International Journal of Advanced Computer Research (ISSN (print):2249-7277 ISSN (online):2277-7970) Volume-3 Number-2 Issue-10 June-2013

Behaviour of OFDM System using MATLAB Simulation

Abstract
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is mainly designed to combat the effect of multipath reception, by dividing the wideband frequency selective fading channel into many narrow flat sub-channels. OFDM offers flexibility in adaptation to time varying channel condition by adopting the parameters at each subcarrier accurately. To avoid ISI due to multipath, successive OFDM symbols are separated by guard band. This makes the OFDM system resistant to multi-path effects [1].The idea of using parallel data transmission by FDM was published in mid 60s [2].However, recently the attention toward OFDM has grown rapidly in the field of wireless and wired communication systems. This is reflected by the adoption of this technique in applications such as digital audio/video broadcast, wireless LAN (802.11a and HiperLAN2), broadband wireless (802.16) and xDSL [3]. In this paper design of OFDM system transmitter and receiver is introduced and Simulation is done using MATLAB.

Figure 1:A) Spectrum of FDM showing guard Bands B) Spectrum of OFDM showing overlapping subcarrier

Keywords
FFT, IFFT, OFDM, QAM

1. Introduction
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing is a special form of multicarrier modulation which is particularly suited for transmission over a dispersive channel.. Here the different carriers are orthogonal to each other, that is, they are totally independent of one another. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is a wideband modulation scheme that is designed to cope with the problems of the multipath reception. Essentially, the wideband frequency selective fading channel is divided into many narrow-band sub channels. If the number of sub channels is high enough, each sub channel could be considered as flat. This is because we transmit many narrowband overlapping digital signals in parallel, inside one wide band.
S.S.Ghorpade, E&TC, DYP College, Kolhapur, India. S.V.Sankpal, E&TC, DYP College, Kolhapur, India.

Increasing the number of parallel transmission channels reduces the data rate that each individual carrier must convey, and that lengthens the symbol period. Therefore the delay time of reflected waves is suppressed to within 1 symbol time. Fig.1 compares the utilization of FDM and OFDM. The development of OFDM systems can be divided into three parts. They are Frequency Division Multiplexing, Multicarrier Communication and Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing [4]. Frequency Division Multiplexing is a form of signal multiplexing which involves assigning non overlapping frequency ranges or channels to different signals or to each user of a medium. A gap or guard band is left between each of these channels to ensure that the signal of one channel does not overlap with the signal from an adjacent one. Multicarrier Communication involves splitting of the signal to give a number of signals over that frequency range. Each of these signals are individually modulated and transmitted over the channel. At the receiver end, these signals are fed to a demultiplexer where it is 67

International Journal of Advanced Computer Research (ISSN (print):2249-7277 ISSN (online):2277-7970) Volume-3 Number-2 Issue-10 June-2013

demodulated and recombined to obtain the original signal.

2. Implementation
As shown in Fig.2, we have to implement the OFDM System below.

signal to noise ratio is calculated by taking into consideration the unmodulated signal data and the data at the receiving end.

3. Simulation

Figure 3: OFDM Simulation Flowchart Figure 2: OFDM Block Diagram Modulation Modulation is the technique by which the signal wave is transformed in order to send it over the communication channel in order to minimize the effect of noise. This is done in order to ensure that the received data can be demodulated to give back the original data. In an OFDM system, the high data rate information is divided into small packets of data which are placed orthogonal to each other. This is achieved by modulating the data by a desirable modulation technique like Quadrature Amplitude Modulation [7]. After this, IFFT is performed on the modulated signal which is further processed by passing through a parallel to serial converter. Guard Interval Insertion (GII) is done in order to avoid ISI. Communication Channel This is the channel through which the data is transferred. Presence of noise in this medium affects the signal and causes distortion in its data content. Demodulation Demodulation is the technique by which the original data is recovered from the modulated signal which is received at the receiver end. In this case, the received data is first made to pass through a low pass filter and the Guard Interval Removal (GIR ) is done. FFT of the signal is done after it is made to pass through a serial to parallel converter. A demodulator is used, to get back the original signal. The bit error rate and the 68 The transmitter first converts the input data from a serial stream to parallel sets. Each set of data contains one symbol, Si, for each subcarrier. For example, a set of four data would be [S0 S1 S2 S3].Before performing the Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT), this example data set is arranged on the horizontal axis in the frequency domain as shown in Fig:4. This symmetrical arrangement about the vertical axis is necessary for using the IFFT to manipulate this data. OFDM Simulation Process Simulation flowchart is shown in fig.3. MATLAB code for 256 bits processing is given below.

Figure 4: Frequency Domain Distribution of Symbol

International Journal of Advanced Computer Research (ISSN (print):2249-7277 ISSN (online):2277-7970) Volume-3 Number-2 Issue-10 June-2013

