Report on open source software

INTRODUCTION TO OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE

s (e.g., Android), and other devices.[4][5] Free-software licenses and open-source licenses are
used by many software packages. The free software movement and the open-source software
movement are online social movements behind widespread production and adoption of FOSS,
with the former preferring to use the terms FLOSS or free/libre.

LICENSES-GPL,LGPL,Copyrights,patents,contracts & Licenses

and Related Issues:
The GNU General Public License is a free, copyleft license for software and other kinds of
works.The licenses for most software and other practical works are designed to take away
your freedom to share and change the works. By contrast, the GNU General Public License is
intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change all versions of a program--to make
sure it remains free software for all its users. We, the Free Software Foundation, use the GNU
General Public License for most of our software; it applies also to any other work released
this way by its authors. You can apply it to your programs, too.
When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not price. Our General Public
Licenses are designed to make sure that you have the freedom to distribute copies of free
software (and charge for them if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it if you
want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it in new free programs, and that
you know you can do these things.
To protect your rights, we need to prevent others from denying you these rights or asking you
to surrender Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this license
document, but changing it is not allowed.
Preamble:the rights. Therefore, you have certain responsibilities if you distribute copies of
the software, or if you modify it: responsibilities to respect the freedom of others.
For example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether gratis or for a fee, you must
pass on to the recipients the same freedoms that you received. You must make sure that they,
too, receive or can get the source code. And you must show them these terms so they know
their rights.Developers that use the GNU GPL protect your rights with two steps: (1) assert
copyright on the software, and (2) offer you this License giving you legal permission to copy,
distribute and/or modify it.
For the developers' and authors' protection, the GPL clearly explains that there is no warranty
for this free software. For both users' and authors' sake, the GPL requires that modified
versions be marked as changed, so that their problems will not be attributed erroneously to
authors of previous versions.
Some devices are designed to deny users access to install or run modified versions of the
software inside them, although the manufacturer can do so. This is fundamentally

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incompatible with the aim of protecting users' freedom to change the software. The
systematic pattern of such abuse occurs in the area of products for individuals to use, which is
precisely where it is most unacceptable. Therefore, we have designed this version of the GPL
to prohibit the practice for those products. If such problems arise substantially in other
domains, we stand ready to extend this provision to those domains in future versions of the
GPL, as needed to protect the freedom of users.
Finally, every program is threatened constantly by software patents. States should not allow
patents to restrict development and use of software on general-purpose computers, but in
those that do, we wish to avoid the special danger that patents applied to a free program
could make it effectively proprietary. To prevent this, the GPL assures that patents cannot be
used to render the program non-free.
The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and modification follow.
TERMS AND CONDITIONS
0.Definitions:“This License” refers to version 3 of the GNU General Public License.
“Copyright” also means copyright-like laws that apply to other kinds of works, such as
semiconductor masks.
“The Program” refers to any copyrightable work licensed under this License. Each licensee is
addressed as “you”. “Licensees” and “recipients” may be individuals or organizations. To
“modify” a work means to copy from or adapt all or part of the work in a fashion requiring
copyright permission, other than the making of an exact copy. The resulting work is called a
“modified version” of the earlier work or a work “based on” the earlier work.
A “covered work” means either the unmodified Program or a work based on the Program.
To “propagate” a work means to do anything with it that, without permission, would make
you directly or secondarily liable for infringement under applicable copyright law, except
executing it on a computer or modifying a private copy. Propagation includes copying,
distribution (with or without modification), making available to the public, and in some
countries other activities as well.
To “convey” a work means any kind of propagation that enables other parties to make or
receive copies. Mere interaction with a user through a computer network, with no transfer of
a copy, is not conveying.
An interactive user interface displays “Appropriate Legal Notices” to the extent that it
includes a convenient and prominently visible feature that (1) displays an appropriate
copyright notice, and (2) tells the user that there is no warranty for the work (except to the
extent that warranties are provided), that licensees may convey the work under this License,

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and how to view a copy of this License. If the interface presents a list of user commands or
options, such as a menu, a prominent item in the list meets this criterion.

