Zeal Polytechnic, Pune.: Second Year (Sy) Diploma in Mechanical Engineering Scheme: I Semester: Iii

Zeal Education Society’s
ZEAL POLYTECHNIC, PUNE.

NARHE │PUNE -41 │ INDIA
SECOND YEAR (SY)

DIPLOMA IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
SCHEME: I SEMESTER: III
NAME OF SUBJECT: Thermal Engineering

Subject Code: 22329
MSBTE QUESTION PAPERS & MODEL ANSWERS

1. MSBTE WINTER-18 EXAMINATION
2. MSBTE SUMMER-19 EXAMINATION
3. MSBTE WINTER-19 EXAMINATION
Page 1 of 10
22329
11819
3 Hours / 70 Marks Seat No.
Instructions – (1) All Questions are Compulsory.

(2) Answer each next main Question on a new page.
(3) Illustrate your answers with neat sketches wherever
necessary.
(4) Figures to the right indicate full marks.
(5) Assume suitable data, if necessary.
(6) Use of Non-programmable Electronic Pocket
Calculator is permissible.
(7) Mobile Phone, Pager and any other Electronic
Communication devices are not permissible in
Examination Hall.
Marks
1. Attempt any FIVE of the following: 10

a) Define the term related to power amplifier.
(i) Efficiency
(ii) Voltage gain
b) List any four applications of RC coupled amplifier.
c) State the role of tuned LC circuit in tuned amplifier.
d) List different types of feedback amplifiers.
e) List the advantages of negative feedback over positive feedback.
f) Compare amplifier and oscillator.
g) State use of heat sink.
P.T.O.
22329 [2]
Marks
2. Attempt any THREE of the following: 12
a) Explain with the help of waveforms, the working principle
of single stage CE amplifier.
b) Compare positive and negative feedback.
c) Define oscillator and state the Barkhausen criterion for the
generation of sustained oscillations.
d) Explain the working of SMPS with neat block diagram.

a) Explain with sketch the working of class B push pull amplifier.
b) Compare different types of power amplifier on basis of -
(i) Efficiency
(ii) Power dissipation in transistor.
(iii) Conduction angle of collector current
(iv) Position of Q.
c) Draw miller sweep generation and give its applications.
d) Sketch the circuit diagram for dual voltage regulator using IC
78XX and 79XX to obtain ±12 V output.

a) State the necessity of regulated power supply. Define load
and line regulation.
b) Explain the working principle of crystal oscillator with diagram.
c) Compare the performance of current series and current shunt
feedback amplifier.
d) Describe with help of circuit diagram working of class A power
amplifier.
e) Compare single tuned and double tuned amplifier with respect
to operating principle, frequency response, efficiency and
applications.
22329 [3]
Marks
5. Attempt any TWO of the following: 12
a) Explain with diagram the working of phase shift oscillator.
Also a phase shift oscillator has R = 220 kΩ and C = 500 pf.
Calculate the frequency of sine wave generated by the oscillator.
b) Explain operation of FET common source amplifier with
applications.
c) Explain with circuit diagram and waveform the operation of
class AB push pull power amplifier.

a) Explain stagger tuned amplifier with the help of waveforms.
b) Draw the circuit of complementary, symmetry push pull amplifier
and explain its working.
c) In voltage amplifier output voltage without negative feedback is
10 V. If 25% of output voltage is feedback in series with input
voltage. Find feedback voltage, also give value of the feedback
factor.
MAHARASHTRASTATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
MODEL ANSWER
WINTER– 18 EXAMINATION
Subject Title: Applied Electronics Subject Code: 22329
3 Hours / 70 Marks
Important Instructions to examiners:
1) The answers should be examined by key words and not as word-to-word as given in the model answer
scheme.
2) The model answer and the answer written by candidate may vary but the examiner may try to assess the
understanding level of the candidate.
3) The language errors such as grammatical, spelling errors should not be given more Importance (Not
applicable for subject English and Communication Skills.
4) While assessing figures, examiner may give credit for principal components indicated in the figure. The
figures drawn by candidate and model answer may vary. The examiner may give credit for anyequivalent
figure drawn.
5) Credits may be given step wise for numerical problems. In some cases, the assumed constant values may
vary and there may be some difference in the candidate’s answers and model answer.
6) In case of some questions credit may be given by judgement on part of examiner of relevant answer based
on candidate’s understanding.
7) For programming language papers, credit may be given to any other program based on equivalent concept.
Q. Sub Marking
Answer
No. Q.N. Scheme
10-Total
Q.1 Attempt any FIVE of the following :
Marks
a) Define the term related to power amplifier.
(i) Efficiency
2M
(ii) Voltage gain
Ans: (i) Efficiency: Efficiency of the power amplifier is defined as the ratio of maximum
a.c. output power to the d.c. input power.
Mathematically,
1 Mark
for each
definati
(ii) Voltage gain: Voltage gain of the power amplifier is defined as the ratio of output on
voltage to the input voltage.
Mathematically,
Page1
(Autonomous)
b) List any four applications of RC coupled amplifier. 2M
Applications of RC coupled amplifier:

(i) Widely used as Voltage amplifiers. 1 Marks
(ii) They are used in Public Address System. each
Ans: (iii) In Tape recorders. (Any
(iv) In stereo amplifiers four)
(v) In T.V. V.C.R. and C.D. Players.
c) State the role of tuned LC circuit in tuned amplifier. 2M

In order to pick up and amplify the desired radio frequency signal, the resistive load in the
audio amplifier is replaced by a tuned circuit (also called a parallel resonant circuit)as shown
in the figure. The tuned circuit is capable of selecting as particular frequency and rejecting
the others.
State 1
½
Marks
Ans: Thus the use of tuned circuit in the transistor amplifier circuit, makes possible the selection and
and amplification of a particular desired radio frequency. Such an amplifier is called tuned Diagra
voltage amplifier. m 1/2
Thus an amplifier, which amplifies a specific frequency (or a narrow band frequencies), is mark
called a tuned voltage amplifier or simply tuned amplifier. It serves following two purposes:
(i) Selection of desired radio frequency signal.
(ii)Amplification of the selected signal to a suitable voltage level.
d) List different types of feedback amplifiers. 2M

Types of feedback amplifiers:
1. Positive feedback amplifiers
2. Negative feedback amplifiers

