Chapter 3 Workshop Technology

WORKSHOP TECHNOLOGY
Introduction to the unit of learning

Industrial safety: Health and safety act, safety at work (general), personal safety,
workshops safety, fire safety and First aid. Bench work: tools and measuring
instrument and their applications. Bench fitting and operation sequence. Sheet metal
processes. Machine tool operations and processes: lathe work, milling, drilling and
grinding. Joining processes: mechanical joining, riveting, shrink fitting, welding and
adhesive joining. Woodwork: Nature and types of woods, methods of construction,
woodworking hand tools. Wood working machines, working principles, applications,
maintenance and safety aspects. Joinery and carpentry work.
Summary of Learning Outcomes

1 Apply workshop safety
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2 Use of workshop tools, Instruments and equipment’s
3 Prepare workshop tools and instruments for an Electrical installation practical
4 Prepare the workshop for an Electrical practical
5 Store Electrical tools and materials after practical’s
6 Troubleshoot and repair workshop tools and equipment
Apply workshop safety

Introduction
All workshops and stores must be under the direct control of a supervisor, who is
responsible for ensuring they are maintained and used in a safe and healthy manner.
Only those authorised to do so may enter or work in workshops or stores, and must
comply with the requirements of the supervisor whilst in that area.
All persons using workshops and stores should apply good housekeeping practices,
wear appropriate clothing and footwear, and use the workshop or store only for its
intended purpose.
A tidy workplace makes it easier to spot and avoid hazards, and does not interfere with
normal work operations. Good housekeeping is fundamental to workshop safety
management, and the time allocated to a job must include cleaning up afterwards. This
applies to both individual and shared areas.
Personal items, food, drink or cigarettes are not to be taken into workshops and stores,
unless a clean work-free area has been set aside for this purpose. Where necessary,
lockers should be provided and used.
The store or workshop must be suited to the proposed task. The supervisor shall make
the decision as to what tasks are appropriate for each situation.
3.1.2 Performance Standard

1.1 Meaning of PPE
• Standard operating procedure in PPE
1.2 Workshop rules
1.3 Electrical hazards e.g.
• Electric shock.
1.4 Fire
• Classes of fire
• Causes of fire
• Various methods of fire
extinguishing
3.1.3 Information Sheet

➢ Meaning of PPE
 It is protective clothing helmets, goggles, or other garments or
equipment designed to protect the wearer's body from injury or
infection.
 The hazards addressed by protective equipment include physical,
electrical, heat, chemicals, biohazards, and airborne particulate
matter.
 Protective equipment may be worn for job-related occupational
safety and health purposes, as well as for sports and other
recreational activities. "Protective clothing" is applied to
traditional categories of clothing, and "protective gear" applies to
items such as pads, guards, shields, or masks, and others. PPE
suits can be similar in appearance to a cleanroom suit.
 The purpose of personal protective equipment is to reduce employee
exposure to hazards
Roles and responsibilities
Project Manager (PM

Is responsible for the overall safety of the project staff and those participating in a
project activity and must provide the appropriate PPE for those activities.
Project Safety Officer (PSO) is responsible for issuing project PPE, for training project
staff on the proper use and care of the PPE, and to ensure compliance with this SOP.
Supervisor is responsible for ensuring project staff and others participating in a project
activity are properly wearing their issued PPE. After temporarily issuing the
appropriate PPE to non‐project personnel, train them on how to use the PPE and
retrieve the PPE upon completion of the activity. Project Staff is responsible for
properly wearing their issued PPE for that activity. They must also properly maintain
their issued PPE and when needed request a new PPE to replace worn out or damaged
PPE. They will assist the Supervisor when non‐project people are participating in an
activity requiring specific PPE.
Others participating in the activity must be trained in the proper use of the assigned
PPE and wear it properly when directed by project staff.
Training
The PSO or Supervisory staff will train project employees on the use and care of the
PPE.
PPE selection
PPE shall be provided, used, and maintained wherever hazards exist (e.g., processing,
environmental, chemical, mechanical) or are encountered in a manner capable of
causing injury or impairment in the function of any part of the body. Injury can occur
though absorption, inhalation, or physical contact with these hazards. The designated
PPE person shall set a good example by donning PPE and following Program policy.
The following provides guidelines for hazard assessment and PPE selection.
Eye and face protection. Appropriate eye or face protection shall be worn if
exposures to potentially injurious hazards exist (e.g., flying particles, liquid
chemicals, corrosives, chemical gases, vapors, UV rays). All eyewear shall
provide:
• eye and side protection (detachable or permanent)
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protective devices to be worn over prescription
eyewear, if needed • a proper and comfortable fit.
Foot hazards
1 OSHA requires that staff wear protective footwear if the potential for foot injuries
exist, including exposure to:
• compression, squeezing, smashing, falling, or rolling objects
• electrical hazards
• slipping
• chemicals
• temperature extremes
• repeated wetness which may result in fungal infections
• puncturing from objects which may pierce the sole of footwear
2. Engineering and work-practice solutions shall be utilized, including wearing footwear

correctly (fully laced, etc.) to receive maximum protection. The Program shall prohibit the
use of sandals or open shoes.
Hand and body protection
1. Glove manufacturer specification charts provide guidance in selecting proper

PPE. Appropriate hand and body PPE shall be worn when potential hazards
exist, including exposure to:
• cuts and punctures—severe cuts and lacerations, abrasions or

punctures from tools, machines or from handling sharp objects
• thermal exposure—caused by extreme cold or heat or hot work
• blood borne pathogens—caused by first-aid or clean-up of blood,

body fluids, or other infectious agents.
• chemical exposure—skin contact from working with chemicals

• repetitive motion disorders—caused by computer use or jobs
requiring repetitive motion may cause carpal tunnel syndrome
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• entanglement—caused from wearing gloves, clothing, or jewelry
near moving equipment
2. Potential engineering and work-practice solutions may include:
• machine guards—protects against cuts, punctures, abrasion, and

chafing
• job rotation—protects against repetitive motion hazards
• good housekeeping and clean-up—protects against chemical and

blood borne hazards
• workstation design—protects against repetitive motions and

provides accident prevention
• evaluating waste prior to handling—aids staff in determining

appropriate PPE and process method
• splash guards—protects against chemical contact with skin or eyes
Head protection Head protection (e.g., hard hat) shall be worn if potential
for injury from falling objects exist. All head protection shall:
Be used according to manufacturer’s instructions
Not be altered in any way include bump caps as an appropriate alternative (if exposure to
scalp injuries exist)
Hearing protection Facility staff shall wear hearing protection when exposed to noise
levels in excess of 85 dB (A) for an eight-hour time-weighted average.
Respiratory protection Site specific ventilation or exhaust systems are effective
engineering control tools.
➢ Workshop rules
Before you can use equipment and machines or attempt practical work in a
workshop you must understand basic safety rules. These rules will help
keep you and others safe in the workshop.
1. Always listen carefully to the teacher and follow
instructions.
2. Do not run in the workshop, you could ‘bump’ into

another trainee and cause an accident.
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3. Know where the emergency stop buttons are positioned in
the workshop. If you see an accident at the other side of
the workshop you can use the emergency stop button to
turn off all electrical power to machines.
4. Always wear an apron as it will protect your clothes and

hold loose clothing such as ties in place.
5. Wear good strong shoes. Training shoes are not suitable.

6. When attempting practical work all stools should be put
away.
7. Bags should not be brought into a workshop as people can
trip over them.
8. When learning how to use a machine, listen very carefully
to all the instructions given by the teacher. Ask questions,
especially if you do not fully understand.
9. Do not use a machine if you have not been shown how to

operate it safely by the teacher.
10. Always be patient, never rush in the workshop.

11. Always use a guard when working on a machine.
12. Keep hands away from moving/rotating machinery.
13. Use hand tools carefully, keeping both hands behind the
cutting edge.
14. Report any damage to machines/equipment as this could
cause an accident.
➢ Electrical hazards
An electrical hazard is one of the most dangerous threats workers can face. It’s
estimated almost five percent of all workplace fatalities result from electrocution.
Electrical shock
An electric shock happens when an electric current passes through your body. This can
burn both internal and external tissue and cause organ damage.
A range of things can cause an electric shock, including:
• power lines
• lightning
• electric machinery
• electric weapons, such as Tasers
• household appliances
• electrical outlets easytvet.com
While shocks from household appliances are usually less severe, they can quickly
become more serious if a child chews on an electric cord our puts their mouth on an
outlet.
Aside from the source of the shock, several other factors affect how serious an electric
shock is, including:
• voltage
• length of time in contact with the source
• overall health
• electricity’s path through your body
• type of current (an alternating current is often more harmful than a direct
current because it causes muscle spasms that make it harder to drop the source
of electricity)
If you or someone else has been shocked, you may not need emergency treatment, but
you should still see a doctor as soon as possible. Internal damage from electric shocks
is often hard to detect without a thorough medical exam.
Effects of electric shock
The symptoms of an electric shock depend on how severe it is.
Potential symptoms of an electric shock include:
• loss of consciousness
• muscle spasms
• numbness or tingling
• breathing problems
• headache
• problems with vision or hearing

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• burns
• seizures
• irregular heartbeat
Electric shocks can also cause compartment syndrome. This