1. Source Code:The “source code” for a work means the preferred form of the work for
making modifications to it. “Object code” means any non-source form of a work. A
“Standard Interface” means an interface that either is an official standard defined by a
recognized standards body, or, in the case of interfaces specified for a particular
programming language, one that is widely used among developers working in that language.
The “System Libraries” of an executable work include anything, other than the work as a
whole, that (a) is included in the normal form of packaging a Major Component, but which is
not part of that Major Component, and (b) serves only to enable use of the work with that
Major Component, or to implement a Standard Interface for which an implementation is
available to the public in source code form. A “Major Component”, in this context, means a
major essential component (kernel, window system, and so on) of the specific operating
system (if any) on which the executable work runs, or a compiler used to produce the work,
or an object code interpreter used to run it.
The “Corresponding Source” for a work in object code form means all the source code
needed to generate, install, and (for an executable work) run the object code and to modify
the work, including scripts to control those activities. However, it does not include the work's
System Libraries, or general-purpose tools or generally available free programs which are
used unmodified in performing those activities but which are not part of the work. For
example, Corresponding Source includes interface definition files associated with source
files for the work, and the source code for shared libraries and dynamically linked
subprograms that the work is specifically designed to require, such as by intimate data
communication or control flow between those subprograms and other parts of the work.
The Corresponding Source need not include anything that users can regenerate automatically
from other parts of the Corresponding Source.
The Corresponding Source for a work in source code form is that same work.

2. Basic Permissions:All rights granted under this License are granted for the term of
copyright on the Program, and are irrevocable provided the stated conditions are met. This
License explicitly affirms your unlimited permission to run the unmodified Program. The
output from running a covered work is covered by this License only if the output, given its
content, constitutes a covered work. This License acknowledges your rights of fair use or
other equivalent, as provided by copyright law.
You may make, run and propagate covered works that you do not convey, without conditions
so long as your license otherwise remains in force. You may convey covered works to others
for the sole purpose of having them make modifications exclusively for you, or provide you
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with facilities for running those works, provided that you comply with the terms of this
License in conveying all material for which you do not control copyright. Those thus making
or running the covered works for you must do so exclusively on your behalf, under your
direction and control, on terms that prohibit them from making any copies of your
copyrighted material outside their relationship with you.
Conveying under any other circumstances is permitted solely under the conditions stated
below. Sublicensing is not allowed; section 10 makes it unnecessary.

3. Protecting Users' Legal Rights From Anti-Circumvention Law:No covered work

shall be deemed part of an effective technological measure under any applicable law
fulfilling obligations under article 11 of the WIPO copyright treaty adopted on 20 December
1996, or similar laws prohibiting or restricting circumvention of such measures.When you
convey a covered work, you waive any legal power to forbid circumvention of technological
measures to the extent such circumvention is effected by exercising rights under this License
with respect to the covered work, and you disclaim any intention to limit operation or
modification of the work as a means of enforcing, against the work's users, your or third
parties' legal rights to forbid circumvention of technological measures.

4. Conveying Verbatim Copies:You may convey verbatim copies of the Program's

source code as you receive it, in any medium, provided that you conspicuously and
appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate copyright notice; keep intact all notices
stating that this License and any non-permissive terms added in accord with section 7 apply
to the code; keep intact all notices of the absence of any warranty; and give all recipients a
copy of this License along with the Program.
You may charge any price or no price for each copy that you convey, and you may offer
support or warranty protection for a fee.

5. Conveying Modified Source Versions:You may convey a work based on the

Program, or the modifications to produce it from the Program, in the form of source code
under the terms of section 4, provided that you also meet all of these conditions:

● a) The work must carry prominent notices stating that you modified it, and

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giving a relevant date.

● b) The work must carry prominent notices stating that it is released under this
License and any conditions added under section 7. This requirement modifies

the requirement in section 4 to “keep intact all notices”.

● c) You must license the entire work, as a whole, under this License to anyone
who comes into possession of a copy. This License will therefore apply, along

with any applicable section 7 additional terms, to the whole of the work, and all

its parts, regardless of how they are packaged. This License gives no
permission
to license the work in any other way, but it does not invalidate such permission

if you have separately received it.

