Ashraful’s Science Cocktail (Preli) 1

mKj Aa¨vq †_‡K weMZ wewmG‡m Avmv me cÖkœ co‡eb

†fŠZ weÁv‡bi Dbœqb
c`v_©weÁv‡bi Dbœq‡b hviv Ae`vb †i‡L‡Qb
†_wjm :  †jvW‡÷v‡bi Pz¤^K ag© m¤•‡K© Rvb‡Zb|
†W‡gvwµUvm :  c`v‡_©i AwefvR¨ GK‡Ki bvg †`b cigvYy|
:  avZzi †fRvj wbY©‡q cÐeZv m–Î Avwe®‹vi K‡ib|
AvwK©wgwWm
 †Mvjxq `c©‡Yi mvnv‡h¨ m–h©iwk¥‡K †K›`ªxf‚Z K‡i Av¸Y R¡vjv‡bvi †KŠkj Avwe®‹vi
(wmwmwj, MÖxm)
K‡ib|
wjIbv‡`©v `v wfw :  cvwLi Dov ch©‡e¶Y K‡i D‡ovRvnv‡Ri g‡Wj ˆZwi K‡iwQ‡jb|
:  gy³fv‡e coš@ e¯‘i m–Î Avwe®‹vi K‡ib|
M¨vwjwjI (BZvjx)
 †hŠwMK AYyex¶Y I `–iex¶Y hš¿ Avwe®‹vi K‡bi|
:  gZev`: Ôm–h©B †mŠiRM‡Zi †K›`ª Ges c„w_ex I MÖn¸‡jv Zvi Pviw`‡K Ny‡i
wb‡Kvjvm †KvcviwbKvm
Pj‡QÕ|
:  wZwb 1665 mv‡j gnvKl© e‡ji ZË¡, K¨vjKzjvm I Av‡jvi eY©vwj Avwe®‹vi
wbDUb K‡ib|
 weL¨vZ MÖš’: Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica.
:  wZwb 1905 mv‡j 'Theory of Relativity' (Av‡cw¶K ZË¡) cÖ`vb K‡ib|
 wZwb eªvDbxq MwZ, Av‡jvK Zwor wµqv, Av‡cw¶KZvi ZË¡ Ges kw³ I RoZvi m–Î
AvjevU© AvBb÷vBb BZ¨vw` RMr weL¨vZ m–‡Îi Avwe®‹viK|
(Rvg©vwb)  wZwb AvaywbK c`v_©weÁv‡bi RbK|
 1921 mv‡j Av‡jvK Zwor wµqv Avwe®‹v‡ii Rb¨ wZwb †bv‡ej cyi®‹vi cvb|
 weL¨vZ mgxKiY E = mc2 cÖ`vb K‡ib|
:  cvigvYweK †evgvi RbK| 2023 mv‡j ÔI‡cb‡nBgviÕ bvgK Pjw”PÎ ˆZwi K‡ib
I‡cb‡nBgvi
wµ‡÷vdvi †bvjvb|
g¨v·cШvsK :  †Kvqv›Uvg ZË¡ cÖ`vb K‡ib (1900)|
†Rgm K¬vK© g¨v·I‡qj :  Zvwor †PŠ¤^K Z‡Ë¡i cÖe³v|
Ugvm Avjfv GwWmb :  ˆe`y¨wZK evwZ Avwe®‹vi K‡ib|
i›U‡Rb :  wZwb 1895 mv‡j G·-†i Avwe®‹vi K‡ib|
:  XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi c`v_©weÁv‡bi Aa¨vcK wQ‡jb|
m‡Z¨›`ªbv_ †evm
 Zuvi bvgvbymv‡i GK †kÖwYi †gŠwjK KYv‡K Ô†evmbÕ KYv ejv nq|
†f±i igb :  †bv‡ej weRqx cÖ_g Dcgnv‡`‡ki weÁvbx (1930)|

weL¨vZ Avwe®‹vi I Avwe®‹viK

weÁvbxi bvg Avwe®‹vi weÁvbxi bvg Avwe®‹vi
Aiwfj ivBU I BDjevi ivBU D‡ovRvnvR wU GBP gvBg¨vb ‡jRvi iwk¥
†e‡K‡ij BD‡iwbqvg ‡R Gm K¨vjwe IC
jwR †eqvW© †Uwjwfkb ‡_wjm w¯’i Zwor
MÖvnvg †ej †Uwj‡dvb ‡Rgm IqvU ev®• PvwjZ BwÄb
gvK©wb †eZvi hš¿ nvIqvW© AvB‡Kb Kw¤•DUvi
Avj‡d«W †bv‡ej wWbvgvBU wb‡Kvjvm A‡Uv ‡c‡Uªvj BwÄb
RywjI Kzwi AvYweK kw³
 2 Ashraful's Science Cocktail (Preli)
ˆeÁvwbK hš¿ I Zvi e¨envi
I‡WvwgUvi : †gvUiMvwoi MwZ wbY©vqK hš¿|
U¨v‡KvwgUvi : D‡ovRvnv‡Ri MwZ wbY©vqK hš¿|
wmm‡gvMÖvd : f‚wgK‡¤•i Drm I MwZ wbY©vqK hš¿|
wiKUvi †¯‹j : f‚wgK‡¤•i ZxeªZv cwigvcK hš¿|
†iBb‡MR : e„wó cwigvcK hš¿|
j¨vK‡UvwgUvi : `y‡ai weï×Zv cwigvcK hš¿|
AwëwgUvi : D”PZv cwigvcK hš¿|
wùM‡gvg¨v‡bvwgUvi : i‡³i Pvc gvcvi hš¿|
e¨v‡ivwgUvi : evqyi Pvc gvcvi hš¿|
g¨v‡bvwgUvi : M¨v‡mi Pvc gvcvi hš¿|
nvB‡MÖvwgUvi : evZv‡mi Av`ª©Zv cwigvcK hš¿|
d¨v‡`vwgUvi : mgy‡`ªi MfxiZv cwigvcK hš¿|
nvB‡Wªv‡dvb : cvwbi Zjvq kã wbiƒcY hš¿|
RvB‡ivK¤•vm : Rvnv‡Ri w`K wbY©vqK hš¿|
AwWIwgUvi : k‡ãi ZxeªZv wbY©vqK hš¿|
‡cwi‡¯‹vc : mve‡gwib †_‡K mgy‡`ªi Dc‡i RvnvR †`Lvi hš¿|
†m·U¨v›U : m–h© I Ab¨vb¨ MÖ‡ni D”PZv cwigvcK hš¿|
†µm‡KvMÖvd : Dw™¢‡`i e„w× wbY©vqK hš¿|
KvwW©IMÖvd : ü`wc‡Ûi MwZ wbY©vqK hš¿|
cwjMÖvd : wg_¨v aivi hš¿|
†÷‡_v‡¯‹vc : ü`wcÛ I dzmdz‡mi kw³ wbY©vqK hš¿|
wcGmwm I Ab¨vb¨ cix¶vq Avmv ¸i“Z¡c–Y© cÖkœ b¤^i
01, 02, 11, 13, 20, 24, 26, 41, 45, 49, 50, 51, 53, 55, 64, 68

†fŠZ ivwk I cwigvc

 cÖKvi‡f`: ivwk `yÕcÖKvi| h_v-
(ii) ‡hŠwMK ivwk/jä ivwk: †h mKj ivwk †gŠwjK ivwki Dci wbf©i K‡i ev †gŠwjK ivwk †_‡K jvf Kiv hvq Zv‡`i‡K
jä ivwk e‡j| †gŠwjK ivwk Qvov evwK meB †hŠwMK ivwk| †hgb-
ivwk GKK (SI) ivwk GKK (SI)
¶gZv IqvU †j‡Ýi ¶gZv WvB AÞvi
K¤•v¼ nvR© †ZRw¯ŒqZv †e‡K‡ij
`xcb ¶gZv K¨v‡Ûjv
 gvb I w`‡Ki Dci wfwË K‡i ivwk 2 cÖKvi| h_v-
(i) †f±i ivwk: †h ivwk wbY©‡qi Rb¨ gvb I w`K Df‡qi cÖ‡qvRb Zv‡K †f±i ivwk e‡j| †hgb- miY, IRb, †eM,
fi‡eM, Z¡iY, ej, Zwor ZxeªZv, †PŠ¤^K ZxeªZv, c„ôUvb, gnvKlx©q ej, mv›`ªZv, g›`b, åvgK BZ¨vw`|
(ii) †¯‹jvi ivwk: †h ivwk wbY©‡qi Rb¨ ïay gvb cÖ‡qvRb, w`‡Ki cÖ‡qvRb nq bv, Zv‡K †¯‹jvi ivwk e‡j|
D`vniY: ˆ`N©¨, fi, `ª“wZ, KvR, ¶gZv, kw³, mgq, ZvcgvÎv BZ¨vw`| A_©vr †f±i ev‡` mKj ivwkB †¯‹jvi ivwk|
 GK‡Ki Avš@R©vwZK c×wZ: 1960 mv‡j GK‡Ki Avš@R©vwZK c×wZ Pvjy nq| SI Gi c–Y©iƒc International System of
Units. Gm AvB (SI) GKK Pvjyi c–‡e© c„w_ex‡Z GK‡Ki wZbwU c×wZ Pvjy wQj| h_v-
(i) CGS (Centimeter Gram Second System)
(ii) MKS (Meter Kilogram Second System)
(iii) FPS (Foot Pound Second System)
 Ashraful’s Science Cocktail (Preli) 3
 †gwUªK I weªwUk cwigv‡ci m¤•K©:
1 Bw = 2.54 †m.wg. (cÖvq) 100 wK‡jvMÖvg = 1 KzB›Uvj
1 gvBj = 1.61 wK.wg. (cÖvq) 1000 wK‡jvMÖvg = 1 †gwUªK Ub
1 wgUvi = 39.37 Bw (cÖvq) 1 †gwUªKUb = 1000 †KwR
1 wK.wg. = 0.62 gvBj 1 Nb wgUvi = 1000 wjUvi
1 eM©Bw = 6.45 eM© †m.wg. 1 cvDÛ = 0.4545 wK‡jvMÖvg
1 †n±i = 2.47 GKi = 10000 eM©wgUvi
 †QvU, eo I b‡fvgÛjxq GKK:
 1 G¨vs÷ªg (Å) = 10–8 †m.wg. = 10–10 wgUvi
 1 cvi‡mK = 3.26 Av‡jvKel© [cvi‡mK n‡jv `–i‡Z¡i me‡P‡q eo GKK]
 1 GKK cvigvYweK fi = 1.66  10–27 MÖvg
 1 bwUK¨vj gvBj = 1.853 wK‡jvwgUvi

Zi½ I kã (Wave & Sound)

 mÂvj‡bi Dcv‡qi wfwˇZ Zi½ `yB cÖKvi| h_v-
(i) Avo Zi½ ev AbycÖ¯’ Zi½|
(ii) jw¤^K Zi½ ev Aby‰`N©¨ Zi½|
(i) Abyc¯ Ö ’ Zi½ (Transverse Wave): D`vniY- cvwbi Zi½, Av‡jvK Zi½, †eZvi Zi½ BZ¨vw`|
(ii) Aby‰`N©¨ Zi½ (Longitudinal Wave): D`vniY- kãZi½, w¯•Ös Gi Zi½ BZ¨vw`|
 Zi‡½i ˆewkó¨:
 Zi½ cÖwZdjb, cÖwZmiY, e¨wZPvi Ges AceZ©b NUvq|
 Zi‡½i †eM gva¨‡gi cÖK…wZi Dci wbf©i K‡i|

kã
 kã (Sound):
 Dr‡mi K¤•v¼ 20 Hz – 20000 Hz Gi g‡a¨ n‡j Avgiv kã ïb‡Z cvB|
 k‡ãi cÖvej¨ ev ZxeªZvi GKK †ej (B)| GwU eo gv‡ci GKK| Avwe®‹viK- DBwjqvg MÖvnvg †ej|
 kã Kvb †_‡K gv_vq wb‡q hvq = AwWUix øvqy| ü`wc‡Ûi kã †kvbvi Rb¨ †÷‡_v‡¯‹vc e¨envi Kiv nq|
 K‡qKwU k‡ãi ZxeªZvi †j‡fj:
kã ZxeªZvi †j‡fj (dB)
me©wbæ kÖve¨ kã/gkvi cvLvi kã 0
¯^vfvweK K_vevZ©v 60
Kv‡b †e`bv `vbKvix my‡i kã 120
 Avgiv kã ïb‡Z Af¨¯@ 50 – 60 dB  70 dB Gi †ewk kã `–lY|
 105 dB Gi †ewk ewai n‡q hv‡e gvbyl|  gvby‡li K_vevZ©vi kã 40 – 60 dB|
 k‡ãi ZxeªZv †j‡e‡ji mnbxq gvÎv WHO Gi g‡Z 45 dB Ges evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii g‡Z 55 dB|
k‡ãi †eM
 k‡ãi †eM (Speed of Sound):
 kã mÂvj‡bi Rb¨ w¯’wZ¯’vcK Ro gva¨‡gi cÖ‡qvRb| k–b¨ gva¨‡g k‡ãi †eM k–b¨ A_©vr kã Pj‡Z cv‡i bv|
P›`ªc„‡ô †Kvb we‡ùviY n‡j Avgiv ïb‡Z cvwi bv KviY Puv‡` †Kvb evqygÛj †bB| kã mÂvj‡bi Rb¨ gva¨g
cÖ‡qvRb GwU cÖ_g cÖgvY K‡ib A‡Uvfb †MwiK|
 evqyi ZvcgvÎv hZ ev‡o evqy‡Z k‡ãi †eMI ZZ ev‡o| †hgb- kxZKvj A‡c¶v kã MÖx®§Kv‡j evqyi g‡a¨ `ª“Z P‡j|
0˚C ZvcgvÎvq Ges ¯^vfvweK Pv‡c ﮋ evqy‡Z k‡ãi †eM 332 ms–1| Avi ZvcgvÎv 1˚C e„w× †c‡j evZv‡m k‡ãi
†eM 0.6 ms–1 e„w× cv‡e| Avevi, ZvcgvÎvi Kvi‡Y w`‡bi †ejvq k‡ãi †eM iv‡Zi †ejvi †P‡qI †ewk nq|
 4 Ashraful's Science Cocktail (Preli)
 evqyi Av`ª©Zv e„w× †c‡j k‡ãi †eM e„w× cvq| kxZKv‡ji Zzjbvq el©vKv‡j evZv‡m Rjxqev‡®•i cwigvY †ewk _v‡K|
d‡j el©vKv‡j evqyi Av`ª©Zv †ewk _v‡K| GRb¨ kxZKv‡ji †P‡q el©vKv‡j k‡ãi †eM †ewk nq|
 k‡ãi †eM gva¨‡gi cÖK…wZi Dci wbf©ikxj| gva¨g wfwËK k‡ãi †e‡Mi µg n‡jv- KwVb > Zij > evqexq|
 mgy‡`ªi Zx‡i GKUv we‡ùviY NU‡j mg`–i‡Z¡ `uvwo‡q _vKv `yRb e¨w³i g‡a¨ whwb cvwbi wb‡P _vK‡eb wZwb Av‡M
kã ïb‡Z cvi‡eb| KviY kã evqy gva¨‡gi Zzjbvq Zij gva¨‡g `ª“Z P‡j|
cÖwZaŸwb
 cÖwZaŸwb †kvbvi kZ©:
 †kÖvZv I cÖwZdj‡Ki `–iZ¡ Kgc‡¶ 16.6 wgUvi ev 56 dzU n‡Z n‡e|
1
 g–j kã †_‡K cÖwZdwjZ kã Kgc‡¶ 10 ev 0.1 †m‡KÛ c‡i †cŠuQv‡Z n‡e| KviY †Kvb kã †kvbvi ci 0.1
†m‡KÛ ch©š@ Zv Avgv‡`i gw¯@‡®‹ †_‡K hvq| G‡K kãvbyf‚wZi ¯’vqxZ¡Kvj e‡j|
kÖve¨Zvi mxgv
 kÖve¨Zvi mxgv (Audible Range): k‡ãi K¤•b hw` cÖwZ †m‡K‡Û 20 Hz – 20000 Hz Gi g‡a¨ nq Z‡e †m kã gvbyl
ïb‡Z cv‡i| K¤•v‡¼i GB cvjÐv‡K kÖve¨Zvi cvjÐv e‡j| hw` K¤•v¼ 20 Hz Gi Kg nq Z‡e Zv‡K k‡ãZi
(Infrasonic)/ kÖ“wZc–e© K¤•b e‡j| hw` K¤•v¼ 20,000 Hz Gi †ewk nq Z‡e Zv‡K k‡ãvËi (Ultrasonic)/ kÖeYvZxZ
K¤•b e‡j|
wcGmwm I Ab¨vb¨ cix¶vq Avmv ¸i“Z¡c–Y© cÖkœ b¤^i
02, 04, 08, 18, 21, 26, 28, 33, 37, 55, 58, 60

