A REPORT ON

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS & DESIGN

OF
RESIDENTIAL BUILDING-TYPE A

CLIENT: MR. GOPI HAMAL

LOCATION: DHANGADHI METROPOLITAN CITY

i
Contents
List of Figures .............................................................................................. iii
List of Tables ................................................................................................ iv
1 Introduction .............................................................................................1
1.1 An Overview of Earthquake-Resistant Design .................................................... 1
1.2 Earthquake Resistant Design Philosophy............................................................. 2
2 Description of the Building ....................................................................4
2.1 Building Description ............................................................................................ 4
2.2 Location of Building ............................................................................................ 5
3 Numerical modeling................................................................................6
4 Structural analysis ..................................................................................9
4.1 Load cases considered .......................................................................................... 9
4.2 Load combination ................................................................................................. 9
4.3 Mass Source ......................................................................................................... 9
4.4 Dead loads ............................................................................................................ 9
4.5 Live load ............................................................................................................. 11
4.6 Seismic Loading ................................................................................................. 12
4.7 Story Drift and displacement Calculations......................................................... 14
4.8 Modal analysis and modal mass participation.................................................... 15
4.9 Base Shear and Seismic weight .......................................................................... 15
4.10 Analysis of Internal Forces Developed in Frames.......................................... 16
5 Design .....................................................................................................18
5.1 Column design summary.................................................................................... 18
5.2 Beam Design Summary...................................................................................... 21
5.3 Slab Design Summary ........................................................................................ 25
5.4 Staircase Design Summary................................................................................. 25
5.5 Foundation Design Summary ............................................................................. 25
6 CONCLUSION .....................................................................................27
7 RECOMMENDATIONS .....................................................................27
ANNEXES ....................................................................................................28
ANNEX -I: REFERENCES.......................................................................................... 28
ANNEX-II: SAMPLE DESIGN CALCULATIONS ................................................... 29
SAMPLE BEAM DESIGN BY SAP ........................................................................ 29
SAMPLE COLUMN DESIGN ................................................................................. 30
SAMPLE SLAB DESIGN ........................................................................................ 31
SAMPLE ISOLATED FOOTING DESIGN ............................................................ 34
SAMPLE STAIRCASE DESIGN ............................................................................ 36

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List of Figures
Figure 2-1 : Ground floor Plan of Building ........................................................................ 4
Figure 2-2 : Seismic Hazard of Himalayas ......................................................................... 5
Figure 3-1 : 3D model created in SAP ................................................................................ 6
Figure 3-2 : Ground Floor plan modeled in SAP ................................................................ 7
Figure 3-3 : First Floor plan modeled in SAP..................................................................... 7
Figure 3-4 : Second floor plan modeled in SAP ................................................................. 7
Figure 3-5 : Elevation on grid 1-1....................................................................................... 8
Figure 3-6 : Elevation on grid 2-2....................................................................................... 8
Figure 3-7 : Elevation on grid 3-3....................................................................................... 8
Figure 4-1 : Wall load ....................................................................................................... 10
Figure 4-2 : Floor finish load ............................................................................................ 10
Figure 4-3 : Staircase dead load ........................................................................................ 11
Figure 4-4 : Live load ....................................................................................................... 11
Figure 4-5 : Terrace live load............................................................................................ 12
Figure 4-6 : Staircase live load ......................................................................................... 12
Figure 4-7 : Sample Bending Moment Diagram for frames along Grid 2/2-1.2DL+1.5LL
........................................................................................................................................... 16
Figure 4-8 : Sample Shear force Diagram for frames along Grid 2/2 -1.2DL+1.5LL) .... 17
Figure 4-9 : Sample Axial force Diagram for frames along Grid 2/2-1.2DL+1.5LL ....... 17
Figure 5-1 : Rebar of column in Grid 1 ............................................................................ 18
Figure 5-2 : Rebar of column in Grid 2 ............................................................................ 19
Figure 5-3 : Rebar of column in Grid 3 ............................................................................ 19
Figure 5-4 : Rebar in Ground floor beam ........................................................................ 21
Figure 5-5 : Rebar in first floor beam ............................................................................... 21
Figure 5-6 : Rebar in Second floor beam ......................................................................... 22
Figure 5-7 : Base reaction for footing design ................................................................... 25

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List of Tables
Table 2-1 : Building Description ........................................................................................ 4
Table 4-1 : Mass source ...................................................................................................... 9
Table 4-2 : Dead loads unit weight ..................................................................................... 9
Table 4-3 : Dead load applied ........................................................................................... 10
Table 4-4 : Live load applied ............................................................................................ 11
Table 4-5 : Seismic Coefficient Calculation as per NBC 105:2020 ................................. 12
Table 4-6 : Modal mass Participation ratio from SAP ...................................................... 15
Table 4-7 : Base Shear of structure ................................................................................... 15
Table 5-1 : Column Design Summary .............................................................................. 19
Table 5-2 : Beam Design Summary .................................................................................. 23
Table 5-3 : Footing Design Summary............................................................................... 26

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This report focuses on structural design of residential building located at Dhangadhi. It

summarizes design assumption, methodology and follows up of codes and standards for
the building with proper consideration of the earthquake resistant design criteria following
the Nepal National Building Code NBC 105:2077.

The primary objective of the project is to analyze and design the structural elements of the
buildings based on NBC standards. The seismic coefficient method is adopted to analyze
the earthquake response of the building.

Finite element analysis showed that the anticipated performance of the buildings subjected
to the design earthquake meets NBC code seismic hazard level requirement for building.
The building response for drift, displacement is also calculated.

The following conclusions can be drawn from this report:

The structure is designed to complying the guidelines and the NBC standards.

Story drifts are within the acceptable limits under DBE level earthquakes.

** The structural design is carried on the architectural drawing provided. This report solely emphases and
confines itself to technical aspects of the structure and does not comment on other aspects of the structure.

v
 1 Introduction
1.1 An Overview of Earthquake-Resistant Design
Nepal lies in an earthquake prone zone. It is located in the boundary between Indian plate and
Tibetan plate. Thus, Nepal experiences earthquakes frequently. Earthquakes are the most
sudden, dramatic and devastating natural calamities. Although they last only for few seconds to
minutes, they are the most devastating ones. Past records of the earthquake show that eighteen
major earthquakes have hit Nepal till now. So, special consideration of earthquake forces while
designing a building is mandatory in Nepal.