Each
Ans: type 1
(i)voltage series feedback amplifiers
(ii)voltage shunt feedback amplifiers mark
(iii)current series feedback amplifiers
(iv)current shunt feedback amplifiers
e) List the advantages of negative feedback over positive feedback. 2M
Advantages of negative feedback over positive feedback:

1. Higher fidelity i.e. more linear operation.
Ans: Any
2. Highly stabilized gain. four
Each 1
3. Increased bandwidth i.e. improved frequency response.
mark
Page2
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4. Less amplitude distortion.
5. Reduced noise.
6. Less harmonics distortion.
7. Less phase distortion.
8. Input and output impedance can be modified as desired.
9. Less frequency distortion.
f) Compare amplifier and oscillator. 2M
Diagra
Figure shows a block diagram of an amplifier and an oscillator. m 1
mark
Ans: An amplifier is a device, which produces an output signal with similar waveform as that of and
the input. But its power level is generally high. This additional power is supplied by an explaina
external D.C. source. Thus an amplifier is essentially an energy convection device I.e. a tion 1
device, which gets energy from the D.C. source and converts it into an a.c. energy at the mark
same frequency as that of the input signal. The D.C. to A.C.. conversion is controlled by the
input signal. It means that if there is no input signal then no energy conversion take place.
Thus there is no output signal.
An oscillator is a device, which produces an output signal, without any input signal of any
desired frequency. It keeps producing an output signal, so long as the D.C. power is
supplied. An oscillator does not require any external signal to start or maintain energy
conversion process.
g) State use of heat sink. 2M
Heat sink is a heat exchanger used to transfer heat generated by a mechanical or an
electronic device to the surroundings.
Heat sinks are either made up of aluminium or copper or any other material which is good
conductor of heat. Because conductor helps in conduction of heat from heated surface to the
outside air.
Ans: State 2
Heat sinks are commonly used in laptops, computers etc. mark
A heat sink is usually made out of copper and/or aluminum.
Page3
(Autonomous)
12-Total
Q2 Attempt any THREE of the following :
Marks
a) Explain with the help of waveforms, the working principle of single stage CE amplifier. 4M
CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION:
Circuit
 The input a.c. signal is applied across the base emitter terminals of the transistor&
2 M and
output is taken across collector emitter terminals of the transistor. VBB supply forward
explanat
biases the emitter base junction & VCC supply reverse biases the output junction.
Ans: ion 1 M
 The Q point is determined by the VCC supply along with the resistance RC. The and
resistances R1,R2, RE form the biasing & stabilization circuit & thus establishes proper wavefor
operating point. m1M
 Input capacitor (Cin≈ 10µ𝐹) : It blocks DC voltage to the base,if it is not provided
the source resistance comes across R2,so that transistor gets unbiased. It allows A.C.
to pass & isolates source resistance from R2.
 Emitter capacitance (CE≈ 100µ𝐹): it is used in parallel with RE to provide a low
reactance path to the amplified a.c. signal. If it is not used then amplified a.c. signal
flowing through RE will cause a voltage drop across it, thus reducing the output
voltage.
 Coupling capacitor (CC≈ 10µ𝐹): it couples one stage of amplification to the next
stage. If it is not used, RCcomes across with the R1 of next stage & biasing of 2nd
stage gets disturbed. In short it isolates the d.c. of one stage from the next stage but
allows the A.C. signal.
PHASE REVERSAL / WORKING:
 Consider above common emitter amplifier circuit. The input a.c. signal is applied
across the base emitter terminals of the transistor & output is taken across collector
emitter terminals of the transistor. VBB supply forward biases the emitter base
junction & VCC supply reverse biases the output junction.
 Now apply KVL to collector to emitter loop’
VCC – IC RC – VCE = 0.
Page4
(Autonomous)
∴ VCC – IC RC = VCE --------------------- (1)

 When the input a.c. signal voltage increases, the base current increases as a result
collector current increases (as IC = 𝛽 𝐼𝐵 ). Hence voltage drop IC RC increases. As VCC
is constant, from equation 1 output voltage VCE decreases.
 From above in common emitter amplifier when the input increases in the positive, the
output voltage decreases. i.e. output is 180° out of phase with input.
Waveform:
b) Compare positive and negative feedback. 4M

Sr. Parameter Positive Negative
No. feedback feedback
1 BW Increases Decreases
1 Feedback signal In phase with the 180 º out of phase
input signal. with the input
signal.
2 Net input signal Increases Decreases

Any
four
3 Gain Increases Decreases
points
Ans:
Each
4 Noise Increases Decreases
point 1
M
5 Stability Poor Improved
6 Input impedance decreases increases
7 Output impedance increases decreases
8 Uses Oscillators, Amplifiers,

Schmitt trigger bootstrapping
Page5
(Autonomous)
Define oscillator and state the Barkhausen criterion for the generation of sustained
c) 4M
oscillations.
Oscillator: An oscillator is a device, which produces an output signal, without any input
signal of any desired frequency.
Barkhausen criterion:
The overall voltage gain of a positive feedback amplifier is given by,
Definiti
on 1 M
and
………………..(1)
Ans: Barkhau
Where, A = gain of an amplifier without feedback also called open loop gain
sen
β A = product of feedback fraction and open loop gain. It is called loop gain.
criterion
The Barkhausen criterion for the generation of sustained oscillations.
3M
for positive feedback are:
1. β A = 1
2. β A = 360° or 0° ie the total phase shift should be 360° or 0°.

