triangle. One of the early members of this branch was Andy Sherry who had
previously studied Jujutsu with Jack Britten. In 1961, Edward Ainsworth, another blackbelt Judoka, set
up the first Karate study group in Ayrshire, Scotland having attended Bell's third 'Karate Summer
School' in 1961.[130]
Outside of Bell's organisation, Charles Mack traveled to Japan and studied under Masatoshi Nakayama
of the Japan Karate Association who graded Mack to 1st Dan Shotokan on 4 March 1962 in Japan.[130]
Shotokai Karate was introduced to England in 1963 by another of Gichin Funakoshi's students,
Mitsusuke Harada.[130] Outside of the Shotokan stable of karate styles, Wado Ryu Karate was also an
early adopted style in the UK, introduced by Tatsuo Suzuki, a 6th Dan at the time in 1964.
Despite the early adoption of Shotokan in the UK, it was not until 1964 that JKA Shotokan officially
came to the UK. Bell had been corresponding with the JKA in Tokyo asking for his grades to be ratified
in Shotokan having apparently learnt that Murakami was not a designated representative of the JKA.
The JKA obliged, and without enforcing a grading on Bell, ratified his black belt on 5 February 1964,
though he had to relinquish his Yoseikan grade. Bell requested a visitation from JKA instructors and the
next year Taiji Kase, Hirokazu Kanazawa, Keinosuke Enoeda and Hiroshi Shirai gave the first JKA demo
at the old Kensington Town Hall on 21 April 1965. Hirokazu Kanazawa and Keinosuke Enoeda stayed
and Murakami left (later re-emerging as a 5th Dan Shotokai under Harada).[130]
In 1966, members of the former British Karate Federation established the Karate Union of Great Britain
(KUGB) under Hirokazu Kanazawa as chief instructor[131] and affiliated to JKA. Keinosuke Enoeda
came to England at the same time as Kanazawa, teaching at a dōjō in Liverpool. Kanazawa left the UK
after 3 years and Enoeda took over. After Enoeda's death in 2003, the KUGB elected Andy Sherry as
Chief Instructor. Shortly after this, a new association split off from KUGB, JKA England. An earlier
significant split from the KUGB took place in 1991 when a group led by KUGB senior instructor Steve
Cattle formed the English Shotokan Academy (ESA). The aim of this group was to follow the teachings
of Taiji Kase, formerly the JKA chief instructor in Europe, who along with Hiroshi Shirai created the
World Shotokan Karate-do Academy (WKSA), in 1989 to pursue the teaching of "Budo" karate as
opposed to what he viewed as "sport karate". Kase sought to return the practice of Shotokan Karate to its
martial roots, reintroducing amongst other things open hand and throwing techniques that had been
side lined as the result of competition rules introduced by the JKA. Both the ESA and the WKSA
(renamed the Kase-Ha Shotokan-Ryu Karate-do Academy (KSKA) after Kase's death in 2004) continue
following this path today. In 1975, Great Britain became the first team ever to take the World male team
title from Japan after being defeated the previous year in the final.
Oceania
The World Karate Federation was first introduced to Oceania as the Oceania Karate Federation 1973.
[132]
Australia
The Australian Karate Federation, under the World Karate Federation, was first introduced in 1970. In
1972 Frank Novak became the first fully qualified Shotokan instructor to arrive in Australia and teach in
the country,[133] establishing the first Shotokan Karate dojo in Australia.[134] At karate's debut in the
Olympics at the 2020 Summer Olympics, Tsuneari Yahiro became Australia's first Karate Olympian.[135]
In film and popular culture

