238 F. Jaafri, A. Ayoujil and M.

Berrajaa

1. Introduction and main results

In recent years, a great deal of attention has been paid to the study of prob-
lems involving nonlocaloperators, both in the pure mathematical research
and in the concrete real-world applications, such as, optimization, finance,
continuum mechanics, phase transition phenomena, population dynamics,
and game theory, see [7, 8, 6] and references therein.
In this paper, we are interested in the existence of weak solutions for
the following fourth order elliptic equations of Kirchhoff type, with an ad-
ditional nonlocal term,
⎧ µZ ¶ ∙Z ¸r
⎨ M 1 1
|∆u|p(x) dx ∆2p(x) u = λ|u|q(x)−2 u |u|q(x) dx in Ω,
Ω p(x) Ω q(x)
⎩
∆u = u = 0 on ∂Ω,

(1.1)
where Ω ⊂ RN (N ≥ 1) is bounded smooth domain, ∆2p(x) u = ∆(|∆u|p(x)−2 ∆u)
is the p(x)-biharmonic operator, λ, r > 0 are real parameters and p, q ∈
C+ (Ω) = {h : h ∈ C(Ω); h(x) > 1, ∀x ∈ Ω}. Here M : [0, +∞) → R is a
continuous function satisfying condition which will be stated later.
Since the two equation in (1.1) contains an integral over Ω, it is no
longer a pointwise identity; therefore it is often called bi-nonlocal problem.
Z Z
1 1
|∆u|p(x) dx and |u|q(x) dx.
Ω p(x) Ω q(x)
As it is well known, the interest of such problems comes from the fact
that Kirchhoff type problems usually model several physical and biologi-
cal systems, where u describes a process which depends on the average of
itself, such as the population density. Moreover, problems like (1.1) is re-
lated to the stationary version of a model, the so-called Kirchhoff equation,
introduced by Kirchhoff in 1883 (see [11]). To be more precise, Kirchhoff
established a model given by the equation
à Z L ¯ ¯2 ! 2
∂ 2u P0 E ¯ ∂u ¯
¯ ¯ ∂ u
ρ 2 − + ¯ ∂x ¯ = 0,
∂t h 2L 0 ∂x2

where ρ, P0 , h, E, L are constants, which extends the classical D’Alambert’s

wave equation, by considering the effects of the changes in the length of
the strings during the vibrations.
In recent years, there has been increasing attention to study a problem
like (1.1) because such equations can describe some phenomena appeared in
 On a bi-nonlocal fourth order elliptic problem 239

physics and engineering, such as describing the theorem of beam vibration,

image processing, and so on.
In [8], the authors studied the following Kirchhoff equation
⎧ µZ ¶ ∙Z ¸r
⎨ −M 1 1
|∇u|p(x) dx ∆p(x) u = λ|u|q(x)−2 u |u|q(x) dx in Ω
Ω p(x) Ω q(x)
⎩
u=0 on ∂Ω.

(1.2)
By using variational methods, they proved several results on the exis-
tence of positive solutions.
In the [7], the authors study the existence and multiplicity of solutions
via Krasnoselskii’s Genus, to the following bi-nonlocal p(x)-Kirchhoff equa-
tion,
⎧ µZ ¶ ∙Z ¸r
⎨ −M 1 p(x)
|∇u| dx ∆p(x) u = f (x, u) F (x, u)dx in Ω,
Ω p(x) Ω
⎩
u=0 on ∂Ω,

(1.3)
Z t
with F (t) = f (s)ds, where f : R → R is a given regular function.
0
The p(x)-biharmonic problem is the general form of the p-biharmonic
problem. The operator is no longer a satisfied homogeneous and pointwise
identity. Many authors have studied the following problem (see for example
[1],[2],[3],[4],[5])
(
∆(|∆u|p(x)−2 ∆u) = f (x, u) in Ω,
u = ∆u = 0 on ∂Ω.