happens when muscle damage causes your limbs to swell. In turn, this can compress
arteries, leading to serious health problems. Compartment syndrome might not be
noticeable immediately after the shock, so keep an eye on your arms and legs
following a shock.
➢ Electric Fire
➢ Most electrical fires are caused by faulty electrical outlets and old,
outdated appliances. Other fires are started by faults in appliance cords,
receptacles and switches. Never use an appliance with a worn or frayed
cord, which can send heat onto combustible surfaces like floors,
curtains, and rugs that can start a fire.
• Classes of fire
There are 6 different classes of fire, and each should be attacked in a different way.
Class A (Solids)
Class A fires are fires involving solids. This type of fire could be paper and cardboard,
common in offices and manufacturing. It could be furniture, or fixtures and fittings. It
could even be the structure of the building.
This is one of the most common types of fire because solids are the most common type
of fuel and one that is hard to eliminate. Good housekeeping should help to keep
materials like packaging and waste reduced, minimizing risks Water extinguisher is
one of the most popular types of extinguishers used class A fire. It can handle most
fires involving solids.
Class B (Liquids)
Class B fires are fires involving liquids. Many of the fluids, liquids and chemicals used
in workplaces can be flammable or explosive. Like cleaning fluids, solvents, fuels,
inks, adhesives and paints. According to statistics, in 2010/11 flammable liquids
accounted for only 2% of fires, but a massive 21% of fatalities. These fires are rare but
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more deadly than other types of fire. So how can you protect yourself?
Make sure you know what flammable liquids are used in your workplace, and carry out
a Control of Substances Hazardous to Health’ (COSHH) assessment Control of
Substances Hazardous to Health assessments are a legal requirement, for any
hazardous substances. This about safe storage and use of these substances, keep them
in labeled containers and away from sources of ignition.
Should a class B fire ignite, foam or powder extinguishers are the best types of
extinguishers to attack this type of fire.
Give examples of foam extinguishers
Class C (Gases)
Class C fires are fires involving gases. This could be natural gas, Liquefied petroleum
gas (LPG) or other types of gases forming a flammable or explosive atmosphere.
Work with gas is dangerous, and increases fire risk. Keep stored gases in sealed
containers in a safe storage area, and ensure that gas work is carried out by competent
persons.
While extinguishers can be used on class C gas fires, the only safe method to attack
this type of fire is to shut off the gas supply. The best type of extinguisher to put out
the fire when the supply of gas is off is a dry powder extinguisher
Class D (Metals)
Metals are not often thought of as a combustible material, some types of metal can be,
like sodium. Metals are also good conductors, helping a fire spread. All metals will
soften and melt at high temperature, which can be a big problem when metal joists and
columns are present in a fire as structural elements.
Water can actually act as an accelerate on metal fires, so how would you tackle a class
D fire? There are dry powder extinguishers developed to tackle metal fires. The
powder inside the extinguisher may vary depending on the type of metal risk it is
designed for. Small metal fires can sometimes be smothered with dry earth or sand.
Electrical Fires
This is not strictly a class (class E) of fire, because electricity is more or a source of
ignition than a fuel. However, fires in live electrical equipment are an additional
hazard. You don't want to be using water, or any other conductor as that could be fatal.
Electrical fires are not given their own full class, as they can fall into any of the
classifications. After all it is not the electricity burning but surrounding material that
has been set alight by the electric current.
To avoid electric fire;
Making sure electrical equipment and installations are installed correctly, and
inspected and maintained, will help to reduce the risk of this type of fire.
While you shouldn't use water to attack an electrical fire, you can use other types of
fire extinguishers. Like carbon dioxide, and dry powder in low voltage situations.
Always turn off the power supply if you can.
Class F (Cooking Fats & Oils)
Deep fat frying and spillages of flammable oils near to heat sources in kitchens can
result in a class F fire.
Never leave food or frying equipment unattended during use. The only type of fire
extinguisher approved for use on cooking oils and fats is the wet chemical
extinguisher. For small class F fires, you could also use a fire blanket.
➢ Causes of fire
A house can easily catch fire from the misuse of appliances and heating
equipment to smoking in bedrooms.
However you can take measures to avoid fire in home and ensure the
safety of your family. Below are some of the most common causes of
house fires, and some tips to take precautions.
1. Cooking equipment
Pots and pans can overheat and cause a fire very easily if the person cooking gets
distracted and leaves cooking unattended. Always stay in the room, or ask someone to
watch your food, when cooking on hotplates.
2. Heating
Keep portable heaters at least one metre away from anything that could easily catch
fire such as furniture, curtains, laundry, clothes and even yourself. If you have a
furnace, get it inspected once a year to make sure it is working to safety standards.
3. Smoking in bedrooms
Bedrooms are best to be kept off limits for smoking. A cigarette that is not put out
properly can cause a flame, as the butt may stay a lit for a few hours. It could burst into
flames if it came into contact with flammable materials, such as furniture.
4. Electrical equipment
An electrical appliance, such as a toaster can start a fire if it is faulty or has a frayed
cord. A power point that is overloaded with double adapter plugs can cause a fire from
an overuse of electricity. A power point extension cord can also be a fire hazard if not
used appropriately. Double check the appliances and power points in your home. 5.
Candles
Candles look and smell pretty, but if left unattended they can cause a room to easily
burst into flames. Keep candles away from any obviously flammable items such as
books and tissue boxes. Always blow a candle out before leaving a room.
6. Curious children
Kids can cause a fire out of curiosity, to see what would happen if they set fire to an
object. Keep any matches or lighters out of reach of children, to avoid any curiosity
turned disaster. Install a smoke alarm in your child’s room and practice a home escape
plan with your children and family in case there was a fire.
7. Faulty wiring
Homes with inadequate wiring can cause fires from electrical hazards. Some signs to
see if you’ve bad wiring are:
1. Lights dim if you use another appliance;

2. For an appliance to work, you have to disconnect another;
3. Fuses blow or trip the circuit frequently.
4. Have a licensed electrician come and inspect you house, or contact your landlord if
you have any of the above occurrences.
8. Barbeques
Barbeques are great for an outdoor meal, but should always be used away from the
home, tablecloths or any plants and tree branches. Keep BBQs regularly maintained
and cleaned with soapy water and clean any removable parts. Check the gas bottle for
any leaks before you use it each time.
9. Flammable liquids
If you have any flammable liquids in the home or garage such as petrol, kerosene or
methylated spirits, keep them away from heat sources and check the label before
storing. Be careful when pouring these liquids.
10. Lighting
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Lamp shades and light fittings can build up heat if they are very close to light globes.
Check around the house to make sure. Lamp bases can become a hazard if they are
able to be knocked over easily, and so should be removed if they are. Check that down
lights is insulated from wood panelling or ceiling timbers.
The above tips are a good guide to avoiding a fire in your home. However it’s a good
idea to protect yourself with adequate home insurance cover to ensure you are covered
in the unlikely event a fire were to happen
Various methods of fire extinguishing
If the three parts of the ‘fire triangle’ are kept in mind, extinguishing a small blaze
should be a matter of common sense. The principles of fire extinction state that a fire
will be put out if one of the three elements are removed, and this can be done using
three different approaches, as detailed below.
Cooling
Removing the heat is one of the most effective methods of fire extinction available,
which is why water is a popular extinguishing material. The fire will go out so long as
the heat generated by the fire is less than that which is absorbed by the water.
Remember: water is not an appropriate extinguishing material to use on electrical fires,
as well as those caused by cooking oils/fats or other flammable liquids.
Starving While cooling removes the heat/ignition element of the ‘fire triangle’,
starving the blaze of its fuel source approaches extinction from a different angle. A
raging fire will burn itself out if it runs out of flammable materials, such as a
bonfire out in the open that isn’t in contact with any other wood or dry grass.
Similarly, a gas fire will immediately extinguish if the gas supply is cut off – you
only have to look at a gas stove or Bunsen burner to see that.
Smothering
As the other key component present in the chemical reaction that causes combustion,
removing oxygen from the equation is the final way of extinguishing a fire. For
example, smothering a frying pan blaze with a fire blanket reduces the oxygen to
below the 16% required to react, while covering a candle with a glass will snuff it out
in a vacuum.
Smothering is a technique that is mostly applicable to solid fuel fires, although some
materials may contain enough oxygen within their own chemical makeup to keep the
blaze burning.
➢ First Aid
If the person has been injured by an electrical shock, Electrical shocks always need
emergency medical attention even if the person seems to be fine afterward.
The following methods/procedures may be used to rescue the affected person
Separate the Person from Current's Source
To turn off power:
⚫ Unplug an appliance if plug is undamaged or shut off power via circuit breaker,
fuse box, or outside switch.
If you can't turn off power:
⚫ Stand on something dry and non-conductive, such as dry newspapers, telephone
book, or wooden board.
⚫ Try to separate the person from current using non-conductive object such as
wooden or plastic broom handle, chair, or rubber doormat.
If high voltage lines are involved:
⚫ The local power company must shut them off.
⚫ Do not try to separate the person from current if you feel a tingling sensation in
your legs and lower body. Hop on one foot to a safe place where you can wait for
lines to be disconnected.
• If a power line falls on a car, instruct the passengers to stay inside unless
explosion or fire threatens.
1. Is Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) if Necessary
When you can safely touch the person, do CPR if the person is not breathing or does
not have a pulse.
• For a child, start CPR for children

• For an adult, start adult CPR.
2. Check for Other Injuries
• If the person is bleeding, apply pressure and elevate the wound if it's in an arm
or leg.
• There may be a fracture if the shock caused the person to fall.
For All Burns:

1. Stop Burning Immediately
• Put out fire or stop the person's contact with hot liquid, steam, or other material.
• Help the person "stop, drop, and roll" to smother flames.
• Remove smoldering material from the person.
• Remove hot or burned clothing. If clothing sticks to skin, cut or tear around it.
2. Remove Constrictive Clothing Immediately
• Take off jewelry, belts, and tight clothing. Burns can swell quickly.
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Then take the following steps:

For First-Degree Burns (Affecting Top Layer of Skin)
Cool Burn
• Hold burned skin under cool (not cold) running water or immerse in cool water
until the pain subsides.
• Use compresses if running water isn't available.
Protect Burn
• Cover with sterile, non-adhesive bandage or clean cloth.

• Do not apply butter, oil, lotions, or creams (especially if they contain
fragrance). Apply a petroleum-based ointment two to three times per day.
Treat Pain
Give over-the-counter pain reliever such as acetaminophen (Panadol, Tylenol),

ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin, Nuprin), or naproxen (Aleve, Naprosyn).
When to
See a
Doctor
Seek
medical
help if:
• You see signs of infection, like increased pain, redness, swelling, fever, or
oozing.
• The person needs tetanus or booster shot, depending on date of last injection.
Tetanus booster should be given every 10 years.
• The burn blister is larger than two inches or oozes.
• Redness and pain last more than a few hours.
• The pain gets worse.
• The hands, feet, face, or genitals are burned.
Follow Up
• The doctor will examine the burn and may prescribe antibiotics and pain
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medication.
4. Wait for 911 to Arrive
5. Follow Up
• A doctor will check the person for burns, fractures, dislocations, and other
injuries.
• An ECG, blood tests, urine test, CT scan, or MRI may be necessary.
• The person may be admitted to the hospital or a burn center.
3.1.4 Learning Activities

While working in busy production line in textile industry, fire erupts from one of
the faulty electrical equipment. The fire gets contained but one of the workers
gets minor burns on his left leg. Perform the following to relieve him from a lot of
pain.
1. Cool down the burn. After holding the burn under cool, running water, apply
cool, wet compresses until the pain subsides.
2. Remove tight items, such as rings, from the burned area. Be gentle, but move
quickly before swelling starts.
3. Avoid breaking blisters. Blisters with fluid protect the area from infection. If a
blister breaks, clean the area and gently apply an antibiotic ointment.
4. Apply a moisturizing lotion, such as one with aloevera. After the burned area
has been cooled, apply a lotion to provide relief and to keep the area from
drying out.
5. Loosely bandage the burn. Use sterile gauze. Avoid fluffy cotton that could
shed and get stuck to the healing area. Also avoid putting too much pressure on
the burned skin.
6. Take an over-the-counter pain reliever if necessary.

