THE CHEMISTRY POINT

BY-DEEPAK SHUKLA SIR MO:7982534430

CHEMISTRY
FOR- CBSE(XI,XII),IIT-JEE,
Y NEET
CHEMISTRY
CHAPTER – 1

SOLUTION

What is Solution? An excellent example of a solute in our daily work is salt and
A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances in related water. Salt dissolves in water so, salt is a solute.
amounts can vary continuously up to the so-called melting
Solvent:
point. The term solution is often used in the liquid state of
The term 'solvent' can be defined as something that has a
objects, but gas and solid solutions are possible. On the basis
dissolving solvent that is given to form a solution.
of the number of components the two-part solution is called
Typical examples of smelting include water, ethanol,
a binary solution.
methanol and acetone.
Solute: Separation of solutions
The substance that dissolve in the solvent to produces a
The solution can be classified as a solid, liquid and gaseous
homogeneous mixture.
solution.

CHEMISTRY BY- DEEPAK SHUKLA SIR FOR- CBSE, IIT-JEE, NEET MO:7982534430
01
(A) The following types of solutions are based on the solute and solvent composition:

Type of solution Solute Solvent Examples

Gaseous solution Gas Gas Mixture of H2 and O2 gas.
Liquid Gas Air containing moisture
Solid Gas Homogeneous mixture of camphor in N2 gas
Liquid solution Gas Liquid Homogeneous mixture of CO2 gas in water
Liquid Liquid Homogeneous mixture of water and ethanol
Solid Liquid Homogeneous mixture of sugar and water
Solid solution Gas Solid Adsorption of H2 gas in Pd.
Liquid Solid Zinc amalgam Zinc dissolved in mercury (Zn/Hg)
Solid Solid Alloy formed from copper and zinc (Brass)

(B) Depending on the amount of solute dissolved in the Supersaturated Solution:

solvent we have the following types of solution: A supersaturated solution is usually soluble even in solid
Saturated Solution: form once cooled. An example of a supersaturated
A saturated solution is a solution where a high amount of solution is sodium acetate in water. Sodium acetate salt
solute is dissolved under current conditions. acetic acid or vinegar. Water is a common solvent for
A complete solution containing a high solute value that supersaturated solvents because they can be safely
can be dissolved in a given solvent value at a certain heated.
temperature is called a complete solution.
Solubility:
Unsaturated Solution: Solubility is the ability of a solid, liquid, or gaseous
An unsaturated solution is a solution that contains less chemical (referred to as a solute) to dissolve in a solvent
than the maximum solute value of the solute. If more (usually a liquid) and form a solution. The solubility of a
solute was added and did not dissolve, then the first substance in a certain solvent is measured by the
solution was full. If the excess solute melted, then the first combination of a complete solution.
solution was unsaturated.

Factors affecting solubility

• Temperature. Basically, the melting increases with the temperature.
• Polarity. In most cases the solvents are soluble in solvents with the same polarity.
• Pressure. Solid and liquid solutions.
• Cell size.
• Motivation increases the speed of completion.

Solubility of solute in liquids depends on the following factors:

o Solute environment
o Type of solvent
o The temperature of the solution
o Gas pressure

Factors affecting solubility of a solid in a liquid :

Nature of solute and solvent: Polar solutes dissolve in polar solvents and non-polar solutes in non-polar solvents. (i.e., like
dissolves like).
Effect of temperature: Factors affecting solubility of a gas in a liquid :
• If the dissolution process is endothermic (Δsol H > 0), Effect of pressure: Henry’s law states that “the partial
the solubility increases with rise in temperature. pressure of the gas in vapour phase (p) is proportional to
• If dissolution process is exothermic (Δsol H < 0), the the mole fraction of the gas (x) in the solution”
solubility decreases with rise in temperature. p = KH x where, KH is the Henry’s law constant and is
different for different gases at a particular temperature.
Effect of pressure: Pressure does not have any
significant effect on solubility of solids in liquids as these Higher the value of KH at a given pressure, the lower is
are highly incompressible. the solubility of the gas in the liquid.

ADD: H-BLOCK PALAM VIHAR , SECTOR-23 HUDA MARKET GURGAO

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 Effect of temperature: As dissolution is an exothermic phase (p) is proportional to the gas molecule (x) in
process, then according to Le Chatelier’s principle, the solution.
solubility should decrease with increase of temperature. It can be expressed by
p = KH. x
Henry's Law:
The greater the amount of KH, the higher the melting. The
Legally at a constant temperature, the melting of a gas in
amount of KH decreases with increasing temperature.
a liquid is directly related to the pressure of the gas. It can
also be said - The pressure of a gas fraction in the vapor

Application of Henry's law:

• Sealing of soft drink bottles in high pressure increases the melting of CO2 in soft drinks and soda water.
• When a diver dives into the water, his body is under a lot of pressure. As a result, body tissues absorb more gases. Oxygen
breathing is needed for cellular respiration to give energy to the diver. But nitrogen enters the body's tissues.
• At higher altitudes half the oxygen weight is not the same as at low altitudes. This promotes low oxygen levels in the blood
and tissues of people who live in high places or climb mountains. Decreased blood pressure causes mountain climbers to
feel weak and unable to think clearly, indications of a condition known as anoxia.

Concentration of solution: (3) Mass by Volume Percentage

The concentration of the solution is a measure of the Mass by volume percentage can be defined as the mass
amount of solute dissolved in a given amount of solvent of solute dissolved in 100 mL of the solution.
or solution. For instance, mass by volume percent of a solution with
1 g of solute dissolved in 100 mL of solution will be 1%
A concentrated solution is one that contains a very high
or 1% (mass/volume). The formula will be:
amount of soluble solute. 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
Mass by Volume Percentage = × 100
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
A dilute solution is one that has a very small amount of
solute solute. A volume solution of 10% per volume means that 10
gm solute is present in 100 mL of solution.
Ways to express the concentration of the solution
(4) Molarity
(1) Mass / Weight Percentage or Percentage of Mass /
Molarity (M) can be defined as the ratio of number of
Weight
moles of solute to the volume of solution in liter.
Mass percentage can be defined as the ratio of Mass of
the component of the solution and total mass of the
solution multiplied by 100%.

It can also be defined as the number of moles of solute

present in unit litre or cubic decimeter of solution.
It is function of temperature due to the dependence of
volume on temperature whereas Mass %, ppm, mole
The solute and solvent ratio is a large fraction.
fraction and molality are independent of temperature
Therefore, a large percentage of solute = Half Mass ×
because mass does not depend on temperature.
100. A 10% sugar solution in bulk means that 10 grams
of sugar is present in 100 grams of solution, that is, we
dissolve 10 grams of sugar in 90 grams water.
For example, a mol L-1 solution for KCl means that 1
(2) Volume Percentage mol of KCl dissolves in 1 L of water. Molarity unit: mol
Volume percentage can be defined as the ratio of L-1
Volume of the component of the solution and total
mass of the solution multiplied by 100%. The formula (5) Molality
will be: Molality (m) can be defined as the ratio of number of
moles of solute to the mass of solvent in kg.
It can also be defined as the number of moles of solute
present in unit kilogram of solvent.
A 10% solution of HCl by volume means that 10 mL of
liquid HCl is present in 100 mL of solution.

