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Geography 7
 Key book NSS Geography Grade 7
Unit 1 Plains and Rivers
A. Choose the correct option.
1. A broad, nearly levelled stretch of land is called:
Ans: plain
2. Glacial plains are formed when mountains erode by:
Ans: glaciers
3. The Hamada Red Plain is an example of:
Ans: desert plains
4. Fast-flowing rivers or streams over a steep slope form:
Ans: V-shaped valleys
5. It is formed when a river empties into a sea or an ocean:
Ans: delta
B. Match Column A with Column B.
Ans:
C. Answer the following questions briefly.
1. List different types of depositional plains.
Ans: There are three different types of depositional plains.
i. Lava plains
ii. Flood plains
iii. Coastal plains
2. Write the difference between depositional plains and erosional plains.
Ans:
i. Depositional plains
Depositional plains are formed as a result of the deposition of sediments. The
sediments are transported by wind, rivers or glaciers and deposited at different
places. This leads to the formation of depositional plains.
ii. Erosional plains
Erosional plains are formed when mountains and plateaus undergo the process of
erosion by the action of wind, water or ice. Due to erosion, the height of such
mountains and plateaus is reduced to the level of a plain. There are different
types of erosional plains.
3. Differentiate between plains and other landforms on Earth's surface.
Ans:
Plains and other landforms
Plains are flat lands consisting of vast areas. Usually, these are levelled or maybe
slightly rolling or undulating. On the other hand, mountains, hills and valleys are
not levelled. These landforms rise gradually from their surroundings. If we talk
about deserts, these consist of sand dunes. Plains are usually fertile regions with
an abundance of water and fertile soil. These conditions are suitable for
cultivation. Other landforms, such as mountains, hills and deserts, lack suitable
conditions for cultivation. Mountains are rocky and usually do not contain fertile
soil and a flat surface for cultivation. Deserts lack water resources and mineral
riches in the soil which are required for farming.
4. Why is a delta found in the lower course of a river?
Ans:
In the lower course, the river flows even more gently and slowly. Silt, soil and
other materials are carried by the water and thus deposition takes place.
When a river empties into a sea or an ocean, deltas are formed. When a river
reaches its mouth while entering a sea or an ocean, its speed slows down. The
sediments it carries settle at the mouth of the river and build up to form a
wetland called delta.
Or
The reason why a delta is found in the lower course of a river is due to the
decrease in the speed of the river's flow and the increase in the size of the river
channel as it nears its mouth. As the river nears its mouth, the slope of the land
decreases, causing the speed of the water to slow down. As the speed of the
water slows down, it loses its ability to transport sediment and starts to deposit it.
At the same time, the river channel widens as it nears its mouth, allowing more
room for the sediment to be deposited. This process of sediment deposition leads
to the formation of a delta at the mouth of the river.
D. Answer the following questions in detail.
1. Inquire on what basis plains are classified. Give examples.
Ans:
Types of plains
The following are the types of plains based on their mode of formation.
i. Depositional plains
Depositional plains are formed as a result of the deposition of sediments. The
sediments are transported by wind, rivers or glaciers and deposited at different
places. This leads to the formation of depositional plains.
There are different types of depositional plains.
Lava plains are formed by the deposition of lava flows or basalt floods on a vast