(1.4)
In [1], when f (x, u) = λ|u|q(x)−2 u, the authors proved the existence of
many eigenvalue sequences via Ljusternik-Schnirelmann theory on C 1 −manifolds.
In [2], through the mountain pass lemma and Ekelands variational princi-
pale and under a suitable conditions, they established the existence of a
continuous family of eigenvalues. When f (x, u) = λV (x)|u|q(x)−2 u in prob-
lem (1.4), many existence and nonexistence results are obtained [4, 5].
In the literature, biharmonic equations with a nonlocal term have re-
ceived more attention and have been the subject of extensive study, we refer
to [13, 14, 15, 16, 17] for more detail. To the best of our knowledge, the
240 F. Jaafri, A. Ayoujil and M. Berrajaa

study of elliptic problem with bi-nonlocal terms of the form (1.1) possesses
more complicated because there is no maximum principle for the bihar-
monic problem and the combined effects of the bi-nonlocal terms provoke
some mathematical dificulties. As far as we are aware, bi-nonlocal problems
like (1.1), have not yet been studied. That is why, at our best knowledge,
the present paper is a first contribution in this direction.
Motivated by the above works papers, the chief aim of this article is to
research the system (1.1) under appropriate conditions.
Let us define, for every x ∈ Ω,
(
Np(x)
∗ N−2p(x) p(x) < N2
p (x) =
+∞ p(x) N2 .
Throughout the paper, we will assume that:
N
(H) 1 ≤ p(x) ≤ 2 with 1 < q(x) < p∗ (x) for all x ∈ Ω,
(M) There exist m1 ≥ m0 > 0 such that for all t ∈ R+ , m0 ≤ M (t) ≤ m1 .

Here, problem (1.1) is stated in the framework of the generalized Sobolev

space n o
X = W 2,p(x) (Ω) : u = 0 and ∆u = 0 in ∂Ω
for witch some stated elementary properties are stated below.
By a weak solution to problem (1.1) we understand a function
u ∈ X \ {0} such that
µZ ¶Z
1
M |∆u|p(x) dx |∆u|p(x)−2 ∆u∆vdx
Ω p(x) Ω
∙Z ¸r Z
1
=λ |u|q(x) dx |u|q(x)−2 uvdx, ∀v ∈ X.
Ω q(x) Ω
The energy functional corresponding to problem eq:Robin is defined as
Jλ : X → R
µZ ¶ ∙Z ¸r+1
1 λ 1
Jλ (u) = M̃ |∆u|p(x) dx − |u|q(x) dx ,
Ω p(x) r+1 Ω q(x)
Z t
where M̃ (t) = M (s)ds.
0
It is well known, Jλ ∈ C 1 (X, R) and
µZ ¶Z
1
Jλ0 (u)(v) = M |∆u|p(x) dx |∆u|p(x)−2 ∆u∆vdx
Ω p(x) Ω
 On a bi-nonlocal fourth order elliptic problem 241

∙Z ¸r Z
1
−λ |u|q(x) dx |u|q(x)−2 uvdx,
Ω q(x) Ω

for all u, v ∈ X.
Thus, the weak solution of problem (1.1), coı̈ncide with the critical point
of Jλ .
Define the mappings T, G : X → X 0 by

T (u) = M̃ (u)Lp(x) (u),

and
G(u) = B(u)N (u),

where
Z ∙Z ¸r
p(x)−2 1
hLp(x) (u), vi = |∆u| ∆u∆vdx ∀u, v ∈ X, B(u) = |u|q(x) dx
Ω Ω q(x)

and Z
hN (u), vi = |u|q(x)−2 uvdx ∀u, v ∈ X.
Ω

We can write Jλ as
Jλ (u) = T (u) − λG(u).

Now, we are ready to give the main results of our paper.

Theorem 1.1. Under the conditions (H) and (M ). In addition, assume

m1 p+ (q − )(r+1) (r + 1)
that < and p+ < q − (r + 1). Then, for all λ > 0,
m0 (q + )r
problem (1.1) possesses a nontrivial weak solution.