d) Explain the working of SMPS with neat block diagram. 4M
A block diagram of Switch Mode Power Supply is shown in figure. The first block is Block
rectifier and filter that converts the A.C. supply voltage to pulsating D.C. which is then diagram
filtered out to reduce the amount of ripple content. This section uses the power diodes in 2M
Ans:
bridge configuration to obtain the pulsating d.c. and the capacitor is used as a filter element. And
The second block is the high frequency switching section and it uses either MOSFETs or explanat
BJTs to convert the D.C. voltage to a high frequency ac\.c. square wave. This high frequency ion 2 M
a.c. square waves ranges from 20 KHz to 100 KHz. Since the power transistors are not
operated in their active region, their operation results in low power dissipation. Thus it is a
two stage conversion i.e. the input a.c. supply voltage is first rectified to d.c. and then the
high frequency switching section changes it back to A.C.
The next block of SMPS is high frequency power transformer that isolate the
circuit and step up or step down the voltage to the desired voltage level. The output of the
transformer is the input of the second rectifier section, called the output rectifier section.
This rectifier section is different fron the first block of the rectifier in that the frequency of
the voltage is very high. Therefore, the bridge configuration of this rectifier uses a high
frequency diodes such as schottky diode and the output ripple is naturally filtered becouse of
the number of the overlaps between each individual output pulse. Since the ripple is very
Page6
(Autonomous)
small in output voltage of the rectifier, a small capacitance is required in the filter section.
The last section of the SMPS is the control and feedback block, which
contains circuitry that provides Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) output signal. The PWM
controller provides duty cycle that varies pulse by pulse to provide an accurate d.c. output
voltage.
12-Total
Q.3 Attempt any THREE of the following :
Marks
a) Explain with sketch the working of class B push pull amplifier. 4M
Circuit Diagram:-
Operation: Circuit
Diagram
 In class B amplifier transistor conduct only for half cycle of input 2M
Ans: signal.One conduct in positive half cycle and other conducts in &
negative half cycle. Operati
 Transformer T1 is called as input transformer called phase splitter and produces on 2M
two signals which are 180 degree out of phase with each other.
 Transformer T2 is called as output transformer and is required to couple

the a.c signal from the collector to the load.
 When there is no input signals both the transistor Q1 and Q2 are cut off
hence no current is drawn from Vcc supply. Thus there is no power
wasted in stand by the power dissipation in both transistor is practically
zero.
 During positive half cycle ON Q2 OFF and at the output half cycle is
obtained Q1 during negative half OFF and Q2 on hence another half
cycle is obtained cycle Q1 at the output.
 Then output transformer joins these two halves and produces a full sine
wave in the load resistor.
Compare different types of power amplifier on basis of-

b) 4M
(i) Efficiency.
Page7
(Autonomous)
(ii) Power dissipation in transistor.

(iii) Conduction angle of collector current
(iv) Position of Q.
Parameter Class A Class B Class AB Class C
Position of
Q point is at the
operating pt. (Q Just above X Below X axis.
center of load On X axis
Point) on load axis.
line.
line
Each
lowest efficiency Between 50 to differen
Ans: Efficiency Above 78.5% Above 95%
25% to 50% 78.5% ce carry
1M
Conducts for
(1800) half
Conduction (3600) Greater than 1800
cycle Less than 1800 of
Angle of collector full cycle of and less than
of input input signal.
current input 3600
signal.
signal
Power dissipation
Very High Low Low Very Low
in transistor
c) Draw miller sweep generation and give its applications. 4M
Diagram:
Diagra
m:2M
&
Applicat
Ans: ions
Applications of Miller Sweep Generator: (any two) (any
1. Applications where linear output is expected. two)
2. Television (TV) 2M
3. CRO
4. To convert step waveform into ramp waveform.
Page8
(Autonomous)
Sketch the circuit diagram for dual voltage regulator using IC 78XX and 79XX to obtain
d) 4M
±12V output.
OR
Ans:
Page9
(Autonomous)
12-Total
Q.4 A) Attempt any THREE of the following :
Marks
a) State the necessity of regulated power supply. Define load and line regulation. 4M
Necessity of regulated power supply: 2M
The major disadvantage of a power supply is that the output voltage changes with the
variations in the input voltage or The D.C output voltage of the rectifier also increase
similarly, In many electronic applications, it is desired that the output voltage should remain
constant regardless of the variations in the input voltage or load. In order to get ensure this; a
voltage stabilizing device called voltage regulator is used.
Load Regulation:1M
The load regulation indicates the change in output voltage that will occur per unit change Necessit
in load current. y 2M ,
Mathematically,
Load
Ans: Regulati
on 1M
Where, & Line
regulati
VNL is no load voltage on 1M
Line Regulation:1M
The change in output voltage with respect to per unit change in input voltage is defined as
line regulation. It is mathematically expressed as,
Line regulation=ΔVL/ΔVS
Where,
ΔVL = The change in output voltage
ΔVS= The change in input voltage
b) Explain the working principle of crystal oscillator with diagram. 4M

Circuit Diagram:
Ans:
Page10
(Autonomous)
Working Principle of Piezoelectric Crystal:

 A Quartz Crystal has a very peculiar property known as Piezoelectric Effect.
 According to this effect, when an AC voltage is applied across a quartz crystal, it

vibrates at a frequency of applied voltage.
 Conversely, if a mechanical force is applied to vibrate a quartz crystal it generates an

AC voltage.
 Above fig shows the circuit of crystal oscillator using transistor. In this circuit, the
crystal is connected as a series element in the feedback path from collector to the base.
 The resistors R1, R2 and RE provide voltage divider stabilized d.c. bias circuit. The
capacitor CE provides a.c bypass of emitter resistor and RFC coil provides for d.c bias.
The coupling capacitor C has negligible impedance at the circuit operating frequency.
 The circuit frequency of oscillation is set by the series resonant frequency of the crystal
and its value is given by the relation
Or
Working Principle:
When the D.C. power is switched on, the noise voltage of small amplitude appearing at
the base gets amplified and appears at the output. This amplified noise now drives the
feedback network consisting of a quartz crystal and capacitor C. Thus the crystal is excited
by a fraction of energy feedback from the output to the input. The crystal is made to operate
as an inductor L so that the feedback network consists of series resonant LC circuit. This is
possible only, if the frequency of oscillations f0 is in between the series resonant frequency
fs and the parallel resonant frequency fp of an electrical equivalent circuit of a crystal . Thus,
the frequency of oscillations is set by the series resonant frequency fs of the crystal. This
produces undamped oscillations of stable frequency f0.
c) Compare the performance of current series and current shunt feedback amplifier. 4M
Sr.No. Characteristics Current series feedback Current shunt feedback
(Any
amplifier amplifier
Four)
1. Voltage gain Decreases Decreases
Ans: each
2. Bandwidth Increases Increases
carry
3. Harmonic Decreases Decreases
1M
distortion
Page11
(Autonomous)
4. Noise Decreases Decreases