expanse of land. Basalt floods are formed by volcanic eruptions. The soil of the
lava plains is darker in colour than the surrounding areas.
Flood plains are formed when rivers repeatedly overflow their banks and deposit
sediments or alluvium (clay, silt, sand) on land. The Barotse Flood Plain of the
Zambezi River (Africa) stretches in Angola, Zambia and Botswana. Flood Plains are
also called alluvial plains. The Indo-Gangetic Plains located in South Asia are
alluvial Plains. The Flood Plains of the Indus River are an example of these plains
in Pakistan.
Coastal plains are formed by the sediments deposited by rivers in the ocean.
Layers of sediments pile up over time and rise above the sea forming coastal
plains. The plains of South America (between the Andes and the Pacific Ocean)
are examples of coastal plains.
Glacial till plains are formed by the sediments of glaciers called till. When glaciers
move down, they carry ice and till to the ground. The ice melts, leaving behind
sediments on the ground, which form till plains.
Loess plains are formed from fine sediments (dust, silt) of rocks blown away by
the wind and spread over the ground like a blanket. This fine sediment layer is
called loess. The plains along the Yellow River (China) and Missouri River (Iowa,
the USA) are examples of loess plains.
ii. Erosional plains
Erosional plains are formed when mountains and plateaus undergo the process of
erosion by the action of wind, water or ice. Due to erosion, the height of such
mountains and plateaus is reduced to the level of a plain. There are different
types of erosional plains.
Peneplains form when the movement of rivers gradually erodes valleys and
shapes them into broad plains.
Glacial plains form when glaciers erode mountains. These plains are found in
Ladakh, Sweden, Finland and Canada.
Desert plains form when the wind erodes mountains. The Hamada Red Plain (the
Sahara Desert) is an example of a desert plain.
iii. Structural plains
Structural plains are formed by the uplifting of a large landmass such as a
continual shelf or sea floor. For example, the uplift of a part of the Gulf of Mexico
shaped the southeastern plain of the United States.
2. How does a river work? Inquire about it and write it in detail.
Ans:
River and river system
A river is a flowing body of water. It usually begins in the mountains, flows down,
and ends in the sea. The starting point of a river is its source and its ending point
is called its mouth. A river flows into a small stream from its starting point. As the
stream flows, rainwater along with other forms of precipitation and groundwater
is added to the stream, other tributaries also join the mainstream, and thus
making it wider and deeper. A river with its tributaries makes a river system. A
river system is also called a drainage basin. The point where a river end is its
mouth. At the mouth, the river empties into another body of water, a sea or an
ocean. Some rivers have inland drainage.
Course of a river:
The direction or channel in which a river flows is its course. A river is divided into
three courses: upper course, middle course and lower course.
i. Upper course
In the upper course, the river flows very fast along steep slopes. In this course,
water is cold and clear. River channels become narrow when flowing down in the
upper course. Fast-moving water digs and erodes the riverbed deeply and carries
pebbles and boulders with it. In the upper course, the river flows very fast along
steep slopes. In this course, the water is cold and clear. River channels become
narrow when flowing down in the upper course. Fast-moving water digs and
erodes the riverbed deeply and carries pebbles and boulders with it.
The following are some features of the upper course of a river.
a. V-shaped valley
b. Gorge
c. Rapid
iv. Waterfall