Zvc I ZvcMwZwe`¨v
 Zvc (Heat): Zvc n‡jv GK cÖKvi kw³ hv VvÛv I Mi‡gi Abyf‚wZ RvMvq| 1 †KwR f‡ii †Kvb e¯‘i ZvcgvÎv 1 †Kjwfb
evov‡Z †h cwigvY Zv‡ci cÖ‡qvRb Zv‡K Av‡cw¶K Zvc e‡j|
Zv‡ci GKK:  SI c×wZ‡Z Zv‡ci GKK- Ryj (Joule)  1 Ryj = 0.24 K¨vjwi|
 CGS c×wZ‡Z Gi GKK- K¨vjwi (Calorie)  1 K¨vjwi = 4.2 Ryj
 K¨vjwiwgUvi Øviv Zvc cwigvc Kiv nq| Gi Avwe®‹viK: weÁvbx †i‡bv|
 GK K¨vjwi Zvc m¤•–Y©iƒ‡c hvwš¿K kw³‡Z iƒcvš@wiZ n‡j 4.2 Ryj KvR cvIqv hvq|
 ZvcgvÎv/DòZv (Temperature): ZvcgvÎv ev DòZv n‡”Q e¯‘i Zvcxq Ae¯’v hv wba©viY K‡i e¯‘wU‡K Ab¨ e¯‘i Zvcxq
ms¯•‡k© ivL‡j Zvc †`‡e bv †b‡e|
 Zv‡ci cÖevn Zv‡ci cwigv‡Yi Dci wbf©i K‡i bv| wKš‘ ZvcgvÎvi Dci wbf©i K‡i|
 ZvcgvÎvi Avš@R©vwZK (SI) GKK- †Kjwfb| CGS c×wZ‡Z ZvcgvÎvi GKK- wWMÖx †mjwmqvm|
 ZvcgvÎvi †¯‹j wZbwU| h_v- †mjwmqvm †¯‹j (˚C), dv‡ibnvBU †¯‹j (˚F) I †Kjwfb †¯‹j (K)|
 †mjwmqvm n‡jv we‡k¦i me‡P‡q †ewk e¨eüZ ZvcgvÎvi †¯‹j|
 weÁvbx‡`i Øviv me‡P‡q e¨eüZ ZvcgvÎvi †¯‹j- †Kjwfb|
 cvB‡ivwgUvi: m–‡h©i ZvcgvÎv (AwZ D”P ev AwZ wbæ ZvcgvÎv) wbY©vqK hš¿| e¯‘i ms¯•‡k© bv ‡h‡q GwU Øviv
ZvcgvÎv gvcv hvq|
 ZvcgvÎvi wewfbœ †¯‹j:
wbæ w¯’iv¼ ei‡di EaŸ© w¯’iv¼ cvwbi †gŠwjK `–i‡Z¡
†¯‹‡ji bvg ms‡KZ Avwe®‹viK
MjbvsK ùzUbvsK fvM msL¨v
†mw›U‡MÖW C A¨vbWvg© †mjwmqvm 0˚ 100˚ 100
dv‡ibnvBU F dv‡ibnvBU (Rvg©vwb) 32˚ 212˚ 180
†Kjwfb K †Kjwfb (weªwUk) 273˚ 373˚ 100
 Ashraful’s Science Cocktail (Preli) 5
†mjwmqvm I †Kjwfb †¯‹‡ji mnR m¤•K© n‡jv- †mjwmqvm †¯‹‡ji cv‡Vi mv‡_ 273 †hvM Ki‡j †Kjwfb †¯‹‡j cvV
cvIqv hvq| †hgb- 1˚C ZvcgvÎv = (1 + 273)K = 274K ZvcgvÎv|
 – 40˚ ZvcgvÎvq †mjwmqvm I †Kjwfb †¯‹‡j GKB gvb wb‡`©k K‡i| A_©vr – 40˚C = – 40˚F
 ZvcgvÎvi cv_©K¨ 1˚C n‡j †Kjwfb gv‡cI ZvcgvÎvi cv_©K¨ 1K mgvb n‡e| Z‡e dv‡ibnvBU gv‡c 1.8˚F cwieZ©b n‡e|
C F – 32 K – 273 R
 ZvcgvÎvi wewfbœ †¯‹‡ji g‡a¨ m¤•K©: 5 = 9 = 5 = 4
 MvwYwZK mgm¨v:
(1) my¯’ gvby‡li †`‡ni ZvcgvÎv 98.4˚F †mjwmqvm †¯‹‡j GB ZvcgvÎv KZ n‡e? DËi: 36.89˚C
 cvwbi ˆÎawe›`y (Triple Point of Water):
 †h ZvcgvÎv I Pv‡c cvwb ev®•xq, Zij I KwVb Ae¯’vq weivR K‡i Zv‡K cvwbi ˆÎawe›`y e‡j|
 cvwbi ˆÎawe›`yi ZvcgvÎv 273.16 †Kjwfb|
 cig k–b¨ ZvcgvÎv (Absolute Zero Temperature): †h ZvcgvÎvq †Kvb M¨v‡mi AvqZb k–b¨ n‡q hvq Zv‡K cigk–b¨
ZvcgvÎv e‡j| G‡K Pig kxZjZvI e‡j|
 0˚K ev – 273˚C ev – 459˚F †K cigk–b¨ ZvcgvÎv ejv nq| A_©vr – 273˚C ZvcgvÎvq M¨v‡mi AvqZb k–b¨ n‡q hvq|
 cigk–b¨ ZvcgvÎvi m–ÎwU cÖ`vb K‡ib Pvj©m|
 cÖgvY ZvcgvÎv I Pvc: †h ZvcgvÎvq cÖgvY Pv‡c eid M‡j cvwb‡Z cwiYZ nq †mB ZvcgvÎv‡K cÖgvY ZvcgvÎv e‡j|
†mjwmqvm †¯‹‡j GwU 0˚C Ges SI GK‡K ev cig ZvcgvÎvi †¯‹‡j GwU 273K| mgy`ªc„‡ô 45˚ A¶vs‡k 0˚C A_©vr 273K
DòZvq cÖgvY AwfKl©R Z¡i‡Y 76 cm D”P cvi`¯@‡¤¢i Pvc‡K GK A¨vU‡gvwùqvi Pvc ev 1 atm Pvc ev cÖgvY Pvc e‡j|
 cÖgvY Ae¯’vq GK †gvj M¨v‡mi AvqZb 22.4 dm3 wjUvi|
 STP = Standard Temperature and Pressure.
 NTP = Normal Temperature and Pressure.
 wK¬wbK¨vj ev Wv³vwi _v‡g©vwgUvi:
 G _v‡g©vwgUv‡i dv‡ibnvBU †¯‹‡j `vM KvUv _v‡K|
 _v‡g©vwgUv‡ii Mv‡q 95˚C – 110˚F ch©š@ `vM KvUv _v‡K|
 gvbe‡`‡ni ¯^vfvweK ZvcgvÎv 98.4˚F ev 36.9˚C ev 310˚F
 kix‡ii ZvcgvÎv cwigv‡c GwU e¨envi Kiv nq|
 _v‡g©vwgUvi Avwe®‹vi K‡ib W¨vwb‡qj MÖ¨vweª‡qj dv‡ibnvBU|
c`v‡_©i Zvcxq cÖmviY
 KwVb c`v‡_©i cÖmviY: cÖvq mKj c`v_©B Zvc cÖ‡qv‡M cÖmvwiZ nq Avi Zvc Acmvi‡Y msKzwPZ nq (e¨wZµg: cvwb,
†jvnv, A¨vw›Ugwb, wemgv_)|
G‡`i cÖmvi‡Yi µg n‡jv- evqexq > Zij > KwVb|

 KwVb c`v‡_©i cÖmvi‡Yi cÖ‡qvM:

(ii) MÐv‡m Mig cvwb Xvj‡j Gi wfZ‡ii w`K Mig cvwbi ms¯•‡k© `ª“Z cÖmvwiZ nq| wKš‘ KuvP Zv‡ci Kzcwievnx e‡j Zvc
evB‡ii w`‡K mÂvwjZ n‡Z cv‡i bv| ZvB evB‡ii w`K mv‡_ mv‡_ cÖmvwiZ nq bv| d‡j Amg cÖmvi‡Yi Kvi‡Y
Kuv‡Pi MÐvm †d‡U hvq|
(iii) we`y¨r ev †Uwj‡dv‡bi Zvi Szwj‡q Uvbv nq, KviY kxZKv‡j VvÛvq Zvi msKzwPZ nq| ms‡KvP‡bi d‡j Zvi wQ‡o
†h‡Z cv‡i ev LuywU †f‡½ †h‡Z cv‡i|
(v) gvSLv‡b †Mvj‡Ki wQ`ª wewkó GKwU †cÐU‡K DËß Ki‡j †cЇUi cÖmvi‡Yi Kvi‡Y wQ`ªwU K‡g hv‡e|

 cvwbi e¨wZµgx cÖmviY: Av`k© cwi‡e‡k 4˚C ZvcgvÎvq cvwbi NbZ¡ me‡P‡q †ewk _v‡K Ges AvqZb me‡P‡q Kg _v‡K
A_©vr cvwb Gmgq me‡P‡q fvix nq| ZvcgvÎv 4˚C Gi Kg ev †ewk n‡j cvwbi NbZ¡ Kg nq|
 cvwbi MjbvsK I wngvsK 0˚C
 6 Ashraful's Science Cocktail (Preli)
MjbvsK :  ei‡di MjbvsK 0˚C ev 32˚F ev 273.16 K
 Mjbvs‡Ki gva¨‡g KwVb c`v‡_©i weï×Zv hvPvB Kiv hvq|
ùzUbvsK :  cvwbi ùzUbvsK 100˚C (99.98˚C) ev 212˚F ev 373K
 ùzUbvs‡Ki gva¨‡g Zij c`v‡_©i weï×Zv hvPvB Kiv hvq|
 wngvjq ce©‡Zi Ic‡i ùzUbvsK 70˚C|
 ùzUb ïi“ nevi 15-20 wgwbU ci cvwb RxevYygy³ nq|
 cvwb hLb dzU‡Z _v‡K ZLb Gi DòZv GKB _v‡K|
 ùzUbvs‡Ki Dci Pv‡ci cÖfve: Zi‡ji ùzUbvsK Zi‡ji Dciw¯’Z evqyPv‡ci Dci wbf©ikxj| Pvc Kg‡j Zi‡ji ùzUbvsK
K‡g hvq A_ev Zij Kg ZvcgvÎvq dz‡U|
 †cÖmvi KzKvi:
 Pvc e„wׇZ Zi‡ji ùzUbvsK e„w× cvq GB bxwZ‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q †cÖmvi KzKvi ˆZwi Kiv nq|
 †cÖmvi KzKv‡ii cvwbi ùzUbvsK cÖvq 130˚C

 ev®•xfeb: †Kvb Zij‡K Zvc cÖ`vb K‡i H Zij c`v_©‡K ev‡®• cwiYZ Kivi cÖwµqv‡K ev®•xfeb e‡j| ev®•xfeb `ywU
c×wZ‡Z n‡Z cv‡i- (i) ¯^Ztev®•xfeb I (ii) ùzUb
ev®•xfe‡bi K‡qKwU D`vniY-
(iii) d¨vb Pvjv‡j Avgiv VvÛv Abyfe Kwi KviY d¨vb kixi †_‡K ev®•xfe‡bi nvi evwo‡q †`q|
(v) †fRv Kvco Mv‡q ivL‡j kix‡ii myßZvc Kvc‡oi cvwb ev®•xfe‡b mvnvh¨ K‡i| d‡j kix‡ii ZvcgvÎv K‡g
hvq| †ewk¶Y †fRv Kvco Mv‡q ivL‡j kixi VvÛv n‡q mw`©Kvwk nIqvi m¤¢vebv _v‡K|
 Av‡cw¶K Zvc (Specific Heat): Av‡cw¶K Zv‡ci GKK Jkg–1K–1 | cvwbi Av‡cw¶K Zvc 4200 Jkg–1K–1 |

Zvc mÂvjb
Zvc mÂvj‡bi cÖwµqv wZbwU| h_v- cwienb, cwiPjb I wewKiY|
 cwienb (Conduction):
 Zvc cwien‡bi Rb¨ Ro gva¨‡gi cÖ‡qvRb|
 k–b¨ gva¨‡g Zv‡ci cwienb nq bv|
 Zv‡ci cwienb µg: KwVb > Zij > evqexq|
 Zvc mycwievnx c`v_©: †h c`v_© Lye mn‡R Zvc cwienb Ki‡Z cv‡i Zv‡`i mycwievnx c`v_© e‡j| †hgb- iƒcv, Zvgv,
†mvbv, †jvnv, A¨vjywgwbqvg BZ¨vw`|
 Zvc Kzcwievnx c`v_©: †h me c`v_© Zvc fv‡jv cwienb Ki‡Z cv‡i bv Zv‡`i Kzcwievnx ejv nq| †hgb- KvV, KuvP,
ckg, Zzjv, KvMR BZ¨vw`|
 cÖvZ¨wnK Rxe‡b Zvc cwien‡bi e¨envwiK D`vniY:
(iv) ivbœv Kivi Rb¨ †h cvÎ e¨envi Kwi Zv g–jZ A¨vjywgwbqvg, Zvgv ev wcZ‡ji ˆZwi| D³ c`v_©¸‡jv Zvc mycwievnx
e‡j Lye ZvovZvwo ivbœv nq Ges Zv‡ci AcPq Kg nq|
 Zv‡ci cwiPjb (Convection):
 mvaviYZ Zij I M¨v‡mi †¶‡Î Zvc mÂvjb cwiPjb c×wZ‡Z nq|
 Zv‡ci wewKiY (Radiation):
 k–b¨ gva¨‡g PjvPj K‡i (Vaccum)| GwU Zvc mÂvj‡bi me‡P‡q `ª“Z cÖwµqv|
 wewKY© Zvc Av‡jvi gZ mij‡iLvq P‡j|
 wewKY© Zv‡ci MwZ‡eM Av‡jvi MwZ‡e‡Mi mgvb|
 †h‡Kvb DËß e¯‘ Av‡jv wewKiY K‡i| †hgb- KuvP, †KvqvU©R|
 Ashraful’s Science Cocktail (Preli) 7

Zvc BwÄb
 cÖKvi‡f`: Zvcxq BwÄb `yB cÖKvi| h_v-
(i) Aš@`©n BwÄb: Bwćbi `nb wµqv g–j As‡ki †fZ‡i N‡U Zv‡K Aš@`©n BwÄb e‡j| †hgb- †c‡Uªvj BwÄb, wW‡Rj
BwÄb, †ijI‡q BwÄb, †gvUiMvwo BwÄb BZ¨vw`|
(ii) ewn`©n BwÄb: Bwćbi `nb wµqv g–j As‡ki evwn‡i N‡U Zv‡K ewn`©n BwÄb e‡j| †hgb- ev®• BwÄb|
Zvc BwÄb Avwe®‹viK
ev®•xq BwÄb †Rgm IqvUmb
†ijI‡q BwÄb w÷‡dbmb
†c‡Uªvj BwÄb W. A‡Uv
wW‡Rj BwÄb i“Wjd wW‡Rj

 †c‡Uªvj BwÄb: †c‡Uªvj BwÄb PZzN©vZ BwÄb KviY G Bwćb wc÷‡bi `yÕevi mvg‡b Ges `yÕevi †cQ‡b G Pvievi MwZi mgq
gvÎ GKevi R¡vjvwb mieivn Kiv nq| G Bwćbi cici PviwU Nv‡Zi wµqv‡K ejv nq A‡UvPµ| A‡UvP‡µ R¡vjvwb
mieivn Kiv nq gvÎ GKevi| †c‡Uªvj Bwćbi `¶Zv cÖvq 30%| †gvUiMvwo, jÂ, A¨v‡iv‡cЇb G ai‡bi BwÄb e¨envi
Kiv nq| wmGbwR PvwjZ Mvwo¸‡jvI A‡UvP‡µ P‡j|
 me©v‡c¶v `¶Zvm¤•bœ BwÄb n‡jv ˆe`y¨wZK BwÄb|

 †d«qb: wg‡_b Ges B‡_‡bi †K¬v‡iv‡d¬v‡ivKve©b †hŠMmg–n‡K GK‡Î †d«qb e‡j| Gi ivmvqwbK bvg WvB‡K¬v‡ivWvB‡d¬v‡iv
wg‡_b (CCl2F2)| evwYwR¨K bvg-F12| †d«q‡bi Aci bvg CFC (†K¬v‡iv‡d¬v‡iv Kve©b)| GwU I‡Rvb ¯@‡ii ¶‡qi KviY
n‡Z cv‡i|
 †iwd«Rv‡iUi K‡¤•Ömv‡ii KvR:
 †iwd«Rv‡ii K‡¤•Ömvi †d«qb‡K ev‡®• cwiYZ K‡i|
 †iwd«Rv‡ii Kb‡Wbmvi †d«qb‡K Nbxf‚Z K‡i|

wcGmwm I Ab¨vb¨ cix¶vq Avmv ¸i“Z¡c–Y© cÖkœ b¤^i

10, 13, 20, 30, 35, 55, 62, 63, 65, 71, 78, 84, 92, 99, 100, 101, 103, 105, 110, 118, 126, 136-142, 149,
163, 171, 173, 178.