03
 Therefore, if a molecule of one gram of solute is present
in 1 kg of solvent, the concentration of the solution is
called one molal. The unit of molarity is mol kg-1.
Molality is a very simple way to express a mixture of
solutions because it absorbs more liquid than its
volume. It is also independent of temperature
variations.
(6) Normality
The no. of equivalents of solute present in one litre of a It is denoted by the alphabet x and subscript written on
solution is called the Normality (N) the right hand side of x denotes the component of which
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
Normality = mole fraction is being calculated. For solution A and B
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝐿
Therefore, if a gram equivalent to a solute is present in
one liter of solution, the concentration of the solution Mole Fraction of A (XA) =
is said to be 1 normal.
Mole Fraction of B (XB) =
(7) The Mole fraction
And, XA+XB = 1
Mole fraction can be defined as the ratio of number of
moles of the component in the solution to the total
number of moles of all components in the solution.
(8) Parts per million (ppm)
Parts per million can be defined as the ratio of number of parts of the component to the total number of parts of all
components of the solution multiplied by 106.
It is denoted by ppm.
It is used to express concentration of a solution where solute is present in trace For instance, concentration of pollutants in
water or atmosphere is expressed in terms of g mL-1 or ppm. The formula is as follows:
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡
Ppm = × 106
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

In the case of weight, we may present it as follows: (Solute weight / Solution weight) × 10 6
In the case of volume, we can present it as: (Solute volume / Solution volume) × 10 6
Therefore, we can express the concentration of solutions in parts of each million such as weight depending on size, volume
to volume and weight in volume form. Air pollution in cities is also expressed at ppm by volume. Refer to the volume of
impurities per 106 units of volume. 10 ppm of SO2 in the air means that 10 mL of SO2 is present in 106 mL of air
Raoult's law:
Raoult’s law establishes a quantitative relationship between the partial vapour pressure and mole fraction of a solution.
This law is only for liquid-liquid solution.
The law states that for a solution of volatile liquids, the partial vapour pressure (p) of each component in the solution is
directly proportional to its mole fraction (x).

04
 For a solution that contains both fluids A and B, the component pressure of fluid A is

Proportionality constant is obtained by considering a pure liquid where XA = 1 and k = P0A, the pressure of pure liquid
vapour is,

Similarly, PA = 𝑃Å𝜒𝐴

The total vapour pressure of the solution

Raoult's law applies as follows:

• Measure the reduction of vapour pressure in a constant solute.
• Measuring the mixing capacity of liquids.
Note: A solution that complies with Raoult's rule is known as the correct solution (no volume change in mixing and no change
in enthalpy).
Dalton’s law of partial pressures :

If y1 and y2 are the mole fractions of the components 1 and 2 respectively in the vapour phase then, p 1 = y1 Ptotal and p2 = y2 Ptotal
Raoult’s law for solid-liquid solutions: It states that relative lowering in vapour pressure of a solution containing a non-
volatile solute is equal to the mole fraction of the solute.

p° = vapour pressure of pure solvent

ps = vapour pressure of solution
x2 = mole fraction of solute.
According to the Raoult Law, liquid-liquid solutions can be of two types. They are:
Ideal solution:
Solutions that comply with Raoult's Law on the whole range of concentration and at all
temperatures are Ideal Solutions.
Raoult’s law as special case of Henry’s law

At a given temperature liquids vaporize. At equilibrium the According to Raoult’s

pressure exerted by the vapour of the liquid over the liquid law, vapour pressure of a volatile component in a given
phase is referred to as vapour pressure. solution can be defined by pi = pi0 xi

05
In an answer of a gas in a fluid one of the segments is volatile Non-ideal solutions are of two types:
to the point that it exists as a gas and solvency is given by Non-ideal solutions that demonstrate a positive deviation
Henry's law which expresses that p = KH x from Raoult's Law
Comparing both the equations we get that partial pressure of Non-ideal solutions that reflect a negative deviation from the
the volatile component or gas is directly proportional to its Raoult Act
mole fraction in solution. Proportionality constant KH differs
Azeotropes: The mixtures of liquids which boil at constant
from p10
temperature like a pure liquid and possess same composition
Therefore, Raoult's law turns into a unique instance of of components in liquid as well as vapour phase are called
Henry’s law in which KH get to be equivalent to p10. constant boiling mixtures or azeotropic mixtures.
Features of Ideal Solutions Minimum boiling azeotropes: They formed by those liquid
• They follow Raoult's Law. This means that the pairs which show positive deviations from ideal behaviour
component pressure of components A and B in the e.g., ethanol-water mixture.
solution will be PA = PA0 xA and PB = PB0 xB. PA0 and PB0
Maximum boiling azeotropes: They are formed by those
evaporate pressure in a clean manner. On the other hand,
liquid pairs which show negative deviations from ideal
xA and xB are the molecular components of components A
behaviour e.g., nitric acid-water mixture.
and B
Colligative properties:
• The enthalpy mixing of two parts should be zero, i.e., Δmix The colligative properties of solutions are factors that depend
H = 0. This means that no heat escapes or is absorbed on the fusion of solute or ion molecules, but not on solute
during the mixing of two clean parts to form a suitable ownership. Compounding factors include lower evaporation
solution. pressure, elevated boiling point, cold point stress, and
• The mixing volume is equal to zero i.e., Δmix V = 0. This osmotic pressure.
means that the total volume of the solution is exactly the Relative lowering of vapour pressure: When a nonvolatile
same as the total volume of solute and solution. Adding solute is dissolved in a solvent, vapour pressure of the
further, it also means that there will be a reduction or solution is lower than that of the pure solvent which is known
volume increase while the integration of the two as lowering of vapour pressure. Relative lowering of vapour
components takes place. pressure is equal to the mole fraction of the solute in the
• Solute-solute interactions and solvent-solvent solution.
interactions are almost identical to solute-solvent
interactions.
Non-ideal solution:
Remedies that do not comply with Raoult's law on the whole
focus list and at all temperatures are Bad Solutions.

OR

Features of Non-ideal Solutions

• Solute-solute and solvent-solvent interactions differ from The above term is used to determine the weight of an
those of solute-solvent interactions unknown solute molecule dissolved in a solvent. There, W B
• Mixing enthalpy i.e., Δmix H ≠ 0, meaning heat can be and WA are mass solute and solvent respectively. M B and MA
released if the mixing enthalpy is negative (Δmix H <0) or of solute and solvent molecular weight respectively.
heat may be detected if the mixing enthalpy is correct (Δmix
Boiling point elevation:
H> 0)
The higher the boiling point refers to the fact that the boiling
• The volume of the mixing, Δmix V ≠ 0, indicates that there point of the liquid (solvent) will be higher when another
will be some expansion or contraction of the liquid. compound is added, meaning that the solution has a higher

06
boiling point than pure solvent. This occurs whenever a solid
solute, like salt, is added to a pure solvent, such as water.

There, WB and WA = solute and solvent weight respectively. There, d = density, R = constant solution, T = temperature, MB
= molar solute weight.
Kb has units of K / m or K kg mol-1, of water, Kb = 0.52 K kg
mol-1 Based on osmotic pressure, the solution could be:
1. Hypertonic Solution:
A solution that contains more soluble particles (such as salts
and other electrolytes) than those found in normal cells and
blood. For example, hypertonic solutions are used to soothe
wounds.
2. Hypotonic Solution:
Hypotonic solutions have a lower concentration of
soluble solutes than blood. An example of a hypotonic
IV solution is 0.45% Normal Salt (0.45% NaCl). When
hypotonic IV solutions are introduced, it leads to a
reduction in the concentration of soluble substances in
the blood compared to the intracellular space.