● d) If the work has interactive user interfaces, each must display Appropriate
Legal Notices; however, if the Program has interactive interfaces that do not

display Appropriate Legal Notices, your work need not make them do so.
A compilation of a covered work with other separate and independent works, which are not
by their nature extensions of the covered work, and which are not combined with it such as to
form a larger program, in or on a volume of a storage or distribution medium, is called an
“aggregate” if the compilation and its resulting copyright are not used to limit the access or
legal rights of the compilation's users beyond what the individual works permit. Inclusion of
a covered work in an aggregate does not cause this License to apply to the other parts of the
aggregate.

6. Conveying Non-Source Forms:You may convey a covered work in object code form
under the terms of sections 4 and 5, provided that you also convey the machine-readable
Corresponding Source under the terms of this License, in one of these ways:

● a) Convey the object code in, or embodied in, a physical product (including a
physical distribution medium), accompanied by the Corresponding Source fixed

on a durable physical medium customarily used for software interchange.

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● b) Convey the object code in, or embodied in, a physical product (including a
physical distribution medium), accompanied by a written offer, valid for at least

three years and valid for as long as you offer spare parts or customer support for

that product model, to give anyone who possesses the object code either (1) a

copy of the Corresponding Source for all the software in the product that is

covered by this License, on a durable physical medium customarily used for

software interchange, for a price no more than your reasonable cost of

physically performing this conveying of source, or (2) access to copy the

Corresponding Source from a network server at no charge.

● c) Convey individual copies of the object code with a copy of the written offer
to provide the Corresponding Source. This alternative is allowed only

occasionally and noncommercially, and only if you received the object code

with such an offer, in accord with subsection 6b.

● d) Convey the object code by offering access from a designated place (gratis or
for a charge), and offer equivalent access to the Corresponding Source in the

same way through the same place at no further charge. You need not require

recipients to copy the Corresponding Source along with the object code. If the

place to copy the object code is a network server, the Corresponding Source

may be on a different server (operated by you or a third party) that supports

equivalent copying facilities, provided you maintain clear directions next to the

object code saying where to find the Corresponding Source. Regardless of what

server hosts the Corresponding Source, you remain obligated to ensure that it is

available for as long as needed to satisfy these requirements.

● e) Convey the object code using peer-to-peer transmission, provided you inform
other peers where the object code and Corresponding Source of the work are

being offered to the general public at no charge under subsection 6d.

A separable portion of the object code, whose source code is excluded from the
Corresponding Source as a System Library, need not be included in conveying the object
code work.

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A “User Product” is either (1) a “consumer product”, which means any tangible personal
property which is normally used for personal, family, or household purposes, or (2) anything
designed or sold for incorporation into a dwelling. In determining whether a product is a
consumer product, doubtful cases shall be resolved in favor of coverage. For a particular
product received by a particular user, “normally used” refers to a typical or common use of
that class of product, regardless of the status of the particular user or of the way in which the
particular user actually uses, or expects or is expected to use, the product. A product is a
consumer product regardless of whether the product has substantial commercial, industrial or
non-consumer uses, unless such uses represent the only significant mode of use of the
product.
“Installation Information” for a User Product means any methods, procedures, authorization
keys, or other information required to install and execute modified versions of a covered
work in that User Product from a modified version of its Corresponding Source. The
information must suffice to ensure that the continued functioning of the modified object code
is in no case prevented or interfered with solely because modification has been made.
If you convey an object code work under this section in, or with, or specifically for use in, a
User Product, and the conveying occurs as part of a transaction in which the right of
possession and use of the User Product is transferred to the recipient in perpetuity or for a
fixed term (regardless of how the transaction is characterized), the Corresponding Source
conveyed under this section must be accompanied by the Installation Information. But this
requirement does not apply if neither you nor any third party retains the ability to install
modified object code on the User Product (for example, the work has been installed in
ROM). The requirement to provide Installation Information does not include a requirement to
continue to provide support service, warranty, or updates for a work that has been modified
or installed by the recipient, or for the User Product in which it has been modified or
installed. Access to a network may be denied when the modification itself materially and
adversely affects the operation of the network or violates the rules and protocols for
communication across the network.
Corresponding Source conveyed, and Installation Information provided, in accord with this
section must be in a format that is publicly documented (and with an implementation
available to the public in source code form), and must require no special password or key for
unpacking, reading or copying.

