Incident Report
Incident Report
Incident Report
Part 2. For questions 6-10, listen to a talk about how to keep calm under pressure and decide whether these
statements are True (T), False (F). Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes provided. (10 points)
6. A repeated breathing exercise will help you feel calmer.
7. If you are going to speak in public, it’s helpful to breathe quickly.
8. When you feel panic, a deep breathing through your nose will do you good.
9. Researches have shown that humming cannot stimulate heart rate.
10. Sport trainers always use “ process thinking” to help athletes focus.
Your answers:
6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
Part 3. You will hear part of an interview with Fergus Reilly, a marine scientist, about the non-profit
organisation he works for: Sustainable Fishing. For questions 15-20, choose the answer (A, B, C or D)
which fits best according to what you hear. Write your answers in the space provided.
11. Fergus Reilly says he is mainly concerned about _______
A. the size of the industries involved in processing the fish.
B. the number of stages the fish pass through before being sold.
C. the methods used by the fishing industry to maximise their catches.
D. the financial motivation for the industry to continue over-fishing.
12. According to Reilly, how is Sustainable Fishing going about its campaign?
A. It is increasing the amount of publicity in the media for the work it does.
B. It is improving consumers' knowledge about the fish they are buying.
C. It is persuading supermarkets to offer less endangered species for sale.
D. It is encouraging suppliers to research into the sustainability of fish stocks.
13. What does Reilly say about the situation for the more popular fish species?
A. It has proved impossible to convince people of the rate of their depletion.
B. Scientists are under increasing pressure to rescue them from final collapse.
C. The growing number of people in the world is adding to their vulnerability.
D. Their survival depends on the fishing industry agreeing to unpopular controls.
14 How does Sustainable Fishing find out what happens to fish after they are caught?
A. It puts pressure on fishing companies to supply the information.
B. It funds retailers to trace the supply chain and send back reports.
C. It receives updates from environmental groups around the world.
D. It makes use of technology to follow the fish's progress at all stages.
16. In order to motivate consumers to buy sustainably caught fish, retailers can _________
A. display advertisements about the need to maintain healthy oceans.
B. go into schools to give talks about the serious threat to fish stocks.
C. bring down the price by preparing fish for sale without waste.
D. employ chefs to create affordable dishes that are easy to cook.
Your answers:
11. 12. 13. 14. 15.
Part 4. You will listen to a recording about Koalas. For questions 16-25, complete the summary by writing NO
MORE THAN THREE WORDS in each gap. Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes
provided. (20 points)
Koalas are being particularly (16).________________ in New South Wales as their habitats are being destroyed.
Koala seems to be (17). ________________ and probably quite hungry.
It is estimated that hundreds of koalas have died in (18).________________ raging in Eastern Australia since
September.
Over (19) _____________ koalas have been admitted by the region's Port Macquarie Koala Hospital so far this
year.
While the disaster has inflicted serious damage on the animal, the support from the public has been
(20).________________.
The number of visitors coming to the Koala Hospital over the last 5-6 weeks has been (21) _____________.
A large amount of money has been set aside to help (22).________________ koalas.
There are concerns that a new heat wave could further intensify the raging (23) .________________.
Very little would actually survive in there (24) ______________
Rising temperatures, which dry out their habitats, deforestation and disease are (25).________________.
Your answers:
16. 17.
18. 19.
20. 21.
22. 23.
24. 25.
Part 3.For questions 56-65, complete each of the following sentences with a suitable preposition or particle.
Write your answer in the boxes provided on the answer sheet. (10 points)
56. I was a little taken ____ABACK____ at the directness of the question.
57. We’re having a few people ____IN____ for drinks on Saturday.
58. I don’t understand how this situation came _ABOUT______ so suddenly.
59. This car is inferior ________ the one I bought last year.
60. Our dog has been ________ its food for days now.
61. Queen Victoria reigned ______ Britain and Ireland for over sixty years.
62. My cousin talked __________ length about his recent holiday and bored everyone to death!
63. People who eat an unhealthy diet are susceptible _______ all kind of illnesses and diseases.
64. It’s been raining for three hours now and it doesn’t look like it will let _______ today.
65. Hundreds of people turned _______in the rain to see the prince.
Your answers:
56. 57. 58. 59. 60.
