SOCIAL RELEVANCE PROJECT REPORT ON

“A Study on Illiteracy – A Social Issue in Mumbai’’

Submitted in Fulfilment for the Award of the Degree

Master in Management Studies (MMS)

BATCH 2021-23

SUBMITTED BY
Rohit Jayaprakash Cherkara
ROLL NO: 211010

SPECIALISATION
Human Resource Management

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

Prof- Dr. Vivekanand Pawar

PILLAI INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES AND

RESEARCH,
NEW PANVEL – 410206

z 1
 DECLARATION

I Rohit Jayaprakash Cherkara hereby declare that this Project Report titled
“A Study on Illiteracy – A Social Issue in Mumbai”, submitted by me to
PILLAI INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES AND RESEARCH,
NEW PANVEL – 410206 is a bonafide work undertaken by me and it is not
submitted to any other University or Institution for the award of any degree
diploma or certificate or published any time before.

Rohit Jayaprakash Cherkara

Roll No: 211010 Signature of the Student

z 2
 PILLAI INSTITUTE OF
MANAGEMENT STUDIES AND RESEARCH, NEW
PANVEL – 410206

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that project titled “A Study on Illiteracy – A Social Issue

in Mumbai” is successfully completed by Mr. Rohit Jayaprakash
Cherkara during the IV Semester, in fulfilment of the Master's Degree in
Management Studies for the academic year 2021 – 23 through PILLAI
INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES AND RESEARCH, NEW
PANVEL – 410206. This project work is original and not submitted earlier
for the award of any degree / diploma or associate ship of any other
University / Institution.

Name of Guide: Dr. Vivekanand Pawar

Date: [Signature of the
Guide]

z 3
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Before we get into the thick of things, I would like to add a few words of
appreciation for the people who have been a part of this project right from its
inception. The writing of this project has been one of the significant
academic challenges I have faced and without the support, patience and
guidance of the people involved, this task would not have been completed. It
is to them I owe my deepest gratitude. I hereby take this opportunity to thank
Dr. Vivekanand Pawar, who was my guide for this project. Without his
support, knowledge and insights this would not have been possible. This
project is dedicated to all those who have helped me directly or indirectly
during the process of the project.
I express my sincere gratitude to Dr. Chandran R, for providing proper help
and encouragement in the preparation of this report. I would like to express
my preferred gratitude to all the faculties of the department for their interest
and cooperation in this regard.

z 4
 Abstract

The issue of illiteracy in Mumbai, India, is a critical social issue that requires consideration.
This study expected to analyze the degree of ignorance in Mumbai, its circumstances and end
results, and the potential arrangements. The exploration used a blended techniques approach,
including both subjective and quantitative strategies. The information was gathered from
different sources, including overviews, meetings, and auxiliary sources like reports, articles,
and scholarly papers.

The discoveries uncovered that ignorance is a serious issue in Mumbai, influencing a huge
piece of the populace, especially ladies, and youngsters from low-pay families. The review
distinguished neediness, absence of admittance to schooling, low education rates in the
family, and early marriage and labor as the essential drivers of ignorance in Mumbai.

The impacts of ignorance were viewed as sweeping, including restricted open positions,
diminished procuring potential, and decreased admittance to medical services, among others.
The concentrate likewise uncovered that ignorance propagates a pattern of destitution and
burden, making it provoking for people and networks to break liberated from the cycle.

The review suggests a few arrangements, including the requirement for the public authority
to distribute more assets to schooling, giving additional grants and awards to understudies
from low-pay families, expanding admittance to grown-up education programs, and
advancing orientation equity. Furthermore, there is a requirement for additional public-
private organizations to further develop admittance to training and battle ignorance.