Theorem 1.2. Under the conditions (H) and (M ). If p− > q + (r + 1).,

then, for any λ > 0, there exists a sequence (un ) of non trivial weak solu-
tions for problem (1.1) such that un → 0 in X.

.
The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. The section 2
countains some preliminary properties concerning the generalized Lebegue-
Sobolev space and embedding result. The proofs of main results are given
in section 3.
242 F. Jaafri, A. Ayoujil and M. Berrajaa

2. Preliminaries

In this section, we first recall some basic results, which will be used in the
next section.
Firstly, we introduce some theories of Lebegue-Sobolev spaces with vari-
able exponent. For details, see [9, 10]. Define

∀h ∈ C+ (Ω), h− = min h(x) ≤ h+ = max h(x).

x∈Ω x∈Ω

For p ∈ C+ (Ω), we define the variable exponent Lebegue space

Z
p(x)
L (Ω) = {u : Ω → R mesurable; |u(x)|p(x) dx < ∞},
Ω

with the norm

Z ¯ ¯p(x)
¯u¯
|u|p(x) = inf {µ > 0 : ¯ ¯ dx ≤ 1},
¯µ¯
Ω

and it is a separable and reflexive Banach space.

Proposition 2.1. ([9]) For u ∈ Lp(x) (Ω) and v ∈ Lq(x) (Ω), we have
¯Z ¯ µ ¶
¯ ¯ 1 1
¯ uvdx¯ ≤ + |u|p(x) |v|q(x) ,
¯ ¯ p− q −
Ω

1 1
where p(x) + q(x) = 1.
Z
Proposition 2.2. ([9]) Let ρ(u) = |u|p(x) dx. For u, un ∈ Lp(x) (Ω), we
Ω
have

1. |u|p(x) < 1 (resp = 1, > 1) ⇔ ρ(u) < 1 (resp = 1, > 1).

− + − +
2. min(|u|pp(x) , |u|pp(x) )ρ(u)max(|u|pp(x) , |u|pp(x) ).

3. |un (x)|p(x) → 0 (resp → ∞) ⇔ ρ(un ) → 0(resp→ ∞).

Define the variable exponent Sobolev space, for any positive integer k,
set
W k,p(x) (Ω) = {u ∈ Lp(x) (Ω) : Dα u ∈ Lp(x) (Ω), |α| ≤ k},
 On a bi-nonlocal fourth order elliptic problem 243

N
X
where α = (α1 , α2 , ....., αN ) is a multi-index, |α| = αi and
i=1
∂ |α| u
Dα u = α α
∂x1 1 ......∂xNN
,
with the norm X
k u kk,p(x) = | Dα u |p(x) .
|α|≤k

Then, W k,p(x) (Ω) also becomes a seperable, reflexive and Banach space.
k,p(x)
We denote by W0 (Ω) the closure of C0∞ (Ω) in W k,p(x) (Ω).

Definition 2.3. Assume that spaces E, F are Banach spaces, we define

the norm on the space E ∩ F as k u k=k u kE + k u kF .

From the above definition, we can know that for any u ∈ X, k u kX =k

P
u k1,p(x) + k u k2,p(x) , thus k u kX = |u|p(x) + |∇u|p(x) + |α|=2 | Dα u |p(x) .

In Zanga and Fu [18], the equivalence of the norms was proved, and it
was even proved that the norm |∆u(x)|p(x) is equivalent to the norm k u kX
(see [[18], Theorem 4.4]). Let us choose on X the norm defined by

k u k= |∆u(x)|p(x) .

Note that, (X, k . k) is also a separable and reflexive Banach space. Similar
to Proposition 2.1, we have the following
Z
Proposition 2.4 (1). Let I(u) = |∆u|p(x) dx. For u, un ∈ Lp(x) (Ω), we
Ω
have

1. k u k< 1 (resp = 1, > 1) ⇔ I(u) < 1 (resp = 1, > 1).

− + − +
2. min(k u kp , k u kp )I(u)max(k u kp , k u kp ).