Depression in freezing point: 3. Isotonic Solutions:

Freezing point depression is an event that explains why Two solutions with the same osmotic pressure across
adding a solute to a solvent leads to a reduction in the freezing the semipermeable membrane are called isotonic
point of the solvent. When an object begins to freeze, solutions. It has the same solute concentration, as
molecules slow down due to a decrease in temperature, and another solution. Other examples of isotonic solutions
intermolecular forces begin to take over. are 0.9% common saline and lactated rings.
Depression in freezing point (∆𝑇𝑓 ) = 𝑇𝑓𝑜 − 𝑇𝑓 With isotonic solutions, π1 = π2 Also, C1 = C2
𝑊𝐵 1000
∆𝑇𝑓 = 𝐾𝑓 . 𝑚 = 𝐾𝑓 × Reverse Osmosis:
𝑀𝐵 𝑊𝐴
To find molecular mass of solute, Reverse Osmosis (RO) is a water purification process
𝑀𝐵 =
𝐾𝑓 .𝑊𝐵 ×1000 that uses a slightly more flexible membrane to separate
∆𝑇𝑓 .𝑊𝐴
ions, unwanted molecules, and larger particles from
Where, Kf is molal depression constant or cryoscopic constant. drinking water. The result is that the solute is kept on
Kf has units of K/m or K kg mol-1 the pressed side of the membrane and the pure solvent
is allowed to pass through the other side.
Van't Hoff Factor:
The van 't Hoff factor is a measure of the effect of solute
in which there are conflicting factors such as osmotic
pressure, moderate decrease in vapour pressure,
elevated boiling point and freezing point stress.
The van 't Hoff factor is the ratio between the actual
interaction of particles produced when an object is
dissolved and the interaction of an object as calculated
from its mass.
Osmotic Pressure:
Osmosis is defined as the flow of a net or the movement of
solvent atoms through a semipermeable membrane through
which solute molecules cannot pass through. When a solution
consisting of both solute and solvent molecules is placed on
one side of the membrane and a pure solvent is placed on the Concentration rate and van't hoff factor:
other side, there is a net flow of solvent on the side of the If the atoms of the A element are connected to form A and
membrane solution. A is a junction, then

07
 nA → An
Totally 1 mol 0
𝛼
At equilibrium 1- 𝛼
𝑛
Total number of moles at equilibrium
𝛼
=1-𝛼+
𝑛
𝛼
1−𝛼+
i= 𝑛
1
𝑖−1
⇒ 𝛼=1
−1
𝑛

Degree of dissociation and van’t hoff factor:

The one molecule of an object is divided into n particles
and a is a fraction
Van’t hoff factor (i)> 1 of soluble solvents and is < 1 of soluble
solvents.

A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances. Solutions are calssidied as solid, liquid and
gaseous solutions. The concentration of a solution is expressed in terms of mile fraction, molarity, molality and
in percentages. The dissolution of a gas in a liquid is governed by Henry’s law, according to which, at a given
temperature, the solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of the gas. The vapour
pressure of the solvent is lowered by the pressure of non-volatile solute in the solution and this lowering of
vapour pressure of the solvent is governed by Raoult’s law, according to which the relative lowering of vapour
oreyof the solvent over a solution is equal to the mile fraction of a non-volatile solute present in the solution.
However, in a binary liquid solution, if both the components of the solution are volatile then another form of
Raoult’s law is used. Mathematically this form of the Raoult’s law is stated as: ptotal = P10×1+ P20×2. Solutions which
obey Raoult’s law over the entire range of concentration are called ideal solutions. Two types of deviations from
Raoult’s law, called positive and negative deviations are observed. Azeotropes arise due to very large deviations
from Raoult’s law.
The properties of solutions which depend on the number of solute particles are independent of their chemical
identity are called colligative properties. These are lowering of vapour pressure, elevation of boiling point,
depression of freezing point and osmotic pressure. The process of osmosis can be reversed if a pressure higher
than the osmotic pressure is applied to the solution. Colligative properties have been used to determine the molar
mass of solutes. Solutes which dissociate in solution exhibit molar mass lower than the actual molar mass and
those which associate show higher molar mass than their actual values.
Quantitatively, the extent to which a solute is dissociated or associated can be expressed by can’t Hoff factor i.
This factor has been defined as ratio of normal molar mass to experimentally determined molar mass or as the
ratio of observed colligative property to the calculated colligative property.

08
09
 MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. Out of molality (m), molarity (M), formality (F) and (a) 12.6 gm (b) 6.3 gm
mole fraction (x), those which are independent of (c) 4.5 gm (d) 9.0 gm
temperature are
11. Which of the following solutions has highest osmotic
(a) M, m (b) F, x
pressure?
(c) m, x (d) M, x (a) 1 M NaCl (b) 1 M MgCl2
2. The boiling point of an azeotropic mixture of water and (c) 1 M urea (d) 1M glucose.
ethanol is less than that of water and ethanol. The 12. Which of the following aqueous solutions containing
mixture shows 10 g of solute in each case, has highest m.pt?
(a) No deviation from Raoult’s Law. (a) NaCl solution
(b) Positive deviation from Raoult’s Law. (b) KC1.solution
(c) Negative deviation from Raoult’s Law. (c) Sugar solution
(d) That the solution is unsaturated. (d) Glucose solution.
3. Which has the lowest boiling point at 1 atm pressure? 13. The molal freezing point constant for water is 1.86°
(a) 0.1 M KCl (b) 0.1 M Urea CM. The freezing point of 0.1 M NaCl solution is
(c) 0.1 M CaCl2 (d) 0.1 M AlCl3 expected to be
4. People add sodium chloride to water while boiling (a) -1.86 degree C
eggs. This is to (b) -0.372 degree C
(a) Decrease the boiling point. (c) -0.186 degree C
(b) Increase the boiling point. (d) 0.372 degree C
(c) Prevent the breaking of eggs. 14. In case of electrolyte which dissociates in solution the
(d) Make eggs tasty. Van’t Hoff’s factor, i is
(a) > 1 (b) < 1
5. The van’t Hoff factor (i) accounts for
(c) = 1 (d) = 0
(a) Degree of solubilisation of solute.
(b) The extent of dissociation of solute. 15. The law stating that the relative lowering of vapour
(c) The extent of dissolution of solute. pressure is equal to the mole fraction of a solute in the
(d) The degree of decomposition of solution. solution is known as
(a) Henry’s law
6. The molal elevation constant depends upon (b) Van’t Hoff, Law
(a) Nature of solute. (c) Raoult’s law
(b) Nature of the solvent. (d) Ostwald’s dilution law
(c) Vapour pressure of the solution.
(d) Enthalpy change 16. Which of the following modes of expressing
concentration is independent of temperature?
7. The osmotic pressure of a solution is directly (a) Molarity (b) Normality
proportional to (c) Formality (d) Molality
(a) The molecular concentration of the solute
(b) The absolute temperature at a given concentration 17. A 500 g tooth paste sample has 0.2 g fluoride
(c) The lowering of vapour pressure concentration. What is the concentration of fluorine in
(d) All the above. terms of ppm level?
(a) 250 (b) 200
8. Which of the following is a colligative property? (c) 400 (d) 1000
(a) Osmotic pressure
(b) Boiling point 18. The average osmotic pressure of human bipod is 7.8
(c) Vapour pressure bar at 37°C. What is the concentration of an aqueous
(d) Electrical conductivity solution of NaCl that could be used in blood stream?
(a) 0.15 Mol L-1
9. Which of the following 0.1 M aqueous solutions will (b) 0.30 Mol L-1
have the lowest freezing point? (c) 0.60 Mol L-1
(a) Potassium sulphate (d) 0.45 Mol L-1
(b) Sodium chloride
19. Equimolar solutions in the same solvent have
(c) Urea
(a) Same B.Pt but different F.Pt
(d) Glucose
(b) Same F. Pt, but different B.Pts.
10. The mass of (COOH)2. 2H2O needed to prepare (c) Same Boiling and same freezing point
500dm3.of 0.1 Molar solution is (d) Different boiling and different freezing points.