5. Input resistance Increases Decreases
6. Output Increases Increases
resistance
d) Describe with help of circuit diagram working of class A power amplifier. 4M
Circuit
Working: Diagra
Ans: m 2M &
The input a.c. signal is applied across the base emitter terminals of the transistor & output is Workin
g 2M
taken across collector emitter terminals of the transistor. VBB supply forward biases the
emitter base junction & VCC supply reverse biases the output junction.
The Q point is determined by the VCC supply along with the resistance RC. The
resistances R1,R2,RE form the biasing & stabilization circuit & thus establishes proper
operating point.
Input capacitor (Cin ) : It blocks DC voltage to the base, if it is not provided the
source resistance comes across R2,so that transistor gets unbiased. It allows ac to pass &
isolates source resistance from R2.
Class A amplifier is basically, a common emitter amplifier. This circuit is called direct
coupled class A power amplifier. The only difference between this circuit and small signal
version, considered earlier, is that the signals handled by the power amplifier circuit are in
the range of volt.
Or
Circuit Diagram:
Page12
(Autonomous)
Compare single tuned and double tuned amplifier with respect to operating principle,
e)
frequency response, efficiency and applications.
Sr.No. Characteristics Single tuned amplifier Double tuned amplifier
1. Operating Parallel Resonance Parallel Resonance
Principle
2. Frequency
response
3. Efficiency High Low

4. Application TRF receiver, TV receiver IF amplifier in Radio
Ans: receiver, TV receiver
Page13
(Autonomous)
12-
Q.5 Attempt any TWO of the following : Total
Marks
Explain with diagram the working of phase shift oscillator. Also a phase shift oscillator has R
a) 6M
= 220 kΩ and C = 500 pf. Calculate the frequency of sine wave generated by the oscillator.
Circuit Diagram of RC PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR:
Circuit
Diagra
m: 2M
Workin
Ans:
g: 2M
Calculat
ion for
𝑓𝑜 = 2M
OR
Page14
(Autonomous)
WORKING:
 Common emitter amplifier introduces a 1800 phase shift between input & output. &
remaining 1800 phase shift is produced by three identical basic RC phase shifting
networks.
 Each RC network is designed to introduce a phase shift of 600.
 The phase shift around the loop is 3600 only at one precise frequency.
 This frequency of oscillation is given by

1
𝑓𝑜 = 2 𝜋 𝑅𝐶 √6
1
 The feedback factor 𝛽 = 29
 Therefore 𝐴𝑉 = 29
Calculation For 𝑓𝑜 :
Given:
R= 220 𝐾Ω
C= 500𝑝𝐹
To Find:
Frequency of oscillation 𝑓𝑜 .
1
Formula Used: 𝑓𝑜 = 2 𝜋 𝑅𝐶
√6
1
Solution: 𝑓𝑜 = 2 𝜋 𝑅𝐶 √6
1
𝑓𝑜 =
2 𝜋 ∗ 220𝐾Ω ∗ 500𝑝𝐹 ∗ √6
𝑓𝑜 = 590.67 Hz
The frequency of sine wave generated by the oscillator = 590.67 Hz.
b) Explain operation of FET common source amplifier with applications. 6M
Circuit
Diagra
COMMON SOURCE FET AMPLIFIER: m: 2M
Ans: Operati
Circuit Diagram:
on: 2M
Applica
tions
(any 2):
2M
Page15
(Autonomous)
 Above circuit shows CS N-channel FET amplifier.

 Voltage divider biasing circuit is used.
 C1 & C2 are coupling capacitors used to couple input AC signal & output
respectively.
 CS is a bypass capacitor which keeps the source of FET effectively.
OPERATION:
DURING POSITIVE HALF CYCLE:

 As the gate to source voltage increases, the drain current also increases.
 As a result of this, the voltage drop across resistor RD also increases.
 This causes the drain voltage to decrease. As VDS = VDD – IDRD.
 It means that the positive half cycle of the input produces negative half cycle of the
output voltage.
 In other words output voltage is 180 out of phase with the input voltage.
DURING NEGATIVE HALF CYCLE:
 As the gate to source voltage decreases, the drain current also decreases.
 As a result of this, the voltage drop across resistor RD also decreases.
 This causes the drain voltage to increase. As VDS = VDD – IDRD.
 It means that the negative half cycle of the input produces positive half cycle of the
output voltage.
 In other words output voltage is 180 out of phase with the input voltage.
APPLICATIONS OF CS-FET AMPLIFIER:
 As a pre-amplifier in audio circuits.
 As a voltage amplifier.
 In the public address system.
 In radio & TV amplifier circuit.
Page16
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Explain with circuit diagram and waveform the operation of class AB push pull power
c) 6M
amplifier
Class AB Push Pull Power Amplifier:
Circuit Diagram:
Circuit Decription:
The circuit consists of two centre-tapped transformers T1 and T2, two identical transistors Q1
and Q2 , Resistor R and diode D. The DC voltage developed across the diode D is connected
to the bases of both the transistors through the secondary winding of the input transformer.
This voltage acts as DC bias for the transistors because it is equal to cut-in voltage and they
Circuit
will conduct for complete half cycleperiod of the input to eliminate the cross-over distortion.
Diagra
m: 2M
WORKING:
Operati
Ans:  When there is no a.c. input signal is applied both the transistors Q1& Q2 are cut off.
on: 2M
Hence no current is drawn from VCC.
Wavefo
 DURING POSITIVE HALF CYCLE:
rm: 2M
 The base of the transistor Q1 is positive and that of Q2 is negative.
 As a result of this Q1 conducts, while the transistor Q2 is OFF.
 DURING NEGATIVE HALF CYCLE:
 Thus at any instant any one transistor in the circuit is conducting.
 Then the output transformer joins these two halves & produces a full sine wave in the
load resistor.
Page17
(Autonomous)
Waveform:
12-
Q.6 Attempt any TWO of the following: Total
Marks
a) Explain stagger tuned amplifier with the help of waveforms. 6M
Circuit Diagram:
Circuit
C1 C2 Diagra
m: 2M
Wavefo
rm
(Freque
Ans: ncy
Respon
se): 2M
Explain
Above figure shows two-stage tuned voltage amplifier. The stagger tuning in this circuit, ation:2
may be achieved by resonating the tuned circuits L1C1 and L2C2 to slightly different M
frequencies.
Frequency Response:
Page18
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Above figure shows frequency response of a stagger-tuned amplifier. In this figure, curve ‘a’
shows the gain versus frequency of the L1C1 tuned circuit. Similarly the curve ‘b’ shows the
response of the L2C2 tuned circuit. The curve ‘c’ indicates the combined response of the
circuit. It is evident from this curve that the amplifier has a greater bandwidth and flatter
pass-band. It has been found that more the number of stages used, flatter will be the pass-
band and steeper will be the gain fall-off outside the pass-band. Because of the stagger tuning
there is a loss of voltage gain.
b) Draw the circuit of complementary, symmetry push pull amplifier and explain its working. 6M
COMPLEMENTRY SYMMETRY CLASS B PUSH PULL AMPLIFIER
Circuit Diagram:
Circuit
diagram
: 2m
Circuit
descript
Ans:
ion: 1m
Workin
g: 2m
Wavefo
rm: 1m
Circuit description:
 Two transistors one NPN & other PNP is used in the circuit so they are
complementary to each other.
 Biasing conditions used for both transistors are same so they are symmetrical.
 R1, R2, VCC are used for voltage divider bias of transistors.
 Both transistors conduct for 180°as it is class B amplifier.
 Whenever one transistor is ON other push to be OFF so the name push pull.
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Working:
 Input signal Vin is applied to both the transistor through input capacitor.
 During positive half cycle of input:
 The base of the transistors NPN & PNP is positive.
 As a result of this NPN conducts & PNP remains OFF.
 So we get half cycle in the output.
 During negative half cycle of input:
 The base of the transistors NPN & PNP is negative.
 As a result of this PNP conducts & NPN remains OFF.
 So we get remaining half cycle in the output.
In voltage amplifier output voltage without negative feedback is 10V. If 25% of output
c) voltage its feedback in series with input voltage. Find Feedback voltage, also give value of 6M
the feedback factor.
Given Data:
VOUT = 10V
25% of output voltage its feedback in series with input voltage.
To find:
1. Feedback voltage VF
2. Feedback factor β
Solution:
1. Feedback voltage VF:
Caculati
on of
25% of output voltage its feedback in series with input voltage.
feedbac
i.e. VF = 25% of VOUT
k
VF = 25% of 10V
voltage:
VF = 2.5V
3m
Ans:
Caculati
2. Feedback factor β:
on of
𝑉𝐹 feedbac
𝛽= k
𝑉𝑂𝑈𝑇
factor:3
2.5𝑉 m
∴ 𝛽=
10𝑉
∴ 𝛽 = 0.25
1. Feedback voltage VF = 2.5V