Av‡jvK weÁvb
 Av‡jv : Av‡jv GK cÖKvi kw³, hv †Pv‡L cÖ‡ek K‡i `k©‡bi Abyf‚wZ RvMvq| mve‡gwib K¨ve‡j Z_¨ Av`vb-cÖ`v‡bi gva¨g
n‡jv Av‡jv|
 Av‡jvi ag©:  †Kv‡bv ¯^”Q mgmË¡ gva¨‡g Av‡jv mijc‡_ P‡j|
 †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó gva¨‡g Av‡jv GKwU wbw`©ó †e‡M P‡j| k–b¨¯’v‡b GB †e‡Mi gvb, c = 3  108 m/s
 Av‡jvi GKgvÎ Dcv`vb n‡jv †dvUb, hv KYv a‡g©i cÖKvk K‡i|
 Av‡jv GK ai‡bi Zvwor‡PŠ¤^Kxq Zi½|
 Av‡jvi cÖwZdjb, cÖwZmiY, e¨wZPvi, AceZ©b, we”QyiY Ges mgeZ©b N‡U|
 †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv NUbvq Av‡jv Zi‡½i b¨vq, Avevi KL‡bv KL‡bv Av‡jv KYvi b¨vq AvPiY K‡i|
 m–h© †_‡K c„w_ex‡Z Av‡jv Avm‡Z mgq jv‡M 8 wgwbU 20 †m‡KÛ ev 8.32 wgwbU ev 500 †m‡KÛ|
 Av‡jvKel© (Light-year): Av‡jvKel© n‡jv ˆ`N©¨ cwigv‡ci GKK, hv w`‡q †R¨vwZwe©`¨v m¤•wK©Z `–iZ¡ gvcv nq|
Av‡jv GK eQ‡i †h cwigvY `–iZ¡ AwZµg K‡i Zv‡K GK Av‡jvKel© e‡j| †R¨vwZwe©`¨vq `–iZ¡ cwigv‡ci me‡P‡q eo
GKK cvi‡mK| 1 cvi‡mK = 3.26 Av‡jvKel©| 1 Av‡jvKel© = 9.461  1012 wK.wg. = 5.879  1012 gvBj
8 Ashraful's Science Cocktail (Preli)
 Av‡jvi wewfbœ ZË¡: `xßgvb e¯‘ †_‡K Av‡jv Kxfv‡e Avgv‡`i †Pv‡L Av‡m Zv e¨vL¨vi Rb¨ weÁvbxiv G ch©š@ PviwU ZË¡
cÖ`vb K‡i‡Qb| h_v-
ZË¡ cÖe³v
KYvZË¡ m¨vi AvBR¨vK wbDUb
Zi½ ZË¡ nvB‡Mb
Zvwor †PŠ¤^K ZË¡ g¨v·I‡qj
†Kvqv›Uvg ZË¡ g¨v· cШv¼

Zvwor †PŠ¤^K eY©vwj (Electronic Spectrum)

 Zvwor‡PŠ¤^K Zi‡½i Zi½‰`N©¨: Zi½‰`N©¨ Øviv Av‡jvi eY© wba©vwiZ nq|
Zvwor †PŠ¤^K
e¨envi
Zi½
†eZvi Zi½
†iwWI-wUwfi wmMbvj I MRI h‡š¿ e¨eüZ nq|
(Radio Wave)
gvB‡µvI‡qe Wi-Fi, †gvevBj †dvb wmMbvj I gvB‡µv I‡f‡b e¨eüZ nq|
Ae‡jvwnZ iwk¥
wi‡gvU K‡›Uªvj, AcwUK¨vj dvBevi gva¨‡g †hvMv‡hvM I wdwRI‡_ivwc‡Z e¨eüZ nq|
(IR)
`„k¨gvb Av‡jv mv‡jvKms‡kÐlY I we‡kÐlYx imvq‡b c`v‡_©i cwigvY wbY©‡q e¨eüZ nq|
AwZ‡e¸wb iwk¥
bKj nxiv, Rvj UvKv I Rvj cvm‡cvU© kbv³Ki‡Y e¨eüZ nq|
(UV)
G·-†i (X-ray) wPwKrmv weÁv‡b †`‡ni Af¨š@‡i cÖwZ”Qwe †Zvjvi Kv‡R e¨eüZ nq|
Mvgv iwk¥ (-ray) K¨vÝvi †iv‡Mi wPwKrmv I Lv`¨km¨ AYyexR aŸsm Ki‡Z e¨eüZ nq|
 Zi½‰`‡N©¨i µg (†QvU-eo):
Mvgv iwk¥ < G·-†i < AwZ‡e¸wb iwk¥ < `„k¨gvb Av‡jv < Ae‡jvwnZ iwk¥ < gvB‡µvI‡qe < †eZvi
 Zi½‰`N©¨ †ewk n‡j we‡¶cY, wePz¨wZ, cÖwZmiY, †f`b¶gZv I K¤•v¼ Kg nq|
 Zi½‰`‡N©¨i mv‡_ K¤•v‡¼i m¤•K© : Zvwor †PŠ¤^K Zi‡½i Zi½‰`N©¨ K¤•v‡¼i e¨v¯@vbycvwZK| Zi½‰`N©¨ Kg n‡j
K¤•v¼ †ewk Avevi Zi½‰`N©¨ ‡ewk n‡j K¤•v¼ Kg| †hgb- Mvgv iwk¥i Zi½‰`N©¨ Kg ZvB Gi K¤•v¼ A‡bK †ewk|
Av‡jvi Zi½‰`N©¨ A¨vs÷ªg GK‡K cwigvc Kiv nq| 1 nm = 10Å.
 Zi½‰`‡N©¨i mv‡_ kw³i m¤•K© : Zi½‰`N©¨ I kw³i g‡a¨ e¨¯@vbycvwZK m¤•K©| A_©vr hvi Zi½‰`N©¨ hZ †ewk, Zvi kw³
Z‡Zv Kg Ges hvi Zi½‰`N©¨ hZ Kg, Zvi kw³ Z‡Zv ‡ewk| †hgb- Mvgv iwk¥i Zi½‰`N©¨ Kg ZvB Gi kw³ A‡bK †ewk|
 Zvwor‡PŠ¤^K Zi½¸‡jvi m¤•‡K© cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨:
†eZvi Zi½ :  me‡P‡q e„nr Zi½‰`‡N©¨i wewKiY n‡jv †eZvi Zi½|
 Av‡jvi MwZ I †eZvi Zi‡½i MwZ mgvb|
 †eZvi Zi½ evqygÛ‡ji Avq‡bvwùqv‡i cÖwZdwjZ nq|
gvB‡µvI‡qe :  †gvevBj I m¨v‡UjvBU wUwf †hvMv‡hv‡Mi †¶‡Î|
 ivWv‡i e¨eüZ nq (RADAR = Radio Detection And Ranging) |
 AvenvIqvi c–e©vfvm ch©‡e¶‡Y|
Ae‡jvwnZ iwk¥ :  eÐyUz_ †UK‡bvjwR‡Z, wi‡gvU K‡›Uªv‡j I AvenvIqvi c–e©vfvm w`‡Z e¨eüZ nq|
 AÜKv‡i Qwe Zzj‡Z GwU e¨eüZ nq|
AwZ‡e¸wb iwk¥ :  hš¿cvwZ RxevYygy³ Ki‡Z e¨eüZ nq|
 kix‡i wfUvwgb-wW ˆZwi‡Z mnvqZv K‡i|
 Ashraful’s Science Cocktail (Preli) 9
G·-†i :  d‡UvMÖvwdK †cÐU ev wdj¥ Øviv kbv³ Kiv hvq|
 iwOb †Uwjwfkb †_‡K g„`y iÄb iwk¥ †ei nq|
 fv½v nvo I †`‡ni Af¨š@‡ii †Kvb A½ cÖZ¨‡½i Qwe Zzj‡Z GwU e¨eüZ nq|
 wUDgvi †mj aŸsm Ki‡Z e¨eüZ nq|
 avZe h‡š¿i dvUj kbv³Ki‡Y e¨eüZ nq|
Mvgv iwk¥ :  me‡P‡q ¶z`ª Zi½ ˆ`‡N©¨i wewKiY|
 RxeRM‡Zi Rb¨ me‡P‡q ¶wZKi iwk¥|
 d‡UvMÖvwdK †cÐU I MvBMvi gyjvi KvD›Uvi w`‡q G iwk¥ kbv³ Kiv hvq|

`„k¨gvb Av‡jv (Visible Light)

ZvwoZ‡PŠ¤^K eY©vwji †h Ask (7.80  10 m †_‡K 3.80  10–7 m ev 380 - 780 nm) gvbyl †`L‡Z cvq Zv‡K `„k¨gvb Av‡jv
–7

e‡j| Gi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q †e¸wb †_‡K jvj Av‡jv|

 †h e‡Y©i Av‡jvi Zi½‰`N©¨ hZ †ewk, Zvi cÖwZmiY, wePz¨wZ I we‡¶cY ZZ Kg|
 `„k¨gvb Av‡jvi g‡a¨ jvj Av‡jvi we‡¶cb Kg e‡j me‡P‡q `–i †_‡K †`Lv hvq| ZvB wec` ms‡K‡Z jvj Av‡jv
e¨envi Kiv nq|
 jvj Av‡jvi Zi½‰`N©¨ me‡P‡q †ewk e‡j Avgiv m–‡h©v`q I m–h©v‡¯@i mgq m–h©‡K ev AvKv‡ki LvwbKUv jvj †`wL|

eY©/iO/Av‡jv Ab¨vb¨ Z_¨

†e¸wb (Violet) Zi½‰`N©¨ me‡P‡q Kg I cÖwZmiY, wePz¨wZ, we‡¶cY me‡P‡q †ewk|
bxj (Indigo) bxj Av‡jvi we‡¶c‡Yi Kvi‡Y AvKvk bxj †`Lvq|
njy` (Yellow) ga¨ iwk¥ ejv nq|
Zi½‰`N©¨ me‡P‡q †ewk; ZvB cÖwZmiY, wePz¨wZ I we‡¶cY me‡P‡q Kg|
jvj (Red)
†e¸wb I jvj n‡jv cÖvš@xq eY©|
 †jRvi iwk¥ (LASER):
 LASER Gi c–Y©iƒc- Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation.
 GwU g‡bv‡µvgwUK ev GKeYx© nq| G iwk¥ wbLuyZfv‡e mgvš@ivj I mymsnZ|

Av‡jvi cÖwZdjb (Reflection of Light)

 cÖwZdj‡bi m–Î: cÖwZdjK c„‡ôi cÖK…wZi Dci wbf©i K‡i cÖwZdjb‡K `yÕfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq|
h_v- (i) wbqwgZ cÖwZdjb/mylg cÖwZdjb
(ii) e¨vß/AwbqwgZ cÖwZdjb|