ii. Middle course

In the middle course, the flow of a river is moderate as the land is less steep. The
bottom of the river carries a mixture of sand and silt. The river is joined by many
tributaries and therefore, the volume of the river increases. The increase in the
volume of water erodes the banks and thus the river becomes wide.
The following are some features of the middle course of a river.
a. Meander
b. Oxbow Lake

iii. Lower course

In the lower course, the river flows even more gently and slowly. Silt, soil and
other materials are carried by the water and thus deposition takes place. The
water is muddy and thus moving slowly. The slow movement and buildup of
sediments result in dividing the single channel of the river into many small
channels called distributaries. The following are some features of the middle
course of a river.
The following are some features of the lower course of a river.
a. Delta
b. Estuary

3. Describe the importance of the middle course of a river in your own words.
Ans:
Importance of the middle course of a river:
The middle course of a river is an important part of its overall path, and it plays a
crucial role in shaping the river's landscape and ecosystem. Here are some key
reasons why the middle course of a river is important:
Habitat: The middle course of a river often has a wider floodplain and gentler
slopes than the upper course. This makes it an ideal habitat for a variety of plant
and animal species, including fish, birds, and mammals. The floodplain provides a
rich source of nutrients, and the slower-moving water allows for the growth of
vegetation and the development of complex ecosystems.
Transportation: The middle course of a river is often navigable, which means it
can be used for transportation. Rivers have historically been important trade
routes, and many cities and towns have developed along major river systems.
Even today, many goods are transported by barge or boat along rivers, making
the middle course of a river an important economic resource.
Agriculture: The fertile floodplain of the middle course of a river is often used for
agriculture. Rivers provide a reliable source of water for irrigation, and the alluvial
soil is rich in nutrients. Many crops, such as rice, wheat, and cotton, are grown in
floodplains along major rivers.
Energy: The middle course of a river is often home to hydroelectric power plants.
These plants generate electricity by harnessing the energy of moving water.
Because the middle course of a river has a more consistent flow than the upper
course, it is an ideal location for hydroelectric power generation.
E. Label the diagram of the courses of a river.
 Unit 2: Water Sources and Management
A. Choose the correct option.
1. The water found in aquifers is called:
Ans: groundwater
2. Which of these is not a source of freshwater?
Ans: sea
3. Any liquid or frozen form of water that falls from clouds to the Earth is:
Ans:
precipitation
4. The transfer of water from the Earth’s surface to the atmosphere in the form of
vapour is called:
Ans: evaporation
5. Which of these is not a water pollutant?
Ans: Oxygen
B. Write “T” for true and “F” for false statements.
1. About 68.9% of freshwater is present in the form of ice. T
2. Salt water can be used for drinking after desalination. T
3. Sedimentation is a water purification method that kills germs. F
4. Sewage cannot be used again. F
5. Biogas is a non-renewable energy source. F
C. Answer the following questions briefly.
1. List some sources of freshwater.
Ans: Some sources of freshwater are lakes, rivers, ponds and streams etc.
2. Differentiate between freshwater and saltwater.
Ans: Saline water: It is found in the form of oceans and seas. It is estimated that
3.5% of the mass of ocean water comprises salts. Because of the presence of salts,
this water is non-drinkable.
Freshwater: We use freshwater for drinking and other purposes. This water is
used by living organisms for their activities.
3. List different forms of precipitation.
Ans:
Forms of precipitation
Precipitation reaches the Earth's surface in many forms depending on the air and
surface temperature. The main forms of precipitation are given below.
Drizzle
Rain
Snow
Sleet
Hail
4. How are pollutants added to water?
Ans: Naturally, water is clean and pure. But when it runs off the surface it can
carry debris, sediments or microorganisms.
5. What is biogas waste and how it is useful?
Ans: Biogas is a renewable energy source that is produced by the breakdown of
organic waste material including animal manure, plant material, food waste or
sewage. The process of the breakdown of waste material can occur naturally or it
can be processed by humans to produce biogas.
It is used:
• for cooking and heating in homes
• to generate electricity
 • as an energy source in industries.
D. Answer the following questions in detail.
1. What do you know about groundwater?
Ans:
Groundwater:
Water is not only present on the surface of the Earth but also under the layer of
soil. When rain falls on land, some of the water penetrates the ground. Under the
force of gravity, water continues its downward movement through layers of soil
until it reaches a zone of thick rocks. The pores in these rocks hold water. These
are called aquifers. The water found in aquifers is called groundwater. The upper
surface of underground water is called the water table. The water table does not
remain constant. It increases during the rainy season due to rain. It starts
decreasing when the weather is dry and there is no rain for a long time. About
30.8% of freshwater is groundwater. It is the most abundant freshwater source.
Naturally, groundwater comes to the surface through springs but humans can
access it by digging wells.
2. How does the water cycle renew the Earth’s freshwater supply? Write it in
your own words.
Ans: Water cycle
The water cycle also called the hydrological cycle is a continuous process that
connects all of the water present in the air, land, and ocean. During this process,
water changes its states from liquid to vapour to ice and back again into a liquid.