61. 62. 63. 64. 65.
Part 3. Read the following passage and circle the best answer to each of the following questions. Write your
answers in corresponding numbered boxes.(15 points)
RUNNING WATER ON MARS
Photographic evidence suggests that liquid water once existed in great quantity on the surface of Mars. Two
types of flow features are seen: runoff channels and outflow channels. Runoff channels are found in the southern
highlands. These flow features are extensive systems - sometimes hundreds of kilometers in total length - of
interconnecting, twisting channels that seem to merge into larger, wider channels. They bear a strong
resemblance to river systems on Earth, and geologists think that they are dried-up beds of long-gone rivers that
once carried rainfall on Mars from the mountains down into the valleys. Runoff channels on Mars speak of a
time 4 billion years ago (the age of the Martian highlands), when the atmosphere was thicker, the surface
warmer, and liquid water widespread.
Outflow channels are probably relics of catastrophic flooding on Mars long ago. They appear only in equatorial
regions and generally do not form extensive interconnected networks. Instead, they are probably the paths taken
by huge volumes of water draining from the southern highlands into the northern plains. The onrushing water
arising from these flash floods likely also formed the odd teardrop-shaped “islands” (resembling the miniature
versions seen in the wet sand of our beaches at low tide) that have been found on the plains close to the ends of
the outflow channels. Judging from the width and depth of the channels, the flow rates must have been truly
enormous - perhaps as much as a hundred times greater than the 105 tons per second carried by the great
Amazon river. Flooding shaped the outflow channels approximately 3 billion years ago, about the same time as
the northern volcanic plains formed.
Some scientists speculate that Mars may have enjoyed an extended early period during which rivers, lakes, and
perhaps even oceans adorned its surface. A 2003 Mars Global Surveyor image shows what mission specialists
think may be a delta - a fan-shaped network of channels and sediments where a river once flowed into a larger
body of water, in this case a lake filling a crater in the southern highlands. Other researchers go even further,
suggesting that the data provide evidence for large open expanses of water on the early Martian surface. A
computer-generated view of the Martian north polar region shows the extent of what may have been an ancient
ocean covering much of the northern lowlands. The Hellas Basin, which measures some 3,000 kilometers across
and has a floor that lies nearly 9 kilometers below the basin’s rim, is another candidate for an ancient Martian
sea.
These ideas remain controversial. Proponents point to features such as the terraced “beaches” shown in one
image, which could conceivably have been left behind as a lake or ocean evaporated and the shoreline receded.
But detractors maintain that the terraces could also have been created by geological activity, perhaps
related to the geologic forces that depressed the Northern Hemisphere far below the level of the south, in
which case they have nothing whatever to do with Martian water. Furthermore, Mars Global Surveyor data
released in 2003 seem to indicate that the Martian surface contains too few carbonate rock layers - layers
containing compounds of carbon and oxygen - that should have been formed in abundance in an ancient ocean.
Their absence supports the picture of a cold, dry Mars that never experienced the extended mild period required
to form lakes and oceans. However, more recent data imply that at least some parts of the planet did in fact
experience long periods in the past during which liquid water existed on the surface.
Aside from some small-scale gullies (channels) found since 2000, which are inconclusive, astronomers have no
direct evidence for liquid water anywhere on the surface of Mars today, and the amount of water vapor in the
Martian atmosphere is tiny. Yet even setting aside the unproven hints of ancient oceans, the extent of the outflow
channels suggests that a huge total volume of water existed on Mars in the past. Where did all the water go? The
answer may be that virtually all the water on Mars is now locked in the permafrost layer under the surface, with
more contained in the planet’s polar caps.