`c©b (Mirror)
 mgZj `c©b (Plase Mirror):
mgZj `c©‡bi ˆewkó¨ :  `c©b †_‡K e¯‘i `–iZ¡ hZ, `c©b †_‡K we‡¤^i `–iZ¡I Z‡Zv|
 mgZj `c©‡b c„ô we¤^ Am` I †mvRv|
 we‡¤^i AvKvi e¯‘i AvKv‡ii mgvb nq|
 mgZj `c©‡b wb‡Ri m¤•–Y© ˆ`N©¨ GKmv‡_ †`L‡Z n‡j `c©‡bi D”PZv wb‡Ri D”PZvi
A‡a©K n‡Z nq|
mgZj `c©‡bi e¨envi :  mgZj `c©‡bi mvnv‡h¨ Avgiv Avgv‡`i †Pnviv †`wL|
 cvnvwo iv¯@vi euv‡K `–N©Ubv Gov‡Z|
 wewfbœ Av‡jvKxq hš¿cvwZ: †Uwj‡¯‹vc, Ifvi‡nW cÖ‡R±i, †jRvi, †cwi‡¯‹vc ˆZwi‡Z|
 10 Ashraful's Science Cocktail (Preli)
 AeZj `c©b:
AeZj `c©‡bi ˆewkó¨ :  AeZj `c©‡b me ai‡bi (ev¯@e I Aev¯@e) we¤^ MwVZ nq|
 we‡¤^i AvKvi †mvRv I j¶¨e¯‘i †P‡q eo nq|
AeZj `c©‡bi e¨envi :  gyLgÛj weewa©Z I †mvRv cÖwZwe¤^ ˆZwi Kiv nq hv‡Z iƒcPP©v I `uvwoKvUvi myweav nq|
 Pkgvq Ges `uv‡Zi wPwKrmvq e¨eüZ nq|
 cÖwZdjK wn‡m‡e AeZj `c©b e¨envi Kiv nq| †hgb- UP©jvBU I w÷gvi ev j‡Âi
mvP©jvB‡U AeZj `c©b e¨envi Kiv nq|
 DËj `c©b:
DËj `c©‡bi ˆewkó¨ :  DËj `c©‡b eo wRwbm †QvU K‡i †`Lvq|
 DËj `c©‡bi mvaviYZ Aev¯@e I †mvRv cÖwZwe¤^ MwVZ nq|
DËj `c©‡bi e¨envi :  we¯@„Z GjvKv †`L‡Z †`vKvb ev kwcsg‡j wbivcËvi Kv‡R DËj `c©b e¨eüZ nq|
 Mvwo‡Z wfD wgii wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i DËj `c©b|
 Mvwoi †nWjvBU I iv¯@vi evwZ‡Z cÖwZdjKiƒ‡c e¨eüZ nq|
 cÖwZdjK †Uwj‡¯‹vc ˆZwi‡Z e¨eüZ nq|
 AcwUK¨vj dvBevi: dvBevi n‡”Q Lye mi“ Ges bgbxq KuvP Zš‘| Av‡jv en‡bi Kv‡R GwU e¨eüZ nq| hLb Av‡jvK iwk¥
KuvP Zš‘i GK cÖvš@ w`‡q cÖ‡ek K‡i, ZLb Zš‘i †`qv‡j evievi Gi c–Y© Af¨š@ixY cÖwZdjb N‡U, hZ¶Y bv Aci cÖvš@
w`‡q wbM©Z nq| Gfv‡e Av‡jvKiwk¥ `‡Ûi m¤•–Y© ˆ`N©¨ AwZµg K‡i|
 AcwUK¨vj dvBev‡i j¤^v Zi‡½i ˆ`‡N©¨i Bbd«v‡iW ev Ae‡jvwnZ iwk¥ e¨envi Kiv nq|
 †Uwj‡hvMv‡hvM B›Uvi‡bU e¨e¯’vq e¨envi n‡”Q|
wcÖRg
`ywU †njv‡bv mgZj c„ô Øviv mxgve× ¯^”Q cÖwZmviK gva¨g‡K wcÖRg e‡j| wcÖR‡g cwZZ Av‡jv mvaviYZ cÖwZdwjZ nq|
wcÖR‡g Av‡jvi we”QyiY
m–‡h©i mv`v Av‡jv hw` †Kvb Kuv‡Pi wcÖR‡gi ga¨ w`‡q hvq Zvn‡j Zv mvZwU i‡O wewkÐó nq| wcÖRg †_‡K wbM©Z iwk¥¸‡jv‡K
hw` †Kvb c`©vi Dci †djv hvq Zvn‡j c`©vq mvZwU i‡Oi (†e¸wb ( Violet), bxj (Indigo), Avmgvbx (Blue), meyR (Green),
njy` (Yellow), Kgjv (Orange) I jvj (Red)) cwÆ (Band) †`Lv hvq| Av‡jvi GB iwOb cwƇK eY©vwj (Spectrum) e‡j|
wcÖR‡gi ga¨ w`‡q hvIqvi mgq mv`v i‡Oi Av‡jv mvZwU g–j i‡Oi Av‡jv‡K wewkÐó nIqvi cÖYvjx‡K Av‡jvi we”QyiY e‡j|
eY©vwj †_‡K †`Lv hvq, jvj i‡Oi Av‡jvi wePz¨wZ me‡P‡q Kg Ges †e¸wb Av‡jvi wePz¨wZ me‡P‡q †ewk| njy` i‡Oi
Av‡jvi wePz¨wZ jvj I †e¸wb Av‡jvi gvSvgvwS e‡j Gi wePz¨wZ‡K Mo wePz¨wZ e‡j Ges njy` iwk¥‡K ga¨iwk¥ e‡j|
Av‡jvi we‡¶cY
hLb †Kvb Av‡jvK Zi½ †Kvb ¶z`ª KwYKvi Dci c‡o, ZLb KwYKv¸‡jv Av‡jvK Zi½‡K wewfbœ w`‡K Qwo‡q †`q| G‡K ejv nq
Av‡jvi we‡¶cY| Av‡jvi Zi½‰`N©¨ I we‡¶cY e¨¯@vbycvwZK A_©vr Zi½‰`N©¨ Kg n‡j we‡¶cY †ewk Avevi Zi½ ˆ`N©¨ †ewk n‡j
we‡¶cY Kg| †hgb-
(i) bxj Av‡jvi we‡¶cY †ewk e‡j AvKvk I mgy`ª bxj †`Lvq|
(ii) jvj Av‡jvi we‡¶cY Kg e‡j m–‡h©v`q I m–h©v‡¯@i mgq AvKvk jvj †`Lvq|
(iii) b‡fvPvixiv AvKv‡ki is Kv‡jv †`L‡Z cvq KviY AvKv‡k evqygÛj †bB|
(iv) wec` ms‡K‡Z memgq jvj Av‡jv e¨envi Kiv nq|
 iOaby ev ivgaby (Rainbow): isaby `yB cÖKvi| h_v-
(i) cÖvBgvwi isaby (†e¸wb is wb‡P I jvj is Dc‡i _v‡K)|
(ii) †m‡KÛvwi isaby (jvj is wb‡P I †e¸wb is Dc‡i _v‡K)|
isaby m„wói †ejvq cvwbi KYv¸‡jv wcÖR‡gi KvR K‡i| iOaby m–‡h©i wecix‡Z m„wó nq A_©vr mKvj‡ejv cwðgvKv‡k I
weKvj‡ejv c–e©vKv‡k †`Lv hvq| isaby‡Z jvj Av‡jv euv‡K 42 wWwMÖ †Kv‡Y Avi †e¸wb Av‡jv euv‡K 40 wWwMÖ †Kv‡Y| Ab¨
is¸‡jv GB `ywUi g‡a¨ euv‡K|
 Ashraful’s Science Cocktail (Preli) 11
e¯‘i eY©
 †gŠwjK is: Av‡jvi ‡gŠwjK is wZbwU| h_v- Avmgvbx bxj (Blue), meyR (Green) I jvj (Red)|
iwOb †Uwjwfk‡b K¨v‡givq G wZbwU iO e¨eüZ nq|
 i‡Oi wgkÖY:
mvZwU is wg‡j = mv`v Avmgvbx + jvj = g¨v‡R›Uv
3wU †gŠwjK is wg‡j = mv`v Avmgvbx + meyR = gqyiKÉx bxj
Avmgvbx + njy` = mv`v
jvj + bxj = †e¸wb g¨v‡R›Uv + meyR = mv`v
jvj + njy` = Kgjv gqyiKÉx bxj + jvj = mv`v
jvj + meyR = njy` jvj + meyR + Avmgvbx = mv`v
bxj + njy` = meyR bxj + njy` + jvj = Kv‡jv
 cwic–iK eY©: mv`v Av‡jv mvZwU wewfbœ e‡Y©i mgwó| GLb mvZwU eY© †_‡K hw` †Kv‡bv GKwU eY© ev` †`Iqv hvq Zvn‡j
†m Avi mv`v _v‡K bv, iwOb e‡j g‡b nq| GLb †h eY©wU ev` †`Iqv n‡q‡Q Ges H eY© ev` †`Iqvi d‡j †h e‡Y©i m„wó
n‡jv, Zviv cwic–iK eY©| †hgb- m–‡h©i mv`v Av‡jv †_‡K bxj eY© ev` w`‡j Zv njy` †`Lv hvq| ZvB bxj I njy`B cwic–
iK eY©|
 jvj Gi cwic–iK eY© n‡jv meyR|
 bxj Gi cwic–iK eY© n‡jv njy` (njy` KuvP‡K DËß Ki‡j bxj iO †ei nq)|
 Av‡jvi †kvlY I cÖwZdjb e¯‘i eY©: †Kvb e¯‘‡Z Av‡jv c‡o hw` wd‡i bv Av‡m Z‡e †mwU †kvlY Avi hw` wd‡i Av‡m
Z‡e cÖwZdjb| †Kvb e¯‘i Dci Av‡jv co‡j Zv †_‡K cÖwZdwjZ n‡q Av‡jv hLb Avgv‡`i †Pv‡Li †iwUbv‡Z c‡o ZLb
Avgiv e¯‘wU‡K †`L‡Z cvB|
e¯‘i eY© e¯‘i †Kvb ag© bq, GwU Av‡jv‡Ki ag©| m–‡h©i Av‡jv mvZ i‡Oi mgwó| †Kvb e¯‘i Dci Av‡jv co‡j Zv hw` me
Av‡jv cÖwZdwjZ K‡i ZLb e¯‘wU‡K mv`v †`Lv hvq| †hgb- mv`v eid mKj iO cÖwZdjb K‡i e‡j GwU mv`v †`Lvq|
Avevi †Kvb e¯‘ hw` QqwU iO †kvlY K‡i ïay meyR e‡Y©i Av‡jv cÖwZdwjZ K‡i ZLb e¯‘wU‡K meyR †`Lv hv‡e| A_©vr †h
e¯‘ †h eY© cÖwZdwjZ Ki‡e Avgiv †m e¯‘wU‡K †m e‡Y©i ev i‡Oi †`L‡Z cv‡ev| †hgb- w`‡bi †ejv Mv‡Qi cvZv meyR ev‡`
mKj iO †kvlY K‡i| jvj Kvco jvj †`Lvi KviY n‡jv GwU jvj ev‡` evwK me iO †kvlY K‡i‡Q|
c¶vš@‡i, †Kvb e¯‘ hw` me¸‡jv iO †kvlY K‡i Z‡e †mwU Kv‡jv †`Lvq| †hgb- Puv‡`i nj‡` Av‡jv‡Z jvj †Mvjvc Kv‡jv
†`Lv‡e| m–‡h©i Av‡jv hLb jvj †Mvjv‡ci Dci c‡o ZLb Zv jvj ev‡` Ab¨ iO¸‡jv †kvlY K‡i, ZvB †Mvjvc Avgiv jvj
†`wL| wKš‘ iv‡Zi †ejv hLb m–h© _v‡K bv, Puv‡`i nj‡` Av‡jv †Mvjv‡ci Dci co‡j Zv njy` Av‡jv †kvlY K‡i †d‡j|
d‡j Zv Avi †Kvb e‡Y©i Av‡jv cÖwZdwjZ K‡i bv| ZvB †Mvjvc‡K ZLb Kv‡jv †`Lv hv‡e|
GKBfv‡e, AÜKvi N‡i jvj Av‡jv‡Z Mv‡Qi cvZv Kv‡jv †`Lvq| jvj dzj‡K meyR Av‡jv‡Z †`L‡j Kv‡jv †`Lv‡e| meyR
Av‡jv‡Z njy` i‡Oi dzj‡K Kv‡jv †`Lv‡e| †mvwWqvg jvB‡Ui wb‡P iv‡Z jvj Kvco Kv‡jv †`Lv‡e| njy` dzj‡K bxj
Kuv‡Pi g‡a¨ Kv‡jv †`Lvq| mnR K_vq, †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó i‡Oi Av‡jv‡Z †Kej H i‡Oi e¯‘wUB cÖK…Z i‡O †`Lv hv‡e, evKx
me i‡Oi e¯‘ Kv‡jv †`Lv‡e|
†jÝ
 DËj †jÝ (Convex Lens): DËj †j‡Ýi e¨envi:
 d‡UvMÖvwd K¨v‡givq I AYyex¶Y h‡š¿|  weea©K KvPiƒ‡c/g¨vM‡bdvB MÐvm wn‡m‡e|
 AuvZkx KvP wn‡m‡e (AvwK©wgwWm cÖ_g AuvZkx KvP w`‡q Av¸b R¡vjvb)|
 Pkgvq e¨envi (`–i`„wói †¶‡Î)|
 AeZj †jÝ (Concave Lens):AeZj †j‡Ýi e¨envi:
 Pkgvq e¨envi Kiv nq (¶xY`„wói †¶‡Î)|  M¨vwjwjIÕi `–iex¶Y h‡š¿|  wm‡bgv‡¯‹vc cÖ‡R±‡i|
 WvqvÞvi: GK wgUvi †dvKvm `–i‡Z¡i †Kvb †j‡Ýi ¶gZv‡K GK WvqvÞvi (D) e‡j|
 12 Ashraful's Science Cocktail (Preli)
Av‡jvK hš¿cvwZ (Light Instruments)
†h mKj hš¿ †Kv‡bv e¯‘ †`Lvi e¨vcv‡i Avgv‡`i †PvL‡K mvnvh¨ K‡i Zv‡`i‡K `„wó mnvqK hš¿ ev ex¶Y hš¿ e‡j|
 AYyex¶Y hš¿ (Microscope):
 AYyex¶Y h‡š¿ DËj †jÝ e¨eüZ nq|
 mij AYyex¶Y ev weea©K Kuv‡P †mvRv, weewa©Z I Am` we¤^ MwVZ nq|
 RwUj AYyex¶Y h‡š¿ D‡ëv I weewa©Z we¤^ MwVZ nq|
 `–iex¶Y hš¿ (Telescope): †h h‡š¿i mvnv‡h¨ eû `–‡ii e¯‘ cwi®‹vifv‡e †`Lv hvq Zv‡K `–iex¶Y hš¿ ev Telescope e‡j|
 `–iex¶Y e¯‘i †mvRv I Aev¯@e we¤^ MVb K‡i|
 weÁvbx M¨vwjwjI 1609 mv‡j `–iex¶Y hš¿ Avwe®‹vi K‡ib|
 `–iex¶Y h‡š¿ AeZj †jÝ e¨envi Kiv nq|
 K¨v‡giv:
 K¨v‡givq Awfmvix/ DËj †jÝ e¨envi Kiv nq|
 gvby‡li †Pv‡Li mv‡_ wgj Av‡Q K¨v‡givi|
 K¨v‡givq MwVZ we¤^ ev¯@e, D‡ëv I Lv‡Uv|
 AwaKvsk d‡UvKwc †gwkb KvR K‡i †cvjvi‡qW d‡UvMÖvwd c×wZ‡Z|
 †PvL:
 KwY©qvi gva¨‡g †Pv‡Li †fZi Av‡jv cÖ‡ek K‡i|
 †Pv‡Li †fZi Av‡jvi cwigvY evov‡bv wKsev Kgv‡bvi Rb¨ i‡q‡Q AvBwik|
 ¯^vfvweK †Pv‡Li Rb¨ ¯•ó `k©‡bi wbKUZg `–iZ¡ 25 †m.wg. I ¯•ó `k©‡bi `–iZg `–iZ¡ Amxg|
 wkï‡`i †¶‡Î G ¯•ó `k©‡bi b–¨bZg `–iZ¡ 5 †m.wg.|
 `k©vbyf‚wZi ¯’vwqZ¡Kvj 0.1 †m‡KÛ (beg-`kg c`v_© weÁvb eB‡Z 0.03 †m‡KÛ †`qv Av‡Q)| `k©vbyf‚wZi
¯’vwqZ¡ Kv‡ji Rb¨ Avgiv Pjw”PÎ ev wfwWI †`Lvi Abyf‚wZ cvB|
 jvj-†e¸wb Av‡jv‡Z `k©vbyf‚wZ me‡P‡q Kg| meyR-njy` Av‡jv‡Z `k©vbyf‚wZ me‡P‡q †ewk|

‡Pv‡Li ΓwU
 †Pv‡Li ΓwU: †Pv‡Li `„wói ΓwU †gvU Pvi iKg| h_v-
(i) n«¯^`„wó ev ¶xY`„wó (Myopia or Short sight)|
(ii) `xN©`„wó ev `–i`„wó (Hypermetropia or long sight)|
(iii) eva©K¨ `„wó ev Pvj‡k (Presbyopia)|
(iv) welg`„wó ev bKzjveÜZv (Astigmatism)|
n«¯`^ „wó ev ¶xY`„wó : cÖwZKvi: AeZj †j‡Ýi Pkgv e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e| Z‡e Bwmnviv †U‡÷i gva¨‡g eY©vÜZv
(Myopia) cix¶v Kiv hvq|
`xN©`„wó ev `–i`„wó : cÖwZKvi: DËj †j‡Ýi Pkgv e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e|
(Hypermetropia)

wcGmwm I Ab¨vb¨ cix¶vq Avmv ¸i“Z¡c–Y© cÖkœ b¤^i

01, 16, 21, 34, 38, 44, 46-52, 59, 64, 68, 71, 77, 80, 95, 112, 113, 115, 117, 121, 123, 124, 129, 137.
 Ashraful’s Science Cocktail (Preli) 13

†PŠ¤^KZ¡ I Pz¤^Kwe`¨v
 Pz¤^K: †h c`v‡_©i AvKl©Y, weKl©Y I w`K ag© i‡q‡Q Zv‡K Pz¤^K e‡j| Pz¤^‡Ki ivmvqwbK ms‡KZ Fe3O4| Pz¤^‡Ki `yB
†gi“‡Z AvKl©Y ¶gZv me‡P‡q ‡ewk| GwU memgq DËi `w¶Y eivei Ae¯’vb K‡i| Gi DËi †gi“ G›UvK©wUKv gnv‡`‡ki
`w¶‡Y wf‡±vwiqv A‡j Avi `w¶Y †gi“ KvbvWvi DËi w`‡K eyw_qv DcØx‡c Aew¯’Z| f‚-Pz¤^‡Ki DËi †gi“‡K bxj †gi“
Ges `w¶Y †gi“‡K jvj †gi“ ejv nq| Pz¤^K †jvnvi †hŠwMK c`v_©|
 cÖvK…wZK Pz¤^K : cÖK…wZ‡Z ev Lwb‡Z cvIqv hvq †h Pz¤^K Zv‡K cÖvK…wZK Pz¤^K ejv n‡Zv| Gi Aci bvg mÜvbx
cv_i|
 K…wÎg Pz¤^K : †jvnv, B¯•vZ, wb‡Kj BZ¨vw` †PŠ¤^K c`v_©‡K K…wÎg Pz¤^‡K cwiYZ Kiv hvq| G Pz¤^‡Ki wbw`©ó
AvKvi _v‡K Ges AZ¨š@ kw³kvjx| wkí I ˆeÁvwbK Kv‡R G¸‡jv e¨envi Kiv nq|
 A¯’vqx Pz¤^K : e¨envi:
 †gvUi †Rbv‡iUi, ˆe`y¨wZK cvLv, A¨vwgUvi, †fvëwgUvi, ˆe`y¨wZK Kwjs †ej ˆZwi‡Z|
Kwjs †e‡j big †jvnv e¨eüZ nq, KviY we`y–¨r cÖev‡n big †jvnv `ª“Z A¯’vqx Pz¤^‡K cwiYZ nq|
 wi‡j, †gvUi K‡›Uªvjvi, mvwK©U †eªKvi, we`y¨r PvwjZ evj¦ I †gvUi †eªK cwiPvj‡b|
 ¯’vqx Pz¤^K : e¨envi:
 Kw¤•DUv‡ii ¯§„wZi wdZvq, †Uc‡iKW©v‡ii wdZvq Ges †iwWIi A¨v‡›Ubv‡Z wmivwgK Pz¤^K
e¨eüZ nq|
 K¨v‡m‡Ui wdZvi Aby¾¡j AskwU n‡jv- CrO2
 wmivwgK Pz¤^K : Avqib A·vBW I †ewiqvg A·vB‡Wi wgkÖ‡Y wmivwgK Pz¤^K ˆZwi nq| GwU d¨vivBU bv‡g
cwiwPZ| †Uc‡iKW©vi Ges Kw¤•DUv‡ii ¯§„wZi wdZvq GB Pz¤^K eûj e¨eüZ nq|