Designing building against earthquake forces does not mean that we are making the building
earthquake-proof. Although earthquake proof structures may be viable in terms of engineering
but they are not financially viable. However, it is possible to design and build earthquake-
resilient (more precisely seismic resilient) structures. According to this philosophy, no matter
how much severe earthquake occurs, the building won’t collapse although it may be irreparably
damaged. In, this background, it is ensured that this building has been designed to withstand all
the acting loads including the earthquake forces making it seismic resistant.

The structural design alone is not enough to ensure the safety of a building, equally important,
is its construction. The role of a contractor is of paramount importance as he is the one to execute
the construction work at site. He is required to execute the work according to drawings supplied
by the consultant to him and detailing has to be carefully followed. A large percentage of failure
of the building is attributed to poor quality of construction. Past experiences from damages have
shown that quality of material and workmanship play an important role in good seismic
behavior of the buildings. Hence, quality assurance of construction works is the key to good
seismic performance of a building.

Severity of ground shaking at a given location during an earthquake can be minor, moderate
and strong. Relatively, minor shakings occur frequently, moderate shakings occasionally and
strong shakings rarely. For instance, on average annually about 800 earthquakes of magnitude
5.0-5.9 on Richter scale occur in the world while the number is only about 19 for magnitude of
range 7.0-7.9 on Richter scale. So, should we design and construct a building to resist that rare
1
earthquake shaking that may come only once in 500 years or even once in 2000 years at the
chosen project site, even though the life of the building itself may be only 50 or 100 years?
Since it costs money to provide additional earthquake safety in buildings, a conflict arises:
Should we do away with the design of buildings for earthquake effects? Or should we design
the buildings to be “earthquake proof” wherein there is no damage during the strong but rare
earthquake shaking? Clearly, the former approach can lead to a major disaster, and the second
approach is too expensive. Hence, the design philosophy should lie somewhere in between these
two extremes.

The engineers do not attempt to make earthquake proof buildings that will not get damaged
even during the rare but strong earthquakes; such buildings will be too robust and also too
expensive. Instead, the engineering intention is to make buildings earthquake resistant and
affordable; such buildings resist the effects of ground shaking, although they may get damaged
severely but would not collapse during the strong earthquake. Thus, safety of people and
contents is assured in earthquake-resistant buildings, and thereby a disaster is avoided. This is
a major objective of seismic design codes throughout the world.

1.2 Earthquake Resistant Design Philosophy

The earthquake design philosophy may be summarized as follows:

a) Under minor shakings which occur frequently, the main members of the buildings that carry
vertical and lateral forces should not be damaged; however non-structural parts may sustain
repairable damages. It is assured that the building will be fully operational within a short time
and the repair costs will be small

b) Under moderate shakings which are occasional, the structural elements may sustain
repairable damage, while the non-structural elements may be heavily damaged; the building
will be operational followed by repair and re-strengthening of the damaged structural elements
and replacing of damaged non-structural elements.

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c) Under strong shakings which are rare, the main members may sustain severe damage, but the
building should not collapse; the building may become dysfunctional for further use, but will
stand so that people can be evacuated and property recovered.

The degree to which the building is to be assured against the possibility of damage must be
considered while designing the building. Important buildings like hospitals, health posts, fire
stations, post offices communication towers, electric power houses which play a critical role in
post-earthquake activities must remain functional immediately after the earthquake and hence
require higher degree of assurance against possible damage. Public buildings, educational
buildings, busy commercial complex etc. where the risk of human loss is high and some critical
structures like nuclear power plants, dams, etc. whose collapse may cause secondary disasters
are also designed to assure higher level of safety against earthquakes. Other buildings like
residential buildings, offices, mercantile buildings etc. are designed for lower level of safety,
while the design philosophy mentioned above is always maintained. However, the level of
safety to be assured in the design may also depend upon the demand of the client.

Design of buildings to resist earthquakes involves controlling the damage to acceptable levels
at a reasonable cost. Contrary to the common thinking that any crack in the building after an
earthquake means the building is unsafe for habitation, some damage in non-structural elements
may be unavoidable. Different types of damages (mainly visualized through cracks; especially
so in concrete and masonry buildings) may occur in buildings during earthquakes. Some of
these cracks are acceptable (in terms of both their size and location), while others are not. In
general, qualified technical professionals may only be knowledgeable of the causes and severity
of damage in earthquake-resistant buildings.

3
 2 Description of the Building
2.1 Building Description
The building to be analyzed and designed here is a two story residential building with staircover
to be constructed on behalf of Mr.Gopi Hamal. The proposed site is located at Dhangadhi. The
ground floor plan of the building is presented below in Figure 2-1. The building description is
presented in Table 2-1: Building Description.

Figure 2-1 : Ground floor Plan of Building

Table 2-1 : Building Description

General features
Building Type Residential Building
Location Dhangadhi Sub-metropolitan city
Ground Floor Area 1186.84 sq.ft
Architectural features
Number of story Two story with stair cover
Floor to Floor Height 3.20 m
Total Height of the Building: 9.6 m up to top slab from plinth level
Building Lateral Dimensions (Maximum ) Max distance along X: 8.333 m
Max distance along Y: 12.85 m
Wall and Partition 9” and 5” Brick Masonry in cement mortar
in outside and inside respectively

4
 Structural features
Structural System RCC Frame Structure
Foundation Type RCC Isolated Footings
Loads Resisting Elements
Columns 300 mm X300 mm
Beams Main beam: 230mm X 350mm
Secondary beam: 230mm X 300mm
Slab 125 mm
Geotechnical Features
Soil Test Not Available
Soil Type (assumed) Type C (As per NBC)
Allowable bearing capacity assumed 120 KN/m2
Material
Grade of concrete: M20 for column, beam, slab and footings.
Grade of Reinforcement steel for RCC Fe 500

2.2 Location of Building

Nepal is a highly vulnerable to earthquake hazards. The site is located at Dhangadhi and it
belongs to the higher seismic risk zone .