2. Feedback factor β = 0.25
Page20
22329
21819

necessary.
Examination Hall.
(6) Preferably write the answers in sequential order.
Marks

a) State classification of Amplifiers.
b) Define the terms related to tuned amplifier.
(i) Resonant Frequency (Fr)
(ii) Q Factor
c) State the need of multistage amplifier.
d) List the types of power amplifiers.
e) List advantages of negative feedback (any four)
f) Define:
(i) Sweep time
(ii) Retrace time
g) State fixed voltage regulator IC’S.
P.T.O.
22329 [2]
Marks
a) Sketch circuit diagram of RC coupled single stage CE amplifier.
State the function of each component.
b) Describe the working of single stage class A amplifier with
circuit diagram.
c) Explain principle of feedback amplifier.
d) Draw circuit diagram of RC phase shift oscillator and state its
working.

a) Sketch circuit diagram of common source FET Amplifier. State
working principle of it.
b) Explain the term crossover distortion. State methods to overcome
it.
c) Compare positive feedback and negative feedback on the basis
of:
(i) Gain
(ii) Bandwidth
(iii) Phase shift
(iv) Stability
d) Draw block diagram of SMPS. State its working principle.

a) Calculate Resonant frequency of single tuned amplifier, if
inductor L = 10mH and capacitor C = 4.7 mf of tank circuit.
b) An amplifier has gain ‘A’ of 300 without feedback, output
impedance is 1KW. If negative feedback with feedback factor
0.03 is introduced in the circuit then calculate the gain with
feedback and output impedance of this feedback amplifier.
c) Describe miller sweep generator circuit with neat input output
waveforms.
d) Draw block diagram of IC 723 regulator. State the working
principle of IC 723.
22329 [3]
Marks
a) Compare RC coupled, transformer coupled, direct coupled
amplifier on the basis of:
(i) Type of coupling
(ii) Frequency response
(iii) Gain
(iv) Application
b) A complementary symmetry push pull amplifier is operated
using + 10 volt and deliver power to load RL = 5W. Calculate.
(i) Maximum power output
(ii) Power rating of transistor
(iii) D.C input at maximum power output.
c) Identify the circuit given in Figure No. 1. Calculate output frequency
of the given circuit if R1 = R2 = R3 = 2KW and G = C2 = C3
= 0.1 mf.
Fig. No. 1
22329 [4]
Marks
a) Compare Class A, Class B, Class C and class AB power
amplifiers on the basis of:
(i) Angle of conduction
(ii) Efficiency
(iii) Position of operating point in power dissipation
(iv) Distortion
(v) Application
b) Draw Bootstrap sweep generator circuit. Compare Miller
Integrator and bootstrap sweep generator with respect to the
technique used.
c) Build the circuit diagram of dual voltage regulator to get +12Vdc
and –12Vdc using IC 7812 and IC 7912 along with rectifier.
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified) 22329
MODEL ANSWER
SUMMER– 19 EXAMINATION
Subject Title:Applied ElectronicsSubject Code: 22329

1) The answers should be examined by key words and not as word-to-word as given in the model answer
scheme.
2) The model answer and the answer written by candidate may vary but the examiner may try to assess the
3) The language errors such as grammatical, spelling errors should not be given more Importance (Not
4) While assessing figures, examiner may give credit for principal components indicated in the figure. The
figure drawn.
5) Credits may be given step wise for numerical problems. In some cases, the assumed constant values
may vary and there may be some difference in the candidate’s answers and model answer.
6) In case of some questions credit may be given by judgement on part of examiner of relevant answer
based on candidate’s understanding.
7) For programming language papers, credit may be given to any other program based on equivalent
concept.
Marki
Q. Sub ng
Answer Schem
No. Q.N.
e
Q.1 Attempt any Five : 10M
a) State classification of Amplifiers. 2M
Ans: CLASSIFICATION OF AMPLIFIERS: 2M