10
20. The vapour pressure of the two liquids ‘P’ and ‘Q’ are 30. The law which indicates the relation’-hip between
80. and 60 torr respectively. The total vapour pressure solubility of a gas in liquid and pressure rs
of the solution obtained by mixing 3 Mol of P and 2 (a) Raoult’s law
Mole of Q would be (b) Henry’s law
(a) 68 torr (b) 140 torr (c) Lowering of vapour pressure
(c) 72 torr (d) 20 torr (d) Van’t Hoff law
21. If an aqueous solution of glucose is allowed to freeze, 31. Among the following substances the lowest vapour
then crystals of which substance will be separated and pressure is exerted by
first? (a) Water (b) Alcohol
(a) Glucose (c) Ether (d) Mercury
(b) Water 32. Partial pressure of a solution component is directly
(c) Both of these proportional to its mole fraction. This is known as
(d) None of these (a) Henry’s law
22. Two solutions of a substance (non-electrolyte) are (b) Raoult’s law
mixed in the following mariner: 480 ML of 1.5 M of first (c) Distribution law
solution + 520 ML of 1.2 M second solution. What is the (d) Ostawald’s dilution law
molarity of the final mixture?
33. Which of the following solutions shows positive
(a) 1.20 M (b) 1.50 M
deviation from Raoult’s law?
(c) 1.344 M (d) 2.70 M
(a) Acetone + Aniline
23. If a is the degree of dissociation of Na2SO4.the Van’t (b) Acetone + Ethanol
Hoff factor (i) used for calculating the molecular mass (c) Water + Nitric acid
is (d) Chloroform + Benzene
(a) 1.+ α (b) 1.– α
(c) 1.+ 2α (d) 1.– 2α 34. The system that forms maximum boiling azetrope is
(a) Acetone-chloroform
24. X is dissolved in water. Maximum boiling point is (b) ethanol-acetone
observed when X is ………… (0.1 M each) (c) n-hexane-n-heptane
(a) CuSO4 (b) BaCl2 (d) carbon disulphide-acetone
(c) NaCl (d) Urea
35. A plant cell shrinks when it is kept in a
25. The mole fraction of the solute in one molal aqueous (a) Hypotonic solution
solution is (b) Hypertonic solution
(a) 0.027 (b) 0.036 (c) Isotonic solution
(c) 0.018 (d) 0.019
(d) Pure water
26. The atmospheric pollution is generally measured in the
36. The relative lowering in vapour pressure is
units of
proportional to the ratio of number of
(a) Mass percentage (b) Volume percentage
(a) Solute molecules to solvent molecules
(c) Volume fraction (d) ppm
(b) Solvent molecules to solute molecules
27. A 5% solution of cane-sugar (molecular weight = 342) (c) Solute molecules to the total number of molecules
is isotonic with 1% solution of substance A. The in solution
molecular weight of X is (d) Solvent molecules to the total number of molecules
(a) 342 (b) 171.2 in solution
(c) 68.4 (d) 136.8
37. The osmotic pressure of a solution can be increased by
28. H2S is a toxic gas used in qualitative analysis. If (a) Increasing the volume
solubility of H2S in water at STP is 0.195 M. what is the (b) Increasing the number of solute molecules
value of KH? (c) Decreasing the temperature
(a) 0.0263 bar (b) 69.16 bar (d) Removing semipermeable membrane
(c) 192 bar (d) 282 bar 38. Sprinkling of salt helps in clearing the snow covered
29. Atomic mass is equal to roads in hills. The phenomenon involved in the process
(a) Number of electrons of an atom is
(b) Sum of the numbers of electrons and protons of an (a) Lowering in vapour pressure of snow
atom (b) Depression in freezing point of snow
(c) Sum of the numbers of neutrons and protons of an (c) Melting of ice due to increase in temperature by
atom putting salt
(d) None of these (d) Increase in freezing point of snow

11
39. For carrying reverse osmosis for desalination of water (d) Hydrogen in palladium
the material used for making semipermeable
50. Maximum amount of a solid solute that can be
membrane is
dissolved in a specified amount of a given liquid solvent
(a) Potassium nitrate (b) Parchment membrane
does not depend upon ________.
(c) Cellulose acetate (d) Cell membrane
(a) Temperature (b) Nature of solute
40. At equilibrium the rate of dissociation of a solid solute (c) Pressure (d) Nature of solvent
in a volatile liquid solvent is
(a) Less than the rate of crystallisation ASSERTION AND REASON
(b) Greater than the rate of crystallisation
(c) Equal to the rate of crystallisation Q1. Assertion: Molarity of a solution in liquid state
(d) Zero changes with temperature.
41. Which of the following fluoride is used as rat poison? Reason: The volume of a solution changes with change
(a) CaF2 (b) KF in temperature.
(c) NaF (d) MgF2 (a) If both Assertion and Reason are correct and the
Reason is a correct explanation of the Assertion.
42. Most of the processes in our body occur in (b) If both Assertion and Reason are correct but Reason
(a) Solid solution is not a correct explanation of the Assertion.
(b) Liquid solution (c) If the Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect.
(c) Gaseous solution (d) If both the Assertion and Reason are incorrect.
(d) Colloidal solution Q2. Assertion: If a liquid solute more volatile than the
43. The term homogenous mixtures signifies that solvent is added to the solvent, the vapour pressure of
(a) Its composition is uniform throughout the mixture. the solution may increase i.e., ps > po.
(b) Its properties are uniform throughout the mixture. Reason: In the presence of a more volatile liquid
(c) Both composition and properties are uniform solute, only the solute will form the vapours and
throughout the mixture. solvent will not.
(d) Neither composition nor properties are uniform (a) If both Assertion and Reason are correct and the
throughout the mixture. Reason is a correct explanation of the Assertion.
(b) If both Assertion and Reason are correct but Reason
44. Which of the following is a quantitative description of is not a correct explanation of the Assertion.
the solution? (c) If the Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect.
(a) Dilute (b) Concentrated (d) If both the Assertion and Reason are incorrect.
(c) Saturated (d) Molar
45. When a solute is present in trace quantities the Q3. Assertion: If one component of a solution obeys
following expression is used Raoult’s law over a certain range of composition, the
(a) Gram per million (b) Milligram percent other component will not obey Henry’s law in that
(c) Microgram percent (d) Parts per million range.
Reason: Raoult’s law is a special case of Henry’s law.
46. What weight of glycerol should be added to 600 g of (a) If both Assertion and Reason are correct and the
water in order to lower its freezing point by 10°C ? Reason is a correct explanation of the Assertion.
(a) 496 g (b) 297 g (b) If both Assertion and Reason are correct but Reason
(c) 310 g (d) 426 g is not a correct explanation of the Assertion.
47. What will be the degree of dissociation of 0.1 M (c) If the Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect.
Mg(NO3)2. solution if van’t Hoff factor (d) If both the Assertion and Reason are incorrect.
is 2.74? Q4. Assertion: Azeotropic mixtures are formed only by
(a) 75% (b) 87% non-ideal solutions and they may have boiling points
(c) 100% (d) 92% either greater than both the components or less than
48. If 2 gm of NaOH is present is 200 Ml of its solution, its both the components.
molarity will be Reason: The composition of the vapour phase is same
(a) 0.25 (b) 0.5 as that of the liquid phase of an azeotropic mixture.
(c) 5 (d) 10 (a) If both Assertion and Reason are correct and the
Reason is a correct explanation of the Assertion.
49. From the below options, choose the correct example (b) If both Assertion and Reason are correct but
for gaseous solutions. Reason is not a correct explanation of the
(a) Oxygen dissolved in water Assertion.
(b) Camphor in nitrogen gas (c) If the Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect.
(c) Carbon dioxide dissolved in water (d) If both the Assertion and Reason are incorrect.