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7. Additional Terms:“Additional permissions” are terms that supplement the terms of this
License by making exceptions from one or more of its conditions. Additional permissions
that are applicable to the entire Program shall be treated as though they were included in this
License, to the extent that they are valid under applicable law. If additional permissions apply
only to part of the Program, that part may be used separately under those permissions, but the
entire Program remains governed by this License without regard to the additional
permissions.
When you convey a copy of a covered work, you may at your option remove any additional
permissions from that copy, or from any part of it. (Additional permissions may be written to
require their own removal in certain cases when you modify the work.) You may place
additional permissions on material, added by you to a covered work, for which you have or
can give appropriate copyright permission.
Notwithstanding any other provision of this License, for material you add to a covered work,
you may (if authorized by the copyright holders of that material) supplement the terms of this
License with terms:

● a) Disclaiming warranty or limiting liability differently from the terms of

sections 15 and 16 of this License; or

● b) Requiring preservation of specified reasonable legal notices or author

attributions in that material or in the Appropriate Legal Notices displayed by

works containing it; or

● c) Prohibiting misrepresentation of the origin of that material, or requiring that

modified versions of such material be marked in reasonable ways as different

from the original version; or

● d) Limiting the use for publicity purposes of names of licensors or authors of

the material; or

● e) Declining to grant rights under trademark law for use of some trade names,
trademarks, or service marks; or

● f) Requiring indemnification of licensors and authors of that material by

anyone
who conveys the material (or modified versions of it) with contractual

assumptions of liability to the recipient, for any liability that these contractual

assumptions directly impose on those licensors and authors.

All other non-permissive additional terms are considered “further restrictions” within the
meaning of section 10. If the Program as you received it, or any part of it, contains a notice
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stating that it is governed by this License along with a term that is a further restriction, you
may remove that term. If a license document contains a further restriction but permits
relicensing or conveying under this License, you may add to a covered work material
governed by the terms of that license document, provided that the further restriction does not
survive such relicensing or conveying.
If you add terms to a covered work in accord with this section, you must place, in the
relevant source files, a statement of the additional terms that apply to those files, or a notice
indicating where to find the applicable terms.
Additional terms, permissive or non-permissive, may be stated in the form of a separately
written license, or stated as exceptions; the above requirements apply either way.

8. Termination:You may not propagate or modify a covered work except as expressly

provided under this License. Any attempt otherwise to propagate or modify it is void, and
will automatically terminate your rights under this License (including any patent licenses
granted under the third paragraph of section 11).
However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your license from a particular
copyright holder is reinstated (a) provisionally, unless and until the copyright holder
explicitly and finally terminates your license, and (b) permanently, if the copyright holder
fails to notify you of the violation by some reasonable means prior to 60 days after the
cessation.Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated permanently
if the copyright holder notifies you of the violation by some reasonable means, this is the first
time you have received notice of violation of this License (for any work) from that copyright
holder, and you cure the violation prior to 30 days after your receipt of the notice.
Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate the licenses of parties who
have received copies or rights from you under this License. If your rights have been
terminated and not permanently reinstated, you do not qualify to receive new licenses for the
same material under section 10.

9. Acceptance Not Required for Having Copies:You are not required to accept this
License in order to receive or run a copy of the Program. Ancillary propagation of a covered
work occurring solely as a consequence of using peer-to-peer transmission to receive a copy
likewise does not require acceptance. However, nothing other than this License grants you
permission to propagate or modify any covered work. These actions infringe copyright if you
do not accept this License. Therefore, by modifying or propagating a covered work, you
indicate your acceptance of this License to do so.

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10. Automatic Licensing of Downstream Recipients:Each time you convey a covered

work, the recipient automatically receives a license from the original licensors, to run,
modify and propagate that work, subject to this License. You are not responsible for
enforcing compliance by third parties with this License.
An “entity transaction” is a transaction transferring control of an organization, or
substantially all assets of one, or subdividing an organization, or merging organizations. If
propagation of a covered work results from an entity transaction, each party to that
transaction who receives a copy of the work also receives whatever licenses to the work the
party's predecessor in interest had or could give under the previous paragraph, plus a right to
possession of the Corresponding Source of the work from the predecessor in interest, if the
predecessor has it or can get it with reasonable efforts.
You may not impose any further restrictions on the exercise of the rights granted or affirmed
under this License. For example, you may not impose a license fee, royalty, or other charge
for exercise of rights granted under this License, and you may not initiate litigation
(including a cross-claim or counterclaim in a lawsuit) alleging that any patent claim is
infringed by making, using, selling, offering for sale, or importing the Program or any
portion of it.

