2019

Government Holkar Science College

Neeraj Kumar Kannouji [M.Sc. 2nd Semester]

REPORT OF FIELD VISIT

ONE DAY VISIT TO TEEHI TO PITHAMPUR RAILWAY TUNNEL PROJECT, GUJRI DYKE
OF DOLERITE, INTERTRAPPEAN BEDS IN GUJRI VILLAGE, SITAPURI LIMESTONE
MINES IN MANAVAR AND BAGH BEDS IN DHAR DISTRICT.
 Acknowledgement

The field visit opportunity I had with my classmates and Professor was a great
chance for learning and professional development. Therefore, I consider myself very
luck as I was provide with an opportunity to be a part of it.

Bearing it in mind, I express my deepest gratitude and special thanks to

Dr. Narendra Joshi

Professors, Department of Geology,

Govt. [Model Autonomous] Holkar Science College Indore

I express my deepest Thanks to

Dr. Vishnu Gadgil

HOD, Department of Geology, Government Holkar Science College

to allow us to carry our visit and extending during the visit.

I am also thankful to College administration for their support and resources to make
this visit a success.
 Student’s Declaration

I, hereby declare that the presented report of field visits is uniquely prepared by
me after the completion of one day visit at Manawar, Dhar District in Madhya
Pradesh.

I also confirm that, the report is only prepared for my academic requirement not
for any other purpose.

Neeraj Kumar Kannnouji

M.Sc. 2nd Semester

Department of Geology

Govt. [Model Autonomous] Holkar Science College Indore

Place: Indore

Date: 3-April -2019

 Contents
1. Introduction
2. isited Site
2.1 Teehi to pithampur railway tunnel
2.2 Gujri Dyke of dolerite
2.3 Intertrappean Beds in Gujri Village
2.4 Sitapuri limestone mines
2.5 Bagh Beds
3. References
 1.Introduction

Field work is the basic requirement of all the geology study programs.

Because it is the practical implication of the theoretical knowledge which we

have taught in our classes. Subject to gain further knowledge and experience
about field geological activities. It equips us with the necessary knowledge, skill
and value of field culture which are basic requirements of a geologist.

For this reason we visited field at various places , where we have done our 1 day
field work. During our field work we have gained a lot of knowledge about
geology under the supervision and guidance of our professors.

During our whole duration we were rotated in all the different area and
thoroughly briefed about the geology and techniques to work in field. Our report
contains all the knowledge which we have learned there.
 Station 1 -: Teehi to pithampur Railway Tunnel
What is Tunnel
Tunnel may be defined as underground routes or passages driven through the ground
without disturbing the overlying soil or rock cover. Chief classes of tunnels are
traffic tunnels, hydro power tunnels and public utility tunnels. Among the railway
tunnels example :
Pir panjal tunnel 11.2 km. long. It is india’s longest railway tunnel in jammu and
Kashmir.
Geological survey of tunnels :
In majority of cases, the location and alignment of tunnels and size of bore are
established prior to the geological survey. Before starting the geological
investigation, photo-geologic interpretation should be done along the tunnel
alignment. This will provide information on the topography, nature of surface
material, broad geologic structures, water conditions and vegetation.
The geological defects such as faults, shear zones, joints and water bearing horizons,
if present along the proposed tunnel lines are carefully outlined. The help of drilling
and geophysical survey are also taken. The prediction of such trouble zones is of
great importance as it helps in making preparations at right time to avoid hazards. A
study of hydrological conditions is another important aspect of geological survey
this involves in finding the depth of water table, direction and velocity of movement
of ground water, and the seasonal change in water table. Tunnel which is located
above the water table will be safe from underground water invasion and seasonal
flooding.
The above said geological survey provides enough data to prepare geological section
along the tunnel alignment. Such sections show clearly the various lithological units,
their structures, depth of buried rock surfaces, position and depth of water bearing
horizons, fault and fracture zones. This helps in choosing the proper excavation
methods in forecasting the troubles in tunneling.
Teehi railway tunnel is a western railway project of single line broad gauge track.
Whose Latitude - 22˚35’09’’
Longitude - 75˚42’15’’

The length of tunnel is 2.9 km and its height is 6.6 m. and width is 7.5 m.
The shape of tunnel is of typical horse shoe type the tunnel is designed by SSNR a
Company of Andhra Pradesh. We visited the eastern part of that tunnel. There were
two type of rocks weathered basalt and hard, compact basalt, mineral of zeolite group
like Heulandite was found. There was human settlement on the ground that’s why
precise controlled blasting is done. After the blasting is done quick covering of mesh
is applied on the blast surface. This mesh covering should be done within 10hrs after
blasting for safety purposes.
Safety measures are also taken during
tunneling like exhaustion of harmful gases like CO2 and continuous pumping out of
water is also done. The broken rock fragments after the blasting are dumped near the
tunnel. The estimated time for project completion is 30 months.