Figure 2-2 : Seismic Hazard of Himalayas

5
 3 Numerical modeling
A three dimensional finite element model of the whole structural system is created in
SAP2000.v22. The structural system is considered as a Special Moment Resisting Frame
structure. Main components to be modeled are: Beams, Columns & Slabs. Beams and columns
are modeled as frame elements while slabs are modeled as four-nodded shell elements. The
support condition at the base is idealized as a fixed support and hence any moment release at
the base of columns is neglected. The moment release at the beam/column joints is also
neglected. Self-weight of the parapet wall is applied onto the beams in the form of uniformly
distributed loads. The inner partition wall load is applied by creating null beam as positioned in
architectural drawing.

Figure 3-1 : 3D model created in SAP

6
Figure 3-2 : Ground Floor plan modeled in SAP

Figure 3-3 : First Floor plan modeled in SAP

Figure 3-4 : Second floor plan modeled in SAP

7
Figure 3-5 : Elevation on grid 1-1

Figure 3-6 : Elevation on grid 2-2

Figure 3-7 : Elevation on grid 3-3

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 4 Structural analysis
For the purpose of structural analysis various Nepal Standard Code and Indian Standard codes
are followed for loadings, load combinations and other analysis procedures.

4.1 Load cases considered

Following loads have been considered in the analysis of the building as per NBC105-2077.

I. Dead Load (DL)

II. Live load (LL)
III. Earthquake load in X-direction (EQx)
IV. Earthquake load in Y-direction (EQy)
4.2 Load combination
Following load combinations have been adopted as per NBC105-2077 for Static Analysis.

I. 1.2DL±1.5LL
II. DL+0.3LL±EQx
III. DL+0.3LL±EQy

Where, DL= Dead load

LL = Imposed (Live) load
EQx = Earthquake load (Along X direction) for both Ultimate and Serviceability Limit State
EQy = Earthquake load (Along Y direction) for both Ultimate and Serviceability Limit State

4.3 Mass Source

Following mass source have been adopted as per IS 1893:2016 for Seismic Analysis.

Table 4-1 : Mass source

Dead load including parapet, floor finish ,wall load 1
Live load 0.3

4.4 Dead loads

Dead loads are assumed to be produced by slab, beams, columns, parapet walls and floor
finish. The weight of building materials are taken as per IS 875 (Part 1-1987).

Table 4-2 : Dead loads unit weight

Materials Unit weight
Reinforced Concrete 25.00 KN/m³

9
 Reinforcement Steel 78.50 KN/m³
Brick Masonry 19.2 KN/m3

Table 4-3 : Dead load applied

9” wall 14.13 KN/m
9” wall with opening 11.3 KN/m
5” wall 7.07 KN/m
Parapet wall load 2.2 KN/m
Floor finish 1.2 KN/m2
Staircase dead load 13.41 KN/m

Figure 4-1 : Wall load

Figure 4-2 : Floor finish load

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 Figure 4-3 : Staircase dead load

4.5 Live load

Live loads are applied on floor slabs on the basis of usage of rooms, as specified in IS 875
part II.

Table 4-4 : Live load applied

Bed room /Toilet 2.0 KN/m2
Balcony/Passage 3.0 KN/m2
Staircase 3.0 KN/m2
Terrace live 1.5 KN/m2

Figure 4-4 : Live load

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 Figure 4-5 : Terrace live load

Figure 4-6 : Staircase live load

4.6 Seismic Loading

The building is analyzed for the seismic load as per NBC 105 2077. The seismic design data
assumed for the building is summarized below.

Table 4-5 : Seismic Coefficient Calculation as per NBC 105:2020

Calculation of seismic coeffiecient as per
NBC105:2070
Input
Location of Building Dhangadhi

12
 Reinforced Concrete Moment
Type of structure Resisting Frame

Seismic Zoining factor(Z) 0.4

Importance factor(I) 1
Height of building(h) 9.6 m
Method of analysis Equivalent Static Method
soil Type C

Period of vibration
For reinforcement moment resisting frame
T1=1.25k1h0.75 0.511 sec
Lower period of flat part of spectrum(Ta) 0.1 sec
Upper period of flat part of spectrum(Tc) 1 sec
Peak spectral acceleration normalized by PGA(α) 2.5 sec
Coefficient that controls the descending branch of
the spectrum 1.8

ref table 5.2 NBC 105:2070

Ductility factor for ULS state(Rμ) 4
Over-strength factor for ULS state (Ωu) 1.5
Over-strength factor for SLS state (Ωs) 1.25

Calculation of Spectral Shape Factor (Ch (T))

Ch (T) 2.5
Elastic site spectra for horizontal loadingC (T) =Ch(T) Z
I 1.000

Elastic site spectra for Vertical loading Cv(Tv)= 2/3 Z 0.266667

Elastic site spectra for Serviceability Limit State Cs (T)

= 0.20 C (T) . 0.200

Horizontal base shear for Equivalent static method

For the ultimate limit state, the horizontal base shear
co-efficient for each mode, Cd(Ti), shall as given by Cd (𝑇𝑖 ) = C(𝑇𝑖 )/ Rµ x Ωu ……
0.167

13
 For the serviceability limit state, the horizontal base
shear coefficient (design coefficient), Cd (T1), shall be
given by: Cd (𝑇1 ) = Cs(𝑇1 )/ Ωs
0.160
Exponent releated to structural period 1.01

4.7 Story Drift and displacement Calculations

The roof displacement and the inter-story drift is checked for the earthquake load case. The
inter-story drift and roof displacement is presented in the table below and is found to be within
the limit in both directions.

