Mil STD 461

UNCLASSIFIED
Department of Defense Interface

Standard
MIL-STD-461G Overview
Joint Spectrum Center

E3 & Spectrum Engineering Division, OS35
Tony Keys
UNCLASSIFIED DISA: TRUSTED TO CONNECT, PROTECT AND SERVE! 1

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Who Are We
Defense Information System Agency (DISA) Mission

• To conduct DODIN operations for the joint warfighter to enable lethality across all warfighting domains in
defense of our Nation.
Defense Spectrum Organization (DSO) Mission

• Deliver tools, capabilities, and expertise to empower DOD to solve tomorrow's electromagnetic spectrum
challenges today.
Joint Spectrum Center (JSC) Mission

• Provides direct support to the JCS, CCMDs, and MILDEPs to enable trusted, efficient and effective use of the
Electromagnetic Spectrum Enterprise (operations, services, data, tools/capabilities), Applied Engineering,
Acquisition and Analysis, and the mitigation of Electromagnetic Environmental Effects (E3) in support of national
security and military objectives.

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Disclaimer
The information provided in this briefing is for general information purposes

only. It does not constitute a commitment on behalf of the United States
Government to provide any of the capabilities, systems or equipment presented
and in no way obligates the United States Government to enter into any future
agreements with regard to the same. The information presented may not be
disseminated further without the express consent of the United States
Government.

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Instructor Bio
Welcome to “MIL-STD-461G Overview”

Tony Keys, President of EMC Analytical Services (EMCAS)
Over 28 years of E3 engineering experience from a wide variety of organizational aspects including DoD employee, DoD
support service contractor, defense contractor system developer…
Education: Professional Certifications:

• BS Degree in Physics • NARTE Certified EMC Engineer
• MS Degree in Systems Engineering • IEEE EMCS Member
Telephone Number: 603-488-5171

Email: [email protected]
Link to Instructor’s web site: www.e3as.com

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MIL-STD-461 Introduction
• Applicability
• Purpose
• Definitions
• Notes

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MIL-STD-461G
Subsystem
Performance Specs

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MIL-STD-461G
• Applies to Equipment and Subsystems

− Not appropriate for platform level
− Not appropriate for module level
• Conducted and Radiated Emissions and Susceptibility (CE, CS, RE, RS)
Requirements and Test Procedures
• Requirements Tailored to Equipment Characteristics and Installation
• Main Body
• Appendix
• DIDs

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MIL-STD-461G
• The purpose of MIL-STD-461G

− “…to provide reasonable confidence that a particular subsystem or equipment
complying with these requirements will function within their designated design
tolerances when operating in their intended electromagnetic environment
(EME).”
• What this does not state
− Passing 461 testing ensures platform level EMC
− Failing 461 testing guarantees platform level EMI

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Notes
• Associated Data Item Descriptions (DIDs)

− DI-EMCS-80199 Electromagnetic Interference Control Procedures (EMICP)
− DI-EMCS-80201 Electromagnetic Interference Test Procedures (EMITP)
− DI-EMCS-80200 Electromagnetic Interference Test Report (EMITR)
• Tailoring guidance for contractual application
• Keywords
• International standardization agreement implementation
• Technical POCs

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Definitions
• Above deck - All shipboard areas, outside the skin of the ship or submarine, which are continuously
exposed to the external electromagnetic environment.
• Antenna port - Any connector, terminal or waveguide of a transmitter, receiver or amplifier which is
employed in the transmission and/or reception of RF energy. The antenna port can be either directly
connected to an antenna or indirectly connected to an antenna, such as through an antenna coupler,
power divider, amplifier, etc.
• Below deck - Areas in ships that are surrounded by a metallic structure such as the hull or
superstructure of metallic surface ships, the shielded areas or rooms of non-metallic ships, the
shielded areas of ships utilizing a combination of metallic/non-metallic material for hull and
superstructure or a deck mounted metallic shelter. This also includes inside the pressure hull of
submarines.
• Cable bundle - All wires and shields associated with a specific equipment under test (EUT) connector.

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Definitions (cont.)
• Exposed below deck - Areas within the skin of the ship that have electrically large openings which
when open expose the equipment and cables in those spaces to the external electromagnetic
environment. This can also include spaces that are surrounded by material that does not have at
least as much shielding effectiveness as the structure. Examples of these areas may include the
bridge, hangar, boat bay, within the superstructure but outside the pressure hull of submarines,
mooring stations, intakes, and uptake trunks.
• External installation - An equipment location on a platform which is exposed to the external
electromagnetic environment (EME), such as an aircraft cockpit which does not use electrically
conductive treatments on the canopy or windscreen or electronic systems mounted outside of a
tactical ground platform.
• Internal installation - An equipment location on a platform which is totally inside an electrically
conductive structure, such as a typical avionics bay in aluminum skin aircraft or metallic hull of a
tactical ground platform.

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Definitions (cont.)
• Safety critical - Unless otherwise defined in the procurement specification, a term applied to a
condition, event, operation, process, or item whose proper recognition, control, performance, or
tolerance is essential to safe system operation or use; for example, safety critical function, safety
critical path, or safety critical component. A term also used when a failure or malfunction of a system
or subsystem can cause death or serious injury to personnel.
• Test setup boundary - The test setup boundary includes all enclosures of the EUT, exposed
interconnecting leads and power leads required by 4.3.8.6.

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General Requirements
• Interface
• Verification
• Test Setup Configurations

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General
Electronic, electrical, and electromechanical equipment and subsystems shall comply with the applicable general interface requirements
in 4.2. General requirements for verification shall be in accordance with 4.3. These general requirements are in addition to the
applicable detailed emission and susceptibility requirements and associated test procedures defined in 5.
• Provides guidance for:

• Interface requirements
• Verification requirements
• Measurement tolerances
• Shielded enclosures
• Ambient electromagnetic level
• Ground plane
• Power source impedance
• General test precautions
• EUT test configurations
• Operation of EUT
• Use of measurement equipment
• Calibration of measuring equipment
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Measurement Tolerances
Distance: ±5%
Frequency: ±2%
Amplitude, measurement receiver: ±2 dB
Time (waveforms): ±5%
Resistors: ±5%
Capacitors: ±20%
Amplitude, measurement system (includes measurement receivers, transducers, cables, and so forth): ±3 dB
Pre Amplifier EMI Receiver

Cable Cable
Losses Losses
Antenna
PA Gain
Factor

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Shielded Enclosures
Shielded enclosures are usually required to prevent

external environment signals from contaminating emission
measurements and susceptibility test signals from
interfering with electrical and electronic items in the
vicinity of the test facility.
RF absorber placed above, behind, and on both sides of the EUT,

and behind the radiating or receiving antenna.
Frequency Minimum Absorption

80 MHz - 250 MHz 6 dB
Above 250 MHz 10 dB

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Ambient Level
• During testing, the ambient electromagnetic level measured with the EUT de-
energized, and all auxiliary equipment turned on shall be at least 6 dB below the
allowable specified limits when the tests are performed in a shielded enclosure.
• Radiated emissions testing at Open Area Test Sites (OATS) poses enormous
challenges due to high level ambient HF, VHF and UHF transmissions.
• Ambient conducted levels on power leads shall be measured with the leads
disconnected from the EUT and connected to a resistive load which draws the
same rated current as the EUT.
− Ambient measurements for conducted emissions are sometimes ommitted!