An inverse Fourier transform converts the frequency domain data set into samples of the corresponding time domain representation of this data. Specifically, the IFFT is useful for OFDM because it generates samples of a waveform with orthogonal frequency components. Then, the parallel to serial block creates the OFDM signal by sequentially outputting the time domain samples. The channel simulation will allow examination of the effects of noise, multipath, and clipping. By adding random data to the transmitted signal, simple noise can be simulated. Multipath simulation involves adding attenuated and delayed copies of the transmitted signal to the original. This simulates the problem in wireless communication when the signal propagates on many paths. For example, a receiver may see a signal via a direct path as well as a path that bounces off a building. Finally, clipping simulates the problem of amplifier saturation. This addresses a practical implementation problem in OFDM where the peak to average power ratio is high.The receiver performs the inverse of the transmitter. First, the OFDM data are split from a serial stream into parallel sets. The Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) converts the time domain samples back into a frequency domain representation. The magnitudes of the frequency components correspond to the original data. Finally, the parallel to serial block converts this parallel data into a serial stream to recover the original input data. MATLAB Code %code for OFDM signal transmission and reception in AWGN channel % code n = 256; % Number of bits to process x = randint(n,1); % Random binary data stream M = 16; % Size of signal constellation k = log2(M); % Number of bits per symbol xsym = bi2de(reshape(x,k,length(x)/k).','left-msb'); % Convert the bits in x into k-bit symbols. y = modulate(modem.qammod(M),xsym); % Modulate using QAM tu=3.2e-6;%useful symbol period tg=0.8e-6;%guard interval length ts=tu+tg;%total symbol duration nmin=0; nmax=64;%total number of subcarriers scb=312.5e3;%sub carrier spacing fc=3.6e9;%carrier frequency Rs=fc; tt=0: 6.2500e-008:ts-6.2500e-008; c=ifft(y,nmax);%IFFT 69

s=real(c'.*(exp(1j*2*pi*fc*tt)));%bandpass modulation figure; plot(real(s),'b');title('OFDM signal transmitted'); figure; plot(10*log10(abs(fft(s,nmax))));title('OFDM spectrum'); xlabel('frequency') ylabel('power spectral density') title('Transmit spectrum OFDM'); snr=10;%signal to noise ratio ynoisy = awgn(s,snr,'measured');%awgn channel figure; plot(real(ynoisy),'b');title('received OFDM signal with noise'); z=ynoisy.*exp(j*2*pi*fc*tt);%Bandpass demodulation z=fft(z,nmax);%FFT zsym=demodulate(modem.qamdemod(M),z);%demo dulation of bandpass data. z = de2bi(zsym,'left-msb'); %Convert integers to bits. z = reshape(z.',prod(size(z)),1);%matrix to vector conversion [noe,ber] = biterr(x,z) ;%BER calculation figure; subplot(211);stem(x(1:256));title('Original Message'); subplot(212);stem(z(1:256));title('recovered Message');

4. Results
Simulation results for MATLAB code are shown in fig.5, 6, 7, 8.

Figure 5: Transmit spectrum of OFDM

International Journal of Advanced Computer Research (ISSN (print):2249-7277 ISSN (online):2277-7970) Volume-3 Number-2 Issue-10 June-2013

5. Conclusion
The main aim of the project is to implement the core signal processing blocks of OFDM system. These blocks are simulated using MATLAB. Design Suite is tested for data patterns and the results are as shown. The results are matching with expected results. In this project OFDM system is simulated using 64 subcarriers. This is very basic implementation and has advantage of less processing time requirement and complexity. The spectral efficiency can be increased by increasing the number of subcarriers. The problem of Peak-to-average ratio can be reduced by using power amplifier with wide linear range at the front end of transmitter. Some other methods like Clipping, Peak Cancellation can be used. Synchronisation can be achieved by using Cyclic extension and Training Sequences.

Fig 6: OFDM Signal Transmitted

Acknowledgment
I wish to thank the referee for the careful reading of the paper and giving the valuable suggestions.

References
[1] Masoud Olfat, Spatial Processing ,Power Control, and Channel Allocation for OFDM Wireless Communications.-Ph,d Report , 2003. [2] B. Salzberg,Performance of an efficient parallel data transmission system. IEEE Trans. Commun Technol., vol. COM-15, pp.805-813, Dec 1967. [3] Nilesh Chide, Shreyas Deshmukh, Prof. P.B.Borole, Implementation of OFDM System using IFFT and FFT.International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN:2248-9622 www.ijera.com Vol.3, Issue 1, January - February 2013, pp.2009- 2014 | Page [4] H. Taub, D. L. Schilling, G. Saha, TaubsPrinciples of Communication Systems. Tata McGraw Hill, 2008. [5] S. Weinstein and P. Ebert, Data transmission by frequency-division multiplexing using the fourier transform ,IEEE Trans. Commun. Technol.,vol. COM-19, pp. 628-634, Oct 1971. [6] T.Pollet, M. Bladel, and M.Moeneclaey,Sensitivity of OFDM systems to carrier frequency offset and wiener phase noise, IEEETransaction on Communications, vol. 43, pp. 191-193, Apr 1995. [7] Horosaki B., An orthogonally multiplexed QAM system using the DFT, IEEE Trans. Comm. Vol.COM-29, pp. 982-989, July 1981. . [8] P. Banelli and S. Cacopardi, Theoretical analysis and performance of OFDM signals in channels, IEEE Trans. Commun.,vol. 48, pp. 430441, Mar. 2000.

Fig 7: Received OFDM Signal with Noise

Figure 8: Original message and Recovered Message 70

International Journal of Advanced Computer Research (ISSN (print):2249-7277 ISSN (online):2277-7970) Volume-3 Number-2 Issue-10 June-2013 S.S.Ghorpade, received her B.E.(I.E.) degree from Shivaji University.She is student of M.E.(E&TC) in DYP College, Kolhapur.Her research interest include OFDM.She published 1 international conference paper, 1 international journal paper.. Authors Photo Swati V.Sankpal is currently working as associate professor at D.Y.Patil college of Engg. and Tech, Kolhapur. She has total 28 years of experience. She has completed her B.E .and M.E.in Electronics from Walchand College of Engg.Sangli and earned her Ph.D. from Shivaji University, Kolhapur. She has published totally 28 national conference papers, 29 Authors Photo international conference papers, 25 international journal papers.Under her guidance three students have completed their P.G.(E.&.TC) and ,three students have submitted their thesis and ten are pursuing.

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