Maximum Drift SLS(AS per NBC)

Story Displacement- Displacement-Y, Drift eqx Drift eqy
X, mm mm SLS SLS
Top floor 41.77 44.33 0.0036 0.0037
First Floor 29.98 31.37 0.0047 0.0047
Ground floor 14.84 15.43 0.0046 0.0048
Base 0 0

Maximum allowable drift ratio in Serviceability Limit State is 0.006 as per NBC 105
2020

Maximum Drift ULS(AS per NBC)

Story Displacement- Displacement-Y, Drift eqx Drift eqy
X, mm mm SLS SLS
Top floor 43.59 46.27 0.0038 0.0042
First Floor 31.28 32.74 0.0049 0.0052
Ground floor 15.49 16.10 0.0048 0.005
Base 0 0

Maximum story drift due to Ultimate seismic load 0.0052x4=0.0208

Maximum allowable drift ratio in Ultimate Limit State is 0.025 as per NBC 105 2020

14
 Maximum Roof Displacement (AS per NBC)
Story Displacement-X, Displacement-Y, Limit, Status
mm mm mm
Top floor 41.77 44.33 57.6 OK

4.8 Modal analysis and modal mass participation

Table 4-6 : Modal mass Participation ratio from SAP
Case Mode Period UX UY SumUX SumUY SumRZ
sec
1 0.781126 0.18 0.6 0.18 0.6
Modal 1
2 0.76419 0.66 0.19 0.84 0.79
Modal 2
3 0.573186 0.008853 0.06598 0.85 0.86
Modal 3
4 0.347412 0.08581 0.0008617 0.94 0.86
Modal 4
5 0.335907 0.001894 0.09694 0.94 0.96
Modal 5
6 0.310882 0.02449 0.001038 0.96 0.96
Modal 6
7 0.233989 0.004822 0.03259 0.97 0.99
Modal 7
8 0.228252 0.02963 0.00591 1 1
Modal 8
9 0.203846 0.001467 0.001764 1 1
Modal 9
10 0.159115 0.000004162 0.000006546 1 1
Modal 10
11 0.144599 0.000001115 1.038E-11 1 1
Modal 11
12 0.130109 0.000005012 0.000004126 1 1
Modal 12
The total mass participation in both considered direction is greater than the 90% of the total
lateral force. A building has regular modes of oscillation in two principal plan directions as
the mass participation factor for first three modes is greater than 65%.

4.9 Base Shear and Seismic weight

Table 4-7 : Base Shear of structure
Output Case Case Type FX FY

15
 eqx ULS LinStatic 467.994 0
eqy ULS LinStatic 0 467.994
eqy SLS LinStatic 0 448.378

eqx SLS LinStatic 448.378 0

Ecc Top Bottom Weight Base

Name Ratio Story Story C K Used Shear
kN kN
eqx SLS 0.1 2nd F Base 0.16 1 5251.182 448.378
5251.182 467.994
eqx ULS 0.1 2nd F Base 0.167 1
5251.182 448.378
eqy SLS 0.1 2nd F Base 0.16 1
5251.182 467.994
eqy ULS 0.1 2nd F Base 0.167 1

4.10 Analysis of Internal Forces Developed in Frames

Bending moments, shear forces and axial forces of the buildings were analyzed using the SAP.
The analysis is used for identification of critical sections and to find out the design requirements
so as to design various structural components. The sample moment diagrams, shear force
diagram, axial force diagrams and torsion diagrams of the frames along some grids are as
extracted from SAP are presented below:

Figure 4-7 : Sample Bending Moment Diagram for frames along Grid 2/2-1.2DL+1.5LL

16
Figure 4-8 : Sample Shear force Diagram for frames along Grid 2/2 -1.2DL+1.5LL)

Figure 4-9 : Sample Axial force Diagram for frames along Grid 2/2-1.2DL+1.5LL

17
 5 Design
The design of reinforced concrete structural members includes selection of material properties
(grade of steel and concrete), shape and size of cross section, factor of safety and amount of
steel required. The design of reinforced concrete members is carried out using limit state method
as per IS 456: 2000. The limit state method is the modern and latest design methodology. This
method evolved around 1970’s. Limit state method is based on the concept of multiple safety
factors and attempts to provide adequate safety at the ultimate loads and adequate serviceability
at service loads. For the design of the members, IS 456:2000 and design aid SP 16 has been
used. Footings have been checked for vertical loads due to dead load and live load only. Square
footings have been adopted from seismic point of view that reversal stress may occur. And
footing beams are provided for column at foundation for more rigidity of building and also need
for the column located at boundary. Longitudinal reinforcement in beams and columns has been
calculated based on critical load combination. Spacing of the shear reinforcement has been
calculated as per the ductility criteria as defined in IS 13920 -1993. Some sample designs are
shown later on in this report.
Beams and columns have been designed using SAP2000 while slab, staircase and foundations
are designed manually. Samples of manual design calculation of critical slab, footings and
staircase are shown in this report in ANNEX-II: SAMPLE DESIGN CALCULATIONS. The
structural design of sections and reinforcements are presented in the drawing.

5.1 Column design summary

Figure 5-1 : Rebar of column in Grid 1

18
 Figure 5-2 : Rebar of column in Grid 2

Figure 5-3 : Rebar of column in Grid 3

Table 5-1 : Column Design Summary
Corner
Column
Column Grid Floor Area bar Face bar
Name
nos Dia nos dia
C-1 Ground 1926 4 20 4 20
D1
300x300 First 1454 4 20 4 16
C-1 Ground 2294 4 20 4 20
300x300 C1 First 1316 4 20 4 16
Second 808 4 16 4 16
C-1 Ground 2509 4 20 4 20
300x300 B1 First 1623 4 20 4 16
Second 1093 4 16 4 16
C-1 Ground 2187 4 20 4 20
300x300
A1 First 1602 4 20 4 16
C-1 D2 Ground 2087 4 20 4 20

19
 300x300
First 1451 4 20 4 16
Ground 2548 4 25 4 20
C-2 First 1511 4 20 4 20
300x300 C2 Second 1214 4 16 4 16
C-2 Ground 2870 4 25 4 20
300x300 First 2189 4 20 4 20
B2 Second 1243 4 16 4 16
C-1 Ground 2498 4 20 4 20
300x300
A2 First 1944 4 20 4 16
C-1 Ground 2070 4 20 4 20
300x300 First 1244 4 20 4 16
D3
C-1 Ground 2204 4 20 4 20
300x300
C3 First 1746 4 20 4 16
C-1 Ground 2252 4 20 4 20
300x300
B3 First 1526 4 20 4 16
C-1
300x300
A3 Ground 2522 4 20 4 20

For more details refer structural drawing.