A] Based on input signal
1. Small signal amplifiers
2. Large signal amplifiers
B] Based on output signal
1. Voltage amplifier
2. Power amplifier
C] Based on biasing conditions
1. Class A amplifier
2. Class B amplifier
3. Class AB amplifier
4. Class C amplifier
D] Based on frequency response
1. Audio frequency amplifier
2. Radio frequency amplifier
E] Based on coupling
1. Direct coupled amplifiers
2. R-C Coupled amplifier
Page1
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3. Transformer coupled amplifier

b) Define the terms related to tuned amplifiers 2M
(i) Resonant Frequency(Fr)
(ii) Q Factor
Ans: (i) Resonant Frequency(Fr): It is a frequency at which the inductive reactance is equal to the 1M
capacitive reactance i.e. XL=XC
(ii) Q Factor: The quality factor or Q factor is a measure of the performance of a coil, 1M
capacitor inductor in terms of its losses and resonator bandwidth.
QO = = =
Where , L = value of circuit inductance.
R = Value of circuit resistance.
c) 2M
State the need of multistage amplifier.
Ans: Need of multistage amplifier: 2M
The voltage (or power) gain, obtained from a single stage small signal amplifier, is limited.
Therefore, it is not sufficient for all practical applications. Therefore, in order to obtain greater
voltage and power gain, we have to use more than one stage of amplification. Such an
amplifier is called a „MULTISTAGE AMPLIFIER‟.
d) List the types of power amplifiers. 2M
Ans: Types of power amplifiers:- Each

1. Class A amplifier type:
2. Class B amplifier 1/2M
3. Class AB amplifier
4. Class C amplifier
e) List advantages of negative feedback(any four) 2M

Ans: Advantage of negative feedback amplifier: Each
 Increased stability in gain point:
 Increased bandwidth 1/2M
 Less amplitude and harmonic distortion
 Decreased noise
 Less frequency distortion
 Less non-linear distortion
 Input and output resistance can be modified as desired.
f) Define : 2M
(i) Sweep time
(ii) Retrace time
Ans: (i) Sweep time: It is defined as time interval taken by time based signal generator to 1M
increase from minimum to maximum voltage.
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(ii) Retrace time: It is defined as time taken by time based signal generator to decrease 1M
from maximum to minimum voltage.
g) State fixed voltage regulator IC’S. 2M
Ans: Fixed voltage regulator IC‟s can provide fixed amount of voltage either in positive or in Any
negative. two
78XX can generate positive values of voltages. IC’s
from
E.g.
78XX
&
79XX
series
½M
each
79XX can generate negative values of voltages.
Attempt any Three of the following :

Q2 12M
a) Sketch circuit diagram of RC coupled single stage CE amplifier. 4M
State the function of each component.
Ans: Circuit diagram of RC coupled single stage CE amplifier: 2M
Function of Components:
Each
 The Q point is determined by the VCC supply along with the resistance RC. The resistances compo
R1, R2, RE form the biasing & stabilization circuit. Thus establishes proper operating point. nent
 Input capacitor (Cin ): It blocks DC voltage to the base,if it is not provided the functi
source resistance comes across R2,so that transistor gets unbiased. It allows a.c. to pass & on:
1/2 M
isolates source resistance from R2.
 Emitter capacitance (CE ): it is used in parallel with RE to provide a low
Page3
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reactance path to the amplified a.c. signal. If it is not used then amplified a.c. signal
flowing through RE will cause a voltage drop across it, thus reducing the output voltage.
 Coupling capacitor (CC ): it couples one stage of amplification to the next stage.
If it is not used, RC comes across with the R1 of next stage & biasing of 2nd stage gets
disturbed. In short it isolates the d.c. of one stage from the next stage but allows the a.c.
signal.
b) Describe the working of single stage class A amplifier with circuit diagram 4M
Ans: Circuit diagram of single stage class A amplifier: 2M
Figure (a)
OR
Figure (b)
2M
Working:-
For figure (a):-
 This is the simplest type of Class A power amplifier circuit.
 It uses a single-ended transistor for its output stage with the resistive load connected
directly to the Collector terminal. When the transistor switches “ON” it sinks the output
current through the Collector resulting in an inevitable voltage drop across the Emitter
resistance thereby limiting the negative output capability.
 The efficiency of this type of circuit is very low (less than 30%) and delivers small power
outputs for a large drain on the DC power supply.
 A Class A amplifier stage passes the same load current even when no input signal is
Page4
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applied so large heat sinks are needed for the output transistors.
For Figure (b):-
An output transformer improves the efficiency of the amplifier by matching the impedance of
the load with that of the amplifiers output impedance.
By using an output or signal transformer with a suitable turns ratio, class-A amplifier
efficiencies reaching 40% are possible.
c) Explain principle of feedback amplifier. 4M
Ans: Block diagram of feedback amplifier:- 2M
Explanation:-
 “Feedback” is a process of injecting some energy from the output and then it back to
the input. The amplifier which use the feedback principle are called feedback
amplifier“.
 Depending upon whether the feedback signal increases or decreases the input signal,
there are 2 basic types of feedback: Positive feedback and Negative feedback.
From the above figure, the gain of the amplifier is represented as A. the gain of the amplifier
is the ratio of output voltage Vo to the input voltage Vi. The feedback network extracts a 2M
voltage Vf = β Vo from the output Vo of the amplifier.
This voltage is added for positive feedback and subtracted for negative feedback, from the
signal voltage Vs. Now,
Vi = Vs+Vf
= Vs + βVo ………………………..for Positive feedback
Vi =Vs−Vf
= Vs−βVo ………………………..for Negative feedback
The quantity β = Vf /Vo is called as feedback ratio or feedback fraction.
d) Draw circuit dagram of RC phase shift oscillator and state its working. 4M
Ans: 2M
Circuit diagram of RC phase shift oscillator:
Page5
(Autonomous)
WORKING:
 Circuit consists of a single stage amplifier in common emitter configuration & RC
phase shifting network.
 R1, R2, RE provides biasing & CE is bypass capacitor.
 Common emitter amplifier introduces a 1800 phase shift between input & output. & 2M
remaining 1800 phase shift is produced by three identical basic RC phase shifting
networks.
 Each RC network is designed to introduce a phase shift of 600.
 The phase shift around the loop is 3600 only at one precise frequency.
Attempt any three: 12-

