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    safa noor

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    of 9

    COMSATS UNIVERSITY ISLAMABAD, ABBOTTABAD CAMPUS

    Statistics and Probability


    Assignment 1

    By:
    Safa Noor SP22-BSE-089

    Teacher
    Muhammad Rafay

    Dated: 28 March 2024

    The nominal, ordinal, interval & ratio levels of measurement are scales that
    allow us to measure and classify gathered data in well-defined variables to be
    used for different purposes.
    Short Definaition

    Mainly used for these four scales are:

     Nominal: Used to categorize data into mutually exclusive categories or


    groups. A nominal scale is a naming scale where variables are simply
    “named” or labeled with no specific order
     Ordinal: Used to measure variables in a natural order, such as rating or
    ranking. They provide meaningful insights into attitudes, preferences,
    and behaviors by understanding the order of responses.
     Interval: Used to measure variables with equal intervals between
    values. Temperature and time often make use of this type of
    measurement, enabling precise comparisons and calculations. Interval
    scale offers labels, order, as well as a specific interval between each of
    its variable options
     Ratio: Allows for comparisons and computations such as ratios,
    percentages, and averages. Great for research in fields like science,
    engineering, and finance, where you need to use ratios, percentages,
    and averages to understand the data. The ratio scale bears all the
    characteristics of an interval scale. In addition to that, it can also
    accommodate the value of “zero” on any of its variables.

    In detail
    Nominal Scale: 1st Level of Measurement
    Nominal Scale, also called the categorical variable scale, is defined as a scale
    that labels variables into distinct classifications and doesn’t involve a
    quantitative value or order. This scale is the simplest of the four variable
    measurement scales. Calculations done on these variables will be futile as the
    options have no numerical value.

    There are cases where this scale is used for the purpose of classification –
    the numbers associated with variables of this scale are only tags for
    categorization or division.

    For a question such as:


    Where do you live?

     1- Suburbs
     2- City
     3- Town

    A nominal scale is often used in research surveys and questionnaires where


    only variable labels hold significance.

    For instance, a customer survey asking “Which brand of smartphones do you


    prefer?” Options: “Apple”- 1, “Samsung”-2, “OnePlus”-3.

    Nominal Scale Examples


     Gender
     Political preferences
     Place of residence

    What is your Gender? What is your Political preference? Where do you live?

     1- Independent  1- Suburbs
     M- Male
     2- Democrat  2- City
     F- Female
     3- Republican  3- Town

    Ordinal Scale: 2nd Level of Measurement


    Ordinal Scale is defined as a variable measurement scale used to simply
    depict the order of variables and not the difference between each variable.
    These scales generally depict non-mathematical ideas such as frequency,
    satisfaction, happiness, a degree of pain, etc.

    Ordinal Scale maintains descriptional qualities along with an intrinsic order but
    is void of an origin of scale, and thus, the distance between variables can’t be
    calculated. Descriptional qualities indicate tagging properties similar to the
    nominal scale, in addition to which the ordinal scale also has a relative
    position of variables. This scale’s origin is absent, so there is no fixed start or
    “true zero.”

    Ordinal Scale Examples


    Status at the workplace, tournament team rankings, order of product quality,
    and order of agreement or satisfaction are some of the most common
    examples of the ordinal Scale. These scales are generally used in market
    research to gather and evaluate relative feedback about product satisfaction,
    changing perceptions with product upgrades, etc.

    For example, a semantic differential scale question such as:

    How satisfied are you with our services?

     Very Unsatisfied – 1
     Unsatisfied – 2
     Neutral – 3
     Satisfied – 4
     Very Satisfied – 5

    1. Here, the order of variables is of prime importance, and so is the


    labeling. Very unsatisfied will always be worse than unsatisfied, and
    satisfied will be worse than very satisfied.
    2. This is where the ordinal scale is a step above the nominal scale – the
    order is relevant to the results, and so is their naming.
    3. Analyzing results based on the order along with the name becomes a
    convenient process for the researcher.
    4. If they intend to obtain more information than what they would collect
    using a nominal scale, they can use the ordinal scale.

    This scale not only assigns values to the variables but also measures the rank
    or order of the variables, such as:

     Grades
     Satisfaction
     Happiness

    How satisfied are you with our services?


     1- Very Unsatisfied
     2- Unsatisfied
     3- Neural
     4- Satisfied
     5- Very Satisfied

    Interval Scale: 3rd Level of Measurement


    Interval Scale is defined as a numerical scale where the variables’ order is
    known and the difference between these variables. Variables that have
    familiar, constant, and computable differences are classified using the Interval
    scale. It is easy to remember the primary role of this scale, too, ‘Interval’
    indicates ‘distance between two entities,’ which is what the Interval scale
    helps achieve.