By and large, the review features the significance of tending to ignorance in Mumbai and the
requirement for a planned exertion from different partners, including the public authority,
common society, and the confidential area, to make training open to all and break the pattern
of destitution and weakness.

z 5
 TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER NO TABLE OF CONTENT PAGE NO

1 Introduction 7-12
Problem Statement 7
Need of Study 8
Aim of the Study 9
Objectives of the Study 10
Scope of the Study 11
Limitations of the Study 12

2 Literature Review 13-15

Background 13
Research Papers 14
Factors / Determinants 15

3 Research Methodology 16-18

Research Design 16
Research Method 17
Data Collection Methods 18

4 Data Analysis 19-23

5 Findings (Discussion) 24
6 Suggestions & Recommendations 25
7 Conclusion 26
8 References 27

z 6
 Chapter 1
1.1 Introduction
Lack of education is a huge social issue that influences a large number of individuals around
the world. In India, ignorance stays a test, with an expected 287 million unskilled grown-ups.
Mumbai, the monetary capital of India, is one of the urban communities that face an elevated
degree of ignorance, with numerous people unfit to peruse or compose.

Ignorance is a multi-faceted issue that influences different parts of a singular's life, including
admittance to instruction, business potential open doors, and medical services. It sustains a
pattern of destitution, impediment, and social rejection, making it challenging for people and
networks to break liberated from the cycle.

This study expects to look at the issue of ignorance in Mumbai, its causes, impacts, and
potential arrangements. It utilizes a blended strategies approach, including both subjective
and quantitative techniques, to gather information from different sources, including studies,
meetings, and optional sources like reports, articles, and scholastic papers.

The review gives a thorough examination of the degree of lack of education in Mumbai,
recognizing the variables that add to it, and investigating the impacts it has on people,
families, and networks. Furthermore, it gives proposals on the potential arrangements that
can be carried out to resolve the issue of lack of education.

The discoveries of this study will add to the current writing on ignorance in Mumbai, and
give experiences to policymakers, educationists, and different partners on the means that can
be taken to further develop admittance to training and battle lack of education in the city.

1.2 Problem Statement

Illiteracy is a significant social issue in Mumbai, affecting a considerable proportion of the
population, particularly women, and children from low-income households. Despite the
efforts of the government and civil society organizations, illiteracy remains a challenge,
perpetuating a cycle of poverty, disadvantage, and social exclusion.

z 7
The problem statement for this study is to examine the extent of illiteracy in Mumbai,
identify the factors that contribute to it, and explore the effects it has on individuals, families,
and communities. The study seeks to answer the following questions:

1] What is the extent of illiteracy in Mumbai, and how has it changed over time?
2] What are the primary causes of illiteracy in Mumbai, and how do they affect individuals
and communities?
3] What are the effects of illiteracy on access to education, employment opportunities,
healthcare, and other aspects of an individual's life?
4] What are the possible solutions that can be implemented to address the problem of
illiteracy in Mumbai?
By answering these questions, this study aims to contribute to the existing literature on
illiteracy in Mumbai, and provide insights for policymakers, educationists, and other
stakeholders on the steps that can be taken to improve access to education and combat
illiteracy in the city.

1.3 Need of Study

There is a basic requirement for a concentrate on lack of education as a social issue in
Mumbai in light of multiple factors:

Elevated degree of lack of education: Mumbai has an elevated degree of ignorance, with
numerous people unfit to peruse or compose. Understanding the degree and nature of this
issue is crucial for plan viable intercessions to battle ignorance.

Pattern of destitution and drawback: Lack of education propagates a pattern of neediness and
detriment, making it provoking for people and networks to break liberated from the cycle. By
concentrating on the issue of ignorance, we can distinguish the variables that add to this cycle
and plan mediations that address them.

Admittance to instruction: Ignorance is a critical hindrance to getting to training, which is

pivotal for monetary and social turn of events. Understanding the elements that add to
ignorance can assist with recognizing procedures to further develop admittance to training
and address this hindrance.

z 8
Wellbeing and prosperity: Ignorance can likewise essentially affect a singular's wellbeing and
prosperity. By understanding the impacts of lack of education, we can recognize procedures
to further develop admittance to medical care and other fundamental administrations.