11. Patents:A “contributor” is a copyright holder who authorizes use under this License
of the Program or a work on which the Program is based. The work thus licensed is called
the contributor's “contributor version”.A contributor's “essential patent claims” are all patent
claims owned or controlled by the contributor, whether already acquired or hereafter
acquired, that would be infringed by some manner, permitted by this License, of making,
using, or selling its contributor version, but do not include claims that would be infringed
only as a consequence of further modification of the contributor version. For purposes of this
definition, “control” includes the right to grant patent sublicenses in a manner consistent with
the requirements of this License.
Each contributor grants you a non-exclusive, worldwide, royalty-free patent license under the
contributor's essential patent claims, to make, use, sell, offer for sale, import and otherwise
run, modify and propagate the contents of its contributor version.
In the following three paragraphs, a “patent license” is any express agreement or
commitment, however denominated, not to enforce a patent (such as an express permission to
practice a patent or covenant not to sue for patent infringement). To “grant” such a patent
license to a party means to make such an agreement or commitment not to enforce a patent
against the party.
If you convey a covered work, knowingly relying on a patent license, and the Corresponding
Source of the work is not available for anyone to copy, free of charge and under the terms of
this License, through a publicly available network server or other readily accessible means,
then you must either (1) cause the Corresponding Source to be so available, or (2) arrange to
deprive yourself of the benefit of the patent license for this particular work, or (3) arrange, in
a manner consistent with the requirements of this License, to extend the patent license to

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downstream recipients. “Knowingly relying” means you have actual knowledge that, but for
the patent license, your conveying the covered work in a country, or your recipient's use of
the covered work in a country, would infringe one or more identifiable patents in that country
that you have reason to believe are valid.
If, pursuant to or in connection with a single transaction or arrangement, you convey, or
propagate by procuring conveyance of, a covered work, and grant a patent license to some of
the parties receiving the covered work authorizing them to use, propagate, modify or convey
a specific copy of the covered work, then the patent license you grant is automatically
extended to all recipients of the covered work and works based on it.
A patent license is “discriminatory” if it does not include within the scope of its coverage,
prohibits the exercise of, or is conditioned on the non-exercise of one or more of the rights
that are specifically granted under this License. You may not convey a covered work if you
are a party to an arrangement with a third party that is in the business of distributing
software, under which you make payment to the third party based on the extent of your
activity of conveying the work, and under which the third party grants, to any of the parties
who would receive the covered work from you, a discriminatory patent license (a) in
connection with copies of the covered work conveyed by you (or copies made from those
copies), or (b) primarily for and in connection with specific products or compilations that
contain the covered work, unless you entered into that arrangement, or that patent license was
granted, prior to 28 March 2007.
Nothing in this License shall be construed as excluding or limiting any implied license or
other defenses to infringement that may otherwise be available to you under applicable patent
law.

12. No Surrender of Others' Freedom:If conditions are imposed on you (whether by court
order, agreement or otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not
excuse you from the conditions of this License. If you cannot convey a covered work so
as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this License and any other pertinent
obligations, then as a consequence you may not convey it at all. For example, if you
agree to terms that obligate you to collect a royalty for further conveying from those to
whom you convey the Program, the only way you could satisfy both those terms and this
License would be to refrain entirely from conveying the Program.

13. Use with the GNU Affero General Public License:Notwithstanding any other provision
of this License, you have permission to link or combine any covered work with a work
licensed under version 3 of the GNU Affero General Public License into a single
combined work, and to convey the resulting work. The terms of this License will
continue to apply to the part which is the covered work, but the special requirements of

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the GNU Affero General Public License, section 13, concerning interaction through a
network will apply to the combination as such.