 †PŠ¤^K c`v_©: †h c`v_©‡K Pz¤^‡K cwiYZ Kiv hv‡e Zv‡K †PŠ¤^K c`v_© e‡j| †hgb- †jvnv ev †jvnvi †hŠM, B¯•vZ, wb‡Kj
I †Kvevë BZ¨vw`| †PŠ¤^K AvPi‡Yi Dci wfwË K‡i c`v_©mg–n‡K wb‡æv³ fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq-
 Wvqv‡PŠ¤^K c`v_© : D`vniY: Zvgv, `¯@v, wemgv_, iƒcv (me‡P‡q †ewk we`y¨rcwievnx), †mvbv, mxmv, KuvP, gv‡e©j,
cvwb, wnwjqvg, AvM©b, †mvwWqvg †K¬vivBW BZ¨vw`|
e¨envi: w`K wbY©vqK K¤•vm, gvB‡µv‡dvb I jvDWw¯•Kv‡i e¨eüZ nq|
 c¨viv‡PŠ¤^K c`v_© : D`vniY: A¨vjywgwbqvg, †mvwWqvg, A¨vw›Ugwb (me‡P‡q †ewk kã m„wóKvix), cÐvwUbvg, g¨v½vwbR,
†µvwgqvg, Zij Aw·‡Rb, evZvm BZ¨vw`|
e¨envi: ivWvi I UªvÝdg©v‡i e¨eüZ nq|
 †d‡iv‡PŠ¤^K c`v_© : D`vniY: †jvnv, wb‡Kj, †Kvevë BZ¨vw`|
e¨envi: ˆe`y¨wZK †gvUi I ˆe`y¨wZK NÈvq e¨eüZ nq|
 A‡PŠ¤^K c`v_©: †hmKj c`v_© †Kvb Pz¤^K c`v_© Øviv AvKwl©Z nq bv wKsev †hme c`v_©‡K Pz¤^‡K cwiYZ Kiv hvq bv H
mKj c`v_©‡K A‡PŠ¤^K c`v_© e‡j|
D`vniY: Zvgv, wcZj, †mvbv, iƒcv, `¯@v, wUb, wcZj, A¨vjywgwbqvg, KuvP, KvV, cÐvw÷K BZ¨vw`|
 Kzwi we›`y: †h ZvcgvÎvq †PŠ¤^K c`v_© m¤•–Y©iƒ‡c Zvi Pz¤^KZ¡ nvivq Zv‡K Kzwi ZvcgvÎv e‡j| †jvnvi Kzwi ZvcgvÎv 770˚C
/ 1043K|
 Zwor Pz¤^K: Zwor cÖev‡ni †PŠ¤^K wµqv e¨envi K‡i †h Pz¤^K ˆZwi Kiv nq Zv‡K Zwor Pz¤^K e‡j| Aš@wiZ cwievnx Zv‡ii
w¯•Ös Gi wfZ‡i KuvPv †jvnv ev B¯•v‡Zi `Û cÖ‡ek Kwi‡q Zwor Pz¤^K ˆZwi Kiv nq| Zv‡ii wfZi w`‡q Zwor cÖevwnZ
Ki‡j `ÛwU A¯’vqx Pz¤^KZ¡ jvf K‡i| GB A¯’vqx Pz¤^KB Zwor Pz¤^K| GwU A¯’vqx Pz¤^K| 1819 mv‡j Iqvi‡÷W me©cÖ_g
Zwor Pz¤^‡Ki aviYv †`b|
 Zwor Pz¤^‡Ki e¨envi: gvB‡µv‡dvb, Kwjs‡ej, ˆe`y¨wZK †µ‡b e¨envi Kiv nq|
wcGmwm I Ab¨vb¨ cix¶vq Avmv ¸i“Z¡c–Y© cÖkœ b¤^i
01, 02, 05, 09, 12
14 Ashraful's Science Cocktail (Preli)
Zwor (Electricity)
 Zwor cwievwnZv: cwievwnZvi GKK wm‡gÝ|
: †hmKj c`v‡_©i ga¨ w`‡q Lye mn‡RB Zwor cÖevn Pj‡Z cv‡i Zv‡`i‡K cwievnx e‡j| avZe
c`v_©¸‡jv we`y¨r cwievnx| †hgb- iƒcv, Zvgv, `¯@v, wb‡Kj, A¨vjywgwbqvg, wcZj BZ¨vw`|
AavZz we`y¨r Acwievnx n‡jI GKgvÎ MÖvdvBU AavZz n‡jI we`y¨r cwievnx| iƒcvi ga¨ w`‡q
mycwievnx me‡P‡q †ewk we`y¨r cÖevn n‡jI Zvgv DËg cwievnK| ˆe`y¨wZK ms‡hv‡M avZe Zvi (Zvgv)
(Conductor) e¨envi Kiv nq| Av`ª© evZvm, gvbe‡`n, †fRv gvwU we`y¨r cwievnx| GKvi‡Y Av`ª© evqy ev
†gNhy³ evqyi ga¨ w`‡q wegvb Pvjbv Kiv SzuwKc–Y©| M¨vm Kve©b w`‡q we`y¨r cÖevwnZ nq|
mycwievnx c`v‡_© Valence band Ges Conduction band G Ifvij¨vc _v‡K|
 Zvc evo‡j G‡`i †iva ev‡o, ZvB we`y¨r cwievwnZv K‡g|

: †hmKj c`v‡_©i B‡jKwUªK¨vj ˆewkó cwievnx Ges Acwievnx c`v‡_©i gvSvgvwS †m¸‡jv‡K
†mwgKÛv±i ev Aa©cwievnx e‡j| G c`v‡_©i cigvYyi me©‡kl K¶c‡_ PviwU B‡jKUªb _v‡K|
Aa©cwievnx ZvcgvÎv I ˆe`y¨wZK Pvc e„w× †c‡j Gi cwievnxZv e„w× cvq| †hgb- wmwjKb (Si),
(Semi Conductor) Rv‡g©wbqvg (Ge), Kve©b (C), wUb (Sn)|
 Zvc evo‡j G‡`i †iva K‡g, ZvB we`y¨r cwievwnZv ev‡o|

Aš@iK ev AcwievnK : †hmKj c`v‡_©i ga¨ w`‡q B‡jKUªb PjvPj Ki‡Z cv‡i bv †m¸‡jv n‡jv Acwievnx| †hgb-
(Insulator) AavZz, cÐvw÷K, KuvP, KvV, ivevi, PxbvgvwU, †ikg, ﮋ evZvm, †gvg, †ccvi BZ¨vw`|
 Zwor cÖevn: Zwor cÖevn n‡jv ˆe`y¨wZK Pv‡R©i cÖevn| Zwor cÖev‡ni SI GKK A¨vw¤•qvi| A¨vwgUv‡ii gva¨‡g Zwor cÖevn
cwigvc Kiv nq| Gi cÖZxK- A|
 mgcÖevn/wW.wm. cÖevn: D`vniY: Zwor †Kvl ev e¨vUvwi, wWwm †Rbv‡iU‡i Avgiv GKgyLx cÖevn †c‡q _vwK|
 ch©vqe„Ë/Gwm cÖevn:
 evsjv‡`‡k ch©vqe„Ë cÖevn cÖwZ †m‡K‡Û 50 evi w`K cwieZ©b K‡i|
 hy³iv‡ó« ch©vqe„Ë cÖevn cÖwZ †m‡K‡Û 60 evi w`K cwieZ©b K‡i |
 Zwor ¶gZv Ges kw³ (Electrical Power and Energy): KvR Kivi nvi‡K ¶gZv e‡j| Zwor ¶gZv ej‡Z Zwor
cÖev‡ni KvR Kivi nvi‡K †evSvq| ˆe`y¨wZK h‡š¿i ¶gZv IqvU bvgK GK‡K cÖKvk Kiv hvq| †h ˆe`y¨wZK hš¿ GK
†m‡K‡Û GK Ryj Kvh© Ki‡Z cv‡i Zvi ¶gZv‡K 1 IqvU e‡j| A_©vr 1 IqvU = 1 Ryj/†m‡KÛ
evmvevwo‡Z ˆe`y¨wZK h‡š¿i ¶gZv cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ mvaviYZ eo GKK e¨eüZ nq| GB eo GKKwU‡K wK‡jvIqvU ( KW)
Ges †gMvIqvU (MW) e‡j| we`y¨r kw³ cwigv‡ci e¨envwiK ev evwYwR¨K GKK wK‡jvIqvU-NÈv|
1 KW = 103 W Ges 1 MW = 106 W

 wefe ev †fv‡ëR: wef‡ei SI GKK †fvë| †fvëwgUv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ wefe cv_©‡K¨i cwigvc Kiv nq|
 Zwor †¶‡Îi †Kvb we›`yi wefe 20V ej‡Z eySvq Amxg †_‡K cÖwZ Kzj¤^ abvÍK Avavb‡K Zwor †¶‡Îi H we›`y‡Z
Avb‡Z 20J KvR m¤•bœ nq|
 evmvevwo‡Z 220 †fv‡ëi we`y¨r e¨envi Kiv nq|
 c„w_exi wefe k–b¨| †Kvb Avavbnxb cwievnxi wefe‡K k–b¨ aiv nq|

‡iva (Resistance)
 †iva (Resistance): g–jZ cwievnxi †h a‡g©i Rb¨ Gi ga¨ w`‡q we`y¨r PjvPj evavMÖ¯’ nq ZvB n‡jv †iva|
†iv‡ai Gm. AvB. GKK IÕg| G‡K  (Omega) wPý Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq|
 Ashraful’s Science Cocktail (Preli) 15
 †iv‡ai wbf©ikxjZv: †Kvb cwievnxi †iva wb‡æi PviwU wel‡qi Dci wbf©i K‡i| †hgb-
(i) cwievn‡Ki ZvcgvÎv: cwievnxi †iva Zvi ZvcgvÎvi Dci wbf©i K‡i| ZvcgvÎv e„w× †c‡j mvaviYZ cwievnxi †iva
e„w× cvq Ges ZvcgvÎv n«vm †c‡j cwievnxi †iva n«vm cvq| Z‡e Kve©b I Aa©cwievnxi †¶‡Î Gi e¨wZµg †`Lv
hvq| ZvcgvÎv e„w× †c‡j G‡`i †iva n«vm cvq|
(ii) †iv‡ai cwievnxi ˆ`N©¨: ˆ`N©¨ e„w× †c‡j †iva e„w× cvq|
(iii) cwievnxi cÖ¯’‡”Q`: cÖ¯’‡”Q` e„w× †c‡j †iva n«vm cvq Ges cÖ¯’‡”Q` n«vm †c‡j †iva e„w× cvq| G Kvi‡Y †gvUv Zv‡ii
†P‡q wPKb Zv‡ii †iva †ewk nq|
(iv) cwievnxi Dcv`vb: GKB †fŠZ Ae¯’vq wewfbœ c`v‡_©i †iva wfbœ nq|
 †iva mswkÐó wKQy ¸i“Z¡c–Y© Z_¨:
 †h mKj c`v‡_©i Av‡cw¶K †iva Kg †m¸‡jv Zwor mycwievnx| †hgb- Zvgv bvB‡µv‡gi †P‡q we`y¨r
mycwievnx| GKvi‡YB ˆe`y¨wZK ms‡hvM Zvi wn‡m‡e Zvgvi e¨vcK e¨envi i‡q‡Q|
 D”P Av‡cw¶K †iva I Mjbvs‡Ki Kvi‡Y bvB‡µvg Zvi ˆe`y¨wZK Bw¯¿ I †KUwj‡Z e¨envi Kiv nq|
 ˆe`y¨wZK ev‡j¦i wdjv‡g‡›U Uvs‡÷b Zvi e¨envi Kiv nq KviY Uvs‡÷‡bi D”P Av‡cw¶K †iva I Mjbvs‡Ki
Kvi‡Y GwU ˆe`y¨wZK kw³‡K Lye mn‡R Av‡jvK kw³‡Z iƒcvš@wiZ Ki‡Z cv‡i|
 GKwU Av`k© †fv‡ëR Dr‡mi Af¨š@ixY †iva k–b¨|
 GKwU Av`k© Zwor Dr‡mi Af¨š@ixY †iva ïb¨|
 ˆe`y¨wZK cvLvi MwZ hvB †nvK we`y¨r LiP cÖvq GKB nq|
‰e`y¨wZK hš¿cvwZ
 wewfbœ cÖKvi ˆe`y¨wZK cwigvcK hš¿ Ges G‡`i e¨envi wbæiƒc:
 M¨vjfv‡bvwgUvi : Gi mvnv‡h¨ eZ©bx‡Z Zwor cÖev‡ni Dcw¯’wZ I cwigvY wbY©q Kiv nq|
 A¨vwgUvi : Gi mvnv‡h¨ eZ©bxi Zwor cÖevn mivmwi A¨vw¤•qvi GK‡K cwigvc Kiv nq|
 †fvë wgUvi : Gi mvnv‡h¨ eZ©bxi †h †Kvb `yB we›`yi wefe cv_©K¨ mivmwi †fvë GK‡K cwigvc Kiv
nq|
 Ing wgUvi : Gi mvnv‡h¨ eZ©bxi †iva cwigvc Kiv nq|
 gvwëwgUvi : Gi mvnv‡h¨ eZ©bx‡Z we`y¨r cÖevn, eZ©bxi `yB cÖv‡š@i wefe cv_©K¨ Ges †iva cwigvc Kiv nq|

 ˆe`y¨wZK evj¦: ev‡j¦i Av‡jvi J¾¡j¨ e„w× Ges ¯’vqx‡Z¡i Rb¨ evj¦ evqyk–b¨ bv K‡i wbw®Œq M¨vm e¨envi Kiv nq| wUDe
jvB‡U mvaviYZ bvB‡Uªv‡Rb M¨vm e¨envi Kiv nq| ˆe`y¨wZK ev‡j¦i wdjv‡g›U Uvs‡÷b avZz w`‡q ˆZwi KviY Uvs‡÷b Gi
†ivav¼ A‡bK †ewk I D”P ZvcgvÎvqI GwU M‡j hvq bv| wdjv‡g‡›Ui †iva †ewk nIqvq GwU‡Z we`y¨r evavcÖvß n‡q cÖPzi
Zvc Drcbœ K‡i Ges Av‡jv wewKiY K‡i| GB Zvc g–jZ we`y¨‡Zi AcP‡qi Kvi‡Y DrcwË nq|
 eZ©gv‡b ˆe`y¨wZK ev‡j¦ me‡P‡q †ewk e¨eüZ nq AvM©b M¨vm|
 ˆe`y¨wZK †Rbv‡iUi ev Wvqbv‡gv: †h h‡š¿i mvnv‡h¨ hvwš¿K kw³ Zwor kw³‡Z iƒcvš@wiZ nq Zv‡K †Rbv‡iUi ev Wvqbv‡gv
e‡j|
 ˆe`y¨wZK †gvUi: †h h‡š¿ Zwor kw³ hvwš¿K kw³‡Z iƒcvš@wiZ n‡q KvR Kivi ¶gZv jvf K‡i, Zv‡K ˆe`y¨wZK †gvUi
e‡j| ˆe`y¨wZK †gvUi `yB cÖKvi|
 e¨envi: ˆe`y¨wZK †gvU‡ii mvnv‡h¨ cvLv †Nv‡i, cv¤• P‡j| †ijMvwo, Uªv¤•, †iwd«Rv‡iUi, QvcvLvbv, eoeo
KjKviLvbv BZ¨vw`‡Z †gvUi e¨envi Kiv nq|
UªvÝdg©vi
 UªvÝdg©vi: †h h‡š¿i mvnv‡h¨ D”P wefe‡K wbæ wef‡e ev wbæ wefe‡K D”P wef‡e iƒcvš@i Kiv nq Zv‡K UªvÝdg©vi e‡j|
UªvÝdg©v‡ii Kg©`¶Zv 95% – 98% ch©š@ n‡q _v‡K| UªvÝdg©vi †fv‡ëR I Zwor cÖevn Dfq‡KB iƒcvš@i K‡i| UªvÝdg©vi
`yB cÖKvi| h_v-
16 Ashraful's Science Cocktail (Preli)
(i) wbæavcx (Step Down) ev Ae‡ivnx: AwaK wef‡ei Aí Zwor cÖevn‡K Aí wef‡ei AwaK Zwor cÖev‡n iƒcvš@i
K‡i| wbæavcx UªvÝdg©v‡i gyL¨ (cÖvBgvwi) K‡q‡ji Zzjbvq †MŠY (†m‡KÛvwi) K‡q‡j †fv‡ëR Kg Drcvw`Z nq KviY
cÖvBgvwi K‡q‡ji †P‡q †m‡KÛvwi K‡q‡j c¨vP msL¨v Kg| wbæavcx UªvÝdg©v‡ii mvnv‡h¨ †iwWI, †Uwjwfkb, †Uc
†iKW©vi BZ¨vw` Pvjbv Kiv nq|
(ii) D”Pavcx (Step Up) ev Av‡ivnx: Aí wef‡ei AwaK Zwor cÖevn‡K †ewk wef‡ei Aí Zwor cÖev‡n iƒcvš@i K‡i|
D”Pavcx UªvÝdg©v‡i gyL¨ KzÛjxi †P‡q †MŠY KzÛjx‡Z cvK msL¨v †ewk _v‡K| G ai‡bi UªvÝdg©vi `–i `–iv‡š@ Zwor
†cÖi‡Yi Rb¨ e¨envi Kiv nq|
 AwaK `–i‡Z¡ Zwor †cÖi‡Yi mgq AcPq †ivaK‡í Av‡ivnx ev Step Up UªvÝdg©v‡ii gva¨‡g Zwor cÖevn
Kwg‡q †fv‡ëR evov‡bv nq|
 UªvÝdg©v‡i cvi¯•wiK Av‡ek‡K e¨envi Kiv nq|
 UªvÝdg©vi ïay Gwm jvB‡b e¨envi Kiv nq|
 evmvevwo‡Z we`y¨r cÖev‡ni Rb¨ Step Down Transformer e¨eüZ nq|
‡fv‡ëR ÷¨vwejvBRvi, AvBwcGm I BDwcGm
 †fv‡ëR ÷¨vwejvBRvi: †fv‡ëR ÷¨vwejvBRvi GKwU ¯^qswµq B‡jKUªwbK hš¿ hv ˆe`y¨wZK †fv‡ëR mieivn w¯’i iv‡L|
BbcyU †fv‡ëR DVvbvgv Ki‡jI GB hš¿ AvDUcyU †fv‡ë‡Ri gvb w¯’i †i‡L †fv‡ëR n«vm-e„w×RwbZ Kvi‡Y ¸i“Z¡c–Y©
B‡jKUªwbK hš¿cvwZ (†Uwjwfkb, Kw¤•DUvi, wd«R BZ¨vw`) bó nIqv †_‡K i¶v K‡i| GRb¨ G‡K Protection Device ejv
nq| Avgv‡`i †`‡k we`y¨r e¨e¯’vq †fv‡ë‡Ri cwigvY mvaviYZ 220 †fvë|
 AvBwcGm (IPS): AvBwcGm (IPS) Gi c–Y©iƒc n‡jv Instant Power Supply.
e¨envi: evmv-evwo ev Awd‡m evwZ, d¨vb, Kw¤•DUvi, wUwfmn mKj ˆe`y¨wZK hš¿cvwZ‡Z wbiwew”Qbœ we`y¨r cvIqvi Rb¨
AvBwcGm e¨eüZ n‡”Q|
 nVvr we`y¨r kw³ hvIqv‡K ejv nq eÐvK AvDU|
 BDwcGm (UPS): BDwcGm (UPS) Gi c–Y©iƒc n‡jv Uninterruptible Power Supply| GwU GK ai‡bi ˆe`y¨wZK hš¿
hv we`y¨r P‡j †M‡j ¯^í mg‡qi Rb¨ we`y¨r mieivn Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges we`y¨r bv _vKv Ae¯’vq †h‡Kvb g–û‡Z© Kw¤•DUvi I
Ab¨vb¨ ˆe`y¨wZK hš¿cvwZ‡Z 1 – 2 wgwj †m‡K‡Ûi †fZ‡i we`y¨r mieivn w`‡Z cv‡i| UPS Kw¤•DUv‡ii ¸i“Z¡c–Y© Ask|
wcGmwm I Ab¨vb¨ cix¶vq Avmv ¸i“Z¡c–Y© cÖkœ b¤^i
06, 09, 10, 19, 37, 54, 58, 60, 64, 69, 74, 80, 82, 97, 98.