Strategy suggestions: A concentrate on ignorance can give bits of knowledge into strategy
suggestions, featuring the requirement for an organized exertion from different partners,
including the public authority, common society, and the confidential area, to make instruction
open to all and break the pattern of neediness and impediment.

In outline, a concentrate on ignorance as a social issue in Mumbai is significant to grasping

the degree and nature of the issue, recognizing the variables that add to it, and planning
viable mediations to battle it.

1.4 Aim of the Study

The aim of this study is to examine the issue of illiteracy in Mumbai as a social issue, with a
focus on understanding its extent, causes, effects, and possible solutions. The study employs
a mixed-methods approach, using both qualitative and quantitative methods, to collect data
from various sources, including surveys, interviews, and secondary sources such as reports,
articles, and academic papers.

The specific objectives of the study are:

1] To determine the extent of illiteracy in Mumbai and how it has changed over time.
2] To identify the primary causes of illiteracy in Mumbai and how they affect individuals and
communities.
3] To explore the effects of illiteracy on access to education, employment opportunities,
healthcare, and other aspects of an individual's life.
4] To examine the possible solutions that can be implemented to address the problem of
illiteracy in Mumbai.
5] To provide recommendations for policymakers, educationists, and other stakeholders on
the steps that can be taken to improve access to education and combat illiteracy in the city.

z 9
The ultimate goal of this study is to contribute to the existing literature on illiteracy in
Mumbai and provide insights for policymakers, educationists, and other stakeholders on the
steps that can be taken to improve access to education and combat illiteracy in the city. By
achieving these objectives, the study aims to make a significant contribution towards
breaking the cycle of poverty, disadvantage, and social exclusion perpetuated by illiteracy.

1.5 Objective of the Study

The particular targets of the concentrate on illiteracy as a social issue in Mumbai are:

1] To decide the degree of lack of education in Mumbai: This goal means to survey the
pervasiveness of ignorance in Mumbai, including the quantity of unskilled people, their age,
orientation, and financial foundation, and how the degree of ignorance has changed over the
long haul.

2] To distinguish the essential drivers of ignorance in Mumbai: This goal expects to

recognize the elements that add to lack of education in Mumbai, like neediness, absence of
admittance to schooling, orientation segregation, and social boundaries.

3] To investigate the impacts of ignorance on admittance to schooling, work open doors,

medical care, and different parts of a singular's life: This goal plans to grasp the effect of
ignorance on people, families, and networks, including their capacity to get to training,
business, medical services, and other fundamental administrations.

4] To analyze the potential arrangements that can be executed to resolve the issue of
ignorance in Mumbai: This goal expects to investigate the potential arrangements that can be
carried out to address ignorance in Mumbai, like further developing admittance to training,
upgrading mindfulness and backing, and advancing local area based drives.

6] To give proposals to policymakers, educationists, and different partners on the means that
can be taken to further develop admittance to schooling and battle ignorance in the city: This
goal expects to give down to earth suggestions to policymakers, educationists, and different
partners on the means that can be taken to further develop admittance to training and address
the issue of ignorance in Mumbai.

z 10
By accomplishing these targets, the review expects to add to the current writing on ignorance
in Mumbai and give experiences to policymakers, educationists, and different partners on the
means that can be taken to further develop admittance to schooling and battle lack of
education in the city.

1.6 Scope of the Study

The extent of the concentrate on ignorance as a social issue in Mumbai incorporates the
accompanying:

1] Topographical extension: The review will zero in on Mumbai, the monetary capital of
India, and quite possibly of the biggest city on the planet. The review will cover different
pieces of the city, including ghettos, metropolitan, and rural regions.

2] Segment scope: The review will target people of various age gatherings, sexual
orientations, and financial foundations. The review will likewise think about the effect of
lack of education on different gatherings, like ladies, kids, and minimized networks.

3] Kinds of lack of education: The review will think about various sorts of ignorance,
including practical ignorance, where people can peruse and compose yet not at an adequate
level to work in the public eye, and outright ignorance, where people can't peruse or compose
by any means.