Consider acetaminophen (Tylenol), ibuprofen (Advil), or naproxen (Aleve).
3.1.5 Self-Assessment
1. How should PPE be stored?
2. Can PPE be shared, reused, or altered?
3. How do you clean lead contaminated clothes?
4. When Performing Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation By You On An Adult,
The Correct Ratio Of Compressions To Breaths Is?
5. How Do You Check For A Response To Determine Whether Someone Is
Unconscious?
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6. What Is The Very First Thing You Should Do When You Arrive At An
Incident Scene?
7. How Do You Check For A Response To Determine Whether Someone Is
Unconscious?
8. When Providing First Aid To An Unconscious Breathing Casualty, How
Would You Position Them?
9. When Using A Defibrillator, How Do You Know Where To Place The Pads?
10. What Is The Best Way To Stop External Blood Loss?
3.1.6 Tools, Equipment, Supplies

and Materials ⚫ Pliers
⚫ Hacksaws
⚫ Hammer
⚫ Spirit levels
⚫ Phase Tester
⚫ Side cutters
3.1.7 References
1. https://www.healthline.com/health/electric-shock
2. https://www.haspod.com/blog/fire/classes-of-fire
3. https://www.realinsurance.com.au/home-insurance/home-safety/the-most-
common-causesof-house-fires
4. J. Craig Voelkert, A Brief Guide To Fire Chemistry And Extinguishment
Theory For Fire Equipment Service Technicians, 2009 – Revised 2015, Amerex
Corporation
5. John F. Riley, Standard for Fire Extinguishers, Rating and Fire Testing of, UL
711 Fifth Edition, 1995, , Institute of Gas Technology
3.1.8 Answers to self-assessment

1. While some workplaces will have PPE that is required on a daily basis or worn at all
times, other personal protective equipment should be safely stored. The storage of
personal protective equipment is almost as important has having it on hand, and an
obligation set forth by OSHA, specifically requiring that PPE must be “maintained
in a sanitary and reliable condition.”
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2. In many instances PPE is assigned to specific individual, and it is important to train
workers on different types of personal protective equipment and what that means for
sharing or reusing them. When employers purchase items specific to the employer
(such as proper fitting boots), they should be assigned to that worker and not shared.
On the other hand, items like safety glasses can be shared among a few employees if
disinfected properly. Other pieces of equipment that can shared among others after
disinfection includes hard hats, safety vests, etc. For workplaces like hospitals, some
gowns are meant to be washed, disinfected, and ready to use again.
3. Through the course of day to day work, clothes get dirty. For most people, this just
means they have to toss them in the washing machine and they are ready to go.
When clothes are contaminated with potentially dangerous materials, such as lead,
however, it requires specialized action. As an employer, it is important to ensure that
the clothes that are contaminated with lead are properly washed to help ensure not
only employees are safe, but the environment as well.
4. 30 Compressions and 2 Breaths.
5. Checking for a response is part of the primary survey. You should check for a
response by shouting at the victim to see if they are reusable. If this does not work, a
gentle tap on the shoulders can be used. 6. The first thing you should do is identify
and manage any hazards to yourself or bystanders. Your safety is the most important
priority!
7. Checking for a response is part of the primary survey. You should check for a
response by shouting at the victim to see if they are reusable. If this does not work, a
gentle tap on the shoulders can be used. 8. You should place all unconscious but
breathing casualties into the recovery position (on their side with their head tilted
back).
9. Look at the pads! They will have a diagram indicating exactly where on the chest
they should be placed.
10. The best way to stop external blood loss is by applying direct pressure over the
wound. Elevation can also help slow bleeding from a limb.
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Learning Outcome 2: Use of workshop tools, Instruments and equipments

3.2.1 Introduction to the learning outcome
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration states that most injuries on
construction sites involve excavation cave-ins, power tool accidents, falls,
electrical hazards, and exposure to potentially dangerous materials
Working with power tools, you can get an electric shock, lose a finger, lose an
eye, or go deaf. It's especially dangerous to use a tool that's defective, that's been
modified, or that's not designed for the job. Of course, you can also get injured if
you use any tool carelessly.

➢ Meaning of workshop tools, instruments and equipments
➢ Classification of workshop tools and equipments
➢ Uses of workshop tools, Instruments and equipments
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Care and Maintenance of workshop tools and Instruments
3 Meaning of workshop tools, instruments and equipments
Drilling Machine
A drilling machine is a device used to cut holes into or through metal, wood, or
other hard surface. This device is normally made of a tapered shank rotated by a
motor or by hand (manually). Most drilling machines are made of hard elements
like diamond or steel
Figure 40 Drilling machine
General Precautions for drilling machine
• Lubrication is important to remove heat and friction.

• Machines should be cleaned after use
• Chips should be removed using brush.
• T-slots, grooves, spindles sleeves, belts, pulley should be cleaned.
• Machines should be lightly oiled to prevent from rusting
Safety Precautions
• Do not support the work piece by hand – use work holding device.
• Use brush to clean the chip easytvet.com
• No adjustments while the machine is operating
• Ensure for the cutting tools running straight before starting the operation.
• Ease the feed if drill breaks inside the work piece.
• Do not wear loose or baggy clothing, ties, jewelry, or sandals. If you have long
hair, tie it back or wear a cap — especially when drilling
• Wear eye protection when sawing and drilling. Safety glasses or goggles are
inexpensive and available at any hardware store.
• Do not hold your finger on the switch button while carrying a plugged-in tool
— it may start accidentally.
• Grip all tools firmly.
• Be sure to work at a safe distance from others.
• Do not use electric power tools in wet or damp locations.
• Never carry a power tool by its cord.
Never leave a running power tool unattended.

Grinding machine
The grinding machine consists of a bed with a fixture to guide and hold the work piece,
and a powerdriven grinding wheel spinning at the required speed. The speed is
determined by the wheel’s diameter and manufacturer’s rating. The user can control
the grinding head to travel across a fixed work piece, or the work piece can be moved
while the grind head stays in a fixed position.
Safety precautions:
Grinding machines are used daily in a machine shop. To avoid injuries follow the
safety precautions listed below.
• Wear goggles for all grinding machine operations.

• Check grinding wheels for cracks before mounting.
• Never operate grinding wheels at speeds in excess of the recommended speed.
• Never adjust the work piece or work mounting devices when the machine is
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operating.
• Do not exceed recommended depth of cut for the grinding wheel or machine.
• Remove work piece from grinding wheel before turning machine off.
• Use proper wheel guards on all grinding machines.
• On bench grinders, adjust tool rest 1/16 to 1/8 inch from the wheel.
Welding Machine:
Welding is joining metal parts (usually) together by heating the surfaces to

the point of melting with a blowpipe, electric arc, or other means, and
uniting them by pressing, hammering, etc.
Two popular welding types:
Arc Welding and Gas Welding
General welding Precautions

 Construction personnel that is welding should be properly trained and qualified
 Inspect work area for fire hazards before welding
 Make provisions for ventilation before welding
 Compressed gas cylinders should always be secured in an upright position
when not in use and handled with extreme care
 Gas cylinders should be stored at least 20 feet away from flammable materials
and heat sources
 Oxygen cylinders should be stored at least 20 feet away from gas cylinders and
combustible materials.
 When not possible, use a 5 feet tall noncombustible barrier with a 30 min. fire-
resistance rating or better.
 Shearing machine :
A shearing machine is an industrial machine that cuts metal. An industrial shearing machine generally
presses blades down into metal sheets to punch out shapes. These shapes may be the desired end
product or they may be the waste product. Whileeasytvet.com
shearing metal sheets is most common, other metallic
objects may be processed in one of these machines.
Figure 41 power shearing machine
Safety Precautions
• Bench shears must be securely fastened to a bench or purpose designed

stand.
• Guards or safety devices must never be removed or adjusted, except by an
authorized person for maintenance purposes.
• Shearing edges should be maintained in good condition, should be
distortion free and correctly adjusted.
• Working parts should be well lubricated and the blades free of rust and dirt.
• Ensure no slip/trip hazards are present in work spaces and walkways.
• Sufficient space must exist around the machine to prevent accidental
contact with passersby.
• Familiarize yourself with and check all machine operations and controls.
• Never use bench shears for cutting metal that is beyond the machine’s
capacity with respect to thickness, shape, or type.
• Material should be properly supported during cutting and industrial type
gloves should be worn to protect the hands.
• Use supports for long material - signpost if a tripping hazard.
• Manual handling tasks should be assessed and appropriate procedures put in
place.
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Hold material securely to prevent it tilting during the cut.
• Ensure fingers and limbs are clear before operating the bench shears.
• When not in use this machine must be locked by, for example, a stout pin
through the hole in the blades and kept in place by a padlock.
• Leave the work area in a safe, clean and tidy state.
• Closing movements between shearing surfaces and other parts can result in
trapping
• Sharp edges on cutters, work pieces can cause cuts
• Squash/crush and pinch points
Safety guidelines for tools used in engineering workshop:
Hand tools are non-powered. They include hammers, hacksaw, spanners, chisels, vice,
pliers...etc. The greatest hazards posed by hand tools result from misuse and improper
maintenance.
General precautions
• Using a screwdriver as a chisel may cause the tip of the screwdriver to

break and fly, hitting the user
• Using a tool with a wooden handle (e.g., hammer) if the handle is loose,
splintered, or cracked, the head of the tool may fly off and strike the user or
another worker;
• Using a spanner (wrench) if its jaws are sprung, because it might slip
• Using impact tools (e.g., chisels, wedges) if they have mushroomed heads,
the heads might shatter on impact, sending sharp fragments flying.
• Hacksaw blades, knives or other tools be directed away from passage-way
areas and others working in close proximity. Knives and scissors shall be
sharp. Dull tools can be more hazardous than sharp ones;
• Floors shall be kept as clean and dry as possible to prevent accidental slips
with or around dangerous hand tools; and
• Around flammable substances, sparks produced by iron and steel hand tools
can be a dangerous ignition source. Where this hazard exists, spark-resistant
tools made from brass, plastic, aluminum or wood shall be used.
• Disconnect tools when not in use, before servicing and
when changing accessories such as blades, bits and
cutters
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➢ Classification of workshop tools and equipments

A tool is a device that can be used to produce an item or accomplish a task, but that is
not consumed in the process. It can be considered as extension of the human hand thus
increasing speed, power, and accuracy and on the other hands equipment includes any
machine powered by electricity.
1. Hand tools are tools manipulated by hands without using electrical energy
such as: puller, hacksaw, pull-push rule, pliers, hammer, and others.
2. Machine/Power tools are tools manipulated by our hands and with the use
of electrical energy such as: electric drill, grinding wheels, vacuum cleaner
and others.
3. Pneumatic tools are tools or instruments activated by air pressure.
Pneumatic tools are designed around three basic devices: the air cylinder,
the vane motor, and the sprayer
Hand tools they include screwdrivers, hammers, pliers, wrenches and pullers. 1.
Screwdrivers are used to drive, or turn screws. The common type has a single flat
blade for driving screws with slotted heads. The other type has the cross slotted
head.
1. Hammers are mostly used tools in the shop. They should be gripped at the end of the
handle.
2. Pliers are specified types of adjustable wrenches. The two legs move on a pivot so
that items of various sizes can be gripped.
3. Wrenches are used to turn screws, nuts and bolts with hexagonal heads.
―Hexagonal‖ means sixsided. A variety of wrenches are used in the shop.
4. Pullers are used to remove gears and hubs from shafts, bushings from blind holes,
and cylinders’ liners from the engine blocks.
Machine/Power Tools
Electric drill has an electric motor that drives a chuck. The chuck has jaws that can be
opened and then closed to grip a drill kit.
Grinding tool can be either bench-mounted or installed on a pedestal. They may

either have a grinding wheel, view wheel, or two grinding wheels.
Vacuum cleaner is used for cleaning the floor and car interiors after
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service. Pneumatic tools
These are tools powered by compressed air. Common types of these tools that are used
in industry include; buffers, nailing and stapling guns, graders, drills, jacks chipping
hammers, riveting guns, sanders and wrenches.
➢ Uses of workshop tools, Instruments and equipments
Basic electrical tools, equipment, and their uses include:
Pliers
Pliers are available in different types, shape, and sizes. They are also available in
both insulated and uninsulated handles. An insulated handle should be used when
working on or near hot wires. It is also used for cutting big and small wires.
Figure 42 pliers
Screw Drivers
A screwdriver comes in various sizes and with several tip shapes. Screwdrivers used
by electricians should have insulated handles. Using a screwdriver for a particular
job, the width of the screwdriver tip should match the width of the screw slot.
Figure 43 screw drivers