14. Revised Versions of this License:The Free Software Foundation may publish revised
and/or new versions of the GNU General Public License from time to time. Such new
versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to address
new problems or concerns.
Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the Program specifies that a certain
numbered version of the GNU General Public License “or any later version” applies to it,
you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that numbered version or
of any later version published by the Free Software Foundation. If the Program does not
specify a version number of the GNU General Public License, you may choose any version
ever published by the Free Software Foundation.
If the Program specifies that a proxy can decide which future versions of the GNU General
Public License can be used, that proxy's public statement of acceptance of a version
permanently authorizes you to choose that version for the Program.
Later license versions may give you additional or different permissions. However, no
additional obligations are imposed on any author or copyright holder as a result of your
choosing to follow a later version.

15. Disclaimer of Warranty:THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO

THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN
OTHERWISE STATED
IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE
PROGRAM “AS IS” WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED
OR
IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE
RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH
YOU. SHOULD THE PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST
OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION.

16. Limitation of Liability:IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE

LAW
OR AGREED TO IN WRITING WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER

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PARTY WHO MODIFIES AND/OR CONVEYS THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED

ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY GENERAL,
SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE
USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES
SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO
OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER
PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.

17. Interpretation of Sections 15 and 16:If the disclaimer of warranty and limitation of
liability provided above cannot be given local legal effect according to their terms,
reviewing courts shall apply local law that most closely approximates an absolute waiver
of all civil liability in connection with the Program, unless a warranty or assumption of
liability accompanies a copy of the Program in return for a fee.

APPLICATION OF OPEN SOURCE:

● The main application of free and open source software is due to the fact that it is
availableat very low cost, other applications are from research and training where young
minds are taught about the working of software. So that they can build new products. A.
Business Firms FOS has found a wide application in many of the business firms. As these
softwares are available free of cost so companies can gain huge profits by using them.
Whereas the proprietary softwares require huge capital investments. One of the essential
features of the Free and Open source software is that it can be changed as required. Using
this feature they can customise the software as required .So now they need not to be
dependent on the vendors for any update or change in the software .Below given are some of
the FOSS that can be used in business houses.
● 1) Linux –It is a type operating system which is derived from the UNIX family. Linux
canbe used on wide variety of computer hardware ranging from mobile phones, tablet
computers and video game consoles to mainframes and supercomputers. Linux is
predominantly known for its usage in server. In a 2009 survey it was found that about 40% of
the servers use Linux. The popularity of Linux on standard desktops (and laptops) has been
increasing over the years due to the graphical user environments. The two popular
environments are GNOME and KDE both of which support a wide variety Ambar Kundu et
al. / (IJCSIT) International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technologies, Vol.
1 (4) , 2010, 226-229 226 of languages. The bar graph below shows the use of different soft
wares. 0.00% 10.00% 20.00% 30.00% 40.00% 50.00% 60.00% Windows XP Windows
Vista Windows 7 LINUX
MAC OS i OS(iPhone) Windows XP Windows Vista Windows 7 LINUX MAC OS i

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OS(iPhone) Figure 1 Usage share of web client Operating Syste