TUNNEL
 MESH COVERING

VIEW FROM TUNNEL

Station 2 – GUJRI DOLERITE
The latitude– 22 ˚ 19’17’’N and longitude 75˚ 30’13’’E
A dyke is a igneous body that cuts across the strata of preexisting rock , they are
often vertical or steeply inclined there thickness varies from few centimeter to
hundred meters. Dykes tend to occurs in group where they run parallel to one
direction. Dolerite dyke was of dark colored of fine grained texture, the composition
is mainly of calcic plagioclase and augite forms nearly 50% of rock. The texture is
medium to fine grained.

The vertical intrusion of dolerite dyke was in basalt.

DOLERITE DYKE
 DOLERITE DYKE
Spheroidal weathering
Spheroidal weathering is a form of chemical weathering that affects jointed bedrock
and results in the formation of concentric or spherical layers of highly decayed rock
within weathered bedrock that is known as saproliee. When saprolite is exposed by
physical erosion, these concentric layers peel (spall) off as concentric shells much
like the layers of a peeled onion. Within saprolite, spheroidal weathering often
creates rounded boulders, known as corestones or woolsack, of relatively
unweathered rock. Spheroidal weathering is also called onion skin weathering,
concentric weathering, spherical weathering, or woolsack weathering.

STATION 3 INTERTRAPPEAN BEDS

Gujri
As the volcanic eruptions of deccan traps were not continuous, a number of gaps
are found in the lava flows. The successive lava flows are commonly separated from
one another by sedimentary beds, which were formed under water containing
valuable palaeontological and palaeobotanical data, throwing light on the history of
periods of quiescence which intervened between the volcanic outbursts.
These are sedimentary beds found associated with the deccan trap lava flows. They
are made up of shales, impure limestones & volcaic detritus of lacustrine & fluviatile
origin. The individual beds are usually one to three meter thick and extend laterally
for five to eight kilometers. The intertrappean beds have yielded a rich flora-fauna
assemblage. The flora is mainly palm (palmoxylon). The invertibrates fossils include
physa, natica, lymnaea, paludina. The vertibrates fossils are mainly frogs, tortoises
& fresh water fishes.
Some specimen of calcite
mineral was found near an open area. And specimen of petrified wood was also
collected from the spot. Age of this intertrappean beds is cretaceous.
 PHYSA INTERTRAPPEAN BED

STATION 4 -: SITAPURI LIMESTONE MINES

The Sitapuri limestone mine are situated in Tehsil Manawar, District Dhar. Whose
Latitude 22020’27’’N & Longitude 7506’40’’ E. The lease area of mine is 965
hectare, & was opened on 29/09/2017. The owner of mines is Shri K.C Jhanwar and
agent is Shri.Vijay Chhabra & manager of mine is Shri.Subhash C.Nigam. There is
a conveyor belt of 12 km which connects limestone mines to the Ultratech cement
plant. The use of conveyor belt is to transfer crushed limestone to the plant.
In the Manawar area, the Bagh Beds occur as inliers in the Deccan Trap, by the
denudation of which these beds are exposed. In the area, Bagh and Lameta beds
show the following sequence :

Recent Soil
 Deccan Traps Basaltic lava-flows and
Basic intrusions.

--------------Unconformity--------------

Lametas Quartzitic Sandstone

Coralline Limestone

Bagh Upper Deola-Chirakhan Marl

Beds Nodular argillaceous Limestone

Lower Nimar Sandstone

Some samples of green sandstone of lameta beds with some fossils are found in bagh
beds. The main problem of mines is its vertical thickness is 2-3m of coralline &
nodular limestone but lateral extention is large. 1200 TPH (Tone per hour) is mined
everyday. For the manufacturing of cement Coralline limestone is better than
nodular limestone.
DISCONFORMITY SEPERATES CORRELINE LIMESTONE FROM
NODULAR BOTTOM
12 KM LONG CONVEYOR BELT WHICH JOINS SITAPURI LIMESTONE
MINES TO ULTRATECH CEMENT INDUSTRY
MACHINE WHICH ANALYSE, MONITER COMPOSITION AND SORTING
DISCONFORMITY SEPERATES COORALINE LIMESTONE FROM
NODULAR LIMESTONE (PEN IS USED FOR SCALE)
SUCCESSION OF CORRALIINE AND NODULAR LIMESTONE IN
SITAPURI MINES
HOLES CREATED ON THE SURFACE FOR BLASTING