86. The word “merge” in the passage is closest in meaning to …………… .
A. expand B. separate C. straighten out D. combine
87. What does the discussion in paragraph 1 of runoff channels in the southern highlands suggest about Mars?
A. The atmosphere of Mars was once thinner than it is today.
B. Large amounts of rain once fell on parts of Mars.
C. The river systems of Mars were once more extensive than Earth’s.
D. The rivers of Mars began to dry up about 4 billion years ago.
88. The word “relics” in the passage is closest in meaning to …………… .
A. remains B. sites C. requirements D. sources
89. In paragraph 2, why does the author include the information that 105 tons of water flow through the Amazon
River per second?
A. To emphasize the great size of the volume of water that seems to have flowed through Mars’outflow channels.
B. To indicate data used by scientists to estimate how long ago Mars’ outflow channels were formed.
C. To argue that flash floods on Mars may have been powerful enough to cause tear-shaped “islands” to form.
D. To argue that the force of flood waters on Mars was powerful enough to shape the northern volcanic plains.
90. According to paragraph 2, all of the following are true of the outflow channels on Mars EXCEPT:
A. They formed at around the same time that volcanic activity was occurring on the northern plains.
B. They are found only on certain parts of the Martian surface.
C. They sometimes empty onto what appear to have once been the wet sands of tidal beaches.
D. They are thought to have carried water northward from the equatorial regions.
91. All of the following questions about geological features on Mars are answered in paragraph 3 EXCEPT:
A. What are some regions of Mars that may have once been covered with an ocean?
B. Where do mission scientists believe that the river forming the delta emptied?
C. Approximately how many craters on Mars do mission scientists believe may once have been lakes filled with
water?
D. During what period of Mars’ history do some scientists think it may have had large bodies of water?
92. According to paragraph 3, images of Mars’ surface have been interpreted as support for the idea that
A. a large part of the northern lowlands may once have been under water.
B. the polar regions of Mars were once more extensive than they are now.
C. deltas were once a common feature of the Martian landscape.
D. the shape of the Hellas Basin has changed considerably over time.
93. What can be inferred from paragraph 3 about liquid water on Mars?
A. If ancient oceans ever existed on Mars’ surface, it is likely that the water in them has evaporated by now.
B. If there is any liquid water at all on Mars’ surface today, its quantity is much smaller than the amount that
likely existed there in the past.
C. Small-scale gullies on Mars provide convincing evidence that liquid water existed on Mars in the recent past.
D. The small amount of water vapor in the Martian atmosphere suggests that there has never been liquid water on
Mars.
94. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the sentence in bold type in the
passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A. But detractors argue that geological activity may be responsible for the water associated with the terraces.
B. But detractors argue that the terraces may be related to geological forces in the Northern Hemisphere of Mars,
rather than to Martian water in the south.
C. But detractors argue that geological forces depressed the Northern Hemisphere so far below the level of the
south that the terraces could not have been formed by water.
D. But detractors argue that the terraces may have been formed by geological activity rather than by the presence
of water.
95. According to paragraph 4, what do the 2003 Global Surveyor data suggest about Mars?
A. Ancient oceans on Mars contained only small amounts of carbon.
B. The climate of Mars may not have been suitable for the formation of large bodies of water.
C. Liquid water may have existed on some parts of Mars’ surface for long periods of time.
D. The ancient oceans that formed on Mars dried up during periods of cold, dry weather.
Your answers:
86. 87. 88. 89. 90.
91. 92. 93. 94. 95.
Part 4. Read the following passage and do the tasks that follow. (10 pts)
THE PROBLEM OF SCARCE RESOURCES
Section A
The problem of how health-care resources should be allocated or apportioned, so that they are distributed in both
the most just and most efficient way, is not a new one. Every health system in an economically developed society
is faced with the need to decide (either formally or informally) what proportion of the community’s total
resources should be spent on health-care; how resources are to be apportioned; what diseases and disabilities and
which forms of treatment are to be given priority; which members of the community are to be given special
consideration in respect of their health needs; and which forms of treatment are the most cost-effective.