The water cycle has great importance because it provides all the water required
by living organisms to perform their life processes. Here are the different
processes involved in this important cycle.
About 90% of the moisture in the atmosphere is due to evaporation. New
information for me!
i) Evaporation
The Sun plays a vital role in driving the water cycle. It heats water in the oceans,
lakes, rivers, etc. Due to an increase in temperature, water evaporates and enters
the atmosphere. This change from a liquid state (water) on the surface of the
Earth to a gaseous state (vapour) in the atmosphere is called evaporation.
ii) Condensation
When water vapours in the atmosphere are converted into water, this process is
called condensation. It is a change in state from gas to liquid. Condensation is the
reverse of evaporation.
When water vapours condense to create clouds, tiny water droplets are formed.
These droplets then grow bigger and the volume of clouds increases which results
in drizzle or rain. At higher altitudes, the water droplets freeze to form ice crystals
and fall to the Earth as snow or hail.
iii) Precipitation
Precipitation is any liquid (rainfall) or frozen (hail, snowfall or sleet) form of water
that falls from clouds to the Earth. Precipitation is measured in millimetres with a
rain gauge.
iv) Runoff
The excess water of melting snow and rainfall flow across the land as runoff. This
runoff, either seep into the ground or turns into streams and rivers.
The water slowly moves towards the seas and oceans. Eventually, water returns
to the ocean from above and below the Earth's surface and this process
continues.
3. What will happen if all the glaciers melt?
Ans:
If all the glaciers on Earth were to melt, it would have significant and far-reaching
impacts on the planet's ecosystems, weather patterns, and human societies. Here
are some of the major effects that could occur:
Rising sea levels: Glaciers hold a significant amount of the Earth's freshwater, and
if they were to melt completely, the resulting water would cause sea levels to rise
significantly. This would lead to widespread flooding of coastal areas, displacing
millions of people and causing significant economic and environmental damage.
Changes in weather patterns: Glaciers play an important role in regulating the
Earth's climate. As they melt, they release large amounts of freshwater into the
oceans, which can alter ocean currents and change global weather patterns. This
could lead to more extreme weather events such as droughts, floods, and storms.
Water scarcity: Although the melting of glaciers would result in an increase in
freshwater in the oceans, it would also cause a decrease in the amount of
freshwater available for human use. Many people rely on glacier-fed rivers for
drinking water, irrigation, and hydroelectric power. The loss of these sources of
freshwater could lead to water scarcity in many regions around the world.
Ecological impacts: Glaciers are important ecosystems in their own right,
supporting unique plant and animal species. If the glaciers were to melt
completely, these species would be at risk of extinction, and the ecosystems they
inhabit would be permanently altered.
In summary, the melting of all the glaciers on Earth would have profound and far-
reaching impacts on the planet's ecosystems, weather patterns, and human
societies. We must take action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and limit
global warming to prevent this scenario from becoming a reality.
4. What is sewage? Write its uses.
Ans:
Sewage
Sewage is wastewater from homes or factories which is carried off by sewers. It is
released after various domestic uses and during industrial operations. Sewage
mostly contains water and the remaining material contains impurities in the form
of harmful germs and solid particles. These impurities must be extracted from
sewage before releasing it back into a natural water source.
Uses of sewage
The following are some uses of sewage:
• Sewage is commonly used to water farming fields in many countries
including Pakistan. Sewage can be used as a nutrient for plants. It is usually
very beneficial in areas with soil of low fertility.
 • It produces urea which is an industrial chemical.
• Sewage through the treatment process can be used again. Across the
world, there are sewage collection systems and plants for wastewater
treatment. In Pakistan, there is a need to install sewage treatment plants
to avoid the wastage of water.
E. Label the different stages of the water cycle.
 Key book NSS Geography Grade 7
Unit 3 Settlements and Land Use
A. Choose the correct option.
1. Early humans lived in:
Ans: caves and jungles
2. A settlement with only one or a few houses is called a(n):
Ans: isolated dwelling
3. The population of a town is usually:
Ans: 20,000 to 100,000
4. Tokyo, the capital city of Japan, is located near the coast of the:
Ans: Pacific Ocean
5. It is a massive spreading settlement, comprised of several conurbations or
cities:
Ans: megapolis
B. Match Column A with Column B.
C. Answer the following questions briefly.
1. What is a settlement?
Ans: A settlement is a place where people live together in an organized way.
2. How many types of settlement are there in the world?
Ans: Settlements vary from one another according to their pattern, size and
population.
Dispersed, nucleated, linear and isolated are different patterns of settlements.
Rural and urban are two major types of settlements
3. Differentiate between the location and site of a settlement.
Ans: The location of a settlement refers to its position on the Earth's surface,
while the site of a settlement refers to the specific physical characteristics of the
area where it is located.
4. Define hamlet.
Ans: A hamlet has a few houses with basic services. It has a little population,
usually 100 or less people.
5. Make a list of types of urban settlements.
Ans: a.
• Towns
• Cities
• Conurbations
• Megapolis
D. Answer the following questions in detail.
1. Compare urban and rural settlements by making a Venn diagram in your
notebook.
Ans:

