Cambridge O Level

* 9 8 5 9 7 3 7 5 1 1 *

GEOGRAPHY 2230/02
Paper 2 Geographical Skills May/June 2023

1 hour 45 minutes

You must answer on the question paper.

You will need: Insert (enclosed) Plain paper

1:25 000 survey map (enclosed) Protractor
Calculator Ruler

INSTRUCTIONS
● Answer all questions.
● Use a black or dark blue pen. You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams or graphs.
● Write your name, centre number and candidate number in the boxes at the top of the page.
● Write your answer to each question in the space provided.
● Do not use an erasable pen or correction fluid.
● Do not write on any bar codes.
● Sketch maps and diagrams should be drawn whenever they serve to illustrate the answer.
● If additional space is needed, you should use the lined pages at the end of this booklet; the question
number or numbers must be clearly shown.

INFORMATION
● The total mark for this paper is 60.
● The number of marks for each question or part question is shown in brackets [ ].
● The insert contains additional resources referred to in the questions.

This document has 20 pages. Any blank pages are indicated.

DC (DE/SG) 315350/4
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Section A: Mapwork skills

1 Study the map extract of an area of Mauritius. The scale is 1:25 000. The heights are in metres.
The contour interval is 10 metres.

(a) (i) Give the four-figure grid reference for the grid square containing GUIBY PEAK located in
the east of the map.

................................................................. [1]

(ii) What type of woodland is found in the grid square containing GUIBY PEAK?

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) Calculate the distance along the B76 HUGNIN ROAD from its start in grid square 9397
to the edge of the map in grid square 9395. Show your working.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(iv) Identify two services in grid square 9797.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................
[2]

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(b) Study Fig. 1.1, which shows an area of the map extract.

94 95 96
00 00
WT

V
X

area
W
99 99

area
Y

98 98
94 95 96

Fig. 1.1

(i) Use the map extract to identify the following shown on Fig. 1.1:

• feature V

....................................................................................................................................

• the land use in area W

....................................................................................................................................

• road X

....................................................................................................................................
[3]
(ii) Describe the street pattern in area Y.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) Give a six-figure grid reference for the trigonometrical station at Z.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iv) On Fig. 1.1, complete the route of the power line as shown in this area of the map
extract. [1]

(v) State the total area covered by the grid squares in Fig. 1.1. Give your answer in square
kilometres (km2).

..................................................................................................................................... [1]
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(c) (i) In which general compass direction is River Moka flowing?

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Name one tributary of the Grand River North West.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(d) Using the map extract, complete Table 1.1 to compare the relief and drainage in grid
squares 9599 and 9896.

Table 1.1

grid square 9599 grid square 9896

(near SÉNÈQUE PEAK) (near BEAU CLIMAT)
height
...................................................... ......................................................

...................................................... ......................................................

...................................................... ......................................................

steepness of slope
...................................................... ......................................................

...................................................... ......................................................

...................................................... ......................................................

drainage (surface water)

...................................................... ......................................................

...................................................... ......................................................

...................................................... ......................................................

[3]

(e) There is a sugar factory located in grid square 0097. Give two pieces of map evidence to
show why this is a good location for a sugar factory.

1 ................................................................................................................................................

2 ................................................................................................................................................
[2]

[Total: 20]

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Section B: Geographical skills

2 (a) Study Fig. 2.1, which shows the GDP (Gross Domestic Product) per person of Brunei from
2007 to 2020.

GDP per person, Brunei, 2007–2020

48

46

44

42

40

38
GDP
per person 36
(US$ thousand)
34

32

30

28

26

0
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
year

Fig. 2.1

(i) In which year between 2009 and 2020 was the GDP per person of Brunei highest?

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Describe the changes in the GDP per person of Brunei between 2009 and 2020.

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(iii) On Fig. 2.1, plot the following data for GDP per person of Brunei.

year GDP per person

(US$)
2007 33 000
2008 38 000
[2]

(b) Study Table 2.1, which shows GDP per person data for the ASEAN countries in 2019.

Table 2.1

country GDP per person GDP per person

(US$) growth rate (%)
Brunei 31 100 2.8
Cambodia 1600 5.5
Indonesia 4100 3.9
Lao PDR 2600 3.9
Malaysia 11 400 3.1
Myanmar 1300 6.0
Philippines 3500 4.7
Singapore 65 800 –0.1
Thailand 7800 1.9
Viet Nam 3400 6.1

(i) Calculate the difference in GDP per person (US$) between Brunei and Indonesia.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Complete Table 2.2 to show the rank order of the top three ASEAN countries in 2019 as
shown in Table 2.1.

Table 2.2

rank order GDP per person GDP per person

(US$) growth rate (%)

1
.................................................. ..................................................
2
.................................................. ..................................................
3
.................................................. ..................................................
[2]

(iii) Which country in Table 2.1 had a negative GDP per person growth rate in 2019?

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 10]
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3 (a) Study Fig. 3.1 (Insert), which shows where acid rain occurs in the USA.

Use Fig. 3.1 to describe the pattern of acid rain in the USA.

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(b) Study Fig. 3.2, which shows the changes in emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen
oxides (NOx) in the USA between 1995 and 2020.

Emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx),

USA, 1995–2020
20 20

10 10

0 0

–10 –10

–20 –20

–30 –30

change –40 –40 change

(%) (%)
–50 –50

–60 –60

–70 –70

–80 –80

–90 –90

–100 –100
1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2020
year
Key
sulfur dioxide (SO2)
nitrogen oxides (NOx)

Fig. 3.2

Compare the emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) between 1995
and 2020.

...................................................................................................................................................

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............................................................................................................................................. [3]

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(c) Study Fig. 3.3, which shows the effects of acid rain on aquatic environments.

pH levels of water at which organisms can survive

critical pH level
organisms pH 6.5 pH 6.0 pH 5.5 pH 5.0 pH 4.5 pH 4.0

trout

bass

perch

frogs

salamanders

clams

crayfish

snails

mayfly

increasing acidity
Key
pH level of water at which organism can survive

Fig. 3.3

(i) Complete the graph on Fig. 3.3 to show that mayfly can survive in water with pH levels
of 5.5. [1]

(ii) Which aquatic organism can survive in the most acidic water?

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(d) Describe two ways that acid rain can be reduced.

1 ................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

2 ................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
[2]

[Total: 10]

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Section C: Geographical investigation

4 A class of students in the UK were studying how a river changes downstream. As part of their
study they did some fieldwork on the River Cuckmere drainage basin.

The students investigated the following hypotheses:

Hypothesis 1: The area of the cross-section of the river channel increases downstream.

Hypothesis 2: The gradient (angle of slope) of the river decreases downstream.

The students chose four sites to do their fieldwork at different distances downstream of one of the
tributaries. The sites are shown in Fig. 4.1 (Insert).

(a) Suggest two things the students needed to consider when choosing their fieldwork sites.

1 ................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

2 ................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
[2]

(b) To investigate Hypothesis 1: The area of the cross-section of the river channel increases
downstream, the students measured the width and the depth of the river channel at each site.

(i) Study Fig. 4.2 (Insert), which shows equipment used in river investigations.

Which two pieces of equipment would the students use to measure the width of the river
channel? Tick (✓) the correct answers.

equipment tick (✓)

chains
metre ruler
tape measure
callipers
stop-watch
float
clinometer
ranging poles
[2]

(ii) To measure the depth of the river the students divided the width of the river into 10
equally spaced points across the channel.

Which one of the following describes this method of sampling?

Circle your answer:

biased random stratified systematic

[1]
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(c) The students used their results to draw a cross-section of the river channel at each site.
These are shown in Fig. 4.3 (Insert).

Describe two differences between the cross-section at Site 3 and the cross-section at Site 4.

1 ................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

2 ................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
[2]

(d) The students used their measurements to calculate the area of the cross-section of the river
channel at each site. Their results are shown in Table 4.1.

Table 4.1

site width mean area of

number (m) (average) depth cross-section
(m) (m2)
1 upstream 1.07 0.12 0.13
2 1.80 0.23 0.41
3 5.90 0.48 2.83
4 downstream 9.65 0.62 5.98

(i) Which one of the following is the correct calculation to work out the area of the cross-
section of the river channel? Tick (✓) the correct answer.

calculation tick (✓)

width – mean (average) depth
width + mean (average) depth
width × mean (average) depth
width ÷ mean (average) depth
[1]

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(ii) What conclusion would the students make about Hypothesis 1: The area of the cross-
section of the river channel increases downstream? Use data from Table 4.1 and Fig. 4.3
to support the conclusion.

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(e) To collect data for Hypothesis 2: The gradient (angle of slope) of the river decreases
downstream, the students measured the gradient of the river bed using the ranging poles,
clinometer and tape measure shown in Fig. 4.2 (Insert).

(i) Describe how the students used the ranging poles, clinometer and tape measure shown
in Fig. 4.2 to measure the gradient.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(ii) The students worked in two groups. Group A made four measurements at each site and
Group B made one measurement at each site. Suggest why the results of Group A would
be more reliable than the results of Group B.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(f) The results of Group A’s measurements are shown in Table 4.2.

Table 4.2

Gradient (angle of slope) results

site angle measurement (°)

number
1 2 3 4 average
1 upstream 12 9 7 8 9
2 11 10 18 9 12
3 7 6 7 8 7
4 downstream 5 5 2 4 4

(i) Which site (1 to 4) has the largest variation in measurements?

Site ..................................................
[1]

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(ii) Study Fig. 4.4, which shows a method chosen by one student to present the results in
Table 4.2.

Plot the average gradient for Site 3 on Fig. 4.4 using the results in Table 4.2. [1]

Average gradient at each site

Site 1
15

average 10
upstream
angle
(°) 5

0
0 2 4 6 8 10
length of measured section (m)

Site 2
15

average 10
angle
(°) 5

0
0 2 4 6 8 10
length of measured section (m)

Site 3
15

average 10
angle
(°) 5

0
0 2 4 6 8 10
length of measured section (m)

Site 4
15

average 10
angle
(°) 5 downstream

0
0 2 4 6 8 10
length of measured section (m)

Fig. 4.4

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(iii) Do the results shown in Table 4.2 and Fig. 4.4 support Hypothesis 2: The gradient
(angle of slope) of the river decreases downstream? Support your answer with data from
Table 4.2 and Fig. 4.4.

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[Total: 20]

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Additional pages

If you use the following pages to complete the answer(s) to any question(s), the question number(s)
must be clearly shown.

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© UCLES 2023 2230/02/M/J/23