Karate spread rapidly in the West through popular culture. In 1950s
popular fiction, karate was at times described to readers in near-mythical
terms, and it was credible to show Western experts of unarmed combat as
unaware of Eastern martial arts of this kind.[136] Following the inclusion of
judo at the 1964 Tokyo Olympics, there was growing mainstream Western
interest in Japanese martial arts, particularly karate, during the 1960s.[137]
By the 1970s, martial arts films (especially kung fu films and Bruce Lee
flicks from Hong Kong) had formed a mainstream genre and launched the
"kung fu craze" which propelled karate and other Asian martial arts into
mass popularity. However, mainstream Western audiences at the time
generally did not distinguish between different Asian martial arts such as
karate, kung fu and tae kwon do.[92] Bruce Lee is known for
practicing many martial arts
In the film series 007 (1953–present), the main protagonist James Bond is styles, including Karate.
exceptionally skillful in martial arts. He is an expert in various types of
martial arts including Karate, as well as Judo, Aikido, Brazilian jiu-jitsu,
Filipino Eskrima and Krav Maga.
During the late 20th century, specifically during the 80s and 90s, karate saw a rise in mainstream
popularity. America in the 80s took hold of the martial arts craze and began to produce more
homegrown films in the martial arts genre.[138] Films weren't the only popular visual representation of
Karate in the 80s, just as arcades grew in popularity, so did Karate in arcade fighting games. The first
video game to feature fist fighting was Heavyweight Champ in 1976,[139] but it was Karate Champ that
popularized the one-on-one fighting game genre in arcades in 1984. In 1987, Capcom released Street
Fighter, featuring multiple Karateka characters.[140][141]
The Karate Kid (1984) and its sequels The Karate Kid, Part II (1986), The Karate Kid, Part III (1989)
and The Next Karate Kid (1994) are films relating the fictional story of an American adolescent's
introduction into karate.[142][143] Its television sequel, Cobra Kai (2018), has led to similar growing
interest in karate.[144] The success of The Karate Kid further popularized karate (as opposed to Asian
martial arts more generally) in mainstream American popular culture.[92] Karate Kommandos is an
animated children's show, with Chuck Norris appearing to reveal the moral lessons contained in every
episode.
Dragon Ball (1984–present) is a Japanese media franchise (Anime) whose characters use a variety and
hybrid of east Asian martial arts styles, including Karate[145][146][147] and Wing Chun (Kung fu).[146][147]
[148] Dragon Ball was originally inspired by the classical 16th-century Chinese novel Journey to the
West, combined with elements of Hong Kong martial arts films, with influences of Jackie Chan and
Bruce Lee.
In the film series The Matrix, Neo uses a variety of martial arts
styles.[149] Neo's skill in martial arts was shown having downloaded
into his brain, which granted combat abilities equivalent to a martial
artist with decades of experience. Kenpo Karate is one of the many
styles Neo learns as part of his computerised combat training.[150]
As part of the preparation for the movie, Yuen Woo-ping had Keanu
Reeves undertake four months of martial arts training in a variety of
different styles.[149]
Dragon Ball's main protagonist
Goku uses a variety and hybrid of
Film stars and their styles
east Asian martial arts styles,
Practitioner Fighting style including Karate.
Shin Koyamada Keishinkan[151]
Sonny Chiba Kyokushin[152]
Sean Connery Kyokushin[153]
Hiroyuki Sanada Kyokushin[154]
Dolph Lundgren Kyokushin[155]
Michael Jai White Kyokushin[156]
Yasuaki Kurata Shito-ryu[157]
Fumio Demura Shitō-ryū[158]
Don "The Dragon" Wilson Gōjū-ryu[159]
Richard Norton Gōjū-ryu[160]
Yukari Oshima Gōjū-ryu[161][162]
Leung Siu-Lung Gōjū-ryu[163]
Wesley Snipes Shotokan[164]
Jean-Claude Van Damme Shotokan[165]
Jim Kelly Shōrin-ryū[166]
Joe Lewis Shōrin-ryū
Tadashi Yamashita Shōrin-ryū[167]
Matt Mullins Shōrei-ryū[168]
Sho Kosugi Shindō jinen-ryū[169]
Weng Weng Undetermined[170]
Many other film stars such as Bruce Lee, Chuck Norris, Jackie Chan, Sammo Hung, and Jet Li come
from a range of other martial arts.
See also
▪ Comparison of karate styles
Martial arts portal
▪ Japanese martial arts
▪ Karate World Championships
▪ Karate at the Summer Olympics
▪ Karate at the World Games
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External links
▪ World Karate Federation (http://www.wkf.net/) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/200809051941
50/http://www.wkf.net/) 5 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine

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Karate

Karate (空⼿) (/kəˈrɑːti/; Japanese pronunciation: [kaɾate] ; Okinawan

Te or Okinawa-te Karate(-jutsu) Karate (Empty Karate (カラテ)

Theory of development from mēkata

Theory of introduction by thirty-six families from Min

19th and early 20th century

Around the 1820s, Matsumura Sōkon (1809–1899) began teaching

Itosu Ankō (1831–1915) studied under Matsumura and Bushi

In 1881, Higaonna Kanryō returned from China after years of

In 1908, students from the Okinawa Prefectural Middle School gave a

In May 1922, Gichin Funakoshi (founder of Shotokan) presented pictures of

The dō suffix implies that karatedō is a path to self-

Japan, karate made its transition from -jutsu to -dō

On October 25, 1936, a roundtable meeting of karate

To attain a formal rank the karateka must demonstrate competent

In structured kumite (yakusoku, prearranged), two participants

In free sparring (Jiyu Kumite), the two participants have a free

Mixed Martial Arts (MMA)

Dan Rank system

Minimum age and time in rank are factors affecting promotion.

In film and popular culture

Sonny Chiba Kyokushin[152]

Sean Connery Kyokushin[153]

Hiroyuki Sanada Kyokushin[154]

Dolph Lundgren Kyokushin[155]

Michael Jai White Kyokushin[156]

Yasuaki Kurata Shito-ryu[157]

Fumio Demura Shitō-ryū[158]

Don "The Dragon" Wilson Gōjū-ryu[159]

Richard Norton Gōjū-ryu[160]

Yukari Oshima Gōjū-ryu[161][162]

Leung Siu-Lung Gōjū-ryu[163]

Wesley Snipes Shotokan[164]

Jean-Claude Van Damme Shotokan[165]

Jim Kelly Shōrin-ryū[166]

Joe Lewis Shōrin-ryū

Tadashi Yamashita Shōrin-ryū[167]

Matt Mullins Shōrei-ryū[168]

Sho Kosugi Shindō jinen-ryū[169]

Weng Weng Undetermined[170]

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