B‡jKUªwb· (Electronics)
 UªvbwR÷i: `ywU Aa©cwievnx Wv‡qvW‡K cvkvcvwk hy³ K‡i GKwU Aa©cwievnx Uªv‡qvW ˆZwi Kiv nq Zv‡K UªvbwR÷i e‡j|
1948 mv‡j †R. evwW©b, DBwjqvg kKwj I WweÐD GBP eªv‡UBb UªvbwR÷i Avwe®‹vi K‡ib| GB ¶z`ª †mwgKÛv±iwU Zwor
ms‡KZ weea©b Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges D”P MwZ myBP wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ n‡Z cv‡i| UªvbwR÷i ZvB B‡jKwUªK mvwK©U ev eZ©bx‡Z
weea©K I myBP wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ n‡Z cv‡i| me©vwaK e¨eüZ UªvbwR÷i n‡jv- MOSFET (†gUvj A·vBW †mwgKÛv±i wdì
B‡d± UªvbwR÷i) ev MOS UªvbwR÷i bv‡g cwiwPZ|
 K‡qK ai‡bi UªvbwR÷i:
 FET = Field Effect Transistor G‡K unipolar transistor I ejv nq|
 BJT = Biopolar Junction Transistor| G‡Z †nvj I B‡jKUªb DfqB we`y¨r cwien‡b Ask †bq e‡j G‡K
ev‡qv‡cvjvi ejv nq|
 UJT = Uni Junction Transistor
 A¨vgwcÐdvqvi (Amplifier): A¨vgwcÐdvqvi n‡jv Ggb GKwU hš¿vsk hv wewfbœ Kv‡R Zwor cÖevn ev †fv‡ëR‡K weea©b
K‡i| UªvbwR÷i weea©K wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq|
 Ashraful’s Science Cocktail (Preli) 17
 mgwš^Z eZ©bx (Integrated Circuit or I.C.):
 IC Gi c–Y©iƒc Integrated Circuit| G‡K wmwjKb wPc ev wPc ejv nq|
 1958 mv‡j R¨vK K¨vjwe GwU Avwe®‹vi K‡ib|
 IC GK ai‡bi gvB‡µv B‡jKUªb wWfvBm hv‡Z A‡bK¸‡jv UªvbwR÷i, Wv‡qvW, †iwR÷i, K¨vcvwmUi BZ¨vw`|
K‡¤•v‡b›U wmwjKb wP‡ci Ici wbg©vY K‡i †Rvov jvMv‡bv nq|
 wWwRUvj Nwo, K¨vjKz‡jUi, †gvevBj †dvb, Kw¤•DUvi BZ¨vw`‡Z e¨envi Kiv nq|
 Aa©cwievnx Wv‡qvW (Semiconductor Diode): GKwU p-type cwievnx Ges GKwU n-type cwievnx cvkvcvwk mshy³
Ki‡j †h Rvskb ˆZwi nq Zv‡K p – n Rvskb Wv‡qvW ev Aa©cwievnx Wv‡qvW e‡j| Wv‡qvW g–jZ †iKwUdvqvi (Gwm 
wWwm) wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| Wv‡qv‡Wi cÖvš@ `ywU| GKwU K¨v‡_vW (+) I AciwU A¨v‡bvW (–)| Wv‡qvW ïay GKw`‡K Zwor
cÖevn n‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i Ges Zvi wecixZ w`‡K Zwor cÖevn‡K evav †`q|
wcGmwm I Ab¨vb¨ cix¶vq Avmv ¸i“Z¡c–Y© cÖkœ b¤^i
04, 05, 13, 15, 18, 22, 39.

ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡b c`v_©weÁvb

ivWvi : ivWvi n‡”Q GK ai‡bi B‡jKUªwbK wWfvBm, hv †iwWIi cÖwZaŸwb e¨envi K‡i Pjgvb ev w¯’i e¯‘i
Ae¯’vb, `–iZ¡, D”PZv, w`K ev `ª“wZ wbY©q Ki‡Z cv‡i| RADAR Gi c–Y©iƒc n‡jv- Radio Detection
and Ranging. 1935 mv‡j ivWvi Avwe®‹…Z nq|
e¨envi:
 S‡oi c–e©vfvm cÖ`v‡b|  wgmvBj cwiPvjbv|
 hy‡×i mgq kΓ wegv‡bi Dcw¯’wZ I `–iZ¡ wbY©q|
 `–ieZx© e¯‘i Ae¯’vb wbY©q|
LED : LED Gi c–Y©iƒc n‡jv Light Emitting Diode| GwU Ggb GK cÖKvi p – n Rvskb Wv‡qvW, hv
Av‡jvK wbtmiY Ki‡Z cv‡i|
d‡UvKwc : Ô†cvjvi‡qWÕ we‡klfv‡e ˆZwi ¯^”Q gva¨g| Gi g‡a¨ w`‡q mvaviY Av‡jv cvVv‡j mgewZ©Z Av‡jv cvIqv
†gwkb hvq| G m–Î Kv‡R jvwM‡q d‡UvKwc †gwkb ˆZwi Kiv nq| †iv` Pkgv, K¨v‡givi †j‡Ýi mvg‡b jvMv‡bvi
wdëvi BZ¨vw`‡Z Av‡jvi Sjmv‡bvfve Kgv‡bvi Rb¨ †cvjvi‡qW Gi e¨envi i‡q‡Q| eZ©gv‡b d‡Uv÷¨vU
†gwk‡b †m‡jwbqvg †gŠjwU e¨envi Kiv nq|
 AvaywbK gy`ªY e¨e¯’vq avZz wbwg©Z A¶‡ii cÖ‡qvRb dzivBevi eo KviY n‡”Q d‡Uv wj‡_vMÖvdx|
D‡ovRvnvR : cÂ`k kZvãx‡Z (1496) D‡ovRvnv‡Ri cÖ_g bKkv K‡iwQ‡jb wjIbv‡`©v `¨v wfwÂ| me©cÖ_g
D‡ovRvnvR mdjfv‡e Avwe®‹vi I DÇqb K‡ib ivBU eªv`vm© (DBjevi ivBU Ges Aiwfj ivBU)|
D‡ovRvnvRwUi bvg wQj Flyer-1| D‡ovRvnvR ˆZwi‡Z e¨eüZ nq A¨vjywgwbqvg avZz|
†ijMvwo :  we‡k¦i cÖ_g †ijMvwo cÖPjb nq (1825) hy³iv‡R¨| Gi Avwe®‹viK RR© w÷‡db (1814)|
 Dcgnv‡`‡k cÖ_g †ij Pvjy nq 1851 mv‡j|

wcGmwm I Ab¨vb¨ cix¶vq Avmv ¸i“Z¡c–Y© cÖkœ b¤^i

01, 05, 07, 15, 16, 20.
18 Ashraful's Science Cocktail (Preli)
AvaywbK c`v_©weÁvb
G·-†i
 Avwe®‹vi: 1895 mv‡j i›U‡Rb G·-†i Avwe®‹vi K‡ib| G Avwe®‹v‡ii Rb¨ wZwb 1901 mv‡j c`v_©weÁv‡b cÖ_g
†bv‡ej cyi¯‹vi jvf K‡ib|
 ag©vejx:
 G iwk¥ mij‡iLvq Mgb K‡i| GwU Avavb wbi‡c¶| Gi Zi½ˆ`N©¨ A‡bK Kg|
 GwU AZ¨waK †f`b ¶gZvm¤•bœ|
 G·-†i GKwU ZvwoZ‡PŠ¤^K Zi½| Zwor‡¶Î ev †PŠ¤^K †¶Î Øviv GwU wew¶ß nq bv|
 Gi Zi½‰`N©¨ cÖvq 10–10 m Gi KvQvKvwQ|
 G·-†ii e¨envi:
 ¯’vbPz¨Z nvo, nv‡o `vM ev dvUj, †f‡½ hvIqv nvo, kix‡ii evB‡ii †Kvb e¯‘i ev dzmdz‡mi †Kvb
¶Z BZ¨vw`i Ae¯’vb wbY©‡‡q e¨eüZ nq|
 K¨vÝvi I wUDgvi †iv‡Mi wPwKrmvq e¨eüZ nq|
 avZe XvjvB‡qi †`vl-ΓwUc–Y© I‡qwìs, avZe cv‡Zi MZ© BZ¨vw` wbY©‡q e¨eüZ nq|
 Avmj nxiv kbv³Ki‡Y e¨eüZ nq, KviY Avmj nxi‡Ki †fZi w`‡q iÄbiwk¥ †h‡Z cv‡i|
 Kv‡Vi ev· ev Pvgovi _wj‡Z we‡ùviK jywK‡q ivL‡j Zv Luy‡R †ei Ki‡Z e¨envi nq|
 Kv÷gm Kg©KZ©viv †PvivPvjvb `ªe¨vw` Lyu‡R †ei Ki‡Z e¨envi K‡ib|
 G·-†ii ¶wZKi w`K: G·-†i n‡jv GK cÖKvi B‡jK‡Uªv g¨vM‡bwUK †iwW‡qkb| GUv Avgv‡`i kix‡ii wWGbG †Z
cwieZ©b NUvq| d‡j GUv K¨vÝv‡ii SzuwK evovq| M‡elYvq †`Lv †M‡Q G·‡ii †iwW‡qkb _vBi‡qW K¨vÝvi, †eª÷ K¨vÝvi,
dzmdzm K¨vÝvi Ges wjD‡Kwgqv K¨vÝv‡ii SuzwK evovq| ZvB AZxe cÖ‡qvRbxq bv n‡j G·‡i Kiv †_‡K weiZ _vK‡Z n‡e|

†ZRw¯ŒqZv
 †ZRw®ŒqZv (Radioactivity):
 GKK: †ZRw®ŒqZvi Gm AvB GKK †e‡K‡ij (Bq)| cÖwZ †m‡K‡Û GKwU †ZRw®Œq fv½b ev ¶q‡K GK †e‡K‡ij
e‡j| †iwWI GKwUf †gŠj kbv³Ki‡Yi Rb¨ MvBMvi gyjvi KvD›Uvi ev MvBMvi KvD›Uvi e¨eüZ nq|
 †ZRw®ŒqZvi ˆewkó¨:
 †hme †gŠ‡ji cvigvYweK msL¨v 82 Gi †ewk †mme c`v_©B †ZRw®Œq ag© †`Lvq|
 †ZRw®Œq GKwU ¯^Ztù‚Z© I D‡Ïk¨wenxb NUbv Ges GwU Pvc, Zvc, we`y¨r ev †PŠ¤^K‡¶‡Îi b¨vq evB‡ii
†Kvb cÖwµqv Øviv cÖfvweZ nq bv|
 weÁvbx iv`vi‡dvW© (1899) I wfjvW© (1900) cix¶vi gva¨‡g †ZRw®Œq iwk¥‡K wZbwU fv‡M fvM K‡ib| h_v-
Avjdv KYvi ag© () :  abvÍK Avavbhy³| Gi Avavb 3.2  10–19 C
 GB iwk¥ Pz¤^K I Zwor †¶Î Øviv wePz¨Z nq|
 Gi fi me‡P‡q †ewk nIqvq †f`b ¶gZv me‡P‡q Kg|
weUv KYvi ag© () :  FYvÍK Avavbhy³ KYv| Gi Avavb 1.6  10–19 C
 GwU †PŠ¤^K I Zwor †¶Î Øviv wew¶ß nq|
 G KYv AwZ D”P `ª“wZ m¤•bœ B‡jKUª‡bi cÖevn|
Mvgv KYvi ag© () :  G iwk¥ Avavb wbi‡c¶|
 G iwk¥ Zwor I †PŠ¤^K †¶Î Øviv wePz¨Z nq bv|
 Gi †eM Av‡jvi †e‡Mi mgvb A_©vr 3  108 ms–1
 Gi †Kvb fi †bB| Gi †f`b¶gZv wZbwUi g‡a¨ me‡P‡q †ewk|
 Zi½‰`N©¨ LyeB ¶z`ª, ZvB kw³ Lye †ewk|
 RxeRM‡Zi Rb¨ me‡P‡q ¶wZKi iwk¥|
 Ashraful’s Science Cocktail (Preli) 19
 †ZRw®Œq AvB‡mv‡Uvc: †gŠ‡ji †h mg¯@ AvB‡mv‡Uvc wewfbœ ai‡bi iwk¥ (, , ) wewKiY K‡i Ab¨ †gŠ‡ji cigvYy‡Z
cwiYZ nq Zv‡`i‡K †ZRw®Œq AvB‡mv‡Uvc e‡j| †hgb- 99Tc, 60Co BZ¨vw`| GLb ch©š@ cÖvq 3000 wUi †ewk †ZRw®Œq
AvB‡mv‡Uvc cvIqv †M‡Q| MjMÛ †ivM wbY©‡q †iwWI AvB‡mv‡Uvc e¨eüZ nq|
 †ZRw®ŒqZvi e¨envi:
 wPwKrmv weÁv‡b :  wUDgvi I K¨vÝvi wbivg‡q 60Co †iwWI AvB‡mv‡Uvc e¨envi Kiv nq|
 _vBi‡qW MÖwš’i †Kvl Kjv e„w× wbivg‡q 131I e¨envi Kiv nq|
 wjD‡Kwgqv †iv‡Mi wPwKrmvq 32P AvB‡mv‡Uvc e¨envi Kiv nq|
 we`y¨r Drcv`‡b : cvigvYweK we`y¨r Drcv`‡b BD‡iwbqvg (U) e¨envi Kiv nq|
 Rxeb inm¨ D`NvU‡b : Rxeb inm¨ D`NvU‡b P-32, C-14 e¨envi Kiv nq|
 †ZRw®ŒqZvi ¶wZKi w`K:
 Mvgv iwk¥ Rxe‡`‡ni Rb¨ me‡P‡q gvivÍK| GwU K¨vÝvi I wUDgvi m„wói Rb¨ `vqx|
 †ZRw®ŒqZvi Kvi‡Y weKjv½ wkïi Rš§ n‡Z cv‡i|

kw³i Drm I Zvi cÖ‡qvM

 kw³i Drm: kw³i Drm‡K `y‡Uv fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| †hgb-
kw³i Drm