    These scales are effective as they open doors for the statistical analysis of
    provided data. Mean, median, or mode can be used to calculate the central
    tendency in this scale. The only drawback of this scale is that there is no pre-
    decided starting point or a true zero value.

    The interval scale contains all the properties of the ordinal scale and offers a
    calculation of the difference between variables. The main characteristic of this
    scale is the equidistant difference between objects.

    For instance, consider a Celsius/Fahrenheit temperature scale –

     Eighty degrees is always higher than 50 degrees, and the difference


    between these two temperatures is the same as the difference between
    70 degrees and 40 degrees.
     Also, the value of 0 is arbitrary because negative temperature values
    exist – which makes the Celsius/Fahrenheit temperature scale a classic
    example of an interval scale.
     Interval scale is often chosen in research cases where the difference
    between variables is a mandate – which can’t be achieved using a
    nominal or ordinal scale. The Interval scale quantifies the difference
    between two variables, whereas the other two scales can solely
    associate qualitative observation values with variables.
     Unlike the previous two scales, an ordinal scale’s mean and median
    values can be evaluated.
     In statistics, interval scale is frequently used as a numerical value that
    can not only be assigned to variables but calculations based on those
    values can also be carried out.

    Even if interval scales are amazing, they do not calculate the “true zero”
    value, which is why the next scale comes into the picture.

    Interval Scale Examples


     There are situations where attitude scales are considered to be interval
    scales.
     Apart from the temperature scale, time is also a very common example
    of an interval scale, as the values are already established, constant, and
    measurable.
     Calendar years and times also fall under this category of measurement
    scales.
     Likert scale, Net Promoter Score, Semantic Differential Scale, Bipolar
    Matrix Table, etc., are the most-used interval scale examples.

    The following questions fall under the Interval Scale category:

     What is your family income?


     What is the temperature in your city?

    Ratio Scale: 4th Level of Measurement


    Ratio Scale is defined as a variable measurement scale that not only
    produces the order of variables but also makes the difference between
    variables known, along with information on the value of true zero. It is
    calculated by assuming that the variables have an option for zero, the
    difference between the two variables is the same, and there is a specific order
    between the options.

    With the option of true zero, varied inferential statistics and descriptive
    analysis techniques can be applied to the variables. In addition to the fact that
    the ratio scale does everything that a nominal, ordinal, and interval scale can
    do, it can also establish the value of absolute zero. The best examples of ratio
    scales are weight and height. In market research, a ratio scale is used to
    calculate market share, annual sales, the price of an upcoming product, the
    number of consumers, etc.
     The ratio scale provides the most detailed information as researchers
    and statisticians can calculate the central tendency using statistical
    techniques such as mean, median, and mode, and methods such as
    geometric mean, coefficient of variation, or harmonic mean can also be
    used on this scale.
     The ratio scale accommodates the characteristics of three other variable
    measurement scales, i.e., labeling the variables, the significance of the
    order of variables, and a calculable difference between variables (which
    are usually equidistant).
     Because of the existence of a true zero value, the ratio scale doesn’t
    have negative values.
     To decide when to use a ratio scale, the researcher must observe
    whether the variables have all the characteristics of an interval scale
    along with the presence of the absolute zero value.
     The ratio scale can calculate the mean, mode, and median.

    Ratio Scale Examples


    The following questions fall under the Ratio Scale category:

     What is your daughter’s current height?


    o Less than 5 feet.
    o 5 feet 1 inch – 5 feet 5 inches
    o 5 feet 6 inches- 6 feet
    o More than 6 feet
     What is your weight in kilograms?
    o Less than 50 kilograms
    o 51- 70 kilograms
    o 71- 90 kilograms
    o 91-110 kilograms
    o More than 110 kilograms

    Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, Ratio: Main Characteristics


    The four data measurement scales – nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio –
    are quite often discussed in academic teaching. The easy-to-remember chart
    might help you in your statistics test.

    Offers: Nominal Ordinal Interval Ratio


    The sequence of variables is established – Yes Yes Yes

    Mode Yes Yes Yes Yes

    Median – Yes Yes Yes

    Mean – – Yes Yes

    Difference between variables can be evaluated – – Yes Yes

    Addition and Subtraction of variables – – Yes Yes

    Multiplication and Division of variables – – – Yes

    Absolute zero – – – Yes

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