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Ground Plane
The EUT shall be installed on a ground plane that simulates the actual installation. If the actual installation is
unknown or multiple installations are expected, then a metallic ground plane shall be used.
When a ground plane is not present in the EUT installation, the EUT shall be placed on a non-conductive table.
For conductive composite ground planes, the surface resistivity of the typical installation shall be used.
≤ 5:1 Length to
width ratio
Bonding Straps
< 1.0 m
cm
Area ≥ 2.25 m2
76
Surface Resistance ≤ 1.0 mΩ/sq
≥
L
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Power Source Impedance
• The impedance of power sources providing input power to the EUT shall be
controlled by Line Impedance Stabilization Networks (LISNs) for all measurement
procedures of this document unless otherwise stated in a particular test
procedure. LISNs shall not be used on output power leads. The LISNs shall be
located at the power source end of the exposed length of power leads specified in
4.3.8.6.2.
• LISNs shall be electrically bonded to the test ground plane or facility ground as
required and the bond resistance shall not exceed 2.5 milliohms.
Specific LISNs required by MIL-STD-461G

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LISNs

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LISN Impedance

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EUT Test Configurations
• EUT Design Status

− Must be production representative including HW, SW and FW!!
• Bonding of the EUT
− Only the provisions included in the design of the EUT shall be used to bond units such as equipment case and mounting
bases together, or to the ground plane. When bonding straps are required, they shall be identical to those specified.
− Bonding of the EUT to the ground plane shall be verified to be in accordance with the installation drawings or equipment
specification before connecting cables and EMI testing.
• Shock and Vibration Isolators
− EUTs shall be secured to mounting bases having shock or vibration isolators if such mounting bases are used in the
installation. The bonding straps furnished with the mounting base shall be connected to the ground plane. When mounting
bases do not have bonding straps, bonding straps shall not be used in the test setup.
• Safety Grounds
− When external terminals, connector pins, or equipment grounding conductors are available for safety ground connections
and are used in the actual installation, they shall be connected to the ground plane.
• Orientation of the EUTs
− EUTs shall be oriented such that surfaces which produce maximum radiated emissions and respond most readily to
radiated signals face the measurement antennas.

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EUT Cables
Specific guidance on
construction, length and
arrangement of power and
interconnecting leads and
cables.
Cable construction and arrangements during testing are critical!

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EUT Cables (cont)
• Must simulate actual installation and usage.

• Input (primary) power leads, returns, and wire grounds shall not be shielded.
• Interconnecting Leads and Cables
− Addresses length, routing, placement in the test setup etc…
− 461G now addresses interconnecting cables for floor standing EUTs - Not addressed in 461F.
• Input Power Leads

− Addresses length, routing, placement in the test setup etc…
− 461G now addresses power cables for floor standing EUTs - Not addressed in 461F.
• 4.3.8.7 Electrical and Mechanical Interfaces

− All electrical input and output interfaces shall be terminated with either the actual equipment from the platform installation or loads
which simulate the electrical properties (impedance, grounding, balance, and so forth) present in the actual installation.
Cables shall be checked against installation requirements to verify proper

construction.
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General Test Setup

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Non-Conductive Surface Mounted EUT

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Free Standing – Shielded Enclosure

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Free Standing – No Shielded Enclosure

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Operation of the EUT
• Operation of the EUT

− Operational modes for testing should be based on maximum emissions expected during emissions testing
and most susceptible modes for susceptibility testing
− Engineering judgement often needed to balance cost and technical aspects
• Operating Frequencies for Tunable RF Equipment
• Operating Frequencies for Spread Spectrum Equipment
− Frequency Hopping and Direct Sequence
• Susceptibility Monitoring
− BIT, visual display, test benches etc.
Combined Effort Between System and E3 Engineers

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Use of Measurement Equipment
• Detector
− A peak detector shall be used for all frequency domain emission and susceptibility measurements
• Computer-Controlled Instrumentation
− SW controlled instrumentation must be documented in the EMITP. Including demonstration of proper
performance. All SW documentation should be included in the EMITP (manufacturer, model, and revision).
• Locally developed SW must be validated and well documented.
Configuration Management for ALL SW Should Be Maintained!

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Emissions Testing
• Specific guidance on emissions measurements

− Bandwidth
− Measurement time
− Step size based on frequency range
− Sweep rates based on frequency range

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Emissions Testing (cont.)
Minimum Dwell Time

6 dB Minimum Measurement
Frequency Range
BW Stepped Time for Analog Measurement Receiver
FFT Receiver
Receiver
30 Hz – 1 kHz 10 Hz 0.15 sec 1 0.015 sec/Hz
1 kHz – 10 kHz 100 Hz 0.015 sec 1 0.15 sec/kHz
10 kHz - 150 kHz 1 kHz 0.015 sec 1 0.015 sec/kHz
150 kHz - 10 MHz 10 kHz 0.015 sec 1 1.5 sec/MHz
10 MHz – 30 MHz 10 kHz 0.015 sec 0.15 1.5 sec/MHz
30 MHz - 1 GHz 100 kHz 0.015 sec 0.15 0.15 sec/MHz
Above 1 GHz 1 MHz 0.015 sec 0.015 15 sec/GHz
Step size is 1/2 of the 6 dB BW. For example:

Between 10 MHz and 30 MHz, the step size will be 1/2 of 10 kHz or 5 kHz

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FFT Receiver Information
• New for MIL-STD-461G

− FFT receivers time sample a portion of the frequency spectrum and use digital signal processing
techniques to display frequency data in a manner similar to conventional spectrum analyzers.
− FFT operation must be in accordance with ANSI C63.2, and Table II parameters must be directly
addressable.
− May be used to capture frequency agile signals.
− Potential to saturate sooner than a conventional receiver at lower signal levels when detecting
broadband signals (with respect to the receiver band-pass)
• Due to the larger measurement FFT bandwidths used.
• An additional concern exists (with any type of receiver) where low repetition rate signals can be totally
missed if the dwell time is shorter than the pulse repetition interval of the emission. This can be remedied
simply by increasing the FFT measurement dwell time, or with a traditional receiver, performing as per the
note to Table II, which gives the same result, if enough time is taken.

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Susceptibility Testing
Specific guidance on measurement scan rates, sweep times, dwell time and step size based on frequency range.
Analog Scans Maximum Stepped Scans Maximum

Frequency Range
Scan Rates Step Size
30 Hz – 1 MHz 0.0333f0/sec 0.05 f0
1 MHz – 30 MHz 0.00667 f0/sec 0.01 f0
30 MHz – 1 GHz 0.00333f0/sec 0.005 f0
1 GHz – 40 GHz 0.00167f0/sec 0.0025 f0
• Susceptibility test signals for CS114 and RS103 shall be pulse modulated (on/off ratio of 40 dB
minimum) at a 1 kHz rate with a 50% duty cycle. Modulation must be verified.
• Stepped scans shall dwell at each tuned frequency for the greater of 3 seconds or EUT response
time.
• When susceptibility indications are noted in EUT operation, a threshold level shall be
determined where the susceptible condition is no longer present.
461G requires identification of the worst-case failure frequency

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Equipment Calibration
• Section 4.3.11 only requires routine NIST traceable calibration for devices such as
EMI receivers, spectrum analyzers, oscilloscopes, and electric field strength
meters.
• Passive devices and even items like low noise preamplifiers and rod antenna
electronics can be verified by the measurement system integrity check and the test
facility can verify proper operation in accordance with SAE AIR 6236.
• “After the initial calibration, passive devices such as measurement antennas,
current probes, and LISNs, require no further formal calibration unless the device is
repaired. The measurement system integrity check in the procedures is sufficient
to determine acceptability of passive devices.”

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Detailed Requirements
• Conducted Emissions
• Conducted Susceptibility
• Radiated Emissions
• Radiated Susceptibility

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Requirements
Requirement Description
CE101 Conducted Emissions, Audio Frequency Currents, Power Leads
CE102 Conducted Emissions, Radio Frequency Potentials, Power Leads
CE106 Conducted Emissions, Antenna Port
CS101 Conducted Susceptibility, Power Leads
CS103 Conducted Susceptibility, Antenna Port, Intermodulation
CS104 Conducted Susceptibility, Antenna Port, Rejection of Undesired Signals
CS105 Conducted Susceptibility, Antenna Port, Cross-Modulation
CS106 Conducted Susceptibility, Transients, Power Leads - REMOVED
CS109 Conducted Susceptibility, Structure Current
CS114 Conducted Susceptibility, Bulk Cable Injection
CS115 Conducted Susceptibility, Bulk Cable Injection, Impulse Excitation
CS116 Conducted Susceptibility, Damped Sinusoidal Transients, Cables and Power Leads
CS117 Conducted Susceptibility, Lightning Induced Transients, Cables and Power Leads
CS118 Conducted Susceptibility, Personnel Borne Electrostatic Discharge
RE101 Radiated Emissions, Magnetic Field
RE102 Radiated Emissions, Electric Field
RE103 Radiated Emissions, Antenna Spurious and Harmonic Outputs
RS101 Radiated Susceptibility, Magnetic Field
RS103 Radiated Susceptibility, Electric Field
RS105 Radiated Susceptibility, Transient Electromagnetic Field
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Equipment Applicability
RE103
Platform
Interfaces
CS109
CS118
RS105
CS114
Typical Equipment
CS115 Rack
CS116 CE106
CS117 CS103
CS104
CS105
CE101 CS114
CE102 CS115
CS101 CS116
CS114 CS117
CS115
Power Distribution CS116
CS117
Note: RE101, RE102, RS101 and RS103 are applicable to the
EUT and all interfaces. RS105 is applicable to the EUT
enclosure only.