12
 Q2. A mixture of benzene and toluene is an ideal solution.
TRUE AND FALSE (a) True (b) False

Q1. For the same solution, the elevation in boiling point has Q3. For an ideal solution, ΔVmixing ≠ 0.
higher values than depression in freezing point. (a) True (b) False.
(a) True (b) False

PRACTICE QUESTIONS (MCQ)

Q1. Which of the following is not an example of a non-ideal Q9. Consider 100 ml of 0.3 molar solution formed by
solution showing negative deviation? dissolving 3.33g of XCl2 in water. What is the molar
(a) Carbon tetrachloride + Toluene mass of element X? (Atomic mass of Cl = 35.5)
(b) HNO3 + Water (a) 9 (b) 24
(c) HCl + Water (c) 40 (d) 87
(d) Acetic acid + Pyridine Q10. Iron (III) oxide chunks contain 80 ppm silica (SiO2).
Q2. Which of the following is not an example of an Ideal What is the concentration of this impurity in mass%?
solution? (a) 8.000% (b) 0.008%
(a) Benzene + Toluene (c) 0.080% (d) 0.800%
(b) n-Hexane + n-Heptane Q11. What is the mole fraction of glycerin C3H5(OH)3 in a
(c) Ethyl alcohol + Water solution containing 33g of glycerin, 60g isopropyl
(d) Ethyl bromide + Ethyl chloride alcohol and rest water?
Q3. If 2 L, 4 L and 6 L of three separate solutions of (a) 0.359 (b) 0.258
concentrations 1 M, 2 M and 3 M, respectively, are (c) 0.205 (d) 0.480
mixed together then what is the concentration of the Q12. What is the normality of lead (II) nitrate if the density
resultant mixture? of its 26% (w/w) aqueous solution is 3.105 g/mL?
(a) 1.500 M (b) 2.333 M Take molar mass of lead (II) nitrate to be 331g/mol.
(c) 6.000 M (d) 3.333 M (a) 0.488 N
Q4. What is a solution called when the concentration of the (b) 2.437 N
(c) 4.878 N
solute equals its solubility in the solvent?
(d) 0.243 N
(a) Dilute
(b) Saturated Q13. What is the observation on adding a solute crystal to a
(c) Unsaturated supersaturated solution?
(d) Supersaturated (a) The solute precipitates out of the solution
(b) It becomes a colloidal solution
Q5. What is the molality of a solution formed when 58.5g
(c) The solute dissolves in the solution
of NaCl is dissolved in 2000 mL of water?
(d) The solution desaturates
(a) 0.2925 m (b) 29.2500 m
(c) 0.5000 m (d) 0.0005 m Q14. What is pumice stone an example of?
(a) Solid aerosol (b) Emulsion
Q6. In a saturated solution with endothermic dissolution, (c) Liquid aerosol (d) Solid foam
how does the concentration of dissolved solute change
with increasing then decreasing temperature? Q15. Which of the following is a true solution?
(a) Keeps increasing (a) Starch solution (b) Salt solution
(b) Keeps decreasing (c) Ink (d) Blood
(c) Increases and decreases Q16. What is camphor in N2 gas an example of?
(d) Decreases and increases (a) Gas in gas solution
Q7. Calculate the mole fraction of A if 25g of it is dissolved (b) Solid in liquid solution
in 50 moles of B. Given the molar mass of A is 25 (c) Liquid in gas solution
g/mole. (d) Solid in gas solution
(a) 0.9259 (b) 0.0196 Q17. What is an alloy of copper and zinc called?
(c) 0.5000 (d) 0.3333 (a) Solder (b) Bronze
Q8. What is the molarity of a 15 ml, 2 M aqueous solution (c) German silver (d) Brass
when 285 ml of water is added to it? Q18. Which of the following is not a solid solution?
(a) 0.105 M (b) 0.400 M (a) Brass (b) Bronze
(c) 0.100 M (d) 0.111 M (c) Hydrated salts (d) Aerated drinks

13
 The loss in weight of solution is 2.5 g and that of pure
Q19. Acetic acid associates as dimers in benzene. What is the
solvent is 0.05 g. calculate the molecular weight of the
Van’t Hoff factor (i) if the degree of association of acetic
solute.
acid is 50%?
(a) 50
(a) 0.40 (b) 0.25
(b) 180
(c) 0.50 (d) 0.75
(c) 100
Q20. The pH of a 2 M solution of a weak monobasic acid (HA) (d) 25
is 4. What is the value of the Van’t Hoff factor? (e) 51
(a) 1.00005 (b) 0.00005
Q30. Which of the following is correct?
(c) 1.005 (d) 1.0005
(a) Relative lowering of vapour pressure is
Q21. Osmotic pressure of 0.4% urea solution is 1.64 atm and independent of the nature of the solute and the
that of 3.42% cane sugar is 2.46 atm. When the above solvent
two solutions are mixed, the osmotic pressure of the (b) The relative lowering of vapour pressure is a
resulting solution is colligative property
(a) 0.82 atm (b) 2.06 atm (c) Vapour pressure of a solution is lower than the
(c) 1.64 tm (d) 4.10 atm vapour pressure of the solvent
(d) The relative lowering of vapour pressure is directly
Q22. Relative lowering of vapour pressure of a dilute
proportional to the original pressure.
solution is 0.2. What is the mole fraction of the non-
volatile solute?
(a) 0.8 (b) 0.5
ASSERTION AND REASON
(c) 0.3 (d) 0.2
Q1. Assertion: When a solution is separated from the pure
Q23. Depression in freezing point is 6 K for NaCl solution if solvent by a semi- permeable membrane, the solvent
kf for water is 1.86 K/kg/mol, amount of NaCl dissolved molecules pass through it from pure solvent side to the
in 1 kg water is solution side
(a) 3.42 (b) 1.62 Reason: Diffusion of solvent occurs from a region of
(c) 3.24 (d) 1.71 high concentration solution to a region of low
Q24. If a solution containing 0.072 g atom of sulphur in 100 concentration solution.
g of a solvent gave a freezing point depression of 0.84 (a) If both Assertion and Reason are correct and the
0C, the molecular formula of sulphur in the solution is Reason is a correct explanation of the Assertion.
(a) S6 (b) S7 (b) If both Assertion and Reason are correct but Reason
(c) S8 (d) S9 is not a correct explanation of the Assertion.
(c) If the Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect.
Q25. The magnitude of colligative properties in all colloidal (d) If both the Assertion and Reason are incorrect.
dispersions is ….than solution
(a) Lower (b) Higher Q2. Assertion: When NaCl is added to water a depression
(c) Both (d) None in freezing point is observed.
Reason: The lowering of vapour pressure of a solution
Q26. The molar freezing point constant for water is causes depression in the freezing point.
1860C/mol. If 342 g of cane sugar is dissolved in 1000 (a) If both Assertion and Reason are correct and the
g of water, the solution will freeze at Reason is a correct explanation of the Assertion.
(a) -1.86 0C (b) 1.86 0C (b) If both Assertion and Reason are correct but Reason
(c) 3.92 C
0 (d) 2.42 0C is not a correct explanation of the Assertion.
Q27. The movement of solvent molecules through a (c) If the Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect.
semipermeable membrane is called (d) If both the Assertion and Reason are incorrect.
(a) Electrolysis Q3. Assertion: When methyl alcohol is added to water,
(b) Electrophoresis boiling point of water increases.
(c) Osmosis Reason: When a volatile solute is added to a volatile
(d) Cataphoresis solvent elevation in boiling point is observed.
(a) If both Assertion and Reason are correct and the
Q28. The osmotic pressure of 0.2 molar solution of urea at Reason is a correct explanation of the Assertion.
270C is (b) If both Assertion and Reason are correct but
(a) 4.92 atm (b) 1 atm Reason is not a correct explanation of the
(c) 0.2 atm (d) 27 atm Assertion.
Q29. Dry air is passed through a solution containing 10 g of (c) If the Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect.
a solute in 90 g of water and then through pure water. (d) If both the Assertion and Reason are incorrect.