3. k un − u k→ 0 ⇔ I(un − u) → 0.

Remark 2.1 Let h ∈ C+ (Ω) and h(x) < p∗ (x) for any x ∈ Ω. Then,
by [[1], Theorem 3.2], we deduce that X, is continuously and compactly
embedded in Lh(x) (Ω).
244 F. Jaafri, A. Ayoujil and M. Berrajaa

Proposition 2.5 (2). i)- N is completly continuous, namely, un u

in X implies N (un ) → N(u) in X 0 .

ii)- Lp(x) satisfies condition (S+ ), namely, un u and limsuphLp(x) (un ), un −

ui ≤ 0, imply un → u in X.

We need the following Symmetric Mountain Pass lemma to prove the-

orem 1.2.

Theorem 2.6. ([12]) Let X be an infinite dimentional Banach space and

I ∈ C 1 (X, R) satisfy the following two assumptions:

(A1) I(u) is even, bounded from below. I(0) = 0 and I(u) satisfies the
Palais Smale condition (P S), namely, any sequence un in E such
that I(un ) is bounded and I 0 (un ) → 0 as n → ∞ has a convergent
subsequence.

(A2) For each k ∈ N, there exists an Ak ∈ Γk such that sup J(u) < 0.
u∈Ak

Then, I(u) admits a sequence of critical points uk such that

I(uk ) < 0, uk 6= 0 and lim uk = 0,

k

where Γk denote the family of closed symmetric subsets A of E such that

0∈
/ A and γ(A) ≥ k with γ(A) is the genus of A, i.e

γ(K) = inf {k ∈ N : ∃h : K → Rk \{0} such that h is continuous and odd}.

3. Proof of Theorems 1.1 and 1.2

Proof of Theorem 1.1.

For applying the Mountain Pass Theorem. We start with the following
lemmas.

Lemma 3.1. There exist ρ, C 0 > 0 such that Jλ (u) ≥ C 0 for all u ∈ X
such that ||u|| = ρ.
 On a bi-nonlocal fourth order elliptic problem 245

Proof. Recalling that

Z ∙Z ¸r+1
m0 λ 1
Jλ (u) ≥ |∆u|p(x) dx − |u|q(x) dx .
p+ Ω r+1 Ω q(x)
In other hand, since q(x) < p∗ (x) for all x ∈ Ω, it follows that X in
continuous embedded in Lq(x) (Ω). So, there exists a positive constant C1
such that

(3.1) |u|q(x) ≤ C1 ||u||, ∀u ∈ X.

Let us fix ρ ∈ (0, 1) such that ρ < C11 . Then relation p4 implies |u|q(x) <
1, for all u ∈ X with ||u|| = ρ.
By proposition (2.2) and immersions Sobolev, we have
Z
− − −
|u|q(x) ≤ |u|qq(x) ≤ C1q ||u||q , ∀u ∈ X,
Ω
it follows that,

m0 p+ λ q − (r+1) q − (r+1)
Jλ (u) ≥ ρ − C1 ρ
p+ (r + 1)(q − )r+1
µ ¶
+ m0 λ q − (r+1)−p+
≥ ρp − Cρ .
p+ (r + 1)(q − )(r+1)
m0 λ − +
Since q − (r +1) > p+ , the function ρ → − Cρq (r+1)−p
p+ (r + 1)(q − )(r+1)
strictly positive an neighborhood of the origin. So, we find positive numbers
ρ, C 0 such that
Jλ (u) ≥ C 0 , ||u|| = ρ.
2
Lemma 3.2. There exists e ∈ X with ||e|| ≥ ρ such that Jλ (e) < 0, where
ρ is given in lemma 3.1

Proof. Choose ψ ∈ C0∞ , ψ 6= 0. For t > 1, we have

+ Z − µZ ¶r+1
m1 tp p(x) λ tq (r+1) q(x)
Jλ (tψ) ≤ |∆ψ| dx − |ψ| dx .
p− Ω r + 1 (q + )r+1 Ω

Using the fact that q − (r + 1) > p+ , we obtain Jλ (tψ) → −∞ as t → +∞.