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Application Specific
Requirement Applicability
Equipment and Subsystems Installed In, On,
CE101
CE102
CE106
CS101
CS103
CS104
CS105
CS109
RE101
RE102
RE103
RS101
RS103
RS105
CS114
CS115
CS116
CS117
CS118
or Launched From the Following Platforms or
Installations
Surface Ships A A L A S L S L A S A L S A A L L A L
Submarines A A L A S L S L A S L S S A A L L A L
Aircraft, Army, Including Flight Line A A L A S S S A A A L A A A L A A L
Aircraft, Navy L A L A S S S A A A L A L A L L A L
Aircraft, Air Force A L A S S S A A A L A A L A
Space Systems, Including Launch Vehicles A L A S S S A A A L A L A
Ground, Army A L A S S S A A A S A A L L A
Ground, Navy A L A S S S A A A S A A L L A L
Ground, Air Force A L A S S S A A A A A L A
A Applicable
L Limited as specified in the individual sections of this standard
S Procuring activity must specify in procurement documentation
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• Conducted Emissions, Audio Frequency Currents,

Power Leads - CE101

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CE101
• Applicable to leads that obtain power from sources that are Power Input
LISN EUT
not part of the EUT from 30 Hz to 10 kHz. There is no
requirement on output leads from power sources. Current
Probe
Signal 5 cm
• Emission levels are determined by measuring the current Output Port EUT Test Stand -
Simulation and
Terminated
present on each power lead. Monitoring
Equipment
• For surface ships and submarines, the intent is to control the Measurement
Receiver
effects of conducted emissions peculiar to the shipboard

power distribution system. Computer
• For Army aircraft, the concern is to ensure that the EUT does
not corrupt the power quality on platform power buses
• Navy aircraft applicable for installations using anti-submarine
warfare (ASW) equipment which operate between 30 Hz and
10 kHz.

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CE101 Limits
130
120
110
100
Limit Level (dBμA)
90
Ships and Submarines DC Power

80
Ships and Submarines AC Power 60 Hz < 1 kVA
70 Ships and Submarines AC Power 60 Hz ≥ 1 kVA
Ships and Submarines AC Power 400 Hz < 0.2 kVA or 2 A Single Phase
60
Ships and Submarines AC Power 400 Hz ≥ 0.2 kVA or 2 A Single Phase
50 Navy ASW Aircraft and Army Aircraft > 28 V
Navy ASW Aircraft and Army Aircraft ≤ 28 V

40
0.01 0.1 1 10
Freq (kHz)
Limits based on application, input voltage, frequency, power and current.

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CE101 Sample Data
Power line
harmonics
One common problem area is rectifier noise at power line harmonic frequencies.
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• Conducted Emissions, Radio Frequency Potential,

Power Leads - CE102

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CE102
Coaxial T
• The requirements are applicable to leads that Power Input (Off)
LISN
Connector
Signal
Generator
obtain power from sources that are not part of the
EUT from 10 kHz to 10 MHz. There is no Signal Output
Port
requirement on output leads from power sources.
• Lower frequency portion is to ensure EUT does not 10.5 kHz and 100 kHz
Measurement System
Oscilloscope
Integrity Check Only

corrupt the power quality (allowable voltage 20 dB
Receiver
Attenuator
distortion) on platform power buses.
Data Recording
• Voltage distortion is the basis for power quality so Device
CE102 limit is in terms of voltage.

• Emission levels determined by measuring voltage
present at the signal output port of the LISN.

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CE102 Limits
120
110
100
90
Level (dBμV)
80
70
60
28 V
115 V
50 220 V
270 V
440 V
40
0.01 0.1 1 10
Freq (MHz)
Limits based on input voltage only

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CE102 Sample Data
Switch mode power supply

harmonics
Common problems include switching regulators and harmonics.

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• Conducted Emissions, Antenna Port - CE106

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CE106
• CE106 is applicable to the antenna terminals of transmitters, receivers, and amplifiers to protect
receivers on and off the platform from being degraded by antenna radiation from the EUT.
• Not applicable for permanently mounted antennas.
• For Navy shipboard applications with peak transmitter power greater than 1 kW, the 5% frequency
exclusion will be increased by an additional 0.1% of the fundamental frequency for each dB above
1 kW of peak power.
• Frequency Exclusion = ± f (0.05 + (0.001/dB)(PtPk [dBm] – 60 [dBm]))
• Upper Test Frequency:
− For systems with the frequencies < 1 GHz, the upper frequency limit will be 20 times the highest frequency or
18 GHz whichever is greater. For systems with frequencies ≥ 1 GHz, the upper frequency limit will be 10
times the highest frequency or 40 GHz whichever is less. For equipment using waveguide, the requirement
does not apply below eight-tenths of the waveguide's cutoff frequency.
Suppression to meet requirements can result in significant design penalties.

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CE106 Limits
• Receivers:
− 34 dBμV
• Transmitters and amplifiers (standby mode):
− 34 dBμV
• Transmitters and amplifiers (transmit mode):
− Harmonics, except the second and third, and all other spurious emissions shall be at least 80 dB down from
the level at the fundamental. The second and third harmonics shall be suppressed to a level of -20 dBm or 80
dB below the fundamental, whichever requires less suppression. For Navy shipboard applications, the second
and third harmonics will be suppressed to a level of -20 dBm and all other harmonics and spurious emissions
shall be suppressed to -40 dBm, except if the duty cycle of the emissions are less than 0.2%, then the limit may
be relaxed to 0 dBm.
• Tailoring of this requirement and limits may be needed… Consider a broadband jammer
• Test setup varies with EUT.
CE106 limits for transmit mode operation may disagree with the system performance specification!

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CE106 Sample Data
180
160
Harmonic Levels
140
Over the Limit
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Harmonic levels from high power transmitters are hard to suppress.

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CE106 – More Thoughts
• Transmitter modulation and amplifier frequency, input power, and modulation

influences the results and thus worst-case emission spectrum must be used with
the most complicated modulation.
• Non-removable antennas
− RE103 for transmitters
− 461F allowed for verification using RE102 for receive and standby modes for permanently mounted antennas.
• Not allowed in 461G
• CE106 requirements for transmitters often disagree with system performance
specifications.
− Often driven by subsystem requirements
− Current state of the art technology
− COTS
Harmonic and spurious requirements usually not located in the E3 sections of

performance specifications!
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• Conducted Susceptibility, Power Leads - CS101

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CS101
• Applicable to equipment and subsystem AC, limited to current draws ≤ 30 amperes per phase, and
DC input power leads, not including returns.
• Applicable for current draws > 30 amperes for operating frequencies < 150 kHz and sensitivity < 1
μV.
• If the EUT is DC operated, requirement applicable over frequency range 30 Hz to 150 kHz.
• If the EUT is AC operated, requirement is applicable from the second harmonic of the EUT power
frequency and extending to 150 kHz.
• Ensures that performance is not degraded from ripple voltages on power source waveforms.

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CS101 Limits
160
150
140
130
120
Two voltage limits based primarily on
Level (dBμV)
110 MIL-STD-704:
100 • Above 28 Volts
90
• 28 Volts and below
80
70 ≤ 28 V Input Voltage
> 28 V Input Voltage
60
0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000
Freq (kHz)

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CS101 Limits
100.00
10.00
Level (Watts)
1.00 Single power limit for all voltages

based on calibration into a 0.5 Ω
load
0.10
0.01
0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000
Freq (Hz)

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CS101 Sample Data
Voltage Limit Power Limit

Test Voltage Test Power

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• Conducted Susceptibility, Antenna Port

• Intermodulation - CS103
• Rejection of Undesired Signals - CS104
• Cross-modulation - CS105

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Receiver Front End Tests
CS103 - Intermodulation
CS104 - Rejection of Undesired Signals
CS105 - Cross Modulation
• No real guidance given in 461G
• Originally based on superheterodyne systems
• Should be based on system performance specs
• Each system is unique
− Frequency Range
− Amplitude
− Modulation
− Test Setups
• Proper evaluation will require a combined engineering effort between E3
Allow significant time and funding to plan and execute!