4] Circumstances and end results of ignorance: The review will inspect the different
circumstances and end results of lack of education, including neediness, absence of
admittance to schooling, orientation segregation, and social obstructions. The review will
likewise think about the effect of ignorance on admittance to training, business open doors,
medical care, and different parts of a singular's life.

5] Potential arrangements: The review will investigate the potential arrangements that can be
executed to address ignorance in Mumbai, like further developing admittance to training,
improving mindfulness and backing, and advancing local area based drives. The review will

z 11
likewise give proposals to policymakers, educationists, and different partners on the means
that can be taken to further develop admittance to training and address the issue of ignorance
in Mumbai.
The extent of the review is restricted to Mumbai, and the discoveries may not be
generalizable to different pieces of India or the world. Nonetheless, the review means to give
important experiences into the issue of ignorance in Mumbai, which can be utilized to
illuminate strategies and projects pointed toward tending to lack of education in different
pieces of India and then some.

1.7 Limitations of the Study

The study on illiteracy as a social issue in Mumbai may have several limitations, including:

1] Sampling Bias: The study may have sampling bias due to the difficulty of obtaining a
representative sample of the population. The study may not include individuals who are
illiterate and do not have access to education or do not live in areas covered by the study.

2] Data Accuracy: The accuracy of the data collected for the study may be limited due to the
self-reporting bias, where participants may not accurately report their literacy levels. Also,
the study may rely on secondary sources, which may not provide accurate data.

3] Time and Resource Constraints: The study may have time and resource constraints, which
may limit the depth and scope of the research.

4] Social Desirability Bias: Participants may report socially desirable responses instead of
providing truthful answers, particularly when asked sensitive questions about illiteracy.

5] Cultural and Linguistic Barriers: Mumbai has a diverse population, and different cultural
and linguistic barriers may hinder communication with participants.

5] Scope: The study's scope is limited to Mumbai, and the findings may not be generalizable
to other parts of India or the world.

It is essential to consider these limitations while interpreting the results of the study and

z 12
making any policy recommendations based on the findings.

z 13
 Chapter 2: Review of Literature

2.1 Background
Mumbai, the monetary capital of India, is home to more than 20 million individuals, and
regardless of its financial development and improvement, lack of education stays a huge
social issue in the city. As per the 2011 Enumeration of India, the education rate in Mumbai
was 89.21%, which is higher than the public proficiency pace of 74.04%. In any case, the
quantity of individuals who can't peruse or write in the city stays high, especially in ghettos
and low-pay regions.

There are a few elements adding to the elevated degrees of ignorance in Mumbai. Destitution
is a critical boundary to training, with numerous families unfit to manage the cost of the
expense of instruction or forfeiting schooling to accommodate their families' fundamental
requirements. The absence of admittance to quality training in ghettos and provincial regions
is likewise a test, with a lack of schools, educators, and assets.

Orientation segregation is one more contributing component, with numerous young ladies not
getting instruction because of social and normal practices. Youngster work is likewise an
issue, with numerous kids compelled to work as opposed to going to class. Moreover, the
relocation of individuals from provincial regions to Mumbai looking for better open doors
has overburdened the city's assets, including instruction.

The effect of lack of education on people and networks is huge. Uneducated people face
difficulties in getting to business amazing open doors, medical care, and other fundamental
administrations. They are likewise helpless against double-dealing and segregation,
restricting their social versatility and adding to a pattern of neediness.

Resolving the issue of ignorance in Mumbai requires a deliberate exertion from

policymakers, educationists, and the local area in general. Drives pointed toward expanding
admittance to schooling, advancing mindfulness and support, and local area based programs
can possibly further develop proficiency levels in the city and diminish the effect of
ignorance on people and networks.

z 14
2.2 Research Papers

"Exploring Illiteracy and Its Impact on Socio-economic Development" by Sonika Saini and
Anil Kumar. This paper examines the causes and consequences of illiteracy and its impact on
socio-economic development. It also explores the role of education in addressing illiteracy
and promoting development.

