Module3 - AC Circuit Analysis - As of 18-Nov-23

1
Dr. Y. V. Pavan Kumar

Associate Professor
School of Electronics Engineering (SENSE)
VIT-AP University, Amaravati, Andhra Pradesh

2
1. AC terminology, values (RMS Values, Average value, Form

factor) of different signals.
2. Concept of j-operator, impedance and admittance, phase

delays in AC circuits.
3. Power in AC circuits: Active, Reactive, and Apparent power

calculation.
4. Concept of power factor, its significance, and its

improvement.
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Vm (or) Im
V = Vm (volts)
I = Im (Amp)
Vm (or) Im
V = Vm Sin (ωt+Φ) (volts)

I = Im Sin (ωt+Φ) (Amp)
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When the current through a circuit only flows in one

direction, such a current is called as an “Direct
Current (DC)”. The corresponding voltage is called
as “DC Voltage”.
When the direction of current through a circuit

changes periodically, such a current is called as an
“Alternating Current (AC)”. The corresponding
voltage is called as “AC Voltage”.
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direct
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 Cycle
 Time Period or Periodic Time or Cycle Time (T)
 Frequency (f)
 Phase (or) Phase difference (or) Phase shift (or) Phase offset
 Peak or Maximum value (Vm or Im)
 Peak-to-peak value
 Instantaneous value
 Average value
 RMS value
 Form Factor
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 Cycle
 Time Period or Periodic Time or Cycle Time (T)
360 deg
(or)
2̟ rad
– The quantity of a waveform which repeats periodically is called as a “Cycle”.

 The “Cycle” of a pure sinusoidal quantity is the combination of one
positive value and the subsequent negative value.
– The time taken for the generation of one cycle of (voltage or current)
waveform is called “Time Period (T)”, measured in seconds.
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 Frequency (f)
The total number of cycles produced per second is called as
the “Frequency (f)”, measured in cycles/sec or Hz.
3 Hz
60 Hz
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 Frequency (f)
Low Frequency
High Frequency
time
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 Phase (Φ)
 A phase is the position of a wave at a point in time (instant) on a
waveform cycle.
 It provides a measurement of exactly where the wave is positioned
within its cycle, using either degrees (0-360) or radians (0-2π).
The angle of a sinusoidal function at its starting.

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 Peak or Maximum value (Vm or Im)

 Peak-to-peak value
 Instantaneous value
The maximum value attained by the AC waveform in any one

direction is called its “peak or maximum value”. The
magnitude between positive and negative peaks of an AC
waveform is called as “peak-to-peak value”.
The “instantaneous value” of voltage

or current is the value at any particular
time on the sinewave.
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 Average Value
 Average value is the ratio between the area under the curve and the cycle
period.
 The average value of an alternating quantity is the sum of all its values
divided by the total number of values.
– The average value of a sinusoidally varying quantity over one cycle

is Zero.
– So, in finding the average of sinusoidal waveforms, we will consider

half-cycle value.
1 T
Vav =  V (t )dt
T 0
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For a pure sinusoidal waveform

(considering only one half-cycle),
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RMS is the effective value which

means that a 1V RMS signal will 1 T

2
"heat a resistor" the same as a 1V Vrms = (V (t ) ) dt
DC signal. T 0
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The form factor is defined as the ratio of the RMS value to the Average value
of an alternating (or sinusoidal) quantity.
Importance:
 The form factor indicates the shape or the form of the AC wave.
 The sharper the waveshape, the more the value of the form factor will be.
 For sinusoidal waveform: Form Factor = 1.11,
 So, it will be more than 1.11 for a triangular waveform and less than
1.11 for a rectangular waveform.
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Calculate the Form Factor

for the following waveform
1 T
Vav =  V (t ) dt
T 0
1  0.1 0.2

0.2  0 0.1
= V (t ) dt + V (t ) dt
L L 
1 T

2
Vrms = (V (t ) ) dt
T 0 1  0.1 0.2

0.2  0 0.1 L
2 2
= (VL (t ) ) dt + (V (t ) ) dt

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Calculate the Average, RMS,

and Form Factor values for
the following waveforms
Answer: FF = 1.15
Answer: FF = 1.08
22
Calculate the
Average, RMS, and
form factor values
for the following
waveforms

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1

Dr. Y. V. Pavan Kumar

VIT-AP University, Amaravati, Andhra Pradesh

1. AC terminology, values (RMS Values, Average value, Form

2. Concept of j-operator, impedance and admittance, phase

3. Power in AC circuits: Active, Reactive, and Apparent power

4. Concept of power factor, its significance, and its

V = Vm Sin (ωt+Φ) (volts)

When the current through a circuit only flows in one

When the direction of current through a circuit

 Time Period or Periodic Time or Cycle Time (T)

– The quantity of a waveform which repeats periodically is called as a “Cycle”.

The angle of a sinusoidal function at its starting.

 Peak or Maximum value (Vm or Im)

The maximum value attained by the AC waveform in any one

The “instantaneous value” of voltage

– The average value of a sinusoidally varying quantity over one cycle

– So, in finding the average of sinusoidal waveforms, we will consider

For a pure sinusoidal waveform

RMS is the effective value which

Calculate the Form Factor

Calculate the Average, RMS,

Average, RMS, and

form factor values

for the following

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