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CS103
Intent is to control the response of antenna connected receiving The basic concept is to combine two out-of-band
subsystems to in-band signals resulting from potential signals (one modulated and one CW) and apply
intermodulation products of two signals outside of the intentional to the antenna port of receiver while monitoring
passband of the subsystem. it for an undesired response.
Most applicable to fixed frequency, tunable, superheterodyne
receivers.
CS103 General
Test Setup
Out-of band signals
Amplitude
Receiver
Passband
Frequency

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CS104
Intent of CS104 is to control response of antenna connected The basic concept is to apply out-of-band
receiving subsystems to signals outside intentional passband signals to the antenna port of the receiver
of the subsystem. while monitoring the receiver for
Most applicable to fixed frequency, tunable, superheterodyne degradation.
receivers.
CS104 General
Test Setup Out-of-band signal
Amplitude
Receiver
Passband
Frequency

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CS105
Intent is to control the response of antenna connected receiving subsystems The basic concept of this test is to apply a modulated
to modulation being transferred from an out-of-band signal to an in-band signal out-of-band to the receiver and to determine
signal. whether the modulation is transferred to an
Results from a strong, out-of-band signal near the operating frequency of unmodulated signal at the receiver's tuned
the receiver. frequency resulting in an undesired response.
Should be considered only for receivers, transceivers, amplifiers, and the
like, which extract information from the amplitude modulation of a carrier.
CS105 General
Test Setup Cross
Modulation
Amplitude
Receiver
Passband
Frequency

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• Conducted Susceptibility, Structure Current - CS109

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CS109
Isolation
• Specialized test intended for very sensitive equipment Power Input
Transformer
Required for AC
(1 uV or better) such as tuned receivers operating over power
the frequency range of the test.

• Handheld equipment is exempt. EUT
• Intent is to ensure that equipment does not respond to

magnetic fields caused by currents flowing in platform
R= 0.5 Ω
structure.
• A current is imposed across the surface of the EUT to Current Probe
verify its ability to withstand structure currents. Coupling

EMI Receiver Transformer
Power Amplifier
Data Recording
Device
Signal Generator

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CS109 Limit
140
130
120
110
100
Level (dBmA)
90
80
70
60
50
40
0.01 0.1 1 10 100
Freq (kHz)
The limit is derived from operational problems due to current conducted on equipment cabinets and laboratory
measurements of response characteristics of selected receivers.
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• Conducted Susceptibility, Bulk Cable Injection - CS114

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CS114
• Applicable to all electrical cables interfacing

with the EUT enclosures from 10 kHz to 200 Power
Input
MHz. LISN
• Concept is to simulate currents developed on

platform cabling from electromagnetic fields Injection Probe
5 cm
generated by antenna transmissions both on Monitor Probe
and off the platform. 5 cm
• Aircraft carrier hangar deck EME test data from

EUT
9 aircraft carriers showed significant HF
electric field levels are present. 5 cm
Measurement
• Not applicable for coaxial cables to antenna Monitor Probe
Receiver A
5 cm
ports of antenna-connected receivers except Injection Probe
Directional
Coupler
Amplifier
for surface ships and submarines. Measurement Signal

Interconnecting
Receiver B Generator
Cables

UNCLASSIFIED
CS114 Applications
All Ships
(Above Decks)
A/C Ships Ships
Frequency & Exposed Below Submarine
Platform (Ext. Or A/C Int. (Metallic) (Non-Metallic) Ground Space
Range- Decks And (Internal)
Safety Critical) (Below Decks) (Below Decks) **
Submarines
(External) *
4 kHz
To Navy - - 77 dBµA 77 dBµA 77 dBµA 77 dBµA - -
1 MHz
10 kHz Army 5 5 2 2 2 1 3 3
To Navy 5 3 2 2 2 1 2 3
2 MHz Air Force 5 3 - - - - 2 3
2 MHz Army 5 5 5 2 4 1 4 3
To Navy 5 5 5 2 4 1 2 3
30 MHz Air Force 5 3 - - - - 2 3
30 MHz Army 5 5 5 2 2 2 4 3
To Navy 5 5 5 2 2 2 2 3
200 MHz Air Force 5 3 - - - - 2 3
* For equipment located external to the pressure hull of a submarine but within the superstructure, use Ships (Metallic) (Below Decks)
** For equipment located in the hanger deck of Aircraft Carriers

UNCLASSIFIED
CS114 Calibration Limits
120
100
80
Level (dBmA)
60
40
Curve 5
Curve 4
20 Curve 3
Curve 2
Curve 1
Common-Mode Test
0
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000
Freq (MHz)
Multiple limits based on application

Common mode power line limit for ships and submarines only.
UNCLASSIFIED
CS114 – Calibration
Measurement
Calibrate with the monitor probe in Receiver A
place within the calibration fixture to
compensate for the monitor probe
Attenuator
loading effects encountered during
EUT testing.
Coaxial
Signal
Load
Monitor Probe Generator
Calibration
Fixtures Amplifier
Directional
Injection Probe
Coupler
Measurement
Receiver B
Coaxial
Load

UNCLASSIFIED
CS114 – Calibration Data
Signal generator drive set to induce the

required currents into the calibration fixture.
Signal generator output settings recorded as

not to exceed levels during test.

UNCLASSIFIED
CS114 – Verification
Coaxial
Load
Measurement
Receiver A
Attenuator
Monitor Probe
Verification performed with
Signal
Generator minimal dwell times and
step sizes up to twice the
Calibration
Fixtures
size of used during actual
Amplifier testing.
Directional
Injection Probe
Coupler
Measurement
Receiver B
Coaxial
Load
MIL-STD-461G requires a verification check to ensure that the forward power follows the calibration and that the
developed current is within a 3 dB tolerance of the current test limit.

UNCLASSIFIED
CS114 – Calibration Verification
Test current maps to calibration curve.
Signal generator output maps to calibrated

level.

UNCLASSIFIED
Test Limits in MIL-STD-461G
120
110
100
90
Level (dBmA)
80
70
60 Calibrated Current
MIL-STD-461F Maximum Current
MIL-STD-461G Maximum Current
50
40
0.01 0.1 1 10 100
Freq (MHz)

UNCLASSIFIED
CS114 – Example Data
Due to impedance variations in the cable

under test, the current injected may exceed
the calibrated levels. To protect against
severe over testing, the maximum injected
current is limited.
Note that testing is actually performed at a

level 6 dB above the flat portion of the
calibrated current
OR
The power determined during calibration.

UNCLASSIFIED
• Conducted Susceptibility, Bulk Cable

Injection, Impulse Excitation - CS115

UNCLASSIFIED
CS115
Power
• Applicable to all electrical cables interfacing with Input
EUT enclosures. LISN
• Concern is to protect equipment from fast rise and

Injection Probe
fall time transients that may be present due to
5 cm
platform switching operations and external
Monitor Probe
transient environments such as lightning and
5 cm
electromagnetic pulse.
• Replaces "chattering relay" type requirements EUT
(RS06 in MIL-STD-461C).
• The excitation waveform from the generator is a 5 cm
Oscilloscope
trapezoidal pulse. Monitor Probe
(50 Ω Input)
5 cm
Pulse
Injection Probe
Generator
Interconnecting
Cables

UNCLASSIFIED
CS115 Pulse
5 ampere amplitude is The 30 nanosecond pulse width

representative of levels 5 amps standardizes the energy in
observed during system- individual pulses.
level testing of aircraft to
transient environments.
2 nanosecond rise time is

consistent with 2 ns max 2 ns max
waveforms created by 30 ns min
inductive device
switching action.
30 Hz pulse rate
ensures that a
sufficient number of
pulses are applied.
33 ms
(30 Hz rate)
Single set of pulse parameters regardless of application

UNCLASSIFIED
CS115 Test Pulse Example
Cal plot and test plot will vary due to impedance changes!
UNCLASSIFIED
• Conducted Susceptibility, Damped Sinusoidal