Q.3 Total
Marks
a) Sketch circuit diagram of common source FET Amplifier. State working principle of it. 4M
Ans: 2M
Working: -
2M
 When small a.c. signal is applied to the gate, it produces variation in
Page6
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the gate to source voltage. This produces variation in the drain current. As the gate to
source voltage increases, the drain current also increases. As the result of this voltage drop
across RD also increases. This causes the drain voltage to decreases.
 As the input voltage rises, gate to source voltage becomes less
negative, it will increase the channel width and increase the level of drain current ID.
 As the input voltage falls, it will decrease the channel width and
decrease the level of drain current ID.
 Thus ID varies sinusoidally above its Q point value.
 The drain to source voltage VDS is given by
 VDS = VDD – IDRD
 Therefore as ID increases the voltage drop IDRD will also increase
and voltage VDS will decrease.
 If ΔID is large for a small value of ΔVGS; the ΔVDS will also be large
and we get amplification. Thus the AC output voltage VDS is 180º out of phase with AC
input voltage.
b) Explain the term crossover distortion. State methods to overcome it. 4M
Ans: Explanation:- 2M
 Cross over distortion occurs in Class B push pull Amplifier.
 In the push-pull configuration, the two identical transistors get into conduction, one after
the other and the output produced will be the combination of both.
 When the signal changes or crosses over from one transistor to the other at the zero
voltage point, it produces an amount of distortion to the output wave shape. For a
transistor in order to conduct, the base emitter junction should cross 0.7v, the cut off
voltage. The time taken for a transistor to get ON from OFF or to get OFF from ON state
is called the transition period.
 At the zero voltage point, the transition period of switching over the transistors from one
to the other, has its effect which leads to the instances where both the transistors are OFF
at a time. Such instances can be called as Flat spot or Dead band on the output wave
shape.
Waveform:- 1M
1M
Method to overcome :
This cross over distortion can be eliminated if the conduction of the amplifier is more than
Page7
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one half cycle, so that both the transistors won‟t be OFF at the same time. The remedy is to
use Class AB amplifier.
c) Compare positive feedback and negative feedback on the basis of: 4M
(i) Gain
(ii) Bandwidth
(iii) Phase shift
(iv) Stability
Ans: Each
Sr. no. Parameter Positive feedback Negative feedback point
1 Gain Increases Decreases 1M
2 Bandwidth Decreases Increases
3 Phase shift 0 or 360 degree 180 degree
d) Draw block diagram of SMPS. State its working principle. 4M

Ans: Block diagram of SMPS:- 2M
Working principle:- 2M
A switched-mode power supply is an electronic power supply that incorporates a switching
regulator to convert electrical power efficiently.
An SMPS transfers power from a DC or AC source (often mains power) to DC loads, such as
a personal computer, while converting voltage and current characteristics. Unlike a linear
power supply, the pass transistor of a switching-mode supply continually switches between
low-dissipation, full-on and full-off states, and spends very little time in the high dissipation
transitions, which minimizes wasted energy.
Ideally, a switched-mode power supply dissipates no power.
Voltage regulation is achieved by varying the ratio of on-to-off time.
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Switching regulators are used as replacements for linear regulators when higher efficiency,
smaller size or lighter weights are required.
OR
Working :-
Rectifier and filter :- It converts the ac supply voltage to a pulsating dc, which is then filtered
out to reduce the amount of ripple content. It uses the power diodes in a bridge configuration
to obtain the pulsating dc and the capacitor is used as a filter element.
High-frequency switching:- It uses either MOSFETs or BJTs to convert the dc voltage to
high frequency ac square wave. This high-frequncy ac square wave ranges from 20 kHz to 100
kHz. Since the power transistors are not operated in their active region, their operation results
in low power dissipation. Thus, it is a two stage conversion. i.e. the input ac supply voltage is
first rectified to dc and then the high- frequency switching section changes it back to ac.
High frequency power transformer:-It isolates the circuit and steps-up or steps-down the
voltage to the desired voltage level. The output of the transformer is the input of the second
rectifier section, called the output rectifier section.
Output rectifier :- This rectifier section is different from the first block of the rectifier in that
the frequency of the voltage is very high. Therefore, the bridge configuration of this rectifier
uses a high frequency diode such as a Schottky diode and the output ripple is naturally filtered
because of the number of overlaps between each individual output pulse. Since the ripple is
very small in the output voltage of the rectifier, a small capacitance value is required in the
filter section.
Control and feedback:- It provides a pulse width modulation(PWM) output signal. The PWM
controller provides a duty-cycle that varies pulse by pulse to provide an accurate dc output
voltage.
12-
Q.4 A) Attempt any THREE of the following : Total
Marks
Calculate Resonant frequency of single tuned amplifier, if inductor L = 10mH and
a) 4M
Capacitor C = 4.7 µf of tank circuit.
Ans:
Form
ula &
unit
1M
each
Corret
ans
2M
Page9
(Autonomous)
An amplifier has gain ‘A’ of 300 without feedback, output impedance is 1KΩ . If
b) negative feedback with feedback factor 0.03 is introduced in the circuit then calculate the 4M
gain with feedback and output impedance of this feedback amplifier.
Ans: gain
with
feedba
ck-
2M,
output
imped
ance-
2M
Describe miller sweep generator circuit with neat input output waveforms
c) 4M
Ans: Circuit diagram:- 1M
2M
Working:
 Figure shows the circuit of a Miller integrator or a sweep circuit.
 Transistor Q1 acts as a switch and transistor Q2 is a common -

emitter amplifier. i.e. a high gain amplifier.
 Consider the case when Q1 is ON and Q2 is OFF. At this condition,

the voltage across the capacitor C and the output voltage Vo is equal to Vcc.
 When a negative pulse is applied to the base of Q1, the emitter -

base junction of Q1 is reverse biased and hence Q1 is turned OFF.
Page10
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 Thus, the collector voltage (Vc1) of Q1 increases which increases