20
5.2 Beam Design Summary

Figure 5-4 : Rebar in Ground floor beam

Figure 5-5 : Rebar in first floor beam

21
Figure 5-6 : Rebar in Second floor beam

22
Table 5-2 : Beam Design Summary
Diameter of Rebar
Beam
Floor Left Middle Right
ID
Top Bottom Top Bottom Top Bottom
1-D/C Ground Floor 3-16(Th)+2-16(Ext) 3-16(TH) 3-16(Th) 3-16(TH) 3-16(Th)+2-16(Ext) 3-16(TH)
1-C/B Ground Floor 3-16(Th)+2-16(Ext) 3-16(TH) 3-16(Th) 3-16(TH) 3-16(Th)+2-16(Ext) 3-16(TH)
1-B/A Ground Floor 3-16(Th)+2-16(Ext) 3-16(TH) 3-16(Th) 3-16(TH) 3-16(Th)+2-16(Ext) 3-16(TH)
2-D/C Ground Floor 3-16(Th)+2-16(Ext) 3-16(TH) 3-16(Th) 3-16(TH) 3-16(Th)+2-16(Ext) 3-16(TH)
2-C/B Ground Floor 3-16(Th)+2-16(Ext) 3-16(TH) 3-16(Th) 3-16(TH) 3-16(Th)+2-16(Ext) 3-16(TH)
2-B/A Ground Floor 3-16(Th)+2-16(Ext) 3-16(TH) 3-16(Th) 3-16(TH) 3-16(Th)+2-16(Ext) 3-16(TH)
3-D/C Ground Floor 3-16(Th)+2-16(Ext) 3-16(TH) 3-16(Th) 3-16(TH) 3-16(Th)+2-16(Ext) 3-16(TH)
3-C/B Ground Floor 3-16(Th)+2-16(Ext) 3-16(TH) 3-16(Th) 3-16(TH) 3-16(Th)+2-16(Ext) 3-16(TH)
3-B/A Ground Floor 3-16(Th)+2-16(Ext) 3-16(TH) 3-16(Th) 3-16(TH) 3-16(Th)+2-16(Ext) 3-16(TH)
A-1/2 Ground Floor 3-16(Th)+2-16(Ext) 3-16(TH) 3-16(Th) 3-16(TH) 3-16(Th)+2-16(Ext) 3-16(TH)
A-2/3 Ground Floor 3-16(Th)+2-16(Ext) 3-16(TH) 3-16(Th) 3-16(TH) 3-16(Th)+2-16(Ext) 3-16(TH)
B-1/2 Ground Floor 3-16(Th)+2-16(Ext) 3-16(TH) 3-16(Th) 3-16(TH) 3-16(Th)+2-16(Ext) 3-16(TH)
B-2/3 Ground Floor 3-16(Th)+2-16(Ext) 3-16(TH) 3-16(Th) 3-16(TH) 3-16(Th)+2-16(Ext) 3-16(TH)
C-1/2 Ground Floor 3-16(Th)+2-16(Ext) 3-16(TH) 3-16(Th) 3-16(TH) 3-16(Th)+2-16(Ext) 3-16(TH)
C-2/3 Ground Floor 3-16(Th)+2-16(Ext) 3-16(TH) 3-16(Th) 3-16(TH) 3-16(Th)+2-16(Ext) 3-16(TH)
D-1/2 Ground Floor 3-16(Th)+2-16(Ext) 3-16(TH) 3-16(Th) 3-16(TH) 3-16(Th)+2-16(Ext) 3-16(TH)
D-2/3 Ground Floor 3-16(Th)+2-16(Ext) 3-16(TH) 3-16(Th) 3-16(TH) 3-16(Th)+2-16(Ext) 3-16(TH)
2-16+1-12(Th)+2- -16+1- -16+1-12(Th)+2-
1-D/C 1st floor 12(Ext) 2-16+1-12(TH) 12(Th) 2-16+1-12(TH) 12(Ext) 2-16+1-12(TH)
2-16+1-12(Th)+2- -16+1- -16+1-12(Th)+2-
1-C/B 1st floor 12(Ext) 2-16+1-12(TH) 12(Th) 2-16+1-12(TH) 12(Ext) 2-16+1-12(TH)
2-16+1-12(Th)+2- -16+1- -16+1-12(Th)+2-
1-B/A 1st floor 12(Ext) 2-16+1-12(TH) 12(Th) 2-16+1-12(TH) 12(Ext) 2-16+1-12(TH)
2-16+1-12(Th)+2- -16+1- -16+1-12(Th)+2-
2-D/C 1st floor 12(Ext) 2-16+1-12(TH) 12(Th) 2-16+1-12(TH) 12(Ext) 2-16+1-12(TH)