Transients, Cables and Power Leads - CS116

UNCLASSIFIED
CS116
• Applicable to electrical cables interfacing Power

Input
with each EUT enclosure and on each power LISN
lead.
• Concept is to simulate electrical current and Injection Probe
5 cm
voltage waveforms occurring in platforms
Monitor Probe
from excitation of natural resonances.
5 cm
• Intent is to control waveform as a damped

sine. EUT
• Wide frequency coverage accounts for a wide

5 cm
range of conditions. Oscilloscope
Monitor Probe
(50 Ω Input)
• Switching transients within the platform can 5 cm
Damped Sinusoidal
also result in similar waveforms. Injection Probe
Transient Generator
Interconnecting
Cables

UNCLASSIFIED
CS116 Calibration Pulse

Current
𝑓 = 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑖𝑛 𝐻𝑧
Time 𝑡 = 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠
𝑄 = 𝐷𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 15 ± 5
𝜋 𝑁−1
𝑄=
𝐼𝑝
𝑙𝑛 𝐼
𝑁
𝑁 = 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 (𝑖. 𝑒. 2, 3, 4, 5
𝐼𝑃 = 𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑡 1𝑠𝑡 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒
𝐼𝑁 = 𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑁
UNCLASSIFIED
CS116 Test Levels
100.0
Damped
IP Amps
10.0
Frequency
10 kHz 0.1
Level (Amps)
100 kHz 1
1 MHz 10
1.0 10 MHz 10
30 MHz 10
100 MHz 3
0.1
0.01 0.1 1 10 100
Freq (MHz)

UNCLASSIFIED
CS116 Test Example

UNCLASSIFIED
CS116 Test Pulse Example
Cal plot and test plot will vary due to impedance changes!
UNCLASSIFIED
• Conducted Susceptibility, Lightning Induced

Transients, Cables and Power Leads - CS117

UNCLASSIFIED
CS117
• Applicable to safety-critical equipment

interfacing cables and on each power lead.
Limited applicability to surface ship
equipment located above deck or which
includes interconnecting cables which are
routed above deck.
• Concept is to address the equipment-level
indirect effects of lightning as outlined in
MIL-STD-464.
• Not intended to address direct effects or
nearby lightning strikes.
• Includes Multiple Stroke and Multiple
Burst tests.

UNCLASSIFIED
CS117 Multiple Stroke
Applicability Test Description Internal Equipment Levels ** External Equipment Levels **

First Stroke First Stroke
VL = 300 V (WF2) VL = 750 V (WF2)
IT = 600 A (WF1) IT = 1500 A (WF1)
Waveform 2 (WF2)/ Waveform 1 IT = 60 A* IT = 150 A*
All Equipment Installations
(WF1) Subsequent Strokes Subsequent Strokes
VL = 150 V (WF2) VL = 375 V (WF2)
IT = 150 A (WF1) IT = 375 A (WF1)
IT = 30 A* IT = 75 A*
VT = 600 V (WF3) VT = 1500 V (WF3)
IL = 120 A (WF3) IL = 300 A (WF3)
Waveform 3 (WF3) – IL = 24 A* IL = 60 A*
1 MHz and 10 MHz Subsequent Strokes Subsequent Strokes
VT = 300 V (WF3) VT = 750 V (WF3)
IL = 60 A (WF3) IL = 150 A (WF3)
IL = 12 A* IL = 30 A*
VL = 300 V (WF4) VL = 750 V (WF4)
IT = 1000 A (WF5A) IT = 2000 A (WF5A)
Equipment installations routed
Waveform 4 (WF4)/ Waveform 5A IT = 300 A* IT = 750 A*
in areas with composite
(WF5A) Subsequent Strokes Subsequent Strokes
skin/structure.
VL = 75 V (WF4) VL = 187.5 V (WF4)
IT = 200 A (WF5A) IT = 400 A (WF5A)
IT = 150 A* IT = 375 A*
*These current levels are intended for individual power leads or low count wire bundles. When multiple leads are tested together, this current shall be increased to the full bundle level or to the number of leads multiplied
by the appropriate individual current test or limit level, whichever is less.
**Amplitude Tolerance is +20%,-0% for all waveforms, except the tolerance is relaxed to +50%,-0% for the Subsequent Strokes. VT represents the test voltage level in volts and IT represents the test current level in amperes.
VL (volts) and IL (amperes) represent limits intended to prevent over-stressing the EUT beyond the requirements.

UNCLASSIFIED
CS117 Multiple Burst
Applicability Test Description Internal Equipment Levels ** External Equipment Levels **
Waveform 3 (WF3) – VT = 360 V (WF3) VT = 900 V (WF3)

1 MHz and 10 MHz IL = 6 A (WF3) IL = 15 A (WF3)
Equipment installations that

VL = 600 V (WF6) VL = 1500 V (WF6)
utilize short, low impedance Waveform 6 (WF6)
IT = 30 A (WF6) IT = 75 A (WF6)
cable bundle installations.
**Amplitude Tolerance is +20%,-0% for all waveforms, except the tolerance is relaxed to +50%,-0% for the Subsequent Strokes. VT represents the test voltage level in volts and IT represents the test current
level in amperes. VL (volts) and IL (amperes) represent limits intended to prevent over-stressing the EUT beyond the requirements.

UNCLASSIFIED
CS117 Waveforms
Current WF 1 Voltage WF 2
Voltage WF 3 Voltage WF 4
UNCLASSIFIED
CS117 Waveforms (cont)
Current WF 5A Current WF 6

UNCLASSIFIED
CS117 Waveforms (cont)
Multiple Stroke
Application
Multiple Burst Application

UNCLASSIFIED
• Conducted Susceptibility, Personnel Borne

Electrostatic Discharge - CS118

UNCLASSIFIED
CS118
• Applicable to electrical, electronic, and electromechanical subsystems and equipment that have a man-
machine interface.
• Not applicable to ordnance items.
• Concept is to simulate ESD caused by human contact. Test points chosen based on most likely human contact
locations.
• Based on IEC 61000-4-2. However, CS118 requires the EUT to be electrically bonded in accordance with the
product installation requirements.
RC = 50 – 100 MΩ RD = 330 Ω Discharge

Tip
Charge Discharge
Switch Switch
DC HV CS = 150 pF
Supply
Discharge
Return
Connection

UNCLASSIFIED
CS118 Test Levels and Values
Level Test Voltage (kV) Discharge Method

1 ±2 Air
2 ±4 Air
3 ±8 Contact/Air
4 ± 15 Air
Display First Peak Current I1, Current I2,

Rise Time
Voltage Current, ± 15% ± 30% (A) ± 30% (A)
(ns)
(kV) (A) at t1 = 30 ns at t2 = 60 ns
±8 30 0.6 ≤ tr ≤ 1.0 16 8
Rise time is defined as the time from 10% to 90% of the peak value of the current waveform.
Typical test consists of 5 positive discharges and 5 negative discharges per test
point.
UNCLASSIFIED
CS118 Ideal Waveform
33
IP
30
27
90% IP
24
21
Current (A)
18
I30
15
12
9
I60
6
10% IP
3
tr
0
-10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Time (ns)
Waveform Based on ESD Test Level 3 at 8 kV Contact Discharge.

UNCLASSIFIED
CS118 Test Points
• Multiple test locations based on points and surfaces which are easily accessible to operators
during normal operations.
• Keyboard areas, switches, knobs, indicators, and connector shells.
• Test point locations on each surface of the EUT.

UNCLASSIFIED
• Radiated Emissions, Magnetic Field - RE101

UNCLASSIFIED
RE101
• Applicable for radiated emissions from Power Input
equipment and subsystem enclosures, including LISN
electrical cable interfaces from 30 Hz to 100 Receiving

7 cm Loop
kHz. For Navy aircraft, this requirement is only
applicable for ASW capability operating Measurement
EUT
between 30 Hz and 10 kHz. Receiver
• Specialized, intended to control magnetic fields

for applications where equipment is present in
the installation which is potentially sensitive to
magnetic induction at lower frequencies.
• A 13.3 cm loop is specified for the test.
• Loop sensor winding resistance specified
between 5 and 10 ohms.