● 2) My SQL- It is the world's most popular open source database software, with over
millioncopies of its software downloaded or distributed till date. With its superior speed,
reliability, and ease of use, My SQL has become the preferred choice for Web, Telecom
companies and forward-thinking corporate IT Managers because it eliminates the major
problems associated with downtime, maintenance and administration for modern, online
applications.
Many of the world's largest and fastest-growing organizations use MySQL to save time and
money powering their high-volume Web sites, critical business systems, and packaged
software — including Dept of BCA pg no. 27 Report on open source software industry
leaders such as Yahoo!, AlcatelLucent, Google, Nokia, YouTube, Wikipedia, and
Booking.com. MySQL is a key part of LAMP (Linux, Apache, MySQL, PHP / Perl /
Python), the fast-growing open source enterprise software stack. More and more companies
are using LAMP as an alternative to expensive proprietary software stacks because of its
lower cost and freedom from vendor lock-in.
● 3) Apache-The Apache HTTP Server, commonly referred to as Apache is web
serversoftware notable for playing a key role in the initial growth of the World Wide Web. In
2009 it became the first web server software to surpass the 100 million web site milestone.
Apache is developed and maintained by an open community of developers under the auspices
of the Apache Software Foundation. The application is available for a wide variety of
Operating
Systems like GNU, Linux, Solaris, MAC OS X, and Microsoft Windows. Since April 1996
Apache has been the most popular HTTP server software in use. As of February 2010
Apache served over 54.46% of all websites and over 66% of the million busiest sites. Apache
is primarily used to serve both static content and dynamic web pages on the World Wide
Web.
● 4) BIND is by far the most widely used DNS softwareon the Internet. It provides a
robustand stable platform on top of which organizations can build distributed computing
systems with the knowledge that those systems are fully compliant with published DNS
standards. BIND is open source software that implements the Domain Name System (DNS)
protocols for the Internet. It is a reference implementation of those protocols, but it is also
production-grade software, suitable for use in highvolume and high-reliabilityapplications.
BIND is available for free download under the terms of the ISC License, a BSD style license.
● 5) Sendmail is a general purpose network mailing routing facility that supports many kinds
of mail-transfer and - delivery methods including the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol used for
email transport over the internet. Sendmail is a well-known project of free and open source
software that has developed both as proprietary and free software. In 2001, approximately
42% of the publiclyreachable mail-servers on the Internet ran Sendmail. More recent surveys
have suggested a decline, with Ambar Kundu et al. / (IJCSIT) International Journal of
Computer Science and Information Technologies, Vol. 1 (4) , 2010, 226-229 227 29.4% of
mail servers in August 2007 detected as running Sendmail in a study performed by E-Soft,
Inc. Sendmail is trailed Dept of BCA pg no. 28 Report on open source software by Microsoft
Exchange Server, Exim, Postfix; these four being the only mail servers with more than 10%
of the total.

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OPEN SOURCES OPERATING SYSTEM:FEDORA,UBUNTU:

FEDORA: Fedora operating system is an open-source operating system that is based
on the Linux OS kernel architecture. A group of developers was developed the Fedora
operating system under the Fedora Project. It is sponsored by Red Hat. It is designed as a
secure operating system for the general-purpose. Fedora operating system offers a suite of
virus protection, system tools, office productivity services, media playback, and other
desktop application.

According to the Fedora Project, it is always free to use, modify, and distribute. Fedora OS is
integrated with applications and packaged software. This operating system enhances the
abilities of the software. It offers the same consistency, procedures, and functionality as a
traditional OS. Fedora operating system is the second most commonly used distribution of
Linux after Ubuntu.

There are over 100 distributions based on the Fedora operating system, including the XO
operating system of Red Hat Enterprise Linux.

Advantages of Fedora Operating System

1. Fedora OS is a very reliable and stable operating system.

2. It enhances the security in this operating system.

3. It offers many graphical tools.

4. This operating system updates automatically.

5. This OS supports many file formats.

6. It also offers many education software.

7. It supports a large community.

8. It provides unique security features.

Disadvantages of Fedora Operating System

1. It requires a long time to set up.

2. It requires additional software tools for the server.

3. It does not provide any standard model for multi-file objects.

4. Fedora has its own server, so we can't work on another server in real-time.

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UBUNTU:Ubuntu is a Linux-based operating system. Ubuntu is designed for

smartphones, network servers, and computers. It is developed by Canonical Ltd, which is a

UK-based company. All of the principles used to

create the Ubuntu software are based on open-source software development
principles.Ubuntu is popular in universities and research groups because it combines all the
features of Unix OS with a customizable graphical user interface.Ubuntu includes a number
of software programs, for example, LibreOffice and Firefox. It is also possible to run
proprietary software on Ubuntu.
The GNU General Public License is used to license many of Ubuntu's software products.
This permits users to create their own version of programs by copying, changing, developing,
and redistributing them.

Ubuntu Features:
The following are some essential features of Ubuntu:

1. Office software

2. An open-source operating system

3. Web browsing

4. Email

5. Photos

6. Videos

7. Gaming

8. A whole world of apps

9. Backed by Canonical

10. No Antivirus

11. Hardware autoconfiguration

12. Software Repositories

13. Multiple desktops

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Report on open source software

14. ssh client.

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