Urban Settlements Rural Settlements

• Dense population • Low population density

• extensive infrastructure • scattered houses or
• high-rise buildings small clusters
• diverse economic activities • agricultural based
• Diverse cultural amenities activities
• access to various services • limited infrastructure
• Examples: Cities, towns. • fewer services available
• Examples: Villages,
hamlets.

2. What kind of settlement do you live in? Write a detailed note on the
specialized functions of your settlement.
Ans: Students will provide the answer to this question based on independent
thinking.
3. Explain which type of settlement you would prefer to live in and why?
Ans: Students will provide the answer to this question based on independent
thinking.
 E. Write some pros and cons of living in small and big settlements.
Ans:
Living in a small settlement
Pros Cons
Close-knit community Limited job opportunities
Lower cost of living Limited access to amenities
Less traffic and congestion Limited healthcare facilities
Peaceful and quiet environment Limited educational resources

Strong sense of belonging Limited entertainment options

Natural beauty and surroundings Social isolation
Lower crime rates Limited public transportation
Access to outdoor activities Limited diversity and cultural experiences

Living in a big settlement

Pros Cons
Abundant job opportunities Higher cost of living
Diverse cultural experiences Increased traffic and congestion
Wide range of amenities and services Higher crime rates
Access to excellent healthcare Noise pollution
Rich educational resources Reduced sense of community
Vibrant entertainment options Environmental challenges
Greater diversity and inclusivity Higher competition for resources
Convenient public transportation Crowded living spaces

Networking and social opportunities Increased stress and fast-paced lifestyle

F. Draw a Venn diagram to find the similarities and differences between a
conurbation and a megapolis.
Ans:

Conurbation Megapolis
• Consists of two or more • Comprised of several
towns conurbations and cities
Large Urban Areas
• Moderate to large in Multiple Cities • Large to very large in
Size Economic size
• May cover a localized Interconnectedness • Can encompass a wider
or regional area Social region or country
• Sizeable population Interconnectedness • Large to very large
• Regional influence Shared Infrastructure population
• Regional to global
influence
 Unit 4: Agriculture

A. Choose the correct option.

1. Growing and harvesting crops and raising animals is known as:
Ans: agriculture
2. When two or more crops are sown at the same time, it is called:
Ans: intercropping
3. It is used for making jaggery, sugar, sweets and animal feed.
Ans: Sugar cane
4. Rabi crops are sown between:
Ans: October and December
5. One of the most important cash crops of Pakistan is:
Ans: cotton

B. Match Column A with Column B.

C. Answer the following questions briefly.
1. What is the role of agriculture in the economic sector?
Ans: Agriculture is an essential part of a country's economy. It generates national
income and employment opportunities within the country.
2. Differentiate between intensive and extensive agriculture.
Ans: In intensive farms the farmer has a small area of land, but they aim to have a
high production with modern tools and machinery. However extensive agriculture
is a system of crop cultivation using a large land with small amount of labour and
resources.
3. Differentiate between kharif and rabi crops.
Ans: Kharif crops are sown at the beginning of the monsoon season in April-June
and harvested in September-October. On the other hand, rabi crops are sown in
October-December and harvested in April-May.
4. List some agricultural products.
Ans:
• Wheat
• Rice
• Corn (Maize)
• Soybeans
• Potatoes
• Apples
• Oranges
• Coffee
• Cotton
• Sugarcane
• Tomatoes
• Grapes
• Dairy products (milk, cheese, butter)
• Poultry (chicken, eggs)
• Beef and other livestock products.
D. Answer the following questions in detail.
1. Describe different methods of agriculture.
Ans: Methods of agriculture
i. Agroforestry
As the name suggests, agroforestry is a combination of agriculture and forest. It is
one of the oldest methods of agriculture still in use. In this method, farmers grow
trees around the crops to develop a suitable climate for crop production. With
this method, they create a microclimate by controlling temperature, wind and
rain. We get staple food crops, firewood and timber by agroforestry.
ii. Crop rotation
In this method, farmers grow different crops on the same field in season wise
sequence. It helps in maintaining soil productivity and preserving soil nutrients.
For example, a farmer grows corn on his field. Corn consumes a lot of nitrogen.
When the farmer finishes harvesting corn, he plants soybeans in the same field as
soybeans deposit nitrogen to the soil.
iii. Intercropping/mixed Crops
When two or more crops are sown at the same time, it is called intercropping or
mixed cropping. In this method, farmers cultivate different types of crops on the
same field in multiple rows. This method is helpful in creating biodiversity. It also
prevents weed growth and increases soil organic matter.
vi. Farm automation
Farm automation is also called smart farming. In this method, farmers use
technology to carry out routine farming tasks, such as seeding, watering and
harvesting. The use of technology is helpful in making farms and livestock more
productive. Farm automation includes the use of drones, autonomous tractors
(driverless), seeding robots, robotic harvesters, automatic watering (drip
irrigation), green houses, GIS (for mapping current and future changes in
temperature, precipitation, crop yields, etc.) and artificial intelligence (use of
satellites and remote sensors to monitor temperature, humidity, soil condition
and plant health).
 2. Explain how farmers can increase production in the agricultural sector. Search
about it and write your points in your own words.
Ans: Farmers can increase production in the agricultural sector by:
i. Implementing efficient practices such as proper crop rotation, timely planting,
and effective weed control to maximize yield potential.