the bias to Q2 and as a result Q2 is turned ON. Since Q2 conducts, Vo begins to decrease.
Because the capacitor is coupled to the base of transistor Q2, the rate of decrease of output
voltage is controlled by rate of discharge of capacitor. The time constant of the discharge is
given by td = RB2*C.
1M
 As the value of time constant is very large, the discharge current
practically remains constant. Hence, the rundown of the collector voltage is linear. When
the input pulse is removed, Q1 turns ON and Q2 turns OFF. The capacitor charges quickly
to +Vcc through Rc with the time constant t =RC*C
Waveform:
d) Describe block diagram of IC 723 regulator. State the working principle of IC723. 4M
Ans: 2M
Block diagram of IC 723 regulator:-
 It consists of a voltage reference source, an error amplifier, a series
pass transistor and a current limiting transistor.
 The device can provide voltage with an output voltage ranging from
2 V to 37 V, and output current levels up to 150 m A.
Page11
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 The working can be explained by dividing it into two blocks, the

reference voltage generator and the error amplifier.
 In the reference voltage generator, a Zenger diode is being
compelled to operate at fixed point (so that sneer output voltage is a fixed voltage) by a
constant current Source which comes along with an amplifier to generate a constant
voltage of 7.15V at the Verve pin of the IC.
 As for the error amplifier section, it consists of an error amplifier, a
series pass transistor Q1 and a current limiting transistor.
 The error amplifier can be used to compare the output voltage
applied at Inverting input terminal through a feedback to the reference voltage Verve
applied at the Non-Inverting input terminal. This connection is not provided internally and
so has to be externally provided in accordance with the required output voltage.
 The conduction of the transistor Q1 is controlled by the error signal.
It is this transistor that controls the output voltage.
Q.5 Solve any TWO : 12M

a) Compare RC coupled, transformer coupled, direct 6M
Coupled amplifier on the basis of:
(i) Type of coupling
(ii) Frequency response
(iii) Gain
(iv) Application
Ans: Sr. Parameter RC coupling Transformer Direct coupling 1½M

no coupling each
1 Types of RC coupling-Resistor, Transformer is used No coupling network point
coupling Capacitor are used as a as a coupling is u
coupling network network
2 Frequency
Response
Page12
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3 Gain Overall gain is less due It provides high Uniform gain up to

to loading effect voltage gain than RC certain frequency
coupled ,gain rolls off at high
frequency
4 Application Voltage amplification Power amplification Low frequency
amplification
b) 6M
A complementary
symmetrypushpullamplifierisoperatedusing±10voltand
deliverpowertoload RL=50.Calculate.
i) Maximum power output
ii) Power rating of transistor
iii) D.C input at maximum power output.
Ans: 2M
each
point
Page13
(Autonomous)
c) 6M
IdentifythecircuitgiveninFigureNo.1.Calculateoutputfrequen
cyof the given circuit if R1=R2=R3=2KΩ and G =
C2=C3=0.1µf.
Ans: 2M
The given circuit diagram is RC phase shift Ocillator
2M
Form
ula
2M
Q.6 12-
Attempt any TWO of the following: Total
Marks
a) CompareClassA 6M
,ClassB,ClassCandclassABpoweramplifiersonthebasis of:
i)Angle of conduction
ii)Efficiency
iii)Position of operating pointing power dissipation
iv)Distortion
Page14
(Autonomous)
v)Application
Ans: Sr. Parameter Class A Class B Class C Class AB Efficie

No ncy
1 Angle of conduction 3600 1800 Less than More than point
1800 1800 less 2M &
than 3600 others
2 Efficiency 25% can 78.5% 95% 78.5% points
increase to 1M
50% each
3 Position of operating At the center On X-axis Below X- Just above
point in power of load line axis X-axis
dissipation
4 Distortion No Distortion Maximum Less than B
distortion more than A distortion and C but
and AB but more than A
less than C
5 Application Outdoor Audio power Audio power RF amplifier
musical amplifiers amplifier
system
b) DrawBootstrapsweepgeneratorcircuit.CompareMillerIntegratora 6M
ndbootstrapsweepgeneratorwithrespecttothetechniqueused.
Ans: Circuit diagram of bootstrap sweep generator: 2M
Sr. Miller Integrator Bootstrap sweep generator

Any 4
No
points
1 It is an integrator used to convert input In Bootstrap time base generator a 1M
step waveform into ramp waveform. constant current is obtained by each
maintaining nearly constant voltage
across fixed resistor in series with
capacitor
2 In Miller sweep polarity of sweep voltage In Bootstrap polarity of sweep voltage
is negative. is positive
3 The inverting amplifier is used in this The non-inverting amplifier is used in
circuit this circuit
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4 Open circuit gain of the amplifier is Open circuit gain of the amplifier is
infinity unity
5 The Linearity of sweep voltage is better The linearity of sweep voltage is poor
than Bootstrap sweep circuit than Miller integrator
c) Build the circuit diagram of dual 6M

voltageregulatortoget+12Vdeand-12Vdc using IC 7812and IC 7912
along with rectifier.
Ans:
Labeli
ng 2M
&
correc
t
diagra
m 4M
Page16
22329
11920

(2) Answer each next main Question on a new page.
necessary.
Examination Hall.
Marks

a) List the types of coupling used in BJT amplifier. (any four)
b) Compare small signal amplifier with power amplifier (any four)
c) State four advantages of negative feedback used in feedback
amplifier.
d) State the Barkhausen criteria of oscillation.
e) Differentiate between positive feedback and negative feedback.
(four points)
f) State the need of tuned amplifier in electronic circuits.
(four points)
g) List the uses of heat sink. (four points)
P.T.O.
22329 [2]
Marks
a) Explain the working principle of FET amplifier and list its
two applications.
b) Compare the performance of voltage series and current
series type of negative feedback amplifiers. (four points)
c) Draw the block diagram of SMPS and state its working
principle.
d) Design a RC phase shift oscillator to generate the frequency of
500 kHz. Assume suitable values for R1 = R2 = R3 = R and
C1 = C2 = C3 = C. Justify your answer.

a) Classify the power amplifiers on the basis of operation and
input / output waveforms.
b) Describe the operation of class - C type of power amplifier
with the help of neat sketch.
c) Justify the need of current time base generator to obtain the
specified sawtooth waveform with one example.
d) Design a voltage regulator using IC LM317, draw the circuit
diagram and state the output voltage equation.

a) Draw the two stage BJT amplifier. State the formula for
overall gain of this amplifier.
b) Draw the circuit diagram of class AB power amplifier and
describe its working.
c) With the help of neat circuit diagram, explain the operation
of voltage shunt type of feedback amplifier.
d) Compare between RC phase