Abevqb‡hvM¨ bevqb‡hvM¨
‡Zj Rjwe`y¨r/mgy‡`ªi †XD
M¨vm ev‡qvgvm
Kqjv ‡mŠikw³
†c‡Uªvj evqykw³
wRI_vg©vj
cvigvYweK kw³
bevqb‡hvM¨ kw³
 bevqb‡hvM¨ kw³: †h kw³ evievi e¨envi Kivi ciI wbt‡kl n‡q hvq bv A_©vr GKevi e¨envi Kivi ci cybivq e¨envi
Kiv hvq Zv‡K bevqb‡hvM¨ kw³ e‡j| Gi Aci bvg MÖxb GbvwR©|
 Rjwe`y¨r (Hydroelectricity): evsjv‡`‡ki ivOvgvwU †Rjvi KvßvB Dc‡Rjvq KY©dzjx b`x‡Z 1962 mv‡j 230
†gMvIqvU ¶gZvm¤•bœ Rjwe`y¨r †K›`ª ¯’vcb Kiv nq|
 ev‡qvgvm/ evqyM¨vm: evqyM¨v‡m wg‡_‡bi cwigvY 60-70%| GKwU Ave× cv‡Îi g‡a¨ †Mvei I cvwbi wgkÖY 1 : 2
Abycv‡Z e¨vK‡Uwiqvi dvi‡g‡›Ukb cÖwµqvq wg‡_b Drcbœ Kiv nq| evqyM¨vm ˆZwii ci Aewkóvsk Rwgi mvi wn‡m‡e
e¨envi Kiv hvq| evqyM¨vm Rxevk¥ R¡vjvwb bq|
 †mŠikw³: †mŠi †Kvl †mŠikw³‡K we`y¨r kw³‡Z iƒcvš@i Kiv nq| K…wÎg DcMÖn cwiPvwjZ nq †mŠikw³i gva¨‡g|
 we‡k¦i me©e„nr †mŠikw³ †K›`ª Aew¯’Z fvi‡Z (Drcv`b: 2245 †gMvIqvU)|
 evqykw³: evqykw³ e¨envi K‡i we`y¨r Drcv`‡b kxl© Pxb| evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g evqywe`y¨r †K›`ª †dbxi †mvbvMvRx‡Z Ges
e„nËg evqywe`y¨r †K›`ª K·evRv‡i|
20 Ashraful's Science Cocktail (Preli)
cvigvYweK kw³
 cvigvYweK kw³: cigvYyi kw³ ej‡Z cvigvYweK kw³‡K †evSvq| cigvYyi wbDwK¬qvmB cvigvYweK kw³i Drm|
cigvYyi wbDwK¬qvm‡K †f‡½ A_ev mshy³ K‡i †h kw³ cvIqv hvq Zv‡K cvigvYweK kw³ ejv nq|
 me©cÖ_g cvigvYweK kw³ e¨envi Kiv nq 1945 mv‡j|
 kvwš@c–Y©fv‡e cvigvYweK kw³i e¨envi Kiv nq 1954 mv‡j|
 evsjv‡`k we‡k¦i 34Zg cvigvYweK K¬v‡ei m`m¨|
 c„w_ex‡Z †NvwlZ cvigvYweK kw³ai †`k 8wU (me©‡kl: DËi †Kvwiqv)|
 cvigvYweK PzwjÐ: wbDwK¬qvi wiG±i ev cvigvYweK PzwjÐ g–jZ GK cÖKvi Zvcxq hš¿| Gi gva¨‡g cvigvYweK R¡vjvwb †PBb
wewµqv K‡i wecyj cwigv‡Y Zvckw³ Drcbœ nq|
 gWv‡iUi wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq- MÖvdvBU ev nvB‡Wªv‡Rb ev fvix cvwb|
 cvigvYweK PzwjÐi R¡vjvwb wnmv‡e BD‡iwbqvg- 235 e¨envi Kiv nq|
 Zvc cwievnK wn‡m‡e †mvwWqvg I wnwjqvg e¨eüZ nq|
 PzjÐxi AwZwi³ wbDUªb †kvlY Kivi Rb¨ e¨eüZ nq- K¨vWwgqvg `Û|
 gvbe Kj¨v‡Y cvigvYweK kw³i cÖ_g e¨envi K‡i- ivwkqv (1954)| D‡Ïk¨: cvigvYweK we`y¨r Drcv`b|
 iƒccyi cvigvYweK PzwjÐ (1, 2) Gi Drcv`b ¶gZv n‡e 2400 MW
 PCR Gi c–Y©iƒc n‡jv- Polymar Chain Reaction.
 cvigvYweK †evgv: G‡Z e¨envi Kiv nq BD‡iwbqvg-235 I cÐy‡Uvwbqvg-239| GB †evgvq wdkb cÖwµqvq we‡ùviY N‡U|
G ch©š@ `y‡Uv cvigvYweK †evgv wbw¶ß n‡qwQj Rvcv‡b 1945 mv‡ji 6 I 9 AvM÷| †evgv `ywUi bvg wQj wjUj eq I
d¨vU g¨vb|
 cvigvYweK †evgvi Avwe®‹viK- I‡cb‡nBgvi (hy³ivó«)|
 wbDUªb †evgvq gvbyl g‡i wKš‘ ¯’vei m¤•wË I `vjv‡bi †Kvb ¶wZ nq bv|

Abevqb‡hvM¨ kw³
 Kqjv: Kqjv GKwU ˆRe c`v_© I Kve©‡bi iƒc‡f`| Zvcwe`y¨r †K‡›`ªi cÖavb Dcv`vb Kqjv| ivbœv I ev®•xq BwÄb Pvjv‡Z
Kqjvi `iKvi nq| mvjdv‡ii Dcw¯’wZ Kqjvi gvb bó K‡i| Aw¯’R Kqjv‡K AvBfwi eШvK ejv nq|
 cÖKvi‡f`: Kqjvi Dcw¯’Z A½vi ev Kve©‡bi cwigv‡Yi Dci wfwË K‡i Kqjv‡K PviwU fv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| †hgb-
cxU Kqjv :  cÖv_wgK ch©v‡qi Kqjv| Kve©‡bi cwigvY 30% Gi Kg| †fRv I big, †cvov‡j Lye †auvqv
nq| e¨envi †Zgb †bB| Z‡e †¶Îwe‡k‡l R¡vjvwb wn‡m‡e e¨envi nq|
wjMbvBU :  A‡c¶vK…Z DbœZ gv‡bi| Kve©‡bi cwigvY 30-50%|
 e¨envi wcU Kqjv A‡c¶v †ewk| ivbœv, BU †cvov‡bv, ev®•xq BwÄb I Zvc we`y¨r †K‡›`ª|
weUzwgbvm :  LyeB DbœZgv‡bi big cÖK…wZi Kqjv| GwU †ewk cwigv‡Y cvIqv hvq I e¨envi me‡P‡q †ewk|
 iO Kv‡jv| Kve©‡bi cwigv‡Yi 50 - 80%|
 R¡vjvwb, †KvK, Mvg, Zvcwe`y¨r I DcRvZ `ªe¨ cÖ¯‘wZ‡Z e¨envi nq|
A¨vb_ªvmvBU :  A¨vb_ªvmvBU n‡jv me‡P‡q cy‡iv‡bv I k³ Kqjv | cvIqv hvq Lye Kg|
 D¾¡j Kv‡jv is| G‡Z kZKiv cÖvq 95 fvM Kve©b _v‡K|
 Kqjvi R¡vjvwbgv‡bi µg: A¨vb_ªvmvBU > weUzwgbvm > wjMbvBU > cxU Kqjv
 evsjv‡`‡ki Kqjv‡¶Î: evsjv‡`‡k Avwe®‹…Z †gvU Kqjv‡¶Î cuvPwU| 1962 mv‡j Rqcyinv‡Ui RvgvjM‡Ä cÖ_g Kqjv Lwb
Avwe®‹v‡ii ga¨ w`‡q evsjv‡`‡ki Kqjv Lwbi m–Pbv n‡qwQj| 5wUi g‡a¨ w`bvRcy‡i Avwe®‹…Z 3wU Kqjv Lwb n‡”Q-
eocyKzwiqv (evsjv‡`‡ki me©e„nr Kqjv Lwb), dzjevox Ges w`Nxcvov| †`‡ki Aci 2wU Lwb n‡jv- iscy‡ii Lvwjkcyi Ges
Rqcyinv‡Ui RvgvjMÄ|
 Ashraful’s Science Cocktail (Preli) 21
 cÖvK…wZK M¨vm: evsjv‡`‡ki cÖvK…wZK M¨v‡m 95-99% wg‡_b _v‡K| evsjv‡`‡k cÖvß cÖvK…wZK M¨v‡m †Kvb mvjdvi _v‡K
bv|
meyR R¡vjvwb :  cÖvK…wZK M¨vm‡K D”PPv‡c msKzwPZ K‡i wmGbwR (CNG = Compressed Natural Gas)
Drcbœ nq| eZ©gv‡b A‡Uv‡gvevBj R¡vjvwb wn‡m‡e CNG e¨eüZ n‡”Q| KviY GwU
cwi‡ekevÜe I `v‡g m¯@v| evsjv‡`‡k 2003 mvj †_‡K Mvwo‡Z M¨vm e¨envi n‡”Q|
 LPG ev Liquified Petroleum Gas hv wmwjÛv‡i f‡i evmvevwo‡Z e¨envi Kiv nq| Gi g–j
Dcv`vb- weD‡Ub|
 Rxeš@ Rxevk¥: †hmKj Rxe my`–i AZx‡Z DrcwË jvf K‡iI †Kvb iKg cwieZ©b QvovB GLbI wU‡K Av‡Q, A_P Zv‡`i
mgmvgwqK Rxe‡`i Aejywß N‡U‡Q| †mB mKj Rxe‡`i Rxeš@ Rxevk¥ ejv nq|
D`vniY: ivRKuvKov, wbUvg, ivBwbqv, wmjvKv¯’, nsmPÂz BZ¨vw`|
Av‡cw¶KZvev` I wnM&m †evmb KYv
 Av‡cw¶KZvev`/ fi kw³i mgxKiY: 1905 mv‡j Rvg©vb weÁvbx AvBb÷vBb fikw³i mgxKiY wb‡q
wj‡Lb|AvBb÷vB‡bi fi kw³i mgxKiY E = mc2| AvBb÷vB‡bi GB m–ÎwU Theory of Relativity. wZwb 1921 mv‡j
c`v‡_©i Av‡jvK Zwor wµqv e¨vL¨vi Rb¨ †bv‡ej cyi¯‹vi jvf K‡ib|
 wnM&m †evmb KYv: weªwUk c`v_©weÁvbx wcUvi wnMm 1964 mv‡j kw³ wn‡m‡e Ggb GKwU KYvi aviYv †`b, hv e¯‘i fi
m„wó K‡i Ges Gi d‡j gnvwek¦ m„wó n‡q‡Q| 1924 mv‡j m‡Z¨›`ªbv_ emy Gi cÖ_g aviYv †`b, Z‡e wZwb G aviYvwU
c‡iv¶fv‡e w`‡qwQ‡jb| c‡i 1964 mv‡j wnMm Gi mwVK aviYv †`b| Ae‡k‡l Gi Aw¯@Ë¡ Avwe®‹vi nq 2012 mv‡j| G
KYv Avwe®‹v‡ii †NvlYv †`b BD‡iv‡ci weÁvb ms¯’v CERN| weÁvbx wn‡Mi mv‡_ m‡Z¨›`ªbv_ emy‡K Rwo‡q KYvi bvg
†`qv nq wnM&m †evmb KYv| GwU GKwU †gŠwjK KwYKv hv‡K Ck¦i KwYKvI (God Particle) ejv nq| God Particle kãwU
e¨envi K‡ib w÷‡db nwKs|

wcGmwm I Ab¨vb¨ cix¶vq Avmv ¸i“Z¡c–Y© cÖkœ b¤^i

02, 04, 07, 16, 39, 54, 61, 62, 64.

ejwe`¨v
†¯‹jvi ivwk †f±i ivwk
‡¯‹jvi ivwki ïaygvÎ gvb Av‡Q, w`K †bB| †f±i ivwki gvb I w`K Av‡Q|
D`vniY: ˆ`N©¨, †¶Îdj, AvqZb, fi, mgq, ZvcgvÎv,
D`vniY: ej, IRb, miY, †eM, Z¡iY, g›`b, fi‡eM BZ¨vw`|
Kvh©, `ª“wZ BZ¨vw`|
 †eM (Velocity): mg‡qi mv‡_ e¯‘i mi‡Yi nvi‡K †eM e‡j|  GKK: wgUvi/†m‡KÛ (m/s)|  gvÎv: LT–1
 Z¡iY (Acceleration): mg‡qi mv‡_ mv‡_ †Kvb e¯‘i †eM e„w×i nvi‡K Z¡iY e‡j|
 CGS c×wZ‡Z Z¡i‡Yi GKK cm/s2 Ges SI c×wZ‡Z Z¡i‡Yi GKK m/s2
 Z¡i‡Yi gvÎv [LT–2]
 †KŠwYK Z¡i‡Yi GKK †iwWqvb/†m2
w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv (Elasticity)
†h mnRvZ a‡g©i Rb¨ †Kvb c`v_© evB‡i †_‡K cÖhy³ ej ev ؇›Øi wµqvq Zvi AvKvi I AvqZ‡bi ev Df‡qi cwieZ©‡bi
cÖ‡Póv‡K evav †`q Ges H cÖhy³ ej evwn¨K ej AcmvwiZ n‡j e¯‘ Zvi c–‡e©i AvKvi I AvqZb wd‡i cvq Zv‡K w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv
e‡j|
 B¯•v‡Zi w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv A‡bK †ewk| B¯•v‡Zi †P‡q Wzivjvwg‡bi w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv †ewk hv Rvnv‡Ri ewW ˆZwi‡Z e¨eüZ nq|
 ivev‡ii w¯’wZ¯’vcKZvi Kvi‡Y GwU w`‡q Mvwoi Uvqvi ˆZwi Kiv nq|
22 Ashraful's Science Cocktail (Preli)
mij †`vjK
 mij †`vjK (Simple Pendulum): GKwU fvix AvqZbnxb e¯‘‡K AcÖmviYkxj, IRbnxb I bgbxq myZvi mvnv‡h¨ Szwj‡q
w`‡j GwU hw` Nl©Y Gwo‡q ¯^vaxbfv‡e `yj‡Z _v‡K Z‡e Zv‡K mij †`vjK e‡j| ev¯@‡e mij †`vjK cvIqv m¤¢e bq|
M¨vwjwjI M¨vwjwj †`vj‡Ki N–Y©b Avwe®‹vi K‡ib|
†KŠwYK we¯@vi 4˚ Gi †ewk bv n‡j mij †`vj‡Ki †¶‡Î wb‡æv³ PviwU m–Î cÖ‡hvR¨-
(i) cÖ_g m–Î (mgKvj m–Î): †Kvb ¯’v‡b wbw`©ó ˆ`N©¨wewkó GKwU mij †`vj‡Ki we¯@vi 4˚ Gi g‡a¨ _vK‡j Zvi cÖwZwU
†`vj‡bi Rb¨ mgvb mgq jvM‡e|
(ii) wØZxq m–Î (ˆ`‡N©¨i m–Î): †Kvb wbw`©ó ¯’v‡b mij †`vj‡Ki †`vjbKvj Dnvi Kvh©Ki ˆ`‡N©¨i eM©g–‡ji e¨¯@vbycvwZK
A_©vr T  L A_©vr Kvh©Kix ˆ`N©¨ 4 ¸Y evov‡j †`vjbKvj 2 ¸Y evo‡e|
(iii) Z…Zxq m–Î (Z¡i‡Yi m–Î): †KŠwYK we¯@vi 4˚ Gi g‡a¨ _vK‡j wbw`©ó ˆ`N©¨ m¤•bœ †Kvb mij †`vj‡Ki †`vjbKvj H
1
¯’v‡bi AwfKl©xq Z¡i‡Yi eM©g–‡ji e¨¯@vbycvwZK| A_©vr T 
g
(iv) PZz_© m–Î (f‡ii m–Î): GKwU wbw`©ó ¯’v‡b hw` Kvh©Ki ˆ`N©¨ w¯’i _v‡K Ges †KŠwYK we¯@vi 4˚ Gi g‡a¨ _v‡K, Z‡e
mij †`vj‡Ki †`vjbKvj †`vjK wc‡Ûi fi, AvKvi Ges Dcv`v‡bi Dci wbf©i K‡i bv| wewfbœ fi, AvqZb ev
Dcv`v‡bi f‡ii Rb¨ †`vjbKvj GKB nq|
L
 mij †`vj‡Ki †`vjbKvj: T = 2π ; GLv‡b, = Kvh©Ki ˆ`N©¨ Ges = AwfKl©R Z¡iY|
g
 L evo‡j T evo‡e, ZvB †`vjK Nwo axi n‡e| Avevi g evo‡j T Kg‡e, ZvB †`vjK Nwo `ª“Z n‡e|
 †gi“ A‡j g Gi gvb †ewk, ZvB †gi“ A‡j †`vjK Nwo `ª“Z n‡e|
 MÖx®§Kv‡j m–Zvi ‰`N©¨ ev‡o, ZvB †`vjK Nwo axi nq| kxZKv‡j m–Zvi ‰`N©¨ K‡g, ZvB †`vjK Nwo `ª“Z nq|