"The Challenge of Literacy in India: A Synoptic View" by Suresh Prasad Singh. This paper
provides an overview of the literacy situation in India, including regional and social
disparities. It also discusses the factors contributing to the problem of illiteracy and
recommends strategies for addressing it.

"Illiteracy and Its Impact on Society" by Mohammad Reza Iravani and Mehran Nejati. This
paper explores the social and economic consequences of illiteracy, including its impact on
poverty, health, and political participation. It also discusses the role of education in
promoting social and economic development.

"The Impact of Illiteracy on Poverty and Economic Development" by Wasiq Khan and
Muhammad Ali Raza. This paper examines the relationship between illiteracy and poverty, as
well as the impact of illiteracy on economic development. It also discusses strategies for
promoting literacy and reducing poverty.

"An Empirical Study on the Impact of Literacy on Human Development: Evidence from
India" by Madhusudan Ghosh. This paper analyzes the relationship between literacy and
human development in India, including the impact of literacy on health, income, and social
empowerment. It also discusses the challenges and opportunities for promoting literacy and
human development in India.

2.3 Factors/ Determinants

There are a few elements and determinants that add to the investigation of lack of education
as a social issue in Mumbai. A portion of these elements include:

1] Destitution: Neediness is one of the essential factors that add to lack of education in
Mumbai. Families living in destitution frequently can't stand to send their youngsters to
school, and numerous kids are compelled to attempt to assist with supporting their families.

2] Absence of Admittance to Training: Numerous kids in Mumbai need admittance to

schooling because of the absence of schools and educators nearby. This can make it
challenging for youngsters to get legitimate training, which can prompt lack of education.

3] Orientation Disparity: Orientation imbalance is a critical issue in Mumbai, and it can affect
schooling too. Young ladies might be compelled to exit school right on time to get hitched or
to assist with family errands, which can keep them from getting legitimate training.

z 15
4] Language Boundaries: Mumbai is a different city, and there are a wide range of dialects
spoken nearby. This can make it challenging for youngsters to learn in school in the event
that they don't communicate in a similar language as their educator.

5] Absence of Mindfulness: Many individuals in Mumbai may not know about the
significance of schooling or the outcomes of lack of education. This can keep them from
focusing on schooling or searching out assets to assist them with learning.

6] Government Strategies: The public authority assumes a vital part in resolving issues of
ignorance. Deficient subsidizing for schooling, absence of assets, and insufficient
arrangements can all add to elevated degrees of lack of education in Mumbai.

Generally, these elements and determinants are perplexing and interconnected. Tending to
ignorance in Mumbai will require a multi-layered approach that tends to neediness, further
develops admittance to schooling, advances orientation uniformity, and increments
mindfulness about the significance of training. It will likewise require government
arrangements that focus on schooling and give the important assets to further develop
proficiency rates in the city.

z 16
 Chapter 3
3.1 Research Design
The type of research used here is Descriptive sampling and the data is collected by 2 methods
Secondary and Primary data. Secondary data collected through websites, articles, and other
research papers etc. primary data collected through distributing questionnaire individually.

3.2 Data Collection Methods

The data collection method used in project is both primary and secondary

3.3 Sample of the Study

Sample Size 52 respondents and the population of the study is 100.

z 17
 Chapter 4: - Data Representation and Data Analysis

Here we can see that 69.4% of population are males and 28.6% of population are females.
Here we can say that most of the respondents are male

From the above pie chart we can see that 42% of population are from 21-30 age group, and
34% of population are from 31-40 age group, and 14% of population are from 10-20 age
group and 10% of population are from 41-50 age group.

z 18
From the above chart we can see that 15 People have rate at 4 and 14 people have rated at 2
and 13 people have rated at 3 and 5 people have rated at 1 and 3 people have rated at 5.