UNCLASSIFIED
RE101 Limits
180
160
140
Level (dBpT)
120
100
80
Navy
Army
60
0.01 0.1 1 10 100
Freq (kHz)
Limits based on service application

UNCLASSIFIED
RE101 Sample Data
Common problem areas include equipment containing CRT yokes, transformers and switching power supplies

UNCLASSIFIED
• Radiated Emissions, Electric Field - RE102

UNCLASSIFIED
RE102
• Applicable to electric field emissions from the EUT and associated cables from 10 kHz to 18 GHz (application
specific).
• Intent is to protect sensitive receivers from interference coupled through the antennas associated with the
receiver.
• Many tuned receivers have sensitivities on the order of 1 uV and are connected to intentional apertures (the
antenna) that are constructed for efficient reception of energy in the operating range of the receiver.
• Specific antennas are specified for use in measurements.
• Antenna placement is defined including separation from the EUT and elevation from the floor.
• Number of antenna positions determined based on size of the EUT and interfacing cables as well as beamwidth
of the measurement antennas.
• Antenna placement is now based on EUT area and not just width.
• Specific guidance provided for calibration of the measurement system including the rod antenna specified for
use from 10 kHz to 30 MHz.

UNCLASSIFIED
RE102 Basic Setup
Shielded
Enclosure
Ground Plane
1m
Measurement
MIL-STD-461F Required 10 cm Set Back
Antenna
EUT
Power 2m
LISN LISN
Interface Cable
EUT Test Stand -

Simulation and Monitoring Measurement Receiver Computer
Equipment

UNCLASSIFIED
RE102 Antenna Positioning
• All antennas placed 1 meter from the test setup boundary and 120 cm
above the ground plane floor.
• No part of any antenna can be closer than 1 meter from the walls and 0.5
meter from the ceiling of the shielded enclosure.
• 104 cm rod antenna specified from 10 kHz to 30 MHz with impedance

matching network. A square counterpoise measuring at least 60 cm on a
side is specified.
• 137 cm tip to tip biconical antenna specified from 30 MHz to 200 MHz.
• Double ridge horn with a 69.0 by 94.5 cm opening specified from 200
MHz to 1 GHz.
• Double ridge horn with a 24.2 by 13.6 cm opening specified from 1 GHz
to 18 GHz.

UNCLASSIFIED
RE102 Multiple Positions
Below 200 MHz
• Boundary < 3 meters:
• 1 position centered on the test setup boundary.
• Boundary > 3 meters:
• Number of positions determined by dividing the edge-to-edge boundary

distance (in meters) by 3 and rounding up to an integer.
200 MHz to 1 GHz
• Number of positions determined such that the area of each EUT

enclosure and the first 35 cm of interfacing cables and leads are within
the 3 dB beamwidth of the antenna.
Narrow antenna beamwidths at higher frequencies (12 GHz - 1 GHz to 18 GHz

18 GHz) can lead to a large number of positions.
• Number of positions determined such that the area of each EUT
Antenna beamwidths for horizontal and vertical polarities will enclosure and the first 7 cm of interfacing cables and leads are within
vary and hence different number of positions for different the 3 dB beamwidth of the antenna.
polarities.

UNCLASSIFIED
RE102 Increased Positions
1m • Previous versions did not address tall

equipment chassis such as ship base 6-foot
Fans racks.
3 dB • The 3 dB beamwidth requirement is now
2
RF levied against the total area and not just the
width.
• Increased number of antenna positions in the
Digital 3 dB vertical plane.
1
Storage
• Increased test time and cost.
Power
Distribution 120 cm • Better test!
3 dB
3
UPS/Battery

UNCLASSIFIED
RE102 Limits
120
100
80
Level (dBmV/m)
60
40
20
Below Deck
Above Deck and Exposed Below Deck

0
0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000
Freq (MHz)
Surface Ship Applications

UNCLASSIFIED
RE102 Limits (cont.)
100
90
80
70
60
Level (dBmV/m)
50
40
30
20
Internal to Pressure Hull

10
External to Pressure Hull
0
0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000
Freq (MHz)
Submarine Applications
UNCLASSIFIED
90
80
70
60
Level (dBmV/m)
50
40
30
20
Fixed Wing Internal > 25 meters nose to tail
10 Fixed Wing Internal < 25 meters nose to tail
Fixed Wing External (2 MHz - 18 GHz) and

Helicopters
0
0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000
Freq (MHz)
Aircraft and Space System Applications

UNCLASSIFIED
90
80
70
60
Level (dBmV/m)
50
40
30
20
Navy Fixed and Air Force
10
Navy Mobile and Army
0
1 10 100 1000 10000 100000
Freq (MHz)
Ground Applications
UNCLASSIFIED
RE102 Sample Data

UNCLASSIFIED
• Radiated Emissions, Antenna Spurious and Harmonic

Outputs - RE103

UNCLASSIFIED
RE103
• Essentially identical with CE106 for transmitters in the transmit mode.

• No requirements for receivers or transmitters in the standby mode.
• Frequency range of test is based on the EUT operating frequency.
• The test procedure is laborious and will require a large open area to meet
antenna separation distances.
• Minimum acceptable antenna separations are calculated based on 10 kHz to 1 GHz
antenna size and operating frequency of the EUT.
• Measurements in azimuth and elevation are required.
• Preamps may be required to enhance sensitivity.
• Coordinate with local frequency allocation authorities.
1 GHz 40 GHz
UNCLASSIFIED
RE103 (cont.)
Limits:
• Harmonics, except the second and third, and all other spurious emissions shall be at least 80 dB down from the level at the fundamental.
The second and third harmonics shall be suppressed to a level of -20 dBm or 80 dB below the fundamental, whichever requires less
suppression. For Navy shipboard applications, the second and third harmonics will be suppressed to a level of -20 dBm and all other
harmonics and spurious emissions shall be suppressed to -40 dBm, except if the duty cycle of the emissions are less than 0.2%, then the
limit may be relaxed to 0 dBm.
Far Field Issues
For f ≤ 1.24 GHz, the greater distance of the following relationships shall be used
R = 2D2/λ
R = 3λ
For f > 1.24 GHz, the separation distance shall be calculated as follows:
For 2.5 D < d use R = 2D2/λ
For 2.5 D ≥ d use R = (D+d)2/λ

R = distance between transmitter antenna and receiver antenna
D = maximum physical dimension of transmitter antenna
d = maximum physical dimension of receiver antenna
λ = wavelength of frequency of the transmitter
UNCLASSIFIED
• Radiated Susceptibility, Magnetic Field - RS101

UNCLASSIFIED
RS101
• Specialized test intended to ensure that performance of

Radiating
equipment susceptible to low frequency magnetic fields is Loop
5 cm
not degraded.
• Applicable from 30 Hz to 100 kHz Signal Source
• Due to its smaller size, the 4 cm loop sensor provides an Field

Monitoring
accurate measure of the field near the axis of the radiating Loop
Measurement
loop. Receiver A
Measurement
• Helmholtz coils generate a relatively uniform magnetic field Receiver B
that is more representative of the environment experienced

on some platforms, particularly submarines. For this reason,
the AC Helmholtz coil test option is preferred for submarine
applications.

UNCLASSIFIED
RS101 Limits
200
190
180
170
160
Level (dBpT)
150
140
130
120
110
Navy
Army
100
0.01 0.1 1 10 100
Freq (kHz)
Limits based on service application

UNCLASSIFIED
• Radiated Susceptibility, Electric Field - RS103

UNCLASSIFIED
RS103
• Applicable to both the EUT enclosures and EUT associated cabling.

• Concern is to ensure that equipment will operate without degradation in the presence of
electromagnetic fields generated by antenna transmissions both onboard and external to the
platform.
• Limits for different platforms are based on levels expected to be encountered during the service life
of the equipment.
• Not necessarily worst-case environment to which the equipment may be exposed.
• For aircraft and ships, different limits are specified depending on whether the equipment receives
protection from platform structure.
• Alternative method and procedures provided for use in a mode-tuned reverberation chamber from
200 MHz to 40 GHz.