Therefore, for t > 1 large enought, there is e = tψ such that ||e|| ≥ ρ and
Jλ (e) < 0. This completes the proof. 2
Lemma 3.3. The functional Jλ satisfies the condition (P S).
246 F. Jaafri, A. Ayoujil and M. Berrajaa

Proof. Let (un ) ⊂ X be a sequence such that,

Jλ (un ) → d and Jλ0 (un ) → 0 in X 0 .

By contradiction suppose that

||un || → +∞ as n → ∞ and ||un || > 1 f or any n.

m1 p+ (q − )r+1 (r + 1)
Thus, taking <θ< ,
m0 (q + )r

d + 1 + ||un || ≥ Jλ (un ) − 1θ Jλ0 (un )un

Z p(x)
m0 m1
≥( + − ) |∆un | dx
p θ Ω µZ ¶r+1
³ ´
q(x)
+λ θ(q1+ )r − (q− )r+1
1
(r+1) |un | dx
Ω
m0 m1 p−
≥( + − )||un ||
p θ
This contradicts the fact that p− > 1. So, the sequence (un ) is bounded
in X. By the reflexity of X, for a subsequence still denoted (un ), such that
un u in X. From
Jλ0 (un ) → 0,
we have
Jλ0 (un )(un − u) → 0,
that is,
Z Z
M̃ (un ) |∆un |p(x)−2 ∆un ∆(un −u)dx−λB(un ) |un |q(x)−2 un (un −u)dx → 0.
Ω Ω

By the Hölder inequality, we obtain

¯Z ¯ Z
¯ ¯ q(x)−1
¯ |un |q(x)−2 un (un − u)dx¯ ≤ |un |q(x)−1 |(un −u)|dx ≤ C|un | q(x) |(un −u)|q(x) .
¯ ¯
Ω Ω q(x)−1

Since q(x) < p∗ (x) for all x ∈ Ω, we deduce that X is compactly embedded
in Lq(x) , hence (un ) converges strongly to u in Lq(x) , then
Z
|un |q(x)−2 un (un − u)dx → 0.
Ω

On the other hand, when (un ) is bounded, there exist positive constants c1
and c2 such that
c1 ≤ B(un ) ≤ c2 .
 On a bi-nonlocal fourth order elliptic problem 247

So, we have G(un )(un − u) → 0. We may assume that, there exist positive
constants c3 and c4 such that

c3 ≤ M̃ (un ) ≤ c4 ,

we have also
Z
Lp(x) (un )(un − u) = |∆un |p(x)−2 ∆un ∆(un − u)dx → 0.
Ω

According to the fact that Lp(x) satisfies condition S+ , we have un → u in

X. The proof is complete. 2.

Proof of theorem 1.1. From lemmas 3.1 and 3.2, we deduce

max(Jλ (0), Jλ (e)) = Jλ (0) < inf Jλ (u) = β.

||u||=ρ

By lemmas 3.3 and the mountain pass theorem, we deduce the existence of
critical points u of Jλ associated of the critical value given by

c := inf sup Jλ (γ(t)) ≥ β,

γ∈Γ t∈[0.1]

where Γ = {γ ∈ C([0, 1], X) : γ(0) = 0 γ(1) = e}. This completes the

proof.
Proof of Theorem 1.2.
We start with two auxillary results.

Lemma 3.4. The functional Jλ is even, bounded from below and satisfies
the (PS) condition , Jλ (0) = 0.