Section B
What is new is that, from the 1950s onwards, there have been certain general changes in outlook about the
finitude of resources as a whole and of health-care resources in particular, as well as more specific changes
regarding the clientele of health-care resources and the cost to the community of those resources. Thus, in the
1950s and 1960s, there emerged an awareness in Western societies that resources for the provision of fossil fuel
energy were finite and exhaustible and that the capacity of nature or the environment to sustain economic
development and population was also finite. In other words, we became aware of the obvious fact that there were
‘limits to growth’. The new consciousness that there were also severe limits to health-care resources was part of
this general revelation of the obvious. Looking back, it now seems quite incredible that in the national health
systems that emerged in many countries in the years immediately after the 1939-45 World War, it was assumed
without question that all the basic health needs of any community could be satisfied, at least in principle; the
‘invisible hand’ of economic progress would provide.
Section C
However, at exactly the same time as this new realization of the finite character of health-care resources was
sinking in, an awareness of a contrary kind was developing in Western societies: that people have a basic right to
health-care as a necessary condition of a proper human life. Like education, political and legal processes and
institutions, public order, communication, transport and money supply, health-care came to be seen as one of the
fundamental social facilities necessary for people to exercise their other rights as autonomous human beings.
People are not in a position to exercise personal liberty and to be self-determining if they are poverty-stricken, or
deprived of basic education, or do not live within a context of law and order. In the same way, basic health-care
is a condition of the exercise of autonomy.
Section D
Although the language of ‘rights’ sometimes leads to confusion, by the late 1970s it was recognized in most
societies that people have a right to health-care (though there has been considerable resistance in the United Sates
to the idea that there is a formal right to health-care). It is also accepted that this right generates an obligation or
duty for the state to ensure that adequate health-care resources are provided out of the public purse. The state has
no obligation to provide a health-care system itself, but to ensure that such a system is provided. Put another
way, basic health-care is now recognized as a ‘public good’, rather than a ‘private good’ that one is expected to
buy for oneself. As the 1976 declaration of the World Health Organisation put it: ‘The enjoyment of the highest
attainable standard of health is one of the fundamental rights of every human being without distinction of race,
religion, political belief, economic or social condition’. As has just been remarked, in a liberal society basic
health is seen as one of the indispensable conditions for the exercise of personal autonomy.
Section E
Just at the time when it became obvious that health-care resources could not possibly meet the demands being
made upon them, people were demanding that their fundamental right to health-care be satisfied by the state. The
second set of more specific changes that have led to the present concern about the distribution of health-care
resources stems from the dramatic rise in health costs in most OECD countries, accompanied by large-scale
demographic and social changes which have meant, to take one example, that elderly people are now major (and
relatively very expensive) consumers of health-care resources. Thus in OECD countries as a whole, health costs
increased from 3.8% of GDP in 1960 to 7% of GDP in 1980, and it has been predicted that the proportion of
health costs to GDP will continue to increase. (In the US the current figure is about 12% of GDP, and in
Australia about 7.8% of GDP.)
As a consequence, during the 1980s a kind of doomsday scenario (analogous to similar doomsday extrapolations
about energy needs and fossil fuels or about population increases) was projected by health administrators,
economists and politicians. In this scenario, ever-rising health costs were matched against static or declining
resources.
Notes:
- OECD: Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development
- GDP: Gross Domestic Products
Questions 96-100
Choose the correct heading for the five sections A-E of the Reading Passage from the list of headings below.
List of Headings
i The connection between health-care and other human rights
ii The development of market-based health systems.
iii The role of the state in health-care
iv A problem shared by every economically developed country
v The impact of recent change
vi The views of the medical establishment
vii The end of an illusion
viii Sustainable economic development
96. Section A: ……………
97. Section B: ……………
98. Section C: ……………
99. Section D: ……………
100. Section E……………..
Your answers :
96. 97. 98. 99. 100.
Questions 101-105
Do the following statements agree with the view of the writer in the Reading Passage?
Write
YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer
NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
101. ………… Personal liberty and independence have never been regarded as directly linked to health-care.
102. ………… Health-care came to be seen as a right at about the same time that the limits of health-care
resources became evident.
103. ………… In OECD countries population changes have had an impact on health-care costs in recent years.
104. ………… OECD governments have consistently underestimated the level of health-care provision needed.
105. ………… In most economically developed countries the elderly will to make special provision for their
health-care in the future.
Your answers:
101. 102. 103. 104. 105.