ii. Applying appropriate amounts of fertilizers based on soil testing and nutrient
requirements to optimize plant growth and productivity.

iii. Employing efficient irrigation techniques like drip irrigation or sprinkler

systems to ensure optimal water usage and minimize water stress on crops.

iv. Implementing integrated pest management strategies that combine biological

controls, cultural practices, and judicious use of pesticides to mitigate the
impact of pests and diseases on crop yield.

v. Utilizing modern agricultural technologies, precision equipment, and farm

machinery to improve efficiency, reduce labor requirements, and increase
productivity.

F. Complete the following table related to the crops of Pakistan.

Main crops Areas of cultivation Uses of crops/finished

product
Cotton Bahawalpur, DG Khan, yarn and clothes.
Faisalabad, Sargodha,
Lahore, Gujranwala,
Rawalpindi in Punjab,
and Hyderabad and
Sukkur division of Sindh
Rice rain-fed and irrigated Food crop, rice flour, rice
areas of Sindh and bran
Punjab
Wheat canal-irrigated areas of Flour, bread, chapatti
Sindh and Punjab and in and cereal
some areas of Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa. It is also
cultivated in hilly areas
of Balochistan.
 Key book NSS Geography Grade 7
Unit 5 Climate Change
A. Choose the correct option.
1. Global warming is a gradual increase in:
Ans: temperature
2. Ozone is a form of:
Ans: gas
3. In 1985, scientists discovered a hole in the ozone layer over: population of a
town is usually:
Ans: Antarctica
4. CFCs are a cause of the thinning of the:
Ans: Ozone layer
5. Wildfires occur due to:
Ans: scorching heat

B. Answer the following questions briefly.

1. Relate the greenhouse effect and climate change.
Ans: The greenhouse effect is a natural process that traps heat in the Earth's
atmosphere, keeping the planet warm. However, human activities, like burning
fossil fuels, have intensified this effect, leading to climate change with increased
global temperatures and environmental impacts.
2. List the causes of climate change in the world.
Ans:
• Burning Fossil Fuels
• Deforestation
• Industrial Activities
 • Agriculture practices
• Landfills and waste decomposition
• Use of CFCs
• Natural Factors (Volcanic eruptions, solar radiation, and natural variations
in Earth's orbit)
3. Write any effect of global warming that you experienced yourself.
Ans: Heatwaves and extreme weather events like droughts, storms and floods.
4. What could be the preventive measures to save the ozone layer.
Ans:
Measures to control depletion of the ozone layer
• The use of ozone-depleting gases such as CFCs, should be avoided.
• Climate-friendly alternatives, such as hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), should be
used instead of CFCs.
• Old refrigerators, air conditioners and other appliances using CFCs must be
dumped properly.
• Authorities should conduct regular inspection of factories to stop the use of
CFCs in the manufacturing of products.
• Non-toxic cleaning products should be used for homes and offices.
C. Answer the following questions in detail.
1. Name the gases that get trapped in Earth's atmosphere. How do these gases
get trapped?
Ans: The main gases that get trapped in Earth's atmosphere are called
greenhouse gases. The most common greenhouse gases are carbon dioxide (CO2),
methane (CH4), and water vapor (H2O).
These gases get trapped in the atmosphere naturally. When sunlight reaches the
Earth's surface, it warms it up. Some of this heat goes back into space, but some is
trapped by the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. They act like a blanket,
keeping the Earth warm enough for plants, animals, and people to live
comfortably. However, human activities, like burning fossil fuels and cutting down
trees, have increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, making
the Earth warmer than it should be. This is what we call global warming, and it
can cause changes in the climate and the environment.