Proof. It is clear that Jλ is even and Jλ (0) = 0. Recalling that, for all
λ > 0, we have
µZ ¶ ∙Z ¸r+1
1 p(x) λ 1 q(x)
Jλ (u) = M̃ |∆u| dx − r+1 |u| dx
p(x) Ω q(x)
Z Ω ∙Z ¸r+1
p(x) λ 1 q(x)
≥m p+
0
|∆u| dx − |u| dx
r + 1 Ω q(x)∙
ZΩ Z ¸r+1
m0 p(x) λ 1 q(x)
≥ p+ |∆u| dx − |u| dx
Ω r + 1 (q − )r+1 Ω
Considering Proposition (2.2),(2.4) and Sobolev immersions, we get
 248 F. Jaafri, A. Ayoujil and M. Berrajaa

Z ∙Z ¸
r+1
λ 1
Jλ (u) ≥ m0
p+ |∆u|p(x) dx − |u| q(x)
dx
ZΩ r + 1 (q − )r+1 Ω
λ 1 h ir+1
p(x) q− q+
≥m
p+
0
|∆u| dx − max{|u| q(x) , |u| q(x) }
ZΩ r + 1 (q − )r+1
λ 1 h − −
ir+1
p(x) q q q+ q+
≥m
p+
0
|∆u| dx − max{C ||u|| , C ||u|| }
Ω r + 1 (q − )r+1
− q + (r+1)
≥m p − λ C q + (r+1)
p+ ||u|| r+1 (q− )r+1 ||u||
0

for all ||u|| large enough. As p− > q + (r + 1), Jλ is bounded from below and
coercive become, that is, Jλ → ∞ as ||u|| → ∞.
It remains to show that the functional Jλ satisfies the (PS) condition to
complete the proof. Let (un ) ⊂ X be a sequence such that,

Jλ (un ) → Cλ and Jλ0 (un ) → 0 in X 0 .

Then, by the ceorcivity of Jλ , the sequence (un ) is bounded in X, and

similar arguments as those used in the proof of lemma 3.3 completes the
proof. 2

Lemma 3.5. For each n ∈ N∗ , there exist an Hn ∈ Γn such that

sup Jλ (u) < 0.

u∈Hn

Proof. Let v1 , v2 , v3 , ....., vn ∈ C0∞ (Ω) such that supp(vi ) ∩ supp(vj ) 6= ∅

if i 6= j and meas(supp(vj )) > 0 for i, j ∈ {1, 2, 3, 4, ..., n}. Take Fn =
span{v1 , v2 , v3 , ....., vn }, it is clear that dimFn = n and
Z
|v(x)|q(x) dx > 0, for all v ∈ Fn \ {0}.
Ω

Denote S = {v ∈ X : ||v|| = 1} and Hn (t) = t(S ∩ Fn ) for 0 ≤ t ≤ 1, one

+ −
has, tq ≤ tq(x) and tp(x) ≤ tp , we have
sup Jλ (u) ≤ sup Jλ (tv)
u∈Hn (t) v∈S∩Fn à !
µZ ¶ ∙Z r+1 ¸
1 λ 1
= sup M̃ |∆tv|p(x) dx − |tv|q(x) dx
v∈S∩Fn à Ω p(x) r + 1 Ω q(x)
p− Z + µZ ¶r+1 !
m1 t p(x) λ tq (r+1) q(x)
≤ sup −
|∆v| dx − |v| dx
v∈S∩Fn à p à Ω r + 1 (q + )r+1 Ω
µZ ¶r+1 !!
p− m1 λ 1 1 q(x)
≤ sup t − |v| dx .
v∈S∩Fn p− r + 1 (q + )r+1 tp− −q+ (r+1) Ω
 On a bi-nonlocal fourth order elliptic problem 249

Z
Since m = min |v|q(x) dx > 0, we may choose tn ∈ (0, 1] which a
v∈S∩Fn Ω
small enough such that
m1 λ 1 1
− m < 0.
p− r + 1 (q + )r+1 tnp− −q+ (r+1)
This completes the proof. 2

Proof of theorem 1.2 From lemmas 3.4, 3.5 and the symmetric mountain
pass lemma, we deduce there exists a sequence nontrivial weak solutions
(un )n such that for any n, we have
un = 0, Jλ0 (un ) = 0, Jλ (un ) ≤ 0, un → 0.

Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank the anonymous referees for their clear
valuable comments and constructive suggestions.

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