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Drilling Equipment
Drilling equipment is needed to make holes in building structure passages of conduits and wires.
Figure 44 driller
Sawing and Cutting
Tools Saws commonly used by electricians include the crosscut, keyhole, and
hacksaw.
Figure 45 hark saw
Soldering Equipment
In doing electric wiring splices and taps (connections made to wire) should be
soldered, unless you use solderless connectors. Typical equipments available for
soldering are shown below.
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Figure 46 soldering equipment
Hammers
Hammers are used with chisels and for nailing and fitting. Below are examples of carpenter’s claw
hammer, lineman’s hammer, and machinist’s ball-peen hammer
Figure 47 hammers
Measuring Tools
To measure wire length and other items, the electrician finds considerable use for
measuring tools such as the extension or zigzag rule, push-pull rule and a steel tape
as shown below.
Figure 48 Measuring tools

Care and Maintenance of workshop tools and Instruments
If you take care of your tools, they will return the favor. Proper care and routine
maintenance of your hand tools and power tools makes any home improvement or
repair project easier, safer and more successful. Proper tool care also saves you money
because the better they’re cared for, the longer they will last.
1.4.1.1 Hand Tools easytvet.com

Hand tools such as screwdrivers, wrenches, hammers, pliers, levels, and wire cutters
are examples of common household tools that are often left out in places such as
basements, garages and tool sheds.
Tools are tough, but they are not indestructible and exposure to the elements can take
its toll.
Below are some tips on how to take care of your tools and store them properly so that
you get optimum use out of them.
➢ Care and maintenance of tools
Make it a habit to clean tools after each use before you return them to storage. Wipe
them down with a rag or old towel and be sure they are free of dust, grease and debris
before you put them into their proper places. This is also an opportunity to look for any
damage or defects. Check your tools' handles for splinters, breaks and cracks. Also,
make sure that metal parts show no signs of corrosion or rust. Repair or replace any
tools that show signs of damage.
Cold chisels, log-splitting wedges and other striking tools can be very dangerous if
they are not maintained properly. Because these types of tools are used for repeated
striking, the surface of the metal head eventually mushrooms out and spreads to form a
lip or ridge around the edge. With continued use, there is more spreading and the metal
lip may continue to thin, split or curl until it finally breaks. If the metal head separates
from the handle while in use, this could result in a dangerous projectile. To prevent this
hazard, just grind off the metal edges with a powered grinder on a regular basis.
Store tools properly

A proper storage system is a must for hand tools. A toolbox, storage container,
shelving unit, or a combination of all of these can be used to keep your tools protected
and in peak condition. Ideally, your storage units should be kept somewhere with
minimal exposure to moisture and temperature changes. Remember to keep tools in
their respective places or hung on designated hangers when a job has been completed.
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1.4.1.1.1.1 Helpful Tips
Use a small tool bag for the tools you use most often such as tools for simple jobs around the
house.
The rest of your tool arsenal can remain in your main toolbox.
You should have a space where you can inspect your tools and perform necessary
maintenance tasks, such as a worktable. Cover it with newspaper or plastic
sheeting to protect the table and make it easier to clean up after you're done with
the job.
Hang lawn and garden tools, such as shovels and rakes, on a wall to get them off
of the ground and to protect them from moisture.
1.4.1.2 Power tools
Power tools such as electric drills, saws, sanders and nailers need routine maintenance
just like your hand tools. Because of their mechanical and electrical parts, power tools
are more susceptible to problems caused by poor maintenance, dust and debris
accumulation and general malfunction. The following are some helpful tips on how to
clean and properly store your tools.
Keep power tools clean
Dust and grime can bring your power tools to a grinding halt if left unchecked over
time. Wipe them clean with a rag after every job has been completed and then store
them. Deep clean periodically by using a damp cloth. Get into exhausts and intakes and
other hard-to-clean areas with lightly oiled cotton swabs or other slender tools.
Store power tools correctly

Keep your power tools protected from dust, moisture and other adverse conditions by
storing them properly after use. Keep them in their original cases if possible, or tuck
them away in storage drawers or tool chests, preferably in a garage or basement with a
moderately controlled climate. This not only protects them, it also keeps them
organized so you can easily find the tool you need when you need it.
Inspect for wear or damage
Periodically inspect power tools for any signs of wear or damage. Pay special attention
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to power cords. If you see frayed insulation or exposed wires, have the cord repaired or
replaced immediately by a professional, unless you have the expertise to do it yourself.
Damaged power cords can potentially lead to injury from electric shock or can cause a
fire. Also, check the cord’s prongs to see if they are bent or loose. If any are, repair or
replace.
Lubricate moving parts
Keep moving parts lubricated for premium performance. Not only does it keep the
mechanics of a tool running smoothly, it also decreases the chance of rust developing.
While common machine oil is a good choice, consult your owner’s manual to see if the
manufacturer recommends or requires a specific type of oil.
Keep batteries in shape
Cordless, battery-powered tools are convenient and portable and have become very
popular for contractors and homeowners alike. To keep them running efficiently and
effectively, it is essential for their batteries to be maintained.
Batteries remain working at peak level by fully charging and then fully discharging
their power once every couple of weeks. Don’t let batteries sit unused for extended
periods of time. Try to use batteries once every two weeks.
Care for batteries by cleaning contacts with cotton swabs and alcohol. Store batteries
you won’t be using for a while in a dry, clean place away from excessive heat.
You have been appointed as a group leader during a practical lesson. Prepare workshop
tools and instruments for an Electrical installation practical to install a radial power
circuit.
a) What should you do if you find a tool defective?
b) When and how should you inspect powered hand tools
c) What should you do while using powered hand tools?
d) What are the general precautions for drilling machine that need to
be observed?
e) How does one avoid injuries while using machines?
f) easytvet.com
How do you maintain your equipment?
g) What is the importance of maintaining tools and equipment?
h) What is the importance of equipment?
i) What are the different types of maintenance?
j) What are the classification of tools and equipment?
3.2.6 Tools, Equipment, Supplies and Materials
1. Pliers
2. Hacksaws
3. Hammer
4. Spirit levels
5. Phase Tester
6. Side cutters
3.2.7 References
1. https://gltnhs-tle.weebly.com/lesson-45.html
2. Mario Gastegger and Simon Zünd, Maintenance of technical and user
documentation, 201
3. https://projects.truevalue.com/maintenance_and_repair/basic_maintenance/
proper_tool_maintenance. aspx
2006. Safe Operating Procedure: hand and portable powered tool safetyuniversity of
Nebraska. Lincoln 3.2.8 Answers to self-assessment
1.
• If a tool is defective, remove it from service, and tag it clearly "Out of
service for repair".
• Replace damaged equipment immediately – do not use defective tools
"temporarily".
• Have tools repaired by a qualified person – do not attempt field repairs.
2.
• Inspect tools for any damage prior to each use.
• Check the handle and body casing of the tool for cracks or other
damage.
• If the tool has auxiliary or double handles, check to see that they
installed securely. easytvet.com
• Inspect cords for defects: check the power cord for cracking, fraying,
and other signs of wear or faults in the cord insulation.
• Check for damaged switches and ones with faulty trigger locks.
3.
• Wear or use personal protective equipment (PPE) or clothing that is
appropriate for the work you are doing; this may include items such as
safety glasses or goggles, or a face shield (with safety glasses or
goggles), hearing protection, dust mask, gloves, safety boots or shoes,
or rubber boots.
• Switch off the tools before connecting them to a power supply.
• If a power cord feels more than comfortably warm or if a tool is
sparking, have it checked by an electrician or other qualified person.
• Disconnect the power supply before making adjustments or changing
accessories.
• Remove any wrenches and adjusting tools before turning on a tool.
• Inspect the cord for fraying or damage before each use. Tag defective
tools clearly with an "Out of service" tag and replace immediately with
a tool in good running order.
• During use, keep power cords clear of tools and the path that the tool
will take.
• Use clamps, a vice or other devices to hold and support the piece being
worked on, when practical to do so. This will allow you to use both
hands for better control of the tool and will help prevent injuries if a
tool jams or binds in a work piece.
• Use only approved extension cords that have the proper wire size
(gauge) for the length of cord and power requirements of the electric
tool that you are using. This will prevent the cord from overheating.
• For outdoor work, use outdoor extension cords marked "W-A" or "W".
• Suspend power cords over aisles or work areas to eliminate stumbling
or tripping hazards.
• Eliminate octopus connections: if more than one receptacle plug is
needed, use a power bar or power distribution strip that has an integral
power cord and a built-in over current protection.
• Pull the plug, not the cord when unplugging a tool. Pulling the cord
causes wear and may adversely affect the wiring to the plug and cause
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electrical shock to the operator.
• Follow good housekeeping procedures – keep the work area free of
clutter and debris that could be tripping or slipping hazards.
• Keep power cords away from heat, water, oil, sharp edges and moving
parts. They can damage the insulation and cause a shock.
• Ensure that cutting tools, drill bits, etc. are kept sharp, clean and well
maintained.
• Store tools in a dry, secure location when they are not being used.
• Inspect the plug for cracks and for missing, loose or faulty prongs
4. The general precautions include:

• Lubrication is important to remove heat and friction.
• Machines should be cleaned after use
• Chips should be removed using brush.
• T-slots, grooves, spindles sleeves, belts, and pulley should be cleaned.
• Machines should be lightly oiled to prevent from rusting.
5. To avoid injuries follow the safety precautions listed below.
• Wear goggles for all grinding machine operations.

• Check grinding wheels for cracks before mounting.
• Never operate grinding wheels at speeds in excess of the recommended
speed.
• Never adjust the work piece or work mounting devices when the machine is
operating.
• Do not exceed recommended depth of cut for the grinding wheel or
machine.
• Remove work piece from grinding wheel before turning machine off.
• Use proper wheel guards on all grinding machines.
• On bench grinders, adjust tool rest 1/16 to 1/8 inch from the wheel.
6. Here are five top tips for large machinery maintenance:
⚫ Stay on top of large machinery operator training.