From the above pie chart we can see that 51.9% of population have faced discontinuation in
education and 48.1% of population have not faced any discontinuation in education.

z 19
From the above pie chart, we can see that 35.3% of population thinks that caste
discrimination is the major cause for the low literacy rate in Mumbai, 27.5% of population
thinks that economic disparities is the major cause for the low literacy rate in Mumbai and
19.6% of population thinks that technological barriers is the major cause for the low literacy
rate in Mumbai and 17.6% of population thinks that gender discrimination is the major cause
for the ow literacy rate in Mumbai.

From the above pie chart, we can see that 64.7% of population have contributed in improving
the illiteracy rate in Mumbai, and 35.3% of population have not contributed in improving the
illiteracy rate in Mumbai.

z 20
From the above pie chart, we can see that 72.5% of population thinks that poverty is major
hinderance for education, and 27.5% of population thinks that poverty is not a hinderance for
education.

From the above pie chart, we can see that 54.9% of population does not think that parents and
society discourage the education of female education, and 45.1% of population thinks that
parents and society discourage the education of female education

z 21
From the above pie chart, we can see that 51% of population are aware of the NGOs working
to reduce the illiteracy rate in Mumbai and 49% of population are not aware of the NGOs
working to reduce the illiteracy rate in Mumbai.

From the above pie chart, we can see that 58.8% of population thinks that peer group
influence children drop out if schools and 41.2% of population thinks that peer group does
not influence children drop out of schools.

z 22
 Chapter 5: - Results (Findings) and Discussion.
Illiteracy is a significant social issue in Mumbai, and its effects are widespread and pervasive.
This study aimed to explore the extent and nature of illiteracy in Mumbai and the various
factors that contribute to it. The findings of this study revealed that illiteracy is a widespread
problem in Mumbai, affecting individuals from all walks of life and across different age
groups.

One of the primary factors contributing to illiteracy in Mumbai is poverty, which makes it
difficult for people to access education and other resources necessary for learning. Moreover,
lack of awareness about the importance of education, particularly among women, also
contributes to the problem.

The findings also suggest that the quality of education is a significant factor affecting literacy
rates in Mumbai. In many cases, the education system in Mumbai is outdated and inadequate,
leading to poor learning outcomes and low literacy rates.

Another factor contributing to illiteracy in Mumbai is the lack of government initiatives and
policies aimed at addressing the problem. Although there are several programs and initiatives
aimed at promoting literacy and education, they are often poorly implemented and have
limited reach, particularly in rural areas.

Overall, the findings of this study suggest that illiteracy is a complex issue that requires a
multifaceted approach to address effectively. Strategies aimed at improving the quality of
education, promoting awareness about the importance of education, and addressing poverty
and other socio-economic factors are essential for tackling this problem.

In conclusion, the findings of this study highlight the need for policymakers and stakeholders
to work together to develop and implement effective strategies aimed at promoting literacy
and education in Mumbai. By addressing the root causes of illiteracy and implementing
targeted interventions, it is possible to improve literacy rates and provide individuals with the
skills and knowledge necessary to improve their lives and contribute to the development of
society as a whole.

z 23
 Chapter 6: - Recommendations and Suggestions
1] Further develop admittance to schooling: Endeavors ought to be made to further develop
admittance to training in Mumbai, particularly for minimized populaces. This could
incorporate expanding financing for schools, giving more assets to education programs, and
further developing framework to make schools more available.

2] Address social perspectives and convictions: Social mentalities and convictions that add to
ignorance rates in Mumbai should be tended to. This could include working with local area
pioneers and instructors to advance the worth of schooling and challenge negative
generalizations or convictions about training.

3] Give designated mediations: Intercessions ought to be customized to the particular

necessities of various populaces in Mumbai.

4] Utilize imaginative methodologies: Creative methodologies, for example, innovation

based education programs, could be investigated to further develop proficiency rates in
Mumbai. These methodologies could assist with making training more open and drawing in
for students.

5] Work together across areas: Tending to ignorance in Mumbai will require cooperation
across various areas, including government, training, and local area associations.
Associations between these areas could assist with growing more thorough and economical
answers for the issue.