23
 2-16+1-12(Th)+2- -16+1- -16+1-12(Th)+2-
2-C/B 1st floor 12(Ext) 2-16+1-12(TH) 12(Th) 2-16+1-12(TH) 12(Ext) 2-16+1-12(TH)
2-16+1-12(Th)+2- -16+1- -16+1-12(Th)+2-
2-B/A 1st floor 12(Ext) 2-16+1-12(TH) 12(Th) 2-16+1-12(TH) 12(Ext) 2-16+1-12(TH)
2-16+1-12(Th)+2- -16+1- -16+1-12(Th)+2-
3-D/C 1st floor 12(Ext) 2-16+1-12(TH) 12(Th) 2-16+1-12(TH) 12(Ext) 2-16+1-12(TH)
2-16+1-12(Th)+2- -16+1- -16+1-12(Th)+2-
3-C/B 1st floor 12(Ext) 2-16+1-12(TH) 12(Th) 2-16+1-12(TH) 12(Ext) 2-16+1-12(TH)
2-16+1-12(Th)+2- -16+1- -16+1-12(Th)+2-
A-1/2 1st floor 12(Ext) 2-16+1-12(TH) 12(Th) 2-16+1-12(TH) 12(Ext) 2-16+1-12(TH)
2-16+1-12(Th)+2- -16+1- -16+1-12(Th)+2-
B-1/2 1st floor 12(Ext) 2-16+1-12(TH) 12(Th) 2-16+1-12(TH) 12(Ext) 2-16+1-12(TH)
2-16+1-12(Th)+2- -16+1- -16+1-12(Th)+2-
B-2/3 1st floor 12(Ext) 2-16+1-12(TH) 12(Th) 2-16+1-12(TH) 12(Ext) 2-16+1-12(TH)
2-16+1-12(Th)+2- -16+1- -16+1-12(Th)+2-
C-1/2 1st floor 12(Ext) 2-16+1-12(TH) 12(Th) 2-16+1-12(TH) 12(Ext) 2-16+1-12(TH)
2-16+1-12(Th)+2- -16+1- -16+1-12(Th)+2-
C-2/3 1st floor 12(Ext) 2-16+1-12(TH) 12(Th) 2-16+1-12(TH) 12(Ext) 2-16+1-12(TH)
2-16+1-12(Th)+2- -16+1- -16+1-12(Th)+2-
D-1/2 1st floor 12(Ext) 2-16+1-12(TH) 12(Th) 2-16+1-12(TH) 12(Ext) 2-16+1-12(TH)
2-16+1-12(Th)+2- -16+1- -16+1-12(Th)+2-
D-2/3 1st floor 12(Ext) 2-16+1-12(TH) 12(Th) 2-16+1-12(TH) 12(Ext) 2-16+1-12(TH)
1-C/B 2nd floor 2-12(Th)+2-12(Ext) 3-12(TH) 2-12(Th) 3-12(TH) 2-12(Th)+2-12(Ext) 3-12(TH)
2-C/B 2nd floor 2-12(Th)+2-12(Ext) 3-12(TH) 2-12(Th) 3-12(TH) 2-12(Th)+2-12(Ext) 3-12(TH)
B-1/2 2nd floor 2-12(Th)+2-12(Ext) 3-12(TH) 2-12(Th) 3-12(TH) 2-12(Th)+2-12(Ext) 3-12(TH)
C-1/2 2nd floor 2-12(Th)+2-12(Ext) 3-12(TH) 2-12(Th) 3-12(TH) 2-12(Th)+2-12(Ext) 3-12(TH)

Note:-Th=Throughout rebar, Ext =Extra rebar, secondary beam size=230x300 with 3 nos 12 mm bar at top and bottom

24
5.3 Slab Design Summary
Size: 125mm
Reinforcement:
Let’s provide 8mm@150mm c/c both ways with usual layouts/curtailments wherever required
For more details, refer structural drawings

5.4 Staircase Design Summary

Staircase is designed as waist slab with following design details.
Waist Slab Thickness = 125 mm,
Longitudinal reinforcement: 12 mm dia. bars@ 150mm c/c,
Transverse Reinforcement: 8 mm dia. bars @ 150mm c/c

5.5 Foundation Design Summary

The foundation is designed as Isolated footing. Tie beams are provided in two different levels
one at the top level of footings (Lower Tie Beams) and another at the plinth level (Upper Tie
Beams).

Figure 5-7 : Base reaction for footing design

25
Table 5-3 : Footing Design Summary
Footing pad
Footing type Size(mm*mm) Depth(mm) Reinforcement
IF1(A1,A2,A3,B3,D1,D2,D3) 1600 X1600 400 mm 12 mm bar @150 c/c
both way
IF2(B1,C1,C3) 2000 X 2000 400 mm 12 mm bar @150 c/c
both way
IF3(B2,C2) 2300 X 2300 400 mm 12 mm bar @150 c/c
both way
Tie beam
LTB1 & UTB1 230 x300 Longitudinal bars: 3-12dia top &
bottom Stirrups : 2-legged 8 dia @ 6"
c/c
For more details, refer structural drawing

26
 6 CONCLUSION
After the analysis of the building components, the building is found to be safe against the gravity
as well as Seismic Loads. The section sizes and reinforcements are sufficient enough to
withstand all kinds of possible axial, shear, flexural and torsional forces. The building is
designed to make it good enough to assure Life Safety under Design Basis Earthquake
considered for Zoning factor 0.4, Importance Factor 1.0 and soft soil condition as per
NBC205:2077. Bearing capacity of the soil is taken as 120 KN/m2. M20 grade of concrete is
used for columns, beams, slabs and foundations. Ductile detailing as per IS13920:1993 has been
extensively adopted while detailing.
7 RECOMMENDATIONS
Design and construction of the structure are inter – related jobs. A performance of a building
depends upon a work and material quality during the construction more than the intensions
pursued during structural design. A large percentage of structural failures are attributed due to
poor quality of construction. Therefore, to assure the proper safety, material and work quality
should be maintained during the construction. Structural designer will be responsible for all the
designs but not for any faulty constructions happened at site beyond his supervision. Following
recommendations are made by the structural designer.
1. It is recommended to strictly follow the section sizes and reinforcements provided in the
structural drawings.
2. It is recommended that the site engineer should be responsible to handle the problems that
may arise during construction. He/she shall also be responsible for maintaining the material and
process quality during construction.
3. It is strictly recommended that any changes in the design shall be done only with the
consultation of the structural designer.
4. It is strictly recommended to maintain the standards in the grade of cement and reinforcement
steel. It is recommended to run a cube test to ensure the strength and quality of the concrete
ratio used. It is also recommended test the reinforcement steels to ensure the quality of steel
used.