CRACKS FORMED AFTER BLASTING

SITAPURI LIMESTONE MINES
STATION 5 -: Bagh beds in Madhya pradesh

The marine Cretaceous sediments derive their name from the type locality Bagh,
situated in the western part of Narmada valley in Madhya Pradesh. The sediments
of Bagh Group occur intermittently over a distance of about 345 kms. from near the
Gulf of Cambay(Gujarat) in the west to Barwaha(Madhya Pradesh) in the east via
areas of Jhabua and Dhar districts. These sediments exposed mainly along the edges
of the Deccan lava flows.
In Madhya Pradesh, the best exposures are being found in the valleys of the Maan
river south of Amjhera (Lat. 22o33’, Long. 75o11’), Wagni river south of Bagh (Lat.
22o22’, Long. 74o50’) and the sections of the Hatni and Ankhar rivers near Ali(Lat.
22o16’, Long. 74o24’). Underlying the spread of the Deccan Trap and fringing its
margine, there are many exposures of these rocks in the Jobat region of Jhabua
district.
Geology of the area

After the deposition of Gondwanas and before the outpouring of Deccan Trap lava
flows, the exposed surfaces of Gondwana rocks and the older Archean metamorphics
were eroded. On the eroded surfaces of these rocks, some lacustrine and fluviatile
sediments deposited. These are the Lameta Beds. Marine equivalents of the Lametas
are the Bagh Beds of the Narmada valley. Because Bagh and Lameta beds occur
immediately below the Deccan Trap flows, they are known as Infratrappeans.

In the Manawar area, the Bagh Beds occur as inliers in the Deccan Trap,
by the denudation of which these beds are exposed. In the area, Bagh and Lameta
beds show the following sequence :

Recent Soil
 Deccan Traps Basaltic lava-flows and
Basic intrusions.

--------------Unconformity--------------

Lametas Quartzitic Sandstone

Coralline Limestone

Bagh Upper Deola-Chirakhan Marl

Beds Nodular argillaceous Limestone

Lower Nimar Sandstone

--------------Unconformity--------------

Granites, granite-gneiss,

Archeans Phyllites, Schistose rocks etc.

with Crystalline limestone,

quartz and pegmatites veins.

Archeans

The Archean rocks form the basement and oldest rocks in the area which are
overlained by Bagh and Lameta sediments. The Archean members are best exposed
in river section of Maan, Sukkar etc.

The Archean rocks consist of granites, granite-gneisses, phyllites, chlorite

and/or hornblende schists, bands of crystalline limestone along with pegmatite and
quartz veins.
Coralline limestone

Coralline Rock is a type of rock formed by the death of layers of coralline algae. It
is visually quite bright like the algae, and is often desired as aquarium decoration.
Since it is formed from the dead algae, it contains some nutrients and calcium
carbonate which has allowed it to be used in some building structures.

Inoceremus bivalve coralline limestone

Nodular limestone

In sedimentology and geology, a nodule is small, irregularly rounded knot, mass, or

lump of a mineral or mineral aggregate that typically has a contrasting composition,
such as a pyrite nodule in coal, a chert nodule in limestone, or a phosphorite nodule
in marine shale, from the enclosing sediment or sedimentary rock. Normally, a
nodule has a warty or knobby surface and exists as a discrete mass within the host
strata. In general, they lack any internal structure except for the preserved remnants
of original bedding or fossils. Nodules are closely related to concretions and
sometimes these terms are used interchangeably. Minerals that typically form
nodules include calcite, chert, apatite (phosphorite), anhydrite, and pyrite.

In sedimentology and geology, nodular is used to describe a sediment or sedimentary

rock composed of scattered to loosely packed nodules in matrix of like or unlike
character. It is also used to describe mineral aggregates that occur in the form of
nodules, e.g. colloform mineral aggregate with a bulbed surface.
References

• Dr. Vishnu Gadgil

(HOD, Department of Geology, Government Holkar Science College)

• Dr. Narendra Joshi

(Professors, Department of Geology, Government Holkar Science College)

• Er. Manoj Kumar Dangwal

( Engineer at tunnel construction site )

• kumar Ravindra (Book)

Fundamentals of historical Geology and stratigraphy of india