UNCLASSIFIED
RS103 Basic Setup
Shielded
Enclosure
Ground Plane
E-Field
Probe 1m
MIL-STD-461F Required 10 cm Set Back
EUT
Fiber Optic
Transmitting
Power 2m Antenna
LISN LISN
Interface
Cables
EUT Test Stand -

Simulation and Amplifier E-Field Monitor
Monitoring
Equipment
Signal
Computer
Generator

UNCLASSIFIED
RS103 Multiple Positions
Below 200 MHz

Boundary < 3 meters:
1 position centered on the test setup boundary.
Boundary > 3 meters:
Number of positions determined by dividing the edge-to-
edge boundary distance (in meters) by 3 and rounding up to
an integer.
200 MHz to 1 GHz
Number of positions determined such that the area of each
EUT enclosure and the first 35 cm of interfacing cables and
leads are within the 3 dB beamwidth of the antenna.
Narrow antenna beam widths at higher frequencies (12 GHz - 18 GHz) can
lead to a large number of positions. 1 GHz and Above
Antenna beam widths for horizontal and vertical polarities will vary and Number of positions determined such that the area of each
hence different number of positions for different polarities. EUT enclosure and the first 7 cm of interfacing cables and
leads are within the 3 dB beamwidth of the antenna.

UNCLASSIFIED
RS103 Increased Positions
1m • Previous versions did not address tall

equipment chassis such as ship base 6-foot
Fans racks.
• The 3 dB beamwidth requirement is now
3 dB
2
levied against the total area and not just
RF the width.
• Increased number of antenna positions in
the vertical plane.
Digital 3 dB
1
Storage • Increased test time and cost.
• Better test!
Power
Distribution 120 cm
3 dB
3
UPS/Battery

UNCLASSIFIED
RS103 Limits
Limit Level (Volts/meter)

All Ships
(Above Deck &
Aircraft
Exposed Below Ships Ships
Frequency (External Aircraft Submarine
Platform Deck) (Metallic) (Non-Metallic) Ground Space
Range Or Internal (Internal)
And (Below Decks) (Below Decks) **
Safety Critical)
Submarines
(External) *
2 MHz Army 200 200 200 10 50 5 50 20
to Navy 200 200 200 10 50 5 10 20
30 MHz Air Force 200 20 - - - - 10 20
30 MHz Army 200 200 200 10 10 10 50 20
to Navy 200 200 200 10 10 10 10 20
1 GHz Air Force 200 20 - - - - 10 20
1 GHz Army 200 200 200 10 10 10 50 20
to Navy 200 200 200 10 10 10 50 20
18 GHz Air Force 200 60 - - - - 50 20
18 GHz Army 200 200 200 10 10 10 50 20
To Navy 200 60 200 10 10 10 50 20
40 GHz Air Force 200 60 - - - - 50 20
* For equipment located external to the pressure hull of a submarine but within the superstructure, use Ships (Metallic) (Below Decks)
** For equipment located in the hanger deck of Aircraft Carriers

UNCLASSIFIED
RS103 – Reverberation Chamber
• MIL-STD-461G provides an alternative RS103 test method using reverberation chambers (mode-
tuned) from 200 MHz to 40 GHz.
• The lower frequency limit is dependent on chamber size.
• Advantages include producing relatively higher fields than other techniques for a particular power
input, EUT orientation less critical.
• Chamber performance depends on its dimensions, Q of the chamber, number of available
propagation modes, and frequency range of use.
• The field polarization and distribution with respect to the EUT layout are generally unknown at a
point in time.
− If a problem is noted, the point of entry into the EUT may not be apparent.
• Reverberation chambers are a good tool to determine potential problem frequencies with
conventional antenna procedures being used to evaluate areas of concern.
• The performance of each chamber must be reviewed to determine suitability

UNCLASSIFIED
• Radiated Susceptibility, Transient Electromagnetic

Field - RS105

UNCLASSIFIED
RS105
• Intended for EUTs to withstand the fast rise time, free-field

transient environment of EMP.
• Applies for equipment enclosures which are directly exposed
to the incident field outside of the platform structure or for
equipment inside poorly shielded or unshielded platforms.
• The electrical interface cabling should be protected in
shielded conduit.
• The EMP field is simulated in the laboratory using bounded
wave TEM radiators such as TEM cells and parallel plate
transmission lines.
• Since the polarization of the incident EMP field in the
installation is not known, the EUT must be tested in all
orthogonal axes.

UNCLASSIFIED
RS105 Limits
Free-field EMP transient waveform

UNCLASSIFIED
Wrap Up
• Additional Training
• Questions
• Backup Slides

UNCLASSIFIED
Additional Training
Available At:
https://www.dau.edu/cop/e3/Pages/Topics/E3%20-
%20SS%20Awareness%20Training%20and%20E3%20-%20Spectrum%20Conferences.aspx

UNCLASSIFIED
Questions

UNCLASSIFIED
CE101 Changes in MIL-STD-461G
• For equipment intended to be installed on Navy aircraft, this requirement is

applicable only if the platform contains Anti-Submarine Warfare (ASW) equipment,
which operate between 30 Hz and 10 kHz, such as Acoustic (Sonobuoy) Receivers
or Magnetic Anomaly Detectors (MAD).
• Measurement system check frequencies specified 1.1 kHz, 3 kHz and 9.9 kHz
instead of 1.0 kHz, 3 kHz and 10.0 kHz.
• Figure CE101-1 is now specified for both surface ship and submarine DC
applications.

UNCLASSIFIED
• Measurement system check frequencies specified 10.5 kHz, 100 kHz, 1.95 MHz and 9.8 MHz instead of 10.0 kHz, 100 kHz, 2
MHz and 10 MHz.
• Measurement system check procedure is clarified for lower frequencies and requires verification of the LISN impedance
voltage to 50 ohm voltage ratio.
• LISN impedance is less than 50 Ohms at 10 kHz and 100 kHz. Therefore, the signal source output amplitude must be increased
above the actual level resulting across the LISN.

UNCLASSIFIED
• MIL-STD-461F statement - “RE102 is applicable for emissions from antennas in receive and standby
modes for equipment designed with antennas permanently mounted to the EUT.” Has been
deleted.
• For Navy shipboard transmitters, the exclusion zone surrounding the transmit frequency
(previously 5%) is increased for transmitters operating above 1 kW.
• Upper test frequency range has been changed:
− 20 times the highest frequency or 18 GHz whichever is greater for systems with the frequencies generated or received less
than 1 GHz.
− 10 times the highest frequency or 40 GHz whichever is less for systems with frequencies generated or received greater
than or equal to 1 GHz.
• The limit for Navy shipboard transmitters has changed:

− 2nd and 3rd harmonics will be suppressed to a level of -20 dBm and all other harmonics and spurious emissions shall be
suppressed to -40 dBm, except if the duty cycle of the emissions are less than 0.2%, then the limit may be relaxed to 0
dBm.

UNCLASSIFIED
CS101 Changes in MIL-STD-461G
• Changes to the applicability.

− Current limitation reduced from ≤ 100 Amps per phase to ≤ 30 Amps per phase.
Unless…
− The system has an operating frequency 150 kHz or less and an operating sensitivity of 1 μV or
better (such as 0.5 μV).
• Clarification provided for Wye and Delta power test setups.
• Power Line Ripple Detector (PRD) use is now allowed.
− The PRD contains an isolation transformer and allows a frequency domain measurement.

UNCLASSIFIED
CS106 Removed For 461G
• Applicable to power input leads on surface ships

Spike Generator
and submarines that obtain power from the

platform’s primary power source that are not part
of the EUT.
• Primary concern is to ensure that performance is Power Input LISN
+
EUT
10 uF
not degraded from voltage transients from RTN
shipboard power systems. Signal Output Port Differential Probe

Terminated
• On submarines and surface ships, these transients

can be caused by switching of inductive loads, Oscilloscope
circuit breaker (or relay) bounce, and load feedback

onto the power distribution system.
• CS115 already meets the intent behind CS106.

UNCLASSIFIED
CS106 Removed For 461G (cont.)
Vpk
= 400V
Volts
Vsag = 120V max
0
tr tf
td = 5 us tsag = 20 us max
± 22%
tr = 1.5 ± 0.5 us
tf = 3.5 ± 0.5 us
Time
Limits based on a representation of the typical transients observed on Navy

platforms.
UNCLASSIFIED
CS114 Changes in MIL-STD-461G
• Calibration with the monitor probe in place within the calibration fixture to
compensate for the monitor probe loading effects encountered during EUT testing.
• Verification check required to ensure that the forward power follows the
calibration and that the developed current is within a 3 dB tolerance of the current
test limit.
• Actual current induced in the cable under test is now limited to: Curve 5 - 115
dBμA, Curve 4 - 103 dBμA, Curve 3 - 95 dBμA, Curve 2 - 89 dBμA and Curve 1 - 83
dBμA across the frequency range. Instead of 6 dB above the curve as in 461F.