⚫ Add and test lubricants frequently.
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⚫ Check for signs of wear. Keep large machinery clean, and maintain a clean
environment.
⚫ Have maintenance and repair schedule, and keep good records.
7. Good Quality tools can be a big investment, but if you take good care of them,
they will last longer and return the favor. Making sure your tools are properly
stored, cleaned, and well maintained will save you time and money as well as
making your projects and jobs much easier.
8. Here are some of the long-term benefits of preventive equipment maintenance:

Extend equipment lifespan and reduce the need for having to purchase new
equipment. Prevent unplanned downtime which can be costly and interrupt the
manufacturing process. Avoid the need for expensive repairs due to negligence.
9. Types of maintenance?
• Preventive maintenance.
• Condition-based maintenance.
• Predictive maintenance.
• Corrective maintenance.
• Predetermined maintenance.
• Gaining maintenance knowledge with interplay learning.
10. Classifications of tools and equipment according to their uses:

⚫ Measuring tools.
⚫ Holding tools.
⚫ Cutting tools.
⚫ Driving tools.
⚫ Boring tools 6. Electrical equipment 7. Miscellaneous
tools/instrument/equipment.
⚫
3.3 Learning Outcome 3: Prepare workshop tools and instruments for an

Electrical installation practical

Electrical engineering is an engineering discipline concerned with the study, design
and application of equipment, devices and systems which use electricity, electronics,
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and electromagnetism. It emerged as an identifiable occupation in the latter half of the
19th century after commercialization of the electric telegraph, the telephone, and
electrical power generation, distribution and use.
➢ Tools and instruments for an Electrical practical
• Preparation of a list of tools and instruments
for an Electrical practical.
• Issuing and confirmation of tools and
instruments before and after practical ➢ Testing of practical
tools and Instruments
➢ Tools and instruments for an Electrical practical
Electrical engineers work in a very wide range of industries and the skills required are
likewise variable. These range from circuit theory to the management skills of a project
manager. The tools and equipment that an individual engineer may need are similarly
variable, ranging from a simple voltmeter to a top end analyzer to sophisticated design
and manufacturing software.
• Preparation of a list of tools and instruments for an Electrical practical

Essential Electrician Tools
Wire Strippers
Professional electricians regularly strip the plastic coating on wires to expose the
copper and make customized connections with other wiring or components. This
essential electrical maintenance tool comes in a variety of models and types.
Fish Tape
Fish tape is one of many popular electrician tools. It’s used to run wiring between gang
boxes (or other electrical components) through conduit piping. Fish tape is housed in a
retractable coil and can be fed through installed conduit piping. Once the end of the
fish tape appears on the opposite side, wiring can be hooked to the tape and the tape
can be retracted—pulling the wire along the conduit.
Fishing Rods
Fishing rods are essential electrician tools when installing wire through walls, below
carpets, or above ceilings. Rods are typically fiberglass and include
hooks on the end for easy manoeuvring. easytvet.com
Terminal Block
These modular, insulated devices assist electricians when grouping multiple wires
together. They’re used to connect wiring to a ground or connect electrical switches and
outlets to mains.
Voltage Tester
To safely perform electrical work, electrical power must be cut off in key sections of
the property (usually via the circuit breaker). A hand held voltage tester allows
electricians to test outlets for power, so they know when they’re safe to work on.
Electricians also use this tool to confirm power has been restored.
Reaming Bit
An installing new conduit (or replacing old ones) means connecting different segments
of piping together to create a wiring route between electrical components. A reaming
bit attaches to an electric drill and widens the opening on one end of the piping,
allowing it to connect to another segment of piping and complete a secure conduit.
Conduit Bender
When determining a wiring route, electricians often run wiring along the corner of the
wall or in other mostly hidden areas. Conduit benders are electrician tools used to
curve conduit piping to accommodate these routes and ensure the conduits remain non-
intrusive and efficiently placed in the customer’s home.
Splicing Connector
These plastic clips help electricians make quick connections with multiple pieces of
wire. They can be used with multiple cables, including device wires, telephone cables,
and electrical cables.
Flashlights
For an electrician, working in the dark is a potential hazard of the job. Keep essential
electrician tools, like flashlights and other various work lights, handy and within reach
Issuing and confirmation of tools and instruments before and after practical
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You can specify tools on job plans and work orders to indicate which tools are needed
to perform a task. In the Stocked Tools application, you can issue tools to those work
orders to indicate that the tools are dispatched for use with the right job
Testing of practical tools and Instruments
While planning for a practical, one needs to be sure that the tools are in the right
order. Some of the things to consider while testing tools are: 1. making sure that
they are working as expected
2. they can give accurate ,measurement
3. Screw drivers are not blunt
4. Stripping tools are.
A textile manufacturing factory in Thika has organized a workshop and asked to train
the electrical technicians on some new installation skills. As the lead technician,
prepare workshop tools and instruments for the expected demonstration.
3.3.5 Self- Assessment

1. How can one improve my workplace safety?
2. Electrical tools need to last for a long time. What should be done to
make them last for a long time?
3. There are different types of wire strippers. What are they?
4. Pliers are available in a variety of designs for different specialist tasks.
Which are these types?
5. What are the best electrician’s screwdrivers?
6. How do you manage tools and equipment?
7. How do you manage office equipment?
8. What are the basic maintenance of electrical tools and equipment?
9. Why is classifying tools and equipment important?
10. What equipment can be used to test electricity?
3.3.6 Tools, Equipment, Supplies
and Materials Pliers
Hacksaws easytvet.com
Hammer
Spirit levels
Phase Tester
Side cutters
3.3.7 References
https://www.servicetitan.com/blog/best-electrician-tools
https://www.ibm.com/support/knowledgecenter/SSWT9A_7.6.1.2/com.ibm.mbs.doc/
toolinv/t_issue_sto cked_tools.html.
3.3.8 Answers to self-assessment test
1. Workplace safety should be a continuous effort for any company. You will most
likely never achieve perfect safety, so there will always be areas for
improvement. Here are some ways you can start improving the safety or your
facility:
• Organize: Often times a messy or cluttered facility can lead to injury. A great
first step in improving your safety strategy is to organize workbenches and
cells. Arranging spaces in a logical manner, organizing tools and materials, and
cleaning will make it much easier for people to do their job without worrying
about slipping or tripping.
• Develop a committee: Workplace safety is seen as a priority when workers are

brought together to form a safety committee. The safety committee is a
permanent committee dedicated to identifying potential safety risks and
implementing a solution. Senior management should support changes or
improvements recommended by the committee.
• Perform a JSA: In order to fully understand the state of your facility’s safety it
will be important to conduct a Job Safety Analysis. It is proves use to identify
safety hazards in specific jobs and use accepted best practices to make
improvements; the more specific the better!
• Go visual: Visual cues are one of the most effective ways to remind workers of
safety practices and promote a culture of safety. The best visual communication
strategies include a combination of equipment labels, wall signs, floor signs,
floor markings, chemical labels, and more.
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• Take a Gemba walk: Sometimes managers and supervisors don’t spend much
time on the production line or the facility floor and can often overlook safety
hazards. Taking a Gemba walk in the workplace and speaking with the front
line workers can show you if jobs are being performed safely, if there are any
glaring issues, and how people feel about current safety procedures.
There are so many different avenues to choose from when looking to improve the
safety of your facility; above are just a few! The most important thing to remember
when addressing occupational safety is to do it with a continuous improvement mind-
set and don’t forget to include everyone.
2. It’s all well and good to ensure you have all the tools of the trade, but if you
don’t look after them, it will just end up costing hundreds, if not thousands, to
continually replace them.
On top of this, tools that are in better condition are safer and a safer working
environment is essential. So, here are some tips and tricks.
• Ensure they are stored correctly. Store them in bags, boxes, hang them on the wall or
create a dedicated tool shelf, but either way, never leave your tools just lying around. A
peg board is a fantastic way to store your small tools.
• Make sure the storage place is dry. Humidity and moisture can do a world of damage
to your tools so take the required measures to protect them. There’s nothing worse than
rusty tools.
• Whenever you’re done for the day, clear your tools prior to storing them. A clean cloth
to remove any excess oils, sawdust or grease.
• Repair your tools when required. Check your tools after every job and take immediate
measures to fix anything that needs fixing. If the tool is completely ruined, replace it
immediately.
3. Multiple models and designs are available, including:
Adjustable strippers - these combine stripping with crimping and wire-

snipping abilities. Triple action wire strippers – these strippers are made for
thicker cabling with tough insulation and can use a unique spiral cutting
motion.
Wire stripper pliers – these feature V-shaped stripping jaws for thicker,
multicore cables.
Sheath stripper – these use a rotary action and produce a neat ring cut.
Pistol wire stripper – these strippers have a self-adjusting blade and use a
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compound stripping action with a firm grip.
Automatic wire strippers – these use a mechanism to remove insulation and
cut wire rapidly, with a single application of pressure
Manual wire strippers – these are the standard, hand-operated model, but
usually, include a spring-loaded handle and safety lock.
4. Pliers are available in a variety of designs for different specialist tasks. These
include:
Long nose pliers- these have long tapered jaws making them ideal for gripping
small objects. Combination pliers– these feature a design that combines wire
cutting, insulation stripping and gripping functions in a single tool.
Water pump pliers– also known as slip joint pliers, tongue-and-groove pliers
and adjustable pliers (among other names), these tools feature a movable lower
jaw, allowing the span of the grip to be adjusted. They are ideal for use with
nuts, bolts and fasteners.
Side-cutting pliers– also known as wire cutters, these are typically used
with wire. A variant called diagonal cutter applies different finishes to the
cut wire. Mole grips/ locking pliers– these are ideal when working with
metal.
5. The best electrician’s screwdrivers are fully insulated against electrical shocks:
an obvious safety hazard.
Properly insulated tools are a safety basic.
6. Tips for better equipment inventory management
⚫ Know what you have.

⚫ Track how it is used.
⚫ Right asset, right place, right time.
⚫ Don't spend more – spend smarter.
⚫ Fix things before they break.
⚫ Find underlying issues.
⚫ Buy the best.
⚫ Use the right equipment inventory system.
7. Simple Ways to Maintain Your Office Equipment
⚫ Keep your machines clean. Machines should be kept clean and free from dust at
all times.
⚫ Put some thought into where you place your machines. ...
⚫
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Regularly check for small repairs and defects. ...
⚫ Follow instruction manuals for usage. ...
⚫ Follow required inspection and maintenance. ... ⚫ Need help managing your
print equipment?
8. Basic maintenance of electrical tools and equipment • clean out the dust. to
make sure that your electric tools are ready to go when you are, keep them
clean and free of dust. spend some time to clean out the dust every once in a
while on your tools while they are inactive in storage.
9. Each tool is precisely designed for a specific purpose, so choosing the correct
tool will also decrease the amount of effort required to get a job done right
without causing damage to either the equipment or the surface being worked
on.
3.3 Learning Outcome 4: Prepare the workshop for an Electrical practical

A workshop is an informative or instructional class focused on teaching specialized
skills or exploring a particular subject. Workshop presenters are usually educators,
subject matter experts, managers or other leaders who possess knowledge of a
particular subject or mastery of specific skills. Depending on the topic, workshops may
be only one or two hours in length or extend across weeks of time. Workshop leaders
can strengthen the effectiveness of their presentations through careful planning,
organization, and presentation practice. Here are the steps for preparing a workshop.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=piYv9cdMgP8