14
Q4. Assertion: 1 M solution of KCl has greater osmotic
TRUE AND FALSE
pressure than 1 M solution of glucose at the same
temperature. Q1. A solution shows positive deviation from Raoult's law
when A−B molecular interaction forces are stronger
Reason: In solution, KCl dissociates to produce more
thanA−A or B−B interaction forces.
number of particles. (a) True
(a) If both Assertion and Reason are correct and the (b) False

Reason is a correct explanation of the Assertion. Q2. Lowering of vapour pressure is a colligative property.
(a) True
(b) If both Assertion and Reason are correct but (b) false
Reason is not a correct explanation of the Q3. The relative lowering of vapour pressure for a solution
Assertion. is equal to the mole fraction of solute present in the
solution.
(c) If the Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect. (a) True
(d) If both the Assertion and Reason are incorrect. (b) False

SOLUTIONS MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. (c) m, x Hence, its Van't Hoff's factor 'i' is 2.
Molality (m) and mole fraction (x) involves only
6. (b) nature of the solvent.
mass and do not depend upon volume. Hence,
these are independent of temperature. 7. (d) All of the above
π=CRT
2. (b) positive deviation from Raoult’s Law.
From above we can say that,
The mixture shows positive deviations from
The molecular concentration of solute
Raoult's law.
The absolute temperature at a given concentration
Positive deviations from Raoult's law are noticed
The lowering of vapour pressure as it is colligative
when
property and depends on no of the molecule.
(i) Exp. value of vapour pressure of mixture is
more than calculated value. 8. (a) Osmotic pressure
(ii) Exp. value of b.pt. of mixture is less than A colligative property is a property of a solution
calculated value. that is dependent on the ratio between the total
(iii) Δmixing =+ve number of solute particles to the total number of
(iv) ΔVmixing = +ve solvent particles. The four colligative properties
that can be exhibited by a solution are:
3. (b) 0.1 M Urea
Boiling point elevation
as the concentration of all the three compounds
Freezing point depression
are the same, the boiling point will be compared by
Relative lowering of vapour pressure
using the Van't Hoff factor.
Osmotic pressure
The van't hoff factor for the compounds will be as
below 9. (a) Potassium sulphate
KCl : 2 Urea and glucose do not dissociate in solution.
urea : 1 Sodium chloride gives two ions and potassium
AlCl3 : 4 sulphate gives three ions per formula unit.
So the lowest van't hoff factor is of urea and Therefore, the effective number of particles is
therefore it will have the lowest boiling point. maximum in potassium sulphate , and it shows the
maximum depression in freezing point.
4. (b) increase the boiling point
10. (b) 6.3 gm
5. (d) the extent of dissociation of solute.
The Van't Hoff's factor 'i' accounts for the extent of 11. (a) 1 M NaCl
dissociation of solute. The colligative ions in Nacl solution will exert the
For example, one molecule of NaCl completely highest osmotic pressure due to a large number of
dissociates to produce two ions. ions.
NaCl → Na+ + Cl-

15
12. (c) Sugar solution ΔTb = i × Kb × m among all of the above NaCl have
we have, elevation in boiling point high concentration and on dissociation give two
ions, thus it has the highest Boiling point.
13. (c) -0.186 degree C

14. (a) >1

We know that,
i= number of molecules after association/dissociation
number of molecules before association/dissociation
After dissociation number of molecules increases. Therefore i >1
15. (c) Raoult's law ΔTb = Kb × molality
Raoult's law : According to this law, the partial
20. (c) 72 torr
pressure of any volatile constituents of a solution
The formula for calculating the vapour pressure of
at a constant temperature is equal to the vapour
a solution is given by:
pressure of pure constituents multiplied by the
PT = PP 0χP + PQ 0χQ
mole fraction of that constituent in the solution.
Where PT = Vapour pressure of the solution
16. (d) Molality PP = Vapour pressure of liquid 'P' in pure state
No. of moles of solute per kg of solvent, molality is PQ = Vapour pressure of liquid 'Q' in pure state
independent of temperature χP = Mole fraction of liquid P in the solution
χQ = Mole fraction of liquid Q in the solution
17. (c) 400
In this question,
Mass of solute (i.e. concentration of F- ion) = 0.2 g
PP = 80
in 500 g
PQ = 60
Concentration in ppm = weight of fluoride ion
moles of P=3 and Q=2 int the solution, So total
(g)/total weight of toothpaste (g) x 106
moles = 5
Concentration of fluoride ion in ppm
χP = 0.6
=0.2/500×106 = 400 ppm
χQ = 0.4
18. (a) 0.15 mol L-1 Hence PT = 80 x 0.6 + 60 x 0.4 = S72.
NaCl should lie isotonic with blood
21. (b) Water
πblood =CNaCl RT × i
Freezing point is the temperature at which the
7.8 = C × 0.0821 × 310 × 2 liquid and the solid form of the same substance are
C = 0.153mole-1 in equilibrium and hence have the same vapour
pressure. Due to lower vapour pressure of the
19. (c) Same Boiling and same freezing point
solution, solid form of a solution separates out at a
Boiling point and freezing point depend on Kb
lower temperature. The decrease is called
(molal elevation constant) and Kf (molal
depression in freezing point.
depression constant) of the solvent. Thus
equimolar solution (of the non-electrolyte) will When solid is the solute, it is solvent that freezes.
have same boiling point and also same freezing Hence in the given question water will be
point. separated out first.
ΔTf = Kf × molality
22. (c) 1.344 M

