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    HCF and LCM 28 87

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    HCF and LCM 28 87

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    HCF and LCM 28 87

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    HCF and LCM

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    HCF and LCM


    Highest Common Factor (HCF): The highest common factor of two or more numbers is
    the greatest common divisor, which divides each of those numbers an exact number of
    times. The process to find the HCF is:
    a. Express the numbers given as a product of prime numbers separately i.e. find factors
    of numbers.
    b. Take the product of prime numbers common to all the given numbers.
    Example 1: Find HCF of 540 and 1024.
    Solution:
    Step 1: Express the numbers given as a product of prime numbers.
    540 = 2 x 2 x 3 x 3 x 3 x 5 = 22 x 33 x 51
    1024 = 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 = 210
    Step 2: Take the product of prime numbers common to all the given numbers.
    We can see that only 22 is common to both the given numbers. Thus, H.C.F. = 2 x 2 = 4
    Example 2: Find the HCF of 27, 81, 165, 360.
    Solution:
    Step 1:
    27 = 3 x 3 x 3 = 33
    81 = 3 x 3 x 3 x 3 = 34
    165 = 3 x 5 x 11
    360 = 23 x 32 x 5
    Step 2:
    We can see that only 3 is common to all the given numbers. Thus, HCF = 3.
    Sometimes finding HCF becomes very calculative and time consuming as the given
    numbers can be many and their respective values are also large. In that case,
    Property: Let us suppose two numbers N1 and N2 are given. So,
    HCF of (N1, N2) = HCF of difference between N1, N2 or any factor of the difference between
    the given numbers.
    Example 3: Find the HCF of 36 and 54.
    Solution:
    By ordinary method: 36 = 22 x 32 and 54 = 21 x 33. Thus, HCF = 21 x 32 = 18
    Or the Difference between 36 and 54 = 18
    Check whether 18 divides both 36 and 54 or not. Here, 18 divides 36 and 54 completely.
    Thus, HCF of 36 and 54 will be 18. So, both the cases have the same answer.
    Example 4: Find the HCF of 210, 360 and 540.
    Solution:
    HCF of (210, 360 and 540) = HCF (360 - 210 and 540 - 360) = HCF (150 and 180) = 30
    Check whether 30 divides all the three numbers or not. Here, 30 divides 210, 360 and 540
    completely. Thus, HCF of 210, 360 and 540 will be 30.
    Note: Try to find difference between given numbers which is as minimum as possible.
    Example 5: Find the HCF of 2190, 1800, 1890 and 2520.
    Solution:
    Here, Finding the HCF of these four numbers will be hectic as these numbers are large and
    their factorization will be time consuming. So, try to find shortest possible difference
    between the given numbers. Here, shortest possible difference will be between 1890 and
    1800 which is 90.
    Now, Check whether 90 divides all the four numbers or not. Here, 90 divides 1800, 1890
    and 2520 completely but not 2190. So, HCF will not be 90 but a factor of 90.
    Factors of 90 = 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, 15, 18, 30, 45, 90. Out of all the twelve factors of 90,
    highest factor that divides all the given numbers is 30. Thus, HCF will be 30.

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    Least Common Multiple (LCM): The least common multiple (LCM) of two or more
    numbers is the smallest of the numbers, which is exactly divisible by each of them, e.g.
    consider two numbers 18 and 24.
    The multiples of 18 are: 18, 36, 54, 72, 90, 108, 126, 144, 162, 180, 198, 216, ....
    The multiples of 24 are: 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144, 168, 192, 216, ......
    The common multiples of both 18 and 24 are 72, 144, 216, ....
    The least common multiple is 72.
    Here again try to break the words in reverse order and understand the concept. Firstly,
    find the multiples of the numbers. Secondly, the common multiples of the numbers and
    finally the least out of those will be the LCM. The process to find the LCM is:
    a. Express the numbers given as a product of prime numbers separately i.e. find factors
    of numbers
    b. Take the product of prime factors of the given numbers after eliminating repetition of
    the common factors.
    Example 6: Find LCM of 36 and 54.
    Solution:
    Step 1: Express the numbers given as a product of prime numbers.
    36 = 22 x 32
    54 = 21 x 33
    Step 2: Take the product of prime factors of the given numbers after eliminating repetition
    of the common factors.
    Here, eliminating the common factors 21 and 32 and multiplying the remaining factors i.e.
    22 and 33 .
    So, LCM = 22 x 33 = 108
    Example 7: Find the LCM of 210, 360 and 540.
    Solution:
    Step 1: Express the numbers given as a product of prime numbers.
    210 = 2 x 3 x 5 x 7
    360 = 23 x 32 x 5
    540 = 22 x 33 x 5
    Step 2: Take the product of prime factors of the given numbers after eliminating repetition
    of the common factors.
    Here, eliminating the common factors 21, 31 and 51 and multiplying the remaining factors
    i.e. 23 and 33, 5 and 7.
    So, LCM = 23 x 33 x 5 x 7 = 7560
    Relationship between HCF and LCM:
    The relationship between any two numbers x and y and their HCF and LCM:𝒙 × 𝒚 =
    𝑳𝑪𝑴 × 𝑯𝑪𝑭
    Proof: Let us take any two numbers such as 14 and 78.
    Factorization of 14 = 2 x 7 and 78 = 2 x 3 x 13
    Product of 14 and 78 = 14 x 78 = 1092
    HCF of 14 and 78 = 2
    LCM of 14 and 78 = 2 x 3 x 7 x 13 = 546
    Product of HCF and LCM = 2 x 546 = 1092
    Thus, Product of 14 and 78 = HCF x LCM of 14 and 78.
    Special case of finding HCF: There are some cases when HCF is asked in question but
    two numbers (N1 and N2) are not given instead their sum and LCM is given. So, in that
    case:
    HCF of (N1 and N2) = HCF of (Sum of N1 and N2 , LCM of N1 and N2)
    Proof: Find the HCF of 36 and 54.
    36 = 22 x 32
    54 = 21 x 33
    HCF = 21 x 32 = 18

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    Here, Sum of 36 and 54 = 90


    And Sum of 36 and 54 = 22 x 33 = 108
    HCF of (Sum of 36 and 54, LCM of 36 and 54) = HCF of (90 and 108) = 18
    So, in both the cases HCF is same.
    HCF of fraction values: To calculate the HCF of fraction values, we calculate the ratio of
    HCF of all the numerators to LCM of all the denominators.
    𝟏 𝟑 𝟓 𝟏𝟑
    Example 8: Find the HCF of , , , .
    𝟒 𝟖 𝟔 𝟏𝟐
    Solution:
    HCF of numerators = HCF (1, 3, 5, 13) = 1
    LCM of denominators = LCM (4, 8, 6, 12) = 24
    1
    Thus, HCF of given fractions =
    24
    LCM of fraction values: To calculate the LCM of fraction values, we calculate the ratio of
    LCM of all the numerators to HCF of all the denominators.
    𝟏 𝟑 𝟓 𝟏𝟑
    Example 9: Find the LCM of , , , .
    𝟒 𝟖 𝟔 𝟏𝟐
    Solution:
    LCM of numerators = LCM (1, 3, 5, 13) = 195
    HCF of denominators = HCF (4, 8, 6, 12) = 2
    195
    Thus, LCM of given fractions =
    2

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