27
 ANNEXES
ANNEX -I: REFERENCES
IS: 456 – 2000 Code of Practice for Plain and Reinforced Concrete

IS: 875 (Parts 1-5) Code of practice for design loads (other than earthquake)
for buildings and structures (second revision)
Part 1 – Dead loads Part
2 – Imposed load

NBC 105: 2020 Seismic Design of Buildings in Nepal

IS: 1893 – 2016 Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures

IS: 13920 - 1993 Ductile Detailing of Reinforced Concrete Structures

subjected to Seismic forces - Code of Practice

SP: 16 – 1980 Design Aids for Reinforced Concrete to IS: 456 – 1978

SP: 34 – 1987 Handbook on Concrete Reinforcement Detailing

Jain, A.K Reinforced Concrete, Limit State Design, fifth edition,

Nelam Chand and Bros, Rookie, 1999

Sinha, S. N. Reinforced Concrete Design, second edition, Tata

McGraw Hill Publishing Company Ltd, New Delhi, 1996

Pillai, U.C. and Menon,D. Reinforced Concrete Design, second edition, Tata
McGraw Hill Publishing Company Ltd, New Delhi, 2003

Neelam Sharma Reinforced cement concrete design

28
ANNEX-II: SAMPLE DESIGN CALCULATIONS

SAMPLE BEAM DESIGN BY SAP

Indian IS 456-2000 BEAM SECTION DESIGN Type: Ductile Frame Units: KN, mm, C (Summary)

L=4318.
Element : 2 D=350. B=230. bf=230.
Station Loc : 0. ds=0. dct=40. dcb=40.
Section ID : Beam 230x350 E=22.361 fc=0.02 Lt.Wt. Fac.=1.
Combo ID : 1.5DL+1.5LL fy=0.5 fys=0.5

Gamma(Concrete): 1.5
Gamma(Steel) : 1.15

Factored Forces and Moments

Factored Factored Factored Factored
Mu3 Tu Vu2 Pu
-92104.874 4472.647 123.816 0.

Design Moments, Mu3

Factored Torsion Positive Negative
Moment Mt Moment Moment
-92104.874 6634.617 0. -98739.49

Longitudinal Reinforcement for Moment and Torsion (Mu3, Tu)

Required +Moment -Moment Minimum
Rebar Rebar Rebar Rebar
Top (+2 Axis) 879.774 0. 879.774 219.943
Bottom (-2 Axis) 439.887 0. 347.001 439.887

Shear Reinforcement for Shear and Torsion (Vu2, Tu)

Rebar Shear Shear Shear Shear
Asv/s Ve Vc Vs Vp
0.96 123.816 47.541 107.388 43.279

Torsion Reinforcement for Torsion and Shear (Tu, Vu2)

Rebar Torsion Shear Core Core
Asvt/s Tu Vu b1 d1
0.96 4472.647 123.816 170. 290.

29
SAMPLE COLUMN DESIGN

Indian IS 456-2000 COLUMN SECTION DESIGN Type: Ductile Frame Units: KN, mm, C (Summary)

L=3200.4
Element : 56 B=300. D=300. dc=58.
Station Loc : 0. E=22.361 fc=0.02 Lt.Wt. Fac.=1.
Section ID : column 300 x300 fy=0.5 fys=0.5
Combo ID : DL+*LL+Eqx ULS RLLF=1.

Gamma(Concrete): 1.5
Gamma(Steel) : 1.15

AXIAL FORCE & BIAXIAL MOMENT DESIGN FOR Pu, Mu2, Mu3
Rebar Design Design Design Factored Factored
Area Pu Mu2 Mu3 Mu2 Mu3
2870.232 518.256 10365.124 85927.215 5.408 85927.215

AXIAL FORCE & BIAXIAL MOMENT FACTORS

K L Initial Additional Minimum
Factor Length Moment Moment Moment
Major Bending(M3) 1. 3200.4 34370.886 0. 10365.124
Minor Bending(M2) 1. 3200.4 -725.587 0. 10365.124

SHEAR DESIGN FOR Vu2,Vu3

Rebar Shear Shear Shear Shear
Asv/s Vu Vc Vs Vp
Major Shear(V2) 0.333 48.474 85.626 29.04 42.843
Minor Shear(V3) 0.333 42.116 85.626 29.04 42.116

JOINT SHEAR DESIGN (INFORMATIVE ONLY)

Joint Shear Shear Shear Shear Joint
Ratio VTop VuTot Vc Area
Major Shear(V2) N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
Minor Shear(V3) N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

(1.4) BEAM/COLUMN CAPACITY RATIOS (INFORMATIVE ONLY)

Major Minor
Ratio Ratio
N/A N/A

Notes:
N/A: Not Applicable
N/C: Not Calculated
N/N: Not Needed

30
SAMPLE SLAB DESIGN
The design calculation of slab critical slab has been shown in sample slab design

1.0 General Data:

Depth of slab : (D) 125 mm
Grade of Concrete : (fck) 20 N/mm2
Grade of Steel : (fy) 500 N/mm2
Effective cover: (d') 20 mm
Effective depth of slab : (d) 105 mm
Effective length:
Shoter span: (lx) 4.13 m
Longer span: (ly) 4.27 m

2.0 Loading:
Dead Load: (DL) 3.125 KN/m2
Other Dead Load: (ODL) 2 KN/m2
Live Load: (LL) 2 KN/m2
Total Load: (w) 7.125 KN/m2
Factored Load: (wu) 10.6875 KN/m2

3.0 Type of slab:

1.034

Type: Two way Slab

4.0 Calculation of Moments:

Moment coefficient:
Type of Slab Panel: 4
Short span coefficient: αx
Support S 0.04904
Mid Span M 0.0367
Long span coefficient: αy
Support S 0.047
Mid Span M 0.035
Moments:

31
 Short span moments:
Support S 8.94 KN-m
Mid Span M 6.691 KN-m

Long span moments:

Support S 8.568 KN-m
Mid Span M 6.381 KN-m

5.0 Check depth for maximum Moments:

Maximum moments: Mu 8.94 KN-m
Moment coefficient: k 0.134
< 105
effective depth: d 58 mm
OK