16
23. (c) 1 + 2α

24. (a) BaCl2 Henry's law states that the solubility of a gas in a
The Barium chloride will be 0.1 mole L-1 with liquid is directly proportional to the partial
respect to Ba2+ but 0.2 mol L-1 with respect to Cl-. pressure of the gas present above the surface of
Since, Barium chloride solution contains the the liquid or solution.
greatest number of solute particles, we would p=KHX
predict that this solution should exhibit the 31. (d) Mercury
highest boiling point. Vapor pressure of mercury is very low (compared
25. (c) 0.018 to a liquid like methyl alcohol) because the forces
of interaction between the individual metal atoms
of mercury is quite a bit stronger than the cohesive
molecular forces (such as a hydrogen bonding)
that holds together several molecules in case of
alcohols, ethers and water.
32. (b) Raoult's law
It is statement of Raoult- law. Mathematically,
Psolution ∝ Xsolvent
26. (d) ppm 33. (b) Acetone + Ethanol
Since the amount of pollutants present in Acetone + ethanol is an example of solutions
atmosphere is very small, atmospheric pollution is showing positive deviation from Raoult's law .
measured in parts per million (ppm) Since acetone -ethanol attractions are weaker than
27. (c) S68.4 acetone-acetone and ethanol-ethanol attractions
Given 5% solution of Cane Sugar 34. (a) Acetone-chloroform
⇒5g of solute present in 100ml of solution A mixture of chloroform and acetone forms a
For isotonic solutions π1 = π2 solution with negative deviation from Raoult’s law.
⇒c1 = c2 This is because chloroform molecule is able to
form hydrogen bond with acetone molecule as
shown.
M2 = S68.4
This decreases the escaping tendency of molecules
28. (d) 282 bar for each component and consequently the vapour
pressure decreases resulting in negative deviation
from Raoult’s law.
The solutions that show large negative deviation
from Raoult’s law form maximum boiling
azeotrope at a specific composition
35. (b) hypertonic solution
Hypertonic solution has high osmotic pressure.
When a plant cell is placed in hypertonic solution
water will diffuse out of the cell resulting in
shrinking of the cell.
36. (c) solute molecules to the total number of molecules
in solution
29. (c) sum of the numbers of neutrons and protons of an Relative lowering of vapour pressure. The vapour
atom pressure of a liquid is the pressure of the vapour
Atomic mass of an element is equal to the sum of which is in equilibrium with that liquid. The
proton and neutrons. vapour pressure of a solvent is lowered when a
non-volatile solute is dissolved in it to form a
30. (b) Henry's law solution.

17
 Molarity = moles of solute / volume of solution in
37. (b) increasing the number of solute molecules
litre
π = n/V (RT)
2. (c) When a volatile solute is added to volatile solvent
38. (b) depression in freezing point of snow
then the number of vapors formed will be more as
When salt is spread over snow covered roads,
both of them will escape now .Otherwise , if the
snow starts melting from the surface because of
solute is non-volatile then some surface gets
the depression in freezing point of water and it
occupied by non-volatile component and escaping
helps in clearing the roads.
tendency decreases
39. (c) cellulose acetate Reason: It is false.
Solubility changes with temperature. A plant cell In the presence of volatile solute, solvent can also
shrinks in hypertonic solution. Relative lowering form vapours.
of vapour pressure is a colligative property. 3. (b) Raoult's law holds over the entire concentration
range x = 0 to 1 in a binary solution then, for the
40. (c) equal to the rate of crystallisation
second component, the same must also hold.
At equilibrium the rate of dissolution of solid in a
volatile liquid solvent is equal to the rate of If deviations from the ideal are not too large,
crystallisation. Raoult's law is still valid in a narrow concentration
range when approaching x = 1. for the majority
41. (c) Sodium fluoride is used as rat poison.
phase (the solvent) The solute also shows a linear
42. (b) Almost all the processes in our body occur in liquid limiting law, but with a different coefficient. This
solution. law is known as Henry's Law.
43. (c) In homogeneous mixtures composition and S4. (b) Non-ideal solutions with positive deviation i.e.,
properties both are uniform throughout the having more vapour pressure than expected, boil
mixture. at lower temperature while those with negative
deviation boil at higher temperature than those of
S44. (d) Dilute, concentrated and saturated terms are
the components.
qualitative methods of description of
concentration of solution whereas molar or
molarity is quantitative method.
TRUE AND FALSE

45. (d) parts per million 1. (b) Hint: Colligative properties: These are
46. (b) 297 g properties of solutions that rely on the ratio of the
number of solute particles to the number of
47. (b) 87% solvent molecules in a solution.
48. (a) 0.25 2. (a) When benzene and toluene are mixed, the reaction
49. (b) does not result in any decrease or increase in the
intermolecular attractive forces. So, a mixture of
50. (c) Pressure benzene and toluene forms an ideal solution.

ASSERTION AND REASON 3. (b) In ideal solution, the volume of the solution is the
algebric sum of the volumes of the components
before mixing. It means there is no change in
1. (a) Volume of solutions is a function of temperature
volume on mixing is zero .i.e. ΔVmix = 0
which varies with temperature. Hence, molarity of
solution in liquid sate changes with temperature. The solution generally tends to become ideal when
they are dilute .It must obey the Raoult's law..

PRACTICE SOLUTIONS
1. (a) HNO3 + Water, HCl + Water and Acetic acid + solvent in any proportion. Ethyl alcohol + Water
Pyridine are non-ideal solutions showing is a Non-Ideal solution.
negative deviations. Carbon tetrachloride +
3. (b) Given,
Toluene is an example of non-ideal solution
V1 = 2 L
showing positive deviation.
V2 = 4 L
2. (c) An ideal solution may be defined as the solution V3 = 6L
in which no volume change and no enthalpy M1 = 1 M
change take place on mixing the solute and the M2 = 2 M

18
 M3 = 3 M Number of moles,n = concentration (mole/L)
Resultant concentration, MR = (M1V1 + M2V2 + ×volume (L)
M3V3)/(V1 + V2 + V3) n = 0.3 mole/L × 0.1 L = 0.03 moles
MR = ( 2 × 1 + 4 × 2 + 6 × 3 )/( 2 + 4 + 6) = 2.333 0.03 moles of XCl2 corresponds to 3.33g, then 1
M. mole contains 3.33/0.03 = 111 g of XCl2.
4. (b) Saturated solutions are those which contain Hence, molecular mass = 111 g/mole.
maximum amount of solute that is soluble and Let x be the atomic mass. Then –
cannot be further dissolved. Dilute solutions have 111 = x + 2(35.5)
a very low concentration of the salt. Unsaturated x = 40g/mole.
solutions have concentration of solute lesser than 10. (b) 80 ppm silica means there are 80 mg of silica is
its solubility. Supersaturated solutions contain 106 mg (or 1 kg) of iron (III) oxide and silica
more amount of solute than how much is soluble mixture. The mixture can be regarded as 106 mg
in the solvent. In other words, adding more solute (or 1 kg) of iron (III) oxide since 80<<106
to a saturated solution results in a supersaturated Mass% = (mass of impurity/mass of total
solution. mixture) ×100%
5. (c) Given, Mass% = (80mg/106mg) × 100% = 0.008%.
Mass of NaCl, m = 58.5 g 11. (c) Mw of glycerin = 92g/mol. Number of moles of
Moles of NaCl, n = mass/molar mass glycerin = 33/92 = 0.3587 mol
n = 58.5g/(58.5 g/mole) = 1 mole Number of moles of isopropyl alcohol =
Molality = moles of solute/mass of solvent (in kg) 60g/(60g/mole) = 1 mole
Volume of solvent = 2000 ml = 2 L
Number of moles of water = 7g/(18g/mole) =
Mass of solvent = volume × density = 2 L × 1 kg/L
0.3889 mole
= 2 kg
Mole fraction of glycerin = 0.3587/(0.3587 + 1 +
6. (d) When a solution is saturated a thermodynamic 0.3889) = 0.205.
equilibrium exists between the undissolved
12. (c) Consider 100g of solution. It is made up of 26g
solute and dissolved solute. Since the dissolution
lead (II) nitrate and 74g water.
process here is mentioned as endothermic
Volume of solution, V = 100g/(3.105g/ml) =
increasing and decreasing temperatures will
32.2061 ml = 0.0322 L
decrease and increase the concentration,
respectively, as given by Le Chatelier’s Principle Equivalent weight of lead nitrate = 331/2 = 165.5
of equilibrium. g/eq
Number of equivalents, N = 26g/(165.5g/eq) =
7. (b) Given, 0.1571 eq
Mass of A, mA = 25g Normality = N/V = 4.878 N.
Molar mass of A = 25 g/mole
Number of moles of A, nA = mA/MA = 25/25 = 1 13. (a) When a solute crystal is added to a
mole supersaturated solution, solute particles leave
Number of moles of B, nB = 50 moles the solution and forms a crystalline precipitate.
Mole fraction of A, xA = nA/(nA+nB) = 1/(1 + 50) = The addition of the solute crystal is also called
0.0196. seeding.