➢ Practical stations
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➢ Interpretation of a list of practical material
➢ Practical stations
Practical stations need good care and need to be kept clean all the time. The
following steps may be followed when preparing the practical stations.
1. Define the objective of the workshop. Your objective may be to teach a
concrete skill, such as how to create and save documents in a word processing
application. Or your aim may be to deliver general information or guidance
about a specific topic, such as painting or creative writing. Regardless of the
focus, it's important to define the objective first.
2. Determine the needs of workshop participants. When teaching a particular
skill, for example, understanding the participants' needs concerning skill level
and learning pace will assist you in delivering appropriate content. The more
you tailor the workshop to your audience, the more effective the workshop will
be.
3. Create an outline for your workshop presentation.
• Create an introduction. Decide how you will introduce yourself, the topic and
the participant
members.
• List the skills and/or topics you will cover. Create a comprehensive bulleted
list. Include subtopics, as needed.
• Decide on the order of the topics. Move the most important skills or
information to the early part of the workshop. Depending on the subject of the
workshop, it may also be useful to introduce and build on each topic, beginning
with the simplest or most straight forward topic and concluding with the more
difficult or complex topic.
• Determine ground rules for the workshop. Rules or guidelines such as only one
person speaks at a time or raising a hand to speak, as well as shutting off any
cell phones or distracting devices are good to establish at the onset of the
workshop.
• Decide how you will wrap up the workshop. You might include a short review
of learned skills, announce the next level in a series of workshops and/or
implement a participant feedback form.
4. Assign an estimated length of time to each item on the outline. For
particularly complicated topics or skills, allot a sufficient amount of time in
case participants get stuck or have questions. It is also important to factor in
scheduled breaks during the workshop to give the participants a chance to go to
the bathroom or stretch their legs.
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5. Once you complete your outline, practice giving your workshop
presentation. Rehearsal is an important part of the workshop preparation
process. Present your information to colleagues, friends or relatives ahead of
time, and ask them to give you feedback on the clarity and effectiveness of your
presentation.
➢ Interpretation of a list of practical material
Electrical Materials include;
⚫ Electrical Conduit and Conduit Fitting. Conduit fittings, also called electrical
fittings, are used to connect runs of conduit together or to connect conduit to
electrical devices. Select from conduit fittings such as adapters, bushings,
couplings, elbows, straps, and connectors.
⚫ Electrical Wire and Cable. Electrical cable and wires are considered as a same
thing. In fact they are quite different. A wire is made of a single electrical
conductor while a cable is a group or bundle of multiple wires inside a common
sheathing. Both of them are used for carrying electrical current.
⚫ Circuit Breakers. A circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch
designed to protect an electrical circuit from damage caused by excess current
from an overload
⚫ Electrical Connectors. An electrical connector is an electromechanical device
used to join electrical conductors and create an electrical circuit.
Electrical Box. Electrical boxes, also known as junction boxes, enclose wire
connections. They help protect against short circuits, which can cause fires. ... Per
their requirements, electrical boxes must be covered with matching electrical box
covers. You can't cover them with drywall, paneling or other wall coverings.
⚫
You are a team leader in a practical lesson. The trainer gives you the following circuit
to install.
Interpret the circuit and prepare a list of materials to be used during the practical.
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Figure 49 lighting and power circuits

1. What is an electrical workshop?
2. What are the other safety precautions that you apply when working?
3. What are the five safety measures while working in a workshop?
4. What is the most important rule of electrical safety?
5. How are electrical tools classified?
6. What are the basics of electrical?
7. What is an electrical workshop?
8. What are the 3 basic types of electrical circuits?
9. How do you estimate an electrical job?
10. How many amps do you need for a workshop?

⚫ Pliers
⚫ Hacksaws
⚫ Hammer
⚫ Spirit levels
⚫ Phase Tester
⚫ Side cutters
3.4.7 References
https://www.wikihow.com/Prepare-a-Workshop https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=piYv9cdMgP8
3.4.8 Answers to Self-Assessment

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1. Industrial Electricity Workshop This workshop specializes in maintaining and
repairing power circuits, alternators, power panels, electromechanical equipment,
field generators and other related equipment.
2. Here are some tips to help make your workplace safe.
⚫ Understand the risks. …
⚫ Reduce workplace stress. …
⚫ Take regular breaks. …
⚫ Avoid stooping or twisting. …
⚫ Use mechanical aids whenever possible. …
⚫ Protect your back. …
⚫ Wear protective equipment to suit the task. … ⚫ Stay sober.

3. The 5 safety rules at a glance
⚫ Disconnect completely. Meaning that the electrical installation must be
disconnected from live parts on all poles. …
⚫ Secure against re-connection. …

⚫ Verify that the installation is dead. … ⚫ Carry out earthing and short-circuiting. …
⚫ Provide protection against adjacent live parts.

4. What is the most important rule of electrical safety? Never work on an energized
circuit except if the power cannot be disconnected. A piece of equipment can help us
to think before acting. Do not depend on circuit breakers, fuses which may misguide
wrongly.
5. A power tool is a tool that is actuated by an additional power source and mechanism
other than the solely manual labor used with hand tools. The most common types of
power tools use electric motors.
.Power tools are classified as either stationary or portable, where portable means hand-
held.
6. Basic electricity:
⚫ Conductors: electrons flow easily. Low resistance.

⚫ Semi-conductors: electron can be made to flow under certain circumstances.
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Variable resistance according to formulation and circuit conditions.
⚫ Insulator: electrons flow with great difficulty. High resistance.
7. Industrial Electricity Workshop This workshop specializes in maintaining and
repairing power circuits, alternators, power panels, electromechanical equipment,
field generators and other related equipment.
8. Types of circuits include:
⚫ Series Circuit. A series circuit there is only one path for the electrons to flow (see
image of series circuit).
⚫ Parallel Circuit. .
⚫ Series/parallel circuits
9. Basic steps to estimate electrical job
1. Choose the Right Work to Bid.

2. Review the Specifications.
3. Review the Drawings.
4. Perform a Quantity Takeoff.
5. Request Supplier Quotes.
6. Create your Estimate.
7. Add Overhead and Profit.
8. Build your Proposal.
10. Dedicate two 20-amp circuits for bench top and portable-tool outlets. Larger 120-
volt machines (table saw, planer, dust-collector, etc.) require a 20- or 30-amp circuit. If
you run two machines at once, such as your table saw and dust collector, then each
needs a separate circuit.
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3.5 Learning Outcome 5: Store Electrical tools and materials after practicals

The proper care and storage of tools and equipment are not only the concern of the
management but of the workers who use the equipment.
➢ Classification of workshop tools and instruments.
➢ Storage of workshop Tools and equipment
➢ Tools are cleaned as per the workshop standard operating procedure ➢
Waste disposal
➢ Classification of workshop tools and Instruments

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Basic Electrical Tools.
⚫ Pliers. Pliers—often referred to as cutting pliers or lineman pliers—are a staple on
any electrical tools list.
⚫ Screwdrivers. A screwdriver is a tool, manual or powered, used for screwing
(installing) and unscrewing (removing) screws. A typical simple screwdriver has a
handle and a shaft, ending in a tip the user puts into the screw head before turning
the handle.
⚫ Electrical Contractor Software. Originally created for electrical contractors,
360e is an all-in-one quoting, scheduling, tracking and billing software that is
designed by contractors, for contractors. 360e bolsters efficiency and profit while
eliminating the daily operational headaches that kill profits.
⚫ Tape Measure. A tape measure or measuring tape is a flexible ruler used to
measure size or distance. It consists of a ribbon of cloth, plastic, fibre glass, or
metal strip with linearmeasurement markings. It is a common measuring tool.
⚫ Electrical Tape. Electrical tape (or insulating tape) is a type of pressure-sensitive
tape used to insulate electrical wires and other materials that conduct electricity.
⚫ Cable Ties. They're fasteners that bundle your cables and wires together to keep
them organized and prevent damage. They come in different sizes, lengths,
materials and even colors.
⚫ Electric Drill. A drill or drilling machine is a tool primarily used for making
round holes or driving fasteners.
⚫
Electrical measuring equipments
Electrical instruments are classified according to the electrical quantity or the

measured characteristics. It is also classified according to the type of test function,
according to the current that can be measured by them.
Ammeter
An ammeter is an instrument which is used to measure the electric current in amperes
in a branch of an electric circuit. In order to measure the current it must flow through
the ammeter, so the ammeter must be placed in series with the measured branch and it
must have very low resistance so that the alteration of the current can be avoided which
is measured. Instruments which is used to measure smaller currents are micro-
ammeter. The ammeter is connected in series to the device which is to be measured
because objects in series have the same current.
Types of ammeter
Moving iron ammeter
In a moving iron, ammeter can measure the AC easytvet.com
and DC; it has an iron piece instead of
the spring and pointer system of the galvanometer. The iron will act by the magnetic
field created in the coil.
Zero centre ammeters
Zero centre ammeters are used where the voltage needs to be monitored in two
directions and they are used along with a battery. In this the charging of battery
deflects the needle in one direction and discharging of the battery deflects the battery
in the other.
Galvanometer
Galvanometer was the first type of ammeter, it is used to detect and measure electric
current. It is an analogue electromechanical transducer which makes a rotary
deflection in response to the electric current flowing through the coil. A galvanometer
can read direct current flow, the magnetic field created as current flows through a
coil acts on a spring, which will move the needle indicator.
Figure 50 galvanometer
Shunt
A shunt can be used in ammeters to measure large currents, shunt acts as a resistor the
known quantity of resistance is used to obtain an accurate reading. Digital ammeters
use analog to digital converter to measure the current across the shunt.
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Clamp meter
Clamp meters are used to measure the current flowing through a conductor, AC clamp
meters have a current transformer in it. With the help of the current transformer the
reading will be taken. There are two types of clamp meters AC clamp meter which is
used to measure the AC and the DC clamp meter which is used to measure the DC.
Voltmeter
The voltmeter can be considered as a kind of galvanometer, which can be used to
measure the voltage potential of an electrical circuit or the potential difference between
two points. A voltmeter can also be considered as an ammeter they also measure the
current, voltage is only measured when the current is transmitted in a circuit through
resistance. Voltmeters are capable to measure the current, voltage and resistance.
Voltmeters are also termed as high resistance ammeters they can also measure DC and
AC. A voltmeter can measure the change in voltage by two points in an electrical
circuit and they are connected in parallel with the portion of the circuit on which the
measurement is made. Voltmeters must have high resistance so that it won’t have any
effect on the current or voltage associated with the circuit.
Types of voltmeter
Digital voltmeter
Digital voltmeters can measure the AC and DC voltages and it displays the result in
converted digital form with decimal point and polarity. It can provide accurate details
about the current draw and current continuity and this will help the users to
troubleshoot erratic loads.
What are the advantages of digital voltmeter?
▪ Outputs are accurate without any error
▪ Readings are taken quickly
▪ Versatile and accurate
▪ Less power consumption
▪ Portable instrument Electrostatic voltmeter
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These voltmeters are instruments that can accurately measure the voltage without any
charge transfer. Whereas conventional voltmeter needs charge transfer to the voltmeter
and it will lead to loading and adjustment of the source voltage. The main advantage of
an electrostatic voltmeter is that it can do the surface potential measurement on any
type of material without any physical contact.
Ohmmeter
An ohmmeter is an instrument that is used to measure the resistance and they can
measure the value of resistance accurately. According to their measurement and
construction, these instruments are classified into the series type and shunt type
ohmmeter. It can be used to check the continuity of the electrical circuits and
components. Series type ohmmeters are used to measure the high resistance values
while the shunt type is used to measure low resistance values.
Potentiometer
Potentiometer is instruments that can be used to measure the unknown voltage. The
known voltage will be supplied from a standard cell or any other known voltage
reference source. Potentiometer measurement has high accuracy because the
measurement is done by the comparison method and the obtained result is not by the
deflection of the pointer. Potentiometer can be used to compare the E.M.F of the two
cells, it can be used to determine the E.M.F of a cell, it can be used to determine the
internal resistance of a cell and to calibrate the voltmeter and ammeter.
Wattmeter
Watt-meters are used to measure power; these instruments are similar in design and
construction of an ammeter. It can be used to measure the average electric power in
watts. Wattmeter has two coils they are current and pressure coil. Wattmeter can be
used to measure the gain in amplifiers, bandwidth in filters.
Multi-meter
Multi-meters can be used to make various electrical measurements; they can be used to
measure AC and DC voltage, AC and DC current, and resistance. It is known as multi-
meter because it can do the functions of various meters such as voltmeter, ammeter,
and ohm-meter. Multi-meters can also be used to check the continuity. Multi-meters
are of two types they are analog and digital multi-meter analog multi-meter has an
analog scale and they are less accurate, while the digital multi-meter and the reading
are in digital and they are more accurate.
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➢ Storage of workshop Tools and Equipment
The proper care and storage of tools and equipment are not only the concern
of the management but of the workers who use the equipment.
Importance of proper storage of tools and equipment
1. It is an important factor for safety and health as well as good business.
2. Improves appearance of general-shop and construction areas.
3. Reduces overall tool cost through maintenance.
4. This also ensures that tools are in good repair at hand.
5. Teaches workers principles of (tool) accountability.
Points to consider in storing tools and equipment:
1. Have a designated place for each kind of tools.
2. Label the storage cabinet or place correctly for immediate finding.
3. Store them near the point of use.
4. Wash and dry properly before storing.