UNCLASSIFIED
CS117 Calibration Setup

UNCLASSIFIED
CS117 Test Setup
Interconnecting Cable Bundles

UNCLASSIFIED
CS117 Test Setup (cont.)
Complete Power Cable Bundles

UNCLASSIFIED
RE101 Changes in MIL-STD-461G
• For Navy aircraft, this requirement is only applicable for ASW

capability operating between 30 Hz and 10 kHz.
− Clarified from 461F
• Loop sensor winding resistance now specified to be between
5 and 10 ohms
− 461F stated “approximately 10 ohms”

UNCLASSIFIED
RS103 – Reverberation Chamber (cont.)

UNCLASSIFIED
RS103 – Reverberation Chamber (cont.)
• The lower frequency limit is dependent on chamber

size.
• Must have a minimum of 100 possible modes (N) at
Frequency (MHZ) Tuner Positions
a given frequency.
200-300 50
𝟖𝝅 𝒇𝟑 300-400 20
𝑵= 𝒂𝒃𝒅 𝟑
𝟑 𝒄
400-600 16
Above 600 12
a, b, and d are chamber dimensions
f is the operating frequency in Hertz
c is the speed of light

UNCLASSIFIED
• Upper test frequency now 18 GHz for all applications versus 1 GHz or 10 times the highest
intentionally generated frequency.
• New antenna position requirements for free standing equipment.
• Section 5.18.1 RE102 applicability under MIL-STD-461G: “… this requirement does not apply at the
transmitter fundamental frequency and the necessary occupied bandwidth of the signal.”
• Measurement system check frequencies specified:
− 10.5 kHz, 2.1 MHz, 12 MHz and 29.5 MHz for the active rod antenna instead of low mid and high frequencies.
− 197 MHz for the biconical antenna.
− 990 MHz for the large horn and 17.5 GHz for the small horn.
• Rod antenna output capacity is changed from 10 pF nominal to manufacturer’s recommendation

and the detuning bead specs moved from the appendix to main body.

UNCLASSIFIED
• Specific guidance given for Navy shipboard applications with peak transmitter power greater than 1
kW.
− Frequency exclusion is increased by 0.1% for each 1 dB above 1 kW.
• Upper test frequency now based on intentional frequencies instead of 40 GHz or 20 times the
highest intentional frequency.
− Intentional frequencies < 1 GHz – upper test frequency is 20 times the highest intentional frequency or 18
GHz whichever is greater.
− Intentional frequencies ≥ 1 GHz – upper test frequency is 10 times the highest intentional frequency or 40
GHz whichever is less.
• Navy shipboard applications limit is modified.
− 2nd and 3rd harmonics will be suppressed to a level of -20 dBm and all other harmonics and spurious emissions
shall be suppressed to -40 dBm, except if the duty cycle of the emissions are less than 0.2%, then the limit
may be relaxed to 0 dBm.

UNCLASSIFIED
RS101 Changes in MIL-STD-461G
• Navy Ship ands Submarine applicability clarified.

− “For Navy ships and submarines, this requirement is applicable only to equipment
and subsystems that have an operating frequency of 100 kHz or less and an
operating sensitivity of 1 μV or better (such as 0.5 μV). For Navy aircraft, this
requirement is applicable only to equipment installed on ASW capable aircraft,
and external equipment on aircraft that are capable of being launched by
electromagnetic launch systems.”

UNCLASSIFIED
RS103 Changes in MIL-STD-461G
• New antenna position requirements for free standing equipment.

• Use of receive antennas for field calibration above 1 GHz has been eliminated and
the use of E-Field sensors for real time field leveling over the entire frequency
range is now required.
• Testing below 30 MHz required for Army and Navy, optional for all others.
• Receivers with permanently attached antennas, reduced performance over the
intended receiver band of operation is allowed.
− The receiver shall meet its performance requirements after in-band exposure to the radiated field.

UNCLASSIFIED
DEFENSE INFORMATION SYSTEMS AGENCY

The IT Combat Support Agency
Disa.mil /USDISA @USDISA

Mil STD 461

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UNCLASSIFIED

Department of Defense Interface

Joint Spectrum Center

UNCLASSIFIED DISA: TRUSTED TO CONNECT, PROTECT AND SERVE! 1

Defense Information System Agency (DISA) Mission

Defense Spectrum Organization (DSO) Mission

Joint Spectrum Center (JSC) Mission

UNCLASSIFIED DISA: TRUSTED TO CONNECT, PROTECT AND SERVE! 2

The information provided in this briefing is for general information purposes

UNCLASSIFIED DISA: TRUSTED TO CONNECT, PROTECT AND SERVE! 3

Welcome to “MIL-STD-461G Overview”

Education: Professional Certifications:

Telephone Number: 603-488-5171

UNCLASSIFIED DISA: TRUSTED TO CONNECT, PROTECT AND SERVE! 4

UNCLASSIFIED DISA: TRUSTED TO CONNECT, PROTECT AND SERVE! 5

UNCLASSIFIED DISA: TRUSTED TO CONNECT, PROTECT AND SERVE! 6

UNCLASSIFIED DISA: TRUSTED TO CONNECT, PROTECT AND SERVE! 7

• Applies to Equipment and Subsystems

UNCLASSIFIED DISA: TRUSTED TO CONNECT, PROTECT AND SERVE! 8

• The purpose of MIL-STD-461G

UNCLASSIFIED DISA: TRUSTED TO CONNECT, PROTECT AND SERVE! 9

• Associated Data Item Descriptions (DIDs)

UNCLASSIFIED DISA: TRUSTED TO CONNECT, PROTECT AND SERVE! 10

UNCLASSIFIED DISA: TRUSTED TO CONNECT, PROTECT AND SERVE! 11

UNCLASSIFIED DISA: TRUSTED TO CONNECT, PROTECT AND SERVE! 12

UNCLASSIFIED DISA: TRUSTED TO CONNECT, PROTECT AND SERVE! 13

UNCLASSIFIED DISA: TRUSTED TO CONNECT, PROTECT AND SERVE! 14

• Provides guidance for:

Pre Amplifier EMI Receiver

UNCLASSIFIED DISA: TRUSTED TO CONNECT, PROTECT AND SERVE! 16

Shielded enclosures are usually required to prevent

RF absorber placed above, behind, and on both sides of the EUT,

Frequency Minimum Absorption

UNCLASSIFIED DISA: TRUSTED TO CONNECT, PROTECT AND SERVE! 17

UNCLASSIFIED DISA: TRUSTED TO CONNECT, PROTECT AND SERVE! 18

Power Source Impedance

Specific LISNs required by MIL-STD-461G

UNCLASSIFIED DISA: TRUSTED TO CONNECT, PROTECT AND SERVE! 21

UNCLASSIFIED DISA: TRUSTED TO CONNECT, PROTECT AND SERVE! 22

EUT Test Configurations

• EUT Design Status

UNCLASSIFIED DISA: TRUSTED TO CONNECT, PROTECT AND SERVE! 23

Cable construction and arrangements during testing are critical!

EUT Cables (cont)

• Must simulate actual installation and usage.

• Input Power Leads

• 4.3.8.7 Electrical and Mechanical Interfaces

Cables shall be checked against installation requirements to verify proper

General Test Setup

UNCLASSIFIED DISA: TRUSTED TO CONNECT, PROTECT AND SERVE! 26

Non-Conductive Surface Mounted EUT

UNCLASSIFIED DISA: TRUSTED TO CONNECT, PROTECT AND SERVE! 27

Free Standing – Shielded Enclosure

UNCLASSIFIED DISA: TRUSTED TO CONNECT, PROTECT AND SERVE! 28

Free Standing – No Shielded Enclosure

UNCLASSIFIED DISA: TRUSTED TO CONNECT, PROTECT AND SERVE! 29

Operation of the EUT

• Operation of the EUT

Combined Effort Between System and E3 Engineers