2. How do human activities cause climate change? Make a list of everyday

human activities that contribute to global warming.
Ans:
Human activities can cause climate change by releasing greenhouse gases into the
atmosphere. Here is a list of everyday human activities that contribute to global
warming:
• Driving Cars: When we drive cars that use gasoline or diesel, they release
carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, into the air.
• Using Electricity: Most of the electricity we use comes from power plants that
burn fossil fuels, releasing more carbon dioxide.
• Heating and Cooling Homes: Using energy to heat or cool our homes also
releases greenhouse gases.
• Cutting Down Trees: Trees absorb carbon dioxide, but when we cut them
down, they can no longer help reduce greenhouse gas levels.
• Using Plastic: Making plastic and throwing it away produces greenhouse gases.
• Raising Livestock: Cows and sheep produce methane, a potent greenhouse
gas, when they digest their food.
• Wasting Food: When we waste food, it produces methane as it rots in landfills.
• Using Aerosol Sprays: Some aerosol sprays contain chemicals that contribute
to global warming.
• Using Fossil Fuels: Burning coal, oil, and natural gas for energy releases
greenhouse gases.
By being mindful of our actions and finding ways to use less energy and reduce
waste, we can help protect the planet from the impacts of climate change.
3. Investigate how global warming leads to severe weather patterns.
Ans:
Global warming is when the Earth's temperature becomes warmer than usual.
This happens because of too many greenhouse gases in the air. These gases come
from things like cars, factories, and cutting down forests. When there are more
greenhouse gases, the Earth gets hotter, like a big blanket around the planet.
When the Earth becomes hotter, it can cause changes in the weather. Some of
these changes can lead to more severe weather patterns. Here's how it happens:
1. Heatwaves: Global warming can make heatwaves more common and intense.
Heatwaves are periods of very hot weather that can be dangerous, especially
for older people and young children.
2. Stronger Storms: The extra heat in the air can make storms, like hurricanes
and tornadoes, stronger and more powerful. These storms can cause a lot of
damage to homes, buildings, and trees.
3. Heavy Rain and Flooding: Warmer air can hold more water vapor, which leads
to heavier rainfall during storms. This can cause flooding in some areas,
making rivers overflow their banks.
4. Droughts: On the other hand, global warming can also cause some places to
have longer periods without rain, called droughts. This can be harmful to crops
and can even lead to water shortages.
5. Melting Ice and Rising Sea Levels: The Earth's warmer temperature can make
ice in places like the North and South Poles melt. When ice melts, it adds more
water to the oceans, causing sea levels to rise. Rising sea levels can flood
coastal areas and harm the homes of animals living there.
 Unit 6: Minerals and Power Resources

A. Choose the correct option.

1. It is used in architecture, paper making, dyes, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals:
Ans: marble
2. Hydroelectric power is produced by:
Ans: water energy
3. The number of nuclear power plants functional in different parts of Pakistan is:
Ans: six
4. Pakistan’s largest solar plant is:
Ans: Quaid-e-Azam Solar Park
5. Electricity generated with the force of the wind is called:
Ans: wind energy

B. Answer the following questions briefly.

1. Briefly describe the uses of coal in Pakistan.
Ans: Coal is used in Pakistan for generating electricity in power plants and as a
fuel for industries, like cement and steel manufacturing.
2. List some precious stones found in Pakistan.
Ans:
• Ruby
• Emerald
• Topaz
• Aquamarine
• Peridot
• Garnet
• Tourmaline
• Sphene
• Spinel
• Kunzite
3. Differentiate between surface mining and long-wall mining.
Ans:
Surface mining is when minerals or resources are extracted from the top layer of
the earth's surface, like digging in a big pit or removing soil and rocks.
Long-wall mining is a method where a machine called a shearer is used to cut and
remove a long section of coal from underground mines, leaving behind supporting
structures to keep the mine safe.