5. Store knives properly when not in use with sharp edge down.
6. Put frequently used items in conveniently accessible locations.
7. Gather and secure electrical cords to prevent entanglement or snagging.
8. Cutting boards should be stored vertically to avoid moisture collection.
9. Metal equipment can be stacked on one another after drying such as storage dishes
and bowls.
10. Make sure the areas where you are storing the equipment are clean, dry and not
overcrowded.
Store short-handled tools in a plastic bin or box. Tie together long-handled tools in a
garbage can while in storage. Otherwise hang these tools on a wall. If you are storing
tools in self-storage, place small tools in plastic bins.
➢ Tools are cleaned as per the workshop standard operating procedure
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To ensure tools have a longer utility and lifespan, they must be properly cared for.
Cleaning your tools should be approached in the same manner that you clean any other
equipment or surface in your facility.
The cleaning principles are:
1. Dry clean. Remove visible and gross soils and debris.

2. Pre-rinse. Rinse all areas and surfaces until they are visibly free of soil.
3. Wash (soap and scrub). Use the right detergent in the right concentration with
the right level of mechanical action in the right water temperature for the right
contact time.
4. Post-rinse. Rinse away all visible detergents and remaining soil.
5. Inspect. Look again at crevices and other contamination traps to ensure they’re
free of soils and detergents. Determine whether steps 1-4 should be performed
again.
6. Sanitize. Foam, wipe or spray sanitizing chemicals onto surfaces as per the
appropriate instructions.
7. Dry. Ensure adequate time is allotted for equipment to thoroughly dry.
8. Verification. Gather proof that the cleaning performed achieved the expected
level by following facility verification protocols.
As part of the care strategy, cleaning tools should be hung to thoroughly dry. Brushes,
brooms and squeegees should be stored in wall brackets and shouldn’t touch the walls
or other cleaning tools while drying or while being stored.
In addition to keeping tools clean, facilities should also move beyond the concept of
just fixing or replacing a tool when it is broken. A tool that breaks while in use can
trigger significant downtime and operational losses. Several companies have
transitioned to the practice of diagnostic maintenance, where the maintenance crew
sets a troubleshooting and monitoring schedule to ensure that tools and equipment are
functioning as intended.
➢ Waste Disposal
Waste is any substance which is discarded after primary use, or is worthless, defective
and of no use. A by-product by contrast is a joint product of relatively minor economic
value.
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Waste management (or waste disposal) includes the activities and actions
required to manage waste from its inception to its final disposal. This includes the
collection, transport, treatment and disposal of waste, together with monitoring and
regulation of the waste management process. Waste disposal methods
1.4.1.3 Recycling
Recycling refers to both the direct reuse of used products (e.g. used clothing and
functioning parts removed from used vehicles) and material recycling, that is the
recovery of raw materials from waste (e.g. production of new glass from fragments, the
melting of scrap iron and the production of recycled building materials from
construction waste). Down cycling refers to the transformation of waste to materials of
lower quality than the initially used material.
1.4.1.4 Incineration
Combustible waste from households and waste wood that is not suitable for recycling
undergo thermal treatment in waste incineration plants or waste wood furnaces. The
heat released in the process is used to generate electricity and heat buildings. Waste
with a high calorific value and low level of pollutant contamination can be used in
industrial plants, e.g. cement plants, as an alternative to fossil fuels. Waste that is
contaminated with organic pollutants undergoes separate thermal treatment (e.g. in
hazardous waste incineration plants). Incinerators must have a flue gas treatment
system. The requirements for flue gas treatment and the incineration system are based
on the nature of the waste.
1.4.1.5 Chemical-physical and biological treatment

The objective of both chemical-physical and biological treatment is to enable the
removal of pollutants from waste or its safe land filling. Waste water and polluted
excavated material are typical of the types of waste that are managed in this way.
Following chemical-physical treatment, the pollutants can be disposed of in
concentrated form in facilities suitable for this purpose.
1.4.1.6 Landfills
Residues from waste incineration or waste that is not suitable for material recycling or
thermal treatment are deposited in landfills that are compliant with the legal
requirements. If the waste does not fulfil the requirements for land filling, it must be
pre-treated
1.4.1.7 Collection and logistics
The waste management sector involves many different specialised actors. Their tasks
include the collection of waste at source (industry, commerce and households) in
suitable transport containers, its intermediate storage and handover to waste disposal
operations. The treatment of waste is often based on a cascade of specialised plants. In
all cases, smooth logistics are a precondition foreasytvet.com
the efficient management of waste. In
the case of hazardous waste, in accordance with the Ordinance on Movements of
Waste, the handover must be documented.

You are provided with a number of electrical installation tools. Classify them into
the following
⚫ Holding tools.
⚫ Cutting tools.
⚫ Boring tools
3.5.5 Self- Assessment

1. What is the proper way to store tools and equipment?
2. What is the importance of storing tools and equipment?
3. What are the classification of tools and equipment?
4. What are workshop tools?
5. What does waste disposal mean?
6. Why waste disposal is a problem?
7. What are the main causes of waste?
8. What is storage equipment?
9. What are the methods of waste management?
10. What are the 5 R's of waste management?

⚫ Pliers
⚫ Hacksaws
⚫ Hammer
⚫ Spirit levels
⚫ Phase Tester
⚫ Side cutters
3.5.7 References
https://www.storagefront.com/storaget
ips/auto-rv-boat/gardening-tools-
storage/
1. Pointers to follow in storing tools and easytvet.comequipment:
Have a designated place for each kind of

tools.
Label the storage cabinet or place correctly for immediate finding.
Store them near the point of use.
Wash and dry properly before storing.
Store knives properly when not in use with sharp edge down.
2. Making sure your tools are properly stored, cleaned, and well maintained will save
you time and money as well as making your projects and jobs much easier. When it
comes to storing your tools you have to work with the space that you have.
3. Classifications of tools and equipment according to their uses:
⚫ Holding tools.
⚫ Cutting tools.
⚫ Driving tools.
⚫ Boring tools
4. There are hundreds of tools used in a workshop. Saws are some of the most
common. A circular saw is attached to a table and spins round in a circle. It is used
to cut large sheets of wood. ... A drill is an electric tool that spins round and is used
to make holes in material so that a screw can be put in.
5. Waste disposal, the collection, processing, and recycling or deposition of the waste
materials of human society. The term waste is typically applied to solid waste,
sewage (waste water), hazardous waste, and electronic waste.
6. Disposing of waste has huge environmental impacts and can cause serious
problems. ...
Some waste will eventually rot, but not all, and in the process it may smell, or generate
methane gas, which is explosive and contributes to the greenhouse effect. Leachate
produced as waste decomposes may cause pollution.
7. The mismanagement of landfill waste caused by garbage pollution
⚫ Litter on every corner or on the side of the road.

⚫ Oil spills.
⚫ Illegal dumping in natural habitats.
⚫ Debris or damage caused from unsustainable logging practices.
⚫ Pesticides and other farming chemicals.
⚫ Nuclear accidents or radiation spills.
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8. Storage equipment is any equipment used for holding or buffering materials over
a period of time (and may include transport) typically they help preserve valuable
work floor space.
9. Waste disposal methods
⚫ Recycling. Incineration. ...

⚫ Other thermal treatment plants. Chemical-physical and biological treatment. ...
⚫ Chemical-physical and biological treatment. Landfills. ...
⚫ Landfills. Collection and logistics.
10. As citizens of a society we have a responsibility to manage our waste sustainably.
We can do this following the five R's of waste management: reduce, reuse, recycle,
recover and residual management.
3.6 Learning Outcome 6: Troubleshoot and repair of workshop tools and

equipment
The level of troubleshooting most often performed on tools and equipments
hardware is exchanging Field Replaceable Units (FRUs). The cost of using a
technician to diagnose the problem further, and repair it, can quickly exceed the
cost of the new replacement unit.
➢ Meaning of troubleshooting
➢ Common faults in Electrical equipments
• Fault diagnosis procedure
➢ Repair/Replace of components in Electrical equipments
➢ Meaning of troubleshooting
Troubleshooting is a form of problem solving, often applied to repair failed products

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or processes on a machine or a system. It is a logical, systematic search for the source
of a problem in order to solve it, and make the product or process operational again.
Troubleshooting is needed to identify the symptoms. Determining the most likely
cause is a process of elimination—eliminating potential causes of a problem. Finally,
troubleshooting requires confirmation that the solution restores the product or process
to its working state.
In general, troubleshooting is the identification or diagnosis of "trouble" in the
management flow of a system caused by a failure of some kind. The problem is
initially described as symptoms of malfunction, and troubleshooting is the process of
determining and remedying the causes of these symptoms.
A system can be described in terms of its expected, desired or intended behavior

(usually, for artificial systems, its purpose). Events or inputs to the system are
expected to generate specific results or outputs. (For example, selecting the "print"
option from various computer applications is intended to result in a hardcopy
emerging from some specific device). Any unexpected or undesirable behavior is a
symptom. Troubleshooting is the process of isolating the specific cause or causes of
the symptom. Frequently the symptom is a failure of the product or process to
produce any results. (Nothing was printed, for example). Corrective action can then
be taken to prevent further failures of a similar kind.
➢ Common faults in Electrical equipments

Fault-finding for electronic/electrical equipment is a skill that is neither an art nor a
science, but an engineering discipline in its own right. Effective fault-finding requires:
• A good general knowledge of electricity and electronics.
• Specialized knowledge of the faulty equipment.
• Suitable test equipment.
• Experience in using such test equipment.
• The ability to formulate a procedure for isolating a fault.
• The availability of service sheets and other guides.
Common Problems
An electrical fault is the deviation of voltages and currents from nominal values or
states. Under normal operating conditions, power system equipment or lines carry
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normal voltages and currents which results in safer operation of the system.
But when a fault occurs, it causes excessively high currents to flow which causes
damage to equipment and devices. Fault detection and analysis are necessary to select
or design suitable switchgear equipment, electromechanical relays, circuit breakers,
and other protection devices.
There are mainly two types of faults in the electrical power system. Those are
symmetrical and unsymmetrical faults.
Symmetrical faults
These are very severe faults and occur infrequently in the power systems. These are
also called balanced faults and are of two types namely line to line to ground (L-L-L-
G) and line to line (L-L-L).
2.Unsymmetrical faults
These are very common and less severe than symmetrical faults. There are mainly
three types namely line to ground (L-G), line to line (L-L), and double line to ground
(LL-G) faults.
Fault diagnosis procedure