6] Advance mindfulness and backing: Bringing issues to light about the issue of lack of
education in Mumbai and pushing for strategy changes could assist with focusing on the issue
and prepare assets for tending to it. This could include drawing in with media, local area
associations, and policymakers to assemble support for proficiency drives.

Generally speaking, an extensive and multi-layered approach is expected to resolve the issue
of lack of education in Mumbai. These proposals and ideas could give a beginning stage to
creating mediations and strategies that can further develop proficiency rates and elevate

z 24
evenhanded admittance to training in the city.

z 25
 Chapter 7: - Conclusion

In conclusion, illiteracy is a significant social issue in Mumbai, affecting a large portion of

the population and contributing to economic and social disparities. The findings of a study on
illiteracy in Mumbai may reveal the complex and multifaceted nature of the issue, including
factors such as limited access to education, cultural attitudes and beliefs, and demographic

disparities. To address the issue of illiteracy in Mumbai, a comprehensive and collaborative

approach is needed, involving government, education, and community organizations. Efforts
should be made to improve access to education, address cultural attitudes and beliefs, provide
targeted interventions, use innovative approaches, collaborate across sectors, and promote

awareness and advocacy. By taking these steps, it is possible to make progress in reducing
illiteracy rates in Mumbai and promoting equitable access to education for all individuals.
Doing so can help to promote social and economic development in the city and improve the
lives of its residents. Illiteracy is a significant social issue in Mumbai that affects a significant
portion of the population. The issue of illiteracy in Mumbai is complex and multifaceted,
with factors such as limited access to education, cultural attitudes, and beliefs contributing to
high illiteracy rates. However, the study also suggests that there are potential solutions to the
issue, including improving access to education, addressing cultural attitudes, providing
targeted interventions, using innovative approaches, collaborating across sectors, and
promoting awareness and advocacy. Ultimately, addressing illiteracy in Mumbai will require
a sustained and collaborative effort from government, education, and community
organizations. By working together to develop comprehensive and sustainable solutions to
the issue, we can improve literacy rates and promote equitable access to education in the city.
This study provides a starting point for understanding the nature of the issue of illiteracy in
Mumbai and developing strategies for addressing it. It also highlights the need for continued
research, advocacy, and action to address this critical social issue in Mumbai.

z 26
 Chapter 8: - References
Desai, S. (2016). Illiteracy in India: Status, causes and remedies. International Journal of
Humanities and Social Science Research, 6(2), 29-36.

Khan, S., & Qadiri, G. J. (2018). Illiteracy in Mumbai: A sociological analysis. International
Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 2(2), 12-23.

National Sample Survey Organization. (2017). Key indicators of social consumption in India:
Education. Ministry of Statistics and Program Implementation, Government of India.

United Nations Development Program. (2019). Human development report 2019: Beyond
income, beyond averages, beyond today: Inequalities in human development in the 21st
century. UNDP.

UNESCO Institute for Statistics. (2020). Adult and youth literacy: Global, regional and
country trends. Retrieved from https://data.uis.unesco.org/.

World Bank. (2021). World Development Indicators. Retrieved from

https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators.

z 27
Annexure
1] Gender
a) Male
b) Female
c) Others

2] Age Group
a) 10-20
b) 21-30
c) 31-40
d) 41-50

3] Rate the Education system

1-5

4] Have you ever faced discontinuation in education?

a) Yes
b) No

5] What do you think is the major cause for the low literacy rate in Mumbai?
a) Economic disparities
b) Gender disparities
c) Caste discrimination
d) Technological Barriers

6] Have you ever contributed in improving the illiteracy rate in Mumbai?

a) Yes
b) No

7] Was poverty a major hinderance for education?

a) Yes
b) No

8) Do parents and society discourage the education of female education?

a) Yes
b) No

9) Are you aware of the NGOs working to reduce the illiteracy rate in Mumbai?
a) Yes
b) No

10) Do peer group influence children drop out of schools?

a) Yes
b) No

z 28