C. Answer the following questions in detail.

1. Analyse the importance of alternative sources of energy.
Ans: Alternative sources of energy, such as hydro, nuclear, solar, and wind power,
are essential for many reasons:
1. Hydro Power: It uses flowing water to generate electricity. It's essential
because rivers and streams always have water, so it can produce energy
continuously without polluting the air.
2. Nuclear Power: It comes from splitting tiny atoms to create energy. It's vital
because it can produce a lot of electricity without releasing harmful
greenhouse gases, helping to keep the air clean.
3. Solar Power: It uses sunlight to make electricity. It's important because the
sun is always there, and solar panels on houses or buildings can provide free
and clean energy.
4. Wind Power: It uses the wind's energy to create electricity. It's significant
because the wind is natural and can turn windmills, providing power without
pollution.
By using these alternative sources of energy, we can protect the environment,
reduce pollution, and make sure we have enough power for our homes and
schools without harming the planet. It's crucial to use them wisely to create a
better and healthier world for everyone.
2. ‘Solar energy is the future of the earth’. Support or criticize the statement
with your answer.
Ans: Solar energy is indeed the future of the Earth for several reasons:
1. Endless Sunshine: The sun is always shining, and it will keep providing energy
for billions of years. We don't have to worry about running out of sunlight.
2. Clean and Safe: Solar energy doesn't produce pollution or harmful gases,
keeping the air and water clean and safe for plants, animals, and people.
3. Free and Renewable: Once we have solar panels installed, we can use the
sun's energy for free. Unlike fossil fuels, the sun's energy will never run out.
4. Accessible to All: Solar energy can be harnessed in many places, from big cities
to remote areas, bringing power to everyone, even in places where it's hard to
build power lines.
5. Creating Jobs: As more people switch to solar energy, new jobs will be
created, helping the economy and communities grow.
By using solar energy, we can protect the Earth, reduce climate change, and
ensure a brighter and healthier future for ourselves and future generations.

3. Pakistan is rich in mineral resources. Still there is a scarcity of electricity and

gas. Find the reasons and suggest solutions to overcome electricity and gas
shortage.
Ans: Pakistan's rich mineral resources are mainly used for other purposes like
industries and exports, which can lead to a scarcity of electricity and gas for
everyday use. The reasons for this shortage are:
1. Limited Infrastructure: Pakistan's energy infrastructure may not be well-
developed to efficiently utilize its mineral resources for electricity and gas
production.

2. Growing Population: With more people using electricity and gas, the demand
increases, putting a strain on the available resources.

3. Dependence on Non-Renewable Sources: Relying heavily on non-renewable

sources like coal and oil can lead to scarcity, as these resources may eventually
run out.

To overcome electricity and gas shortages, here are some solutions:

1. Invest in Renewable Energy: Focus on using renewable energy sources like
solar and wind power, which are abundant in Pakistan. These sources can
provide clean and sustainable electricity.

2. Improve Energy Efficiency: Encourage energy-saving habits among people and

industries to use electricity and gas more efficiently.

3. Expand Infrastructure: Invest in building better power plants and gas pipelines
to increase the capacity for generating and distributing electricity and gas.

4. Promote Conservation: Raise awareness about conserving energy by turning

off lights and appliances when not in use.

5. Diversify Energy Sources: Explore and utilize various energy sources to reduce
dependence on a single resource and ensure a stable supply.

By adopting these solutions, Pakistan can overcome its electricity and gas
shortages, providing a better living environment for its people and fostering
sustainable development.
 D. Draw a table by writing the names of minerals found in different areas of
Pakistan. Also list their uses and importance, for example copper is a type of
mineral that is used for making wire.

Mineral Location in Pakistan Uses and Importance

Copper Balochistan, Sindh Used for making electrical wires and

plumbing
Coal Balochistan, Sindh, Provides energy for electricity generation
Punjab
Salt Punjab, Balochistan Used in cooking, food preservation, and
industries

Chromite Balochistan Used in stainless steel and alloy production

Gypsum Punjab, Balochistan Used in construction and making plaster of

Paris
Limestone Punjab, Khyber Used in cement, building materials, and
Pakhtunkhwa lime
Iron Ore Balochistan, Punjab Used to produce steel and other metal
products
Marble Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Used in sculptures, buildings, and
Punjab decorative purposes

Gemstones Various regions Used for jewelry and decorative items

Natural Sindh, Balochistan Used for cooking, heating, and electricity

Gas generation