Here are six key points to consider
1. Collect the Evidence
All the evidence collected must be relevant to the problem in hand. If one is in doubt as
to whether anything is relevant, then include it. Reject it afterwards at the first
opportunity if it clearly is not relevant. The quantity of information collected is
unimportant, what matters are that all information collected is relevant. Observe the
system running, if you consider it safe to do so. Use all your senses: smell (burning),
hearing (vibration), touch (temperature), sight (for unusual conditions). Refer to any
relevant documentation.
2. Analyze the Evidence
Consider all the evidence collected and, if possible, reject any which after further
careful consideration is not relevant. Study the hard core of relevant evidence and –
through the process of careful, logical thinking –diagnose the likely fault or at least the
area or region of the fault.
3. Locate the Fault
In a sense this is a continuation of the process of ‘analyses. The areas or regions are
systematically reduced in size until a specific part can be identified as being faulty. For
example, if a door bell does not ring when it should; it is only by means of a systematic
approach that one determines that the bell itself is faulty.
4. Determination and Removal of the Cause
If the cause of a fault is not removed, the fault will recur even though the fault has been
rectified. For instance, a flat bicycle tyre might be the result of a puncture (the fault) in
the inner tube. If the puncture is repaired (i.e. the fault is removed) this will not be of
much use if the cause of the puncture in the first place is not determined and
appropriate action taken. The cause of the puncture may be a nail which has penetrated
the outer cover. This must be removed
5. Rectification of the Fault
This may be a simple task, as in the case referred to above, or it may be a much bigger
one. Whatever is the case, it is a specific task based on earlier findings.
6. Check the System
It is important to ensure that the machine, equipment or system is functioning normally

after the cause of the fault and the fault itself has been dealt with. In the case of the
puncture, it is easy to confirm that the cause of the fault – and the fault itself – has
indeed been dealt with satisfactorily, assuming that the tyre remains inflated. With
more sophisticated equipment or systems it may necessary to ‘fine-tune’ the system in
order to return it to optimum working conditions.
➢ Repair/Replace of components in Electrical equipments

Any electronic instrument or piece of equipment can be considered as a system. A
system can be defined as “anything formed of component parts connected together to
make a regular and complete whole”.
An instrument or piece of equipment can have subsystems made in blocks to perform
specific functions. These subsystems are made up of electronic circuits, which are
easytvet.com
forms of electronic/electrical or electromechanical component parts. The failure of a
component in equipment may lead to the failure of the system. Failure is said to be the
inability of a system to perform its required function. The need for continuous
performance of equipment requires that it is given regular maintenance. It is, therefore
imperative that the meaning of maintenance is well understood.
Maintenance
This is all the activities carried out on an equipment in terms of proper installation,
good servicing, routine checks, repairs and replacement of faulty parts in order for such
equipment to operate at it maximum output throughout its useful life. An equipment or
instrument is considered to have failed when under any of these conditions:
a) when it becomes completely inoperative
b) when it is still in operation but unable to perform the required function

any longer
c) When it becomes unsafe for its continued use.
Maintenance of tools and equipment in electrical workshop

Preventive Maintenance
This is the practice or arrangement whereby a piece of equipment or instrument

are regularly checked, oiled, greased or cleaned according to manufacturer’s
specification for effective performance. This maintenance method is normally
carried out at a specified time of a year and in that case the entire working
system is shut down. Fund is normally provided to ensure that spare parts and
some other materials meant for such maintenance are provided. The essence of
this form of maintenance is to ensure that the equipment does not break down
and thus performs to specification.
Corrective Maintenance
easytvet.com
This method is applied to equipment that has failed and thus broken down due
to either improper operations or a defective part. It is concerned with the
detection, location and repairs of faults as they occur. This requires a good
understanding of system fault location methods in addition to an understanding
of overall system and circuit operation.
Types of Maintenance
There are five different types of maintenance and these are as follows:
1. Fixed Time Maintenance
This is servicing of equipment periodically at regular intervals. The particular

maintenance requirements will probably vary with the level of service. For example the
requirements for 12 monthly services will be different for those for 3 monthly.
2. Condition Based Maintenance
This type of maintenance requires the use of human senses to know when it is needed.
In the cause of operating an equipment one may see signs of smoking, electrical
sparks, feel for excessive heated, smells for signs of burning and some others. The
condition at which the equipment is will necessitate that it should be opened up
immediately for maintenance. This act will assist in preventing further damage. Some
more complex systems have sensing devices built in to them, and alarm systems to
detect variation from the norm.
3. Opportunity Based Maintenance
This is carried out when an equipment is opened up for repairs and this opportunity is used to do
any other maintenance tasks which are due in the near future, such as routine servicing and the
replacement of any parts which are at the end of their useful life. Also, the opportunity can be
used to replace a broken part which had occurred before opening the
equipment but had no effect in its operation.
4. Design Out Maintenance
This maintenance type is used on equipment which has a part that is failing regularly
due to an apparent design weakness. It may be possible to upgrade the weak part and
effectively change the design for the better. If a particular part is not available one may
be able to change the design to allow a more common part to be used. In
spectrophotometry, for example, it may be possible to modify a simple car headlamp
bulb to enable it to function as a tungsten source.
5. Operate To Failure Maintenance
These are cases whereby equipment is not given general routine care but it is allowed
to fail before any other maintenance is attempted. This is widely used on electronic
equipment which normally is not just taken to a mechanic for servicing while still
functional. They are only opened up when they have broken down. This means that
equipment is operated to failure before it is opened up for maintenance.

You are an employee of Igembe tea factory in Meru County. The production manager
notices that the circuit breaker connected to the tea leafs drying section keeps on
tripping. As a qualified electrician, troubleshoot the root cause of the problem.
1. How do you troubleshoot electrical equipment?
2. What are the three main electrical test instruments used in troubleshooting?
3. What are the six steps in the troubleshooting process?
4. Mention what are the challenges that maintenance and repair work
usually face?
5. What is the potential risk that repair and maintenance work usually
face?
⚫ Pliers
⚫ Hacksaws
⚫ Hammer
⚫ Spirit levels
⚫ Phase Tester
⚫ Side cutters
3.6.7 References https://www.industrial-electronics.com/elec-srvc-level-

3_39.html https://www.mcptechnicaltraining.com/blog/six-step-approach-to-fault-
finding https://medium.com/@Adamu67981783/maintenance-and-repair-of-
electronics-equipment-stp-2214fe287c5208e
1. Electrical Troubleshooting in Seven Steps
⚫ Gather information.
⚫ Understand the malfunction.
⚫ Identify which parameters need to be evaluated.
⚫ Identify the source of the problem.
⚫ Correct/repair the component.
⚫ Verify the repair.
⚫ Perform root cause analysis.
2. Meters and test equipment, as well as print tools, such as operating logs and
schematics, will all help you diagnose and solve electrical problems. The fundamental
diagnostic tools and test equipment are the voltmeter, ammeter, and ohmmeter. The
basic functions of these meters are combined in a multimeter.
3.
⚫ Identify the problem.
⚫ Establish a theory of probably cause.
⚫ Test the theory to determine cause.
⚫ Establish a plan of action to resolve the problem and implement the solution.
⚫ Verify full system functionality and if applicable implement preventative
measures. easytvet.com
⚫ Document findings, actions, and outcomes
4. The challenges faced include:
• Unusual working condition like bad weather or low temperature
• May have to work in an unusual shift
• May have to work in a messy area
• May sometimes be physically distressing and exhausting
• May have to work in dangerous places like working at height or working with
electrical appliances and wires
5. The potential risk that repair and maintenance worker faces are
• Faulty electrical: Risk of electrocuted always remains with repair and

maintenance workers, if not equipped with electric-proof tools and attires. They
are prone to burns, shocks, etc.
• Lifting equipment: Workers usually have to deal with heavy metal objects and
lifting equipment is not inspected or maintained then they are at risk of a fatal
accident
• Maintenance of working and walking surfaces: Slippery working surfaces,
sharp tools and nails scattered on working surface, slip and trip, uneven and
potholed are some potential hazard that may cause an accident
• Dust: It potential risk for the workers specially working in woodworking or
iron industries

Chapter 3 Workshop Technology

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WORKSHOP TECHNOLOGY

Introduction to the unit of learning

Summary of Learning Outcomes

Apply workshop safety

3.1.2 Performance Standard

3.1.3 Information Sheet

Project Manager (PM

• compression, squeezing, smashing, falling, or rolling objects

• repeated wetness which may result in fungal infections

• puncturing from objects which may pierce the sole of footwear

2. Engineering and work-practice solutions shall be utilized, including wearing footwear

Hand and body protection

1. Glove manufacturer specification charts provide guidance in selecting proper

• cuts and punctures—severe cuts and lacerations, abrasions or

• thermal exposure—caused by extreme cold or heat or hot work

• blood borne pathogens—caused by first-aid or clean-up of blood,

• chemical exposure—skin contact from working with chemicals

2. Potential engineering and work-practice solutions may include:

• machine guards—protects against cuts, punctures, abrasion, and

• job rotation—protects against repetitive motion hazards

• good housekeeping and clean-up—protects against chemical and

• workstation design—protects against repetitive motions and

• evaluating waste prior to handling—aids staff in determining

• splash guards—protects against chemical contact with skin or eyes

2. Do not run in the workshop, you could ‘bump’ into

4. Always wear an apron as it will protect your clothes and

5. Wear good strong shoes. Training shoes are not suitable.

9. Do not use a machine if you have not been shown how to

10. Always be patient, never rush in the workshop.

A range of things can cause an electric shock, including:

• electric weapons, such as Tasers

• electrical outlets easytvet.com

• length of time in contact with the source

• electricity’s path through your body

The symptoms of an electric shock depend on how severe it is.

Potential symptoms of an electric shock include:

• problems with vision or hearing

Electric shocks can also cause compartment syndrome. This

1. Lights dim if you use another appliance;

Various methods of fire extinguishing

Separate the Person from Current's Source

To turn off power:

1. Is Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) if Necessary

• For a child, start CPR for children

For All Burns:

2. Remove Constrictive Clothing Immediately

Then take the following steps:

• Cover with sterile, non-adhesive bandage or clean cloth.

Give over-the-counter pain reliever such as acetaminophen (Panadol, Tylenol),

4. Wait for 911 to Arrive

3.1.4 Learning Activities

6. Take an over-the-counter pain reliever if necessary.

3.1.6 Tools, Equipment, Supplies

3.1.8 Answers to self-assessment

Learning Outcome 2: Use of workshop tools, Instruments and equipments

3.2.1 Performance Standard

Figure 40 Drilling machine

General Precautions for drilling machine

• Lubrication is important to remove heat and friction.