8. (c) Given, 14. (d) There are 8 types of colloidal solutions namely
Initial concentration, M1 = 2 M solid sol, sol, solid aerosol, gel, emulsion, liquid
Initial total volume, V1 = 15 ml aerosol, solid foam and foam. Pumice stone is a
Final total volume, V2 = 15 + 285 = 300 ml gas in solid type colloidal solution, i.e., solid foam.
Final concentration, M2 = to be found 15. (b) A true solution is a homogeneous mixture of two
Before and after adding water number of moles of
or more materials with a particle size of less than
solute remain constant since it does not react
10-9 m or 1 nm dissolved in the solvent. Ink, blood
with water.
and starch solution are colloidal solutions. A
Number of moles = concentration × volume
simple solution of salt in water is a true solution.
Thus, M1 × V1 = M2 × V2
On substituting, M2 = (2 x 15)/300 = 0.1 M. 16. (d) Camphor in N2 gas is an example of solid in gas
gaseous solution. A solution in which the solvent
9. (c) Given,
is gaseous is called gaseous solution. Some other
Concentration, c = 0.3 mole/L
examples of gaseous solutions are air (O2 + N2),
Volume, v = 100 ml = 0.1 L
Iodine vapours in air, humidity in air, etc.

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17. (d) An alloy of copper and zinc is called Brass. 19. (d) Given,
German silver is an alloy of copper, zinc and Degree of association (α) = 50% = 0.5
nickel, sometimes also containing lead and tin. Number of molecules associated (n) = 2
Bronze is an alloy of copper and tin. Solder is an Let the Van’t Hoff factor = i
alloy of tin, lead and antimony. We know that for solutes that associate in
solution, i = 1 + ((1/n) -1) × α
18. (d) A solid solution is a solid-state solution of one or
= 1 + ((1/2) – 1) × 0.5
more solutes in a solvent. Brass, bronze, and
= 1 – (0.5 × 0.5)
hydrated salts are examples of solid solutions.
= 0.75
Aerated drinks are examples of liquid solutions
Therefore, the Van’t Hoff factor is equal to 0.75.
(gas in liquid).
20. (a) pH = 4 means [H+] = 10-4 M

21. (b) 𝛥Tf – Kf.m = 1860

𝛥Tf = Tf0 – Tf
Tf = -186 0C
22. (d) According to Raoult's law the relative lowering in
vapour pressure of an ideal solution containing 27. (c) The phenomenon in which, when two solutions of
the non-volatile solute is equal to the mole different concentration (one may be solvent) are
fraction of the solute. kept separated by semipermeable membrane, the
∵ Relative lowering of vapour pressure solvent molecules start flowing from dilute
=0.2 solution to concentrate solution. This is called
∴ Mole-fraction of the solute =0.2 osmosis. Osmosis is a slow process and keeps on
happening until the concentration of both
solutions become equal.
28. (a)

29. (c)

23. (b)
24. (a) [HINT] given, mass of solvent = 100 g
Depression in freezing point = 0.84 0C
Kf = 7.0
𝛥Tf = 1000 × Kf/ n × w (w/M)
25. (a) The magnitude of colligative properties in all
colloidal solutions are much lower than solution
because colloidal particles exist as aggregates.
For a given mass of substance, the number of
30. (d) According to Raoult's law, the relative lowering
colloidal particles present in the colloidal solution
in vapour pressure of a dilute solution is equal to
of the substance will be much less than the
mole fraction of the solute present in the solution.
number of particles present in its true solution.
26. (a) molality of cane sugar 342/342 × 1 = 1 m

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 ASSERTION AND REASONING TRUE AND FALSE
1. (b) When a solution is separated from the pure
1. (b) In case of positive deviation from Raoult’s law, A-
solvent by a semipermeable membrane, the
B interactions are weaker than those between A-
solvent molecules pass through it from pure
A or B-BIn this case the intermolecular attractive
solvent side to the solution side. Solvent
forces between the solute-solvent molecules are
molecules always flow firm lower concentration
weaker than those between the solute-solute and
to higher concentration of solution.
solvent-solvent molecules. This means that in
2. (a) When NaCl is added to water a depression in such solutions, molecules of A will find it easier to
freezing point is observed. This is due to lowering escape than in pure state. This will increase the
of vapour pressure of a solution. Lowering of vapour pressure in positive deviation.
vapour pressure is observed due to
2. (a) Relative Lowering of Vapour Pressure depend on
intermolecular interaction of solvent-solute
the number of solute particles irrespective of
particles.
their nature relative to the total number of
3. (d) Elevation of boiling-point describes that the particles present in the solution. Such properties
boiling point of a liquid (a solvent) will be higher are called colligative properties. Hence, Lowering
when another compound is added to it, meaning of vapour pressure is a colligative property.
that a solution has a higher boiling point than a
3. (a) The vapour pressure of a liquid is the pressure of
pure solvent.
the vapour which is in equilibrium with that
liquid. The vapour pressure of a solvent is
This happens whenever a non-volatile solute,
lowered when a non-volatile solute is dissolved in
such as a salt, is added to a pure solvent, such as
it to form a solution. The reduction of vapour
water.
pressure of solvent is: P = x⋅po where, P is a
When methanol is added to water, the boiling vapour pressure of the solution. po is a vapour
point of water decreases. pressure of the pure solvent. Relative lowering of
vapour pressure is P/p0 = x
When a more volatile solute is added to the
volatile solvent vapour pressure of solvent Where x is mole fraction of solute .Hence, the
increases due to an elevation in boiling point relative lowering of vapour pressure for a
colligative property. solution is equal to the mole fraction of solute
present in the solution
4. (a)

CHEMISTRY
BY- DEEPAK SHUKLA SIR
FOR- CBSE(XI, XII) IIT-JEE, NEET
MO:7982534430

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