gnvKl© (Graviation)
gnvwe‡k¦i mKj e¯‘KYvB G‡K Aci‡K wb‡Ri w`‡K AvKl©Y K‡i| G we‡k¦i †h‡Kvb `ywU e¯‘i g‡a¨ †h AvKl©Y Zv‡K
gnvKl© e‡j| D`vniY- Puv` I m–‡h©i g‡a¨ AvKl©Y n‡jv gnvKl©| Ab¨w`‡K, c„w_ex I Ab¨ †Kv‡bv e¯‘i g‡a¨ †h AvKl©Y
Zv‡K AwfKl© e‡j| D`vniY- c„w_ex I Puv‡`i g‡a¨ AvKl©Y n‡jv AwfKl©|
 wbDU‡bi gnvKl© m–Î gnvKl© ej: m¨vi AvBR¨vK wbDUb 1687 mv‡j gnvKl© m–Î Avwe®‹vi K‡ib|
mve©Rbxb gnvKlx©q aª“eK, G Gi gvb: 6.67  10–11 Nm2kg–2
 AwfKl©R Z¡iY (Acceleration due to Gravity):
 c„w_exi 45˚ A¶vs‡k AwfKl©R Z¡iY‡K Av`k© gvb aiv nq|
 †gi“ A‡j g Gi gvb me‡P‡q †ewk A_©vr 9.83 m/s2| KviY †mLv‡b c„w_exi e¨vmva© me‡P‡q Kg|
 welyexq A‡j c„w_exi e¨vmva© †ewk weavq g Gi gvb Kg A_©vr 9.78 m/s2
 g Gi Av`k© gvb 9.8 m/s2 A_©vr gy³fv‡e coš@ †Kvb e¯‘i †eM cÖwZ †m‡K‡Û 9.8 m/s e„w× cvq|
 c„w_exi Ic‡i ev Af¨š@‡i †M‡j g Gi gvb K‡g| c„w_exi †K‡›`ª g Gi gvb k–b¨ Ges f‚-c„‡ô g Gi gvb me©vwaK|
 wbi¶‡iLvq g Gi gvb me©wbæ Ges `y‡Uv †gi“‡Z m‡e©v”P nq|
 IRb: †Kvb e¯‘‡K c„w_ex †h ej Øviv Zvi ‡K‡›`ªi w`‡K AvKl©Y K‡i Zv‡K e¯‘i IRb e‡j| A_©vr †Kvb e¯‘i fi Ges
AwfKl©R Z¡i‡Yi ¸Ydj‡K c`v‡_©i IRb ejv nq|
 IR‡bi GKK wbDUb (N)| e¯‘i IRb mvaviYZ w¯•Ös wbw³i mvnv‡h¨ gvcv hvq|
 e¯‘i IRb AwfKl©R Z¡i‡Yi mv‡_ m¤•wK©Z| †hLv‡b AwfKl©R Z¡i‡Yi gvb †ewk †mLv‡b e¯‘i IRb †ewk,
†hLv‡b Kg †mLv‡b e¯‘i IRb Kg| Puv‡` †Kvb e¯‘i IRb c„w_ex A‡c¶v 6 ¸Y Kg n‡e| KviY Puv‡`i
AwfKl©R Z¡i‡Yi gvb c„w_ex A‡c¶v 6 ¸Y Kg|
 wbi¶xq A‡j c„w_exi IRb me©wbæ Ges †gi“ A‡j m‡e©v”P|
 f‚c‡„ ôi hZ Dc‡i IVv hvq e¯‘i IRb K‡g Ges hZ wb‡P hvIqv hvq ZLbI K‡g| c„w_exi †K‡›`ª IRb k–b¨|
 c„w_exi AvwýK MwZi Rb¨ IR‡bi ZviZg¨ nq|
 Ashraful’s Science Cocktail (Preli) 23
wjdU I gnvk–‡b¨ IR‡bi ZviZg¨: IRbnxbZv
 wjd‡U IRb Kg ev †ewk nevi KviY:
 wjdU hLb w¯’i _v‡K: w¯’i wjd‡U `uvov‡j IR‡bi Aw¯@Z¡ †Ui cvB|
 wjdU hLb Dc‡ii w`‡K hvÎv ïi“ K‡i: Avgiv †ewk fvix Abyfe Kwi|
 wjdU hLb wb‡Pi w`‡K hvÎv ïi“ K‡i: Avgiv wb‡R‡`i nvjKv Abyfe Kwi|
 wjdU hLb mg‡e‡M Pj‡Z _v‡K: Avi hw` wjdU g Z¡i‡Y wb‡P bvg‡Z _v‡K ZLb wjd‡Ui mv‡c‡¶ Avgv‡`i
Z¡iY (g – a) = 0 nq| GgZve¯’vq Avgiv IRbnxbZv Abyfe Kwi| †Kvb wjd‡Ui `wo wQ‡o wM‡q wjdU hw`
AwfK‡l©i cÖfv‡e wb‡P c‡o ZLb G Ae¯’vi D™¢e nq|
 MÖ‡ni MwZ m¤•wK©Z †Kcjv‡ii m–Î: 1618 mv‡j †Wbgv‡K©i †R¨vwZwe©` †Rvnvb †Kcjvi MÖ‡ni MwZ m¤•wK©Z wZbwU m–Î
cÖ`vb K‡ib| hv †Kcjv‡ii MÖn m¤•wK©Z MwZm–Î bv‡g cwiwPZ|

KvR, ¶gZv I kw³

 KvR (Work): Avš@R©vwZK (SI) c×wZ‡Z Kv‡Ri GKK Ryj| wmwRGm c×wZ‡Z Kv‡Ri GKK AvM©|
1 Ryj = 107 AvM© ; 1 K¨vjwi = 4.2 Ryj ; 1 Ryj K¨vjwi = 0.24 K¨vjwi|
KvR `yB cÖKvi| h_v-
(1) abvÍK KvR: †Kv‡bv e¯‘i Dci ej cÖ‡qv‡M hw` e‡ji w`‡K e¯‘i miY nq A_ev e‡ji w`‡K mi‡Yi Dcvsk _v‡K,
Z‡e H ej Øviv K…Z KvR‡K abvÍK KvR e‡j| †hgb- cvnvo †_‡K ev wmuwo w`‡q bvgvi mgq AwfKl© e‡ji w`‡K
KvR Ki‡Z nq e‡j cwikÖg Kg nq|
(2) FYvÍK KvR: †Kv‡bv e¯‘i Dci ej cÖ‡qv‡M hw` e‡ji wecixZ w`‡K e¯‘i miY nq A_ev e‡ji wecixZ w`‡K
mi‡Yi Dcvsk _v‡K, Z‡e H ej Øviv K…Z KvR‡K FYvÍK KvR e‡j| cvnv‡o DVvq ev wmuwo fv½vq AwfKl© e‡ji
wecix‡Z KvR Ki‡Z nq e‡j cwikÖg †ewk nq| cvnv‡o DVvi mgq kixi‡K w¯’i ivLvi Rb¨ mvg‡bi w`‡K SuyK‡Z
nq|
¶gZv
 ¶gZv (Power): KvR Kivi ev kw³ iƒcvš@‡ii nvi‡K ¶gZv e‡j| ¶gZvi w`K †bB, GwU †¯‹jvi ivwk|
¶gZvi GKK: ¶gZvi GKK Ryj/†m‡KÛ| G‡K IqvUI ejv nq| 100 IqvU = 1 wK‡jvIqvU
 †Kvb evwZi Mv‡q 60 IqvU †jLvi A_© evwZwU cÖwZ †m‡K‡Û 60 Ryj Zwor kw³‡K Av‡jv I Zvc kw³‡Z
iƒcvš@i K‡i|
Ak¦¶gZv (Hp): Bwćbi ¶gZv cÖKvk Kivi Rb¨ Ak¦¶gZv GKK e¨eüZ nq|
1 Ak¦¶gZv = 746 IqvU = 0.746 wK‡jvIqvU

kw³
 kw³ Energy): †Kv‡bv e¯‘i KvR Kivi mvg_©¨‡K ejv nq kw³| kw³ I Kv‡Ri GKK GKB A_©vr Ryj|
hš¿ †_‡K cÖvß kw³‡K hvwš¿K kw³ e‡j| hvwš¿K kw³ `yB cÖKvi| h_v:
(1) wefe kw³ ev w¯’wZ kw³ I (2) MwZkw³
MwZkw³ (Kinetic Energy): †Kv‡bv MwZkxj e¯‘ Zvi MwZi Rb¨ KvR Kivi †h mvg_©¨ jvf K‡i Zv‡K MwZkw³ e‡j|
1 1
MwZkw³i m–Î: Ek = 2 mv2 = 2  fi  (†eM)2| A_©vr MwZkw³ e¯‘i fi I †e‡Mi Dci wbf©i K‡i|

wefe kw³ (Potential Energy): ¯^vfvweK Ae¯’vb †_‡K cwieZ©b K‡i †Kvb e¯‘‡K Ab¨ Ae¯’v‡b ev ¯^vfvweK Ae¯’v
cwieZ©b K‡i Ab¨ †Kvb Ae¯’vq Avb‡j e¯‘ KvR Kivi †h mvg_©¨ AR©b K‡i Zv‡K wefe kw³ e‡j|
GKwU Nwo Pvjv‡bvi Rb¨ w¯•Ös G Potential Energy cÖ`vb Kiv nq|
24 Ashraful's Science Cocktail (Preli)
 kw³i iƒc: Avgiv Avgv‡`i Pvicv‡k kw³i 9wU iƒc †`L‡Z cvB| †hgb- hvwš¿K kw³, Zvckw³, kã kw³, Av‡jvK kw³,
†PŠ¤^K kw³, we`y¨r kw³, ivmvqwbK kw³, wbDwK¬q kw³ I †mŠi kw³|

 kw³i iƒcvš@i: kw³ Av‡Q e‡jB RMr MwZkxj| kw³i GK Ae¯’v †_‡K Ab¨ Ae¯’vi cwieZ©b‡K kw³i iƒcvš@i e‡j|
kw³i iƒcvš@i-
hvwš¿K kw³i iƒcvš@i :  cvwb hLb cvnvo †_‡K Sibv ev b`xiƒ‡c †b‡g Av‡m ZLb wefe kw³ MwZ kw³‡Z
iƒcvš@i nq|
 GB cvwbi cÖev‡ni mvnv‡h¨ PvKv-Nywi‡q we`y¨r Drcbœ Ki‡j GwU hvwš¿K kw³ †_‡K
Zwor kw³‡Z iƒcvš@wiZ nq|
Zvc kw³i iƒcvš@i :  ev®•xq Bwćb Zv‡ci mvnv‡h¨ ev®• Drcbœ K‡i †ijMvwo Pvjv‡bv nq| GLv‡b
Zvckw³ hvwš¿K kw³‡Z iƒcvš@wiZ nq|
 ev‡j¦i wdjv‡g‡›Ui ga¨ w`‡q Zwor cÖev‡ni d‡j Zvc kw³ Av‡jvK kw³‡Z
iƒcvš@wiZ nq|
Av‡jvK kw³i iƒcvš@i :  d‡Uv †fvëvBK †Kv‡li Dci Av‡jvi wµqvq Av‡jvK kw³ Zwor kw³‡Z iƒcvš@wiZ
nq|
ivmvqwbK kw³i iƒcvš@i :  Zwor †Kvl I e¨vUvix‡Z ivmvqwbK kw³ Zwor kw³‡Z iƒcvš@wiZ nq| Zwor kw³
Avevi evwZi wdjv‡g‡›U Av‡jvK I Zvc kw³‡Z iƒcvš@wiZ nq|
Zwor kw³i iƒcvš@i :  ˆe`y¨wZK †gvU‡i Zwor kw³ hvwš¿K kw³‡Z iƒcvš@wiZ nq|
 ˆe`y¨wZK Bw¯¿, wnUv‡i Zwor kw³ Zvc kw³‡Z cwiYZ nq|
 jvDW w¯•Kv‡ii gva¨‡g Zwor kw³ kã kw³‡Z iƒcvš@wiZ nq|
 †Uwj‡dvb I †iwWIi MÖvnKh‡š¿ Zwor kw³ kã kw³‡Z iƒcvš@wiZ nq|
 e¨vUvix‡Z Zwor kw³ ivmvqwbK kw³‡Z iƒcvš@wiZ nq|
 Zvwor‡PŠ¤^‡K Zwor kw³ †PŠ¤^K kw³‡Z iƒcvš@wiZ nq|
wbDwK¬q kw³i iƒcvš@i :  wbDwK¬q mve‡gwi‡b wbDwK¬q kw³‡K hvwš¿K kw³‡Z iƒcvš@i Kiv nq|
 wbDwK¬q PzjÐx‡Z wbDwK¬q kw³ Zwor kw³‡Z iƒcvš@wiZ nq|

Zij I evqexq c`v_©

 NbZ¡ (Density): †Kvb e¯‘i GKK AvqZ‡bi fi‡K Zvi Dcv`v‡bi NbZ¡ e‡j| NbZ¡ e¯‘i Dcv`vb I ZvcgvÎvi Dci
wbf©ikxj| NbZ¡‡K '' Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq|  Nb‡Z¡i GKK kgm–3
 nvB‡Wªv‡Rb M¨v‡mi NbZ¡ mvaviY evqy †_‡K Kg weavq M¨vmfwZ© †ejyb AvKv‡k D‡o|
 fv‡jv wWg cvwb‡Z Wz‡e hvq wKš‘ cPv wWg cvwb‡Z fv‡m| KviY cPv wW‡gi NbZ¡ cvwbi †P‡q Kg|
 RW©v‡b Aew¯’Z g„Z mvMi jeY I Ab¨vb¨ Ac`ªe¨ wgwkÖZ _vKvi Rb¨ GB mvM‡ii cvwbi NbZ¡ GZ †ewk †h
gvbyl †mLv‡b Wz‡e bv|
 Pvc (Pressure): GKK †¶Îd‡ji †Kvb e¯‘i Dci j¤^fv‡e cÖhy³ ej‡KB Pvc e‡j| Pvc‡K P Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq|
 SI c×wZ‡Z Pv‡ci GKK Pascal (Pa) ev, N/m–2
wewfbœ Ae¯’vq gvby‡li Pvc cÖ‡qv‡Mi µg: †`Šov‡bv > `uvov‡bv > emv > †kvqv|
 cÐeZv (Buoyancy): Zij ev evqexq c`v‡_© AvswkK ev m¤•–Y©fv‡e wbgw¾Z †Kvb e¯‘i Dci Zij ev evqexq c`v_©
j¤^fv‡e †h EaŸ©gyLx jwä ej cÖ‡qvM K‡i Zv‡K cÐeZv e‡j|
 mvM‡ii cvwbi NbZ¡ I EaŸ©gyLx Pvc †ewk nIqvi Kvi‡Y mvM‡ii cvwb‡Z mvZvi KvUv cyKzi, b`x I Lv‡ji cvwb
†_‡K mnRZi|
 GKwU RvnvR mgy`ª n‡Z b`x‡Z cÖ‡ek Ki‡j Rvnv‡Ri Zj AviI Wze‡e KviY b`xi cvwbi NbZ¡ I EaŸ©gyLx Pvc
mgy‡`ªi cvwb †_‡K Kg|
 Ashraful’s Science Cocktail (Preli) 25
 AvwK©wgwWm Gi bxwZ (Archimede's Principle): AvwK©wgwWm wMÖK MwYZwe`, c`v_©weÁvbx, cÖ‡KŠkjx, †R¨vwZwe©` I
`vk©wbK| AvbygvwbK 287 wLªóc–e©v‡ã ZrKvjxb e„nËi wMÖ‡mi Dcwb‡ek wmwmwj Øx‡ci wmivwKDR bv‡gi e›`i bMix‡Z
Rš§MÖnY K‡ib| wZwb cÐeZv m–Î Avwe®‹v‡ii Rb¨ weL¨vZ| m–ÎwU n‡jv:
†Kvb e¯‘‡K w¯’i Zij A_ev evqexq c`v‡_© AvswkK ev m¤•–Y© Wzev‡j e¯‘wU wKQy IRb nvivq e‡j g‡b nq| GB nviv‡bv
IRb e¯‘wUi Øviv AcmvwiZ Zij ev evqexq c`v‡_©i IR‡bi mgvb|

 AvwK©wgwW‡mi bxwZ cÖ‡qv‡Mi D`vniY:

(i) †jvnvi ˆZwi RvnvR cvwb‡Z fv‡m wKš‘ †jvnvi ˆZwi m–P cvwb‡Z Wz‡e hvq KviY Rvnv‡Ri †fZiUv dvcv I RvnvR †h
AvqZ‡bi cvwb AcmviY K‡i Zvi IRb Rvnv‡Ri IR‡bi †P‡q †ewk nq| d‡j RvnvR cvwb‡Z fv‡m Aciw`‡K m–P
Øviv AcmvwiZ cvwbi IRb m–‡Pi IR‡bi †P‡q Kg ZvB GwU cvwb‡Z Wz‡e hvq|
(ii) eid cvwb‡Z fv‡m KviY eid Øviv AcmvwiZ cvwbi IRb ei‡di IR‡bi †P‡q †ewk nIqvB GwU cvwb‡Z fv‡m|
 wcÐgmj jvBb: weªwUk Gg. wc. m¨vgy‡qj wcÐgmj GB jvBb cÖeZ©b K‡ib| GB jvBb AwZwi³ gvj †evSvB Gov‡bvi Rb¨
Rvnv‡Ri Mv‡q wPwýZ Kiv _v‡K| Awdwmqvwj G‡K B›Uvib¨vkbvj †jvW jvBb ejv nq| GB jvB‡bi Kvi‡Y kZkZ RvnvR
`–N©Ubvi nvZ †_‡K i¶v †c‡q‡Q|
 c„ôUvb (Surface Tension):
D`vniY :  c„ôUv‡bi Rb¨ A‡bK KxUcZ½ R‡ji Dci PjvPj Ki‡Z cv‡i|
 c„ôUv‡bi Rb¨ Zij we›`y †MvjvKvi nq| c„ôUv‡bi Rb¨ e„wói †duvUv †MvjvK…wZ nq|
 c„ôUv‡bi Rb¨ b`xi Zx‡i wfRv evjyi Dci w`‡q nvU‡j mv‡_ mv‡_ c`wPý gy‡Q hvq|