6.0 Calculation of reinforcement:

6.1 For shorter span
Mim'm reinforcement (Ast)min 126 mm2
Design moment: Mx 8.94 KN-m
Neutral axis depth : x 13 mm
Area of steel required: Ast 207 mm2
Area of steel provided: Ø 8 mm
S 150 mm
Ast 336 mm2
Pt 0.32 %
For longer span
Effective depth d 97 mm
Mim'm reinforcement (Ast)min 117 mm2
Design moment: Mx 8.568 KN-m
Neutral axis depth : x 13 mm
Area of steel required: Ast 216 mm2
Area of steel provided: Ø 8 mm
S 150 mm
Ast 336 mm2
Pt 0.347 %

32
7.0 Check for shear stress:
Maximum shear force: Vu 22.07 KN
Shear Stress: tv 0.211 N/mm2
β 7.257
Concrete Shear Strength: tc 0.399 N/mm2
Shear Strength factor: K 1.3
Shear Strength of Slab: tc' 0.5187 > 0.211 N/mm2
OK

8.0 Check for development length:

Ultimate moment Capacity: M1 14.12 KN-m
Maximum Shear Force: V 22.07 KN
Bond Stress: tbd 1.92 N/mm2
Development length: Ld 454 mm
Anchorage length: L0 105 mm
Available length: 937 > Ld
OK

8.0 Check for deflection:

length to eff. Depth ratio: l/d 39.334

α 23
β 1
ϒ 2.000 for fs = 178.661 N/mm2
δ 1 and Pt = 0.32 %
λ 1
Coefficient: 46.000
OK

33
SAMPLE ISOLATED FOOTING DESIGN
Size of column
Bc = 300 mm
Dc = 300 mm
Column Load (V) = 265.1533 KN
Bearing Capacity (qa) = 120 KN/m2
Grade of Concrete (fck) = 20 Mpa
Grade of Steel (fy)= 500 Mpa

Calculation of size of footing

wt. of foundation = 26.52 KN
Total Load (P)= 291.67 KN
Area of footing = 2.431 m2
*Note:Taking the ratio of width and length of footing same as that of column dimensions

Size of footing
L= 1.559 m
B= 1.559 m
Provided (L) = 1.600 m
Provided (B) = 1.600 m

Upward reaction (q') = 155.363 KN/m

Max'm B.M. = 32.820 KN-m

Calculation for depth of footing

B.M. = 0.134 fckbd2
depth (d)= 111 mm
Provided depth (d) = 350 mm

Check for Shear

Per. Shear Strength (τc) = 0.25√fck 1.118 N/mm2
a) Punching shear
depth (d)= 350 mm
Punching shear(τ'V) = 0.365 N/mm2
Ok

34
 Provided depth (d) = 350 mm
Overall Depth (D)= 400 mm

b) One way Shear (Calculation for no shear reinforcement)

depth (d) = 350 mm
Max'm S.F. = 46.609 KN
One way Shear (τv) = 0.133 N/mm2
Provided Ast = 0.18 %
β= 12.90
Concrete Shear strength (τc)= 0.312 N/mm2
Ok
Ast = 630 mm2

Calculation for reinforcement

Ast = 220 mm2

Ast required = 630 mm2
mm
Provided, Size = 12 dia
Spacing = 150 mm c/c
Ast Provided= 754 mm2
Ok
Area of Steel Along width
B.M. = 32.820 KN-m
Ast = 630 mm2
mm
Provided, Size = 12 dia
Spacing = 150 mm c/c
Ast Provided= 754 mm2
Ok

Development Length

35
 Bond stress(τbd)= 1.920 N/mm2
Development length (Ld)= 680 mm
Available Ld along length = 600 mm
Provide
Hook

Load Transfer from Column to Footing

Nominal bearing stress in
column = 4.419 N/mm2
Allowable bearing stress = 0.45*fck
9.000 N/mm2
Thus no additional dowel bars are required to transfer load

SAMPLE STAIRCASE DESIGN

1 Data
Grade of steel(fy) 500 N/mm2
Grade of concrete(fck) 20 N/mm2
Nominal cover 15 mm
diameter of main bars 12 mm
diameter of distribution bars 8 mm
Tread 250 mm
Rise 180 mm
thickness of waist slab 125 mm
Effective Depth= 104 mm
Thickness of landing slab 125 mm
support width 0.23 m

2 Load on waist slab

Inclined length per steps 0.308 m
Self weight of waist slab 0.96 KN/m
self weight of step 0.56 KN/m
total dead load 1.53 KN/m
total dead load(per m2) 6.10 KN
live load 3 KN
floor finish 1.2 KN
total load per sq.m. 10.30 KN
Factored load per sq.m. 15.45 KN

36
 load per m 15.45 KN/m

3 Load on landing
self weight of slab = 3.13 KN/m2
floor finish 1.20 KN/m2
live load 3.00 KN/m2
load per m sq. 7.33 KN/m2
factored load 10.99 KN/m2
load/m 10.99 KN/m

4 Crtitical Flight
4.1 Rebar calculation
span of landing A 1.14 m
span of landing B 0.76 m
span of flight 2 m
Span of landing A with support 1.255
Span of landing B with support 0.875
effective span of flight with
support 2
effective span 4.13
reaction at B support 22.22 kN
reaction at A support 20.39 kN
point of maximum moment(x) 1.682 m
Max.bending moment 18.34 KNm
Ast required 455.45 mm2
spacing required 248.32148 mm
spacing provided 150 mm
Ast Provided 753.98224 mm2
Providing 12mm dia. @ 150mm c/c as main rebar

4.2 Check for shear

Max Vu= 22.22
Tv 0.214 N/mm2
Pt= 0.72
β 3.20
Tc 0.57 N/sq.mm
safe in shear

37
4.3 Development Length
M1= 18.34 KNm
V= 22.22 KN
L0 0.144 m
Ldmax= 969.42744 mm
Ld provided 679.6875 mm
OK

4.4 Deflection check

Ast Required 455.45 mm2
Ast Provided 753.98 mm2
Pt= 0.72 %
Fs 175.18
Modification Factor 1.6
a 20
L/d max= 32
L/d Provided= 39.71
Not safe,so side wall should be constructed to control deflection
5 Distribution bar
Ast required 0.12*b*D
150
spacing required 335.10
Spacing provided 150
Providing 8mm dia. @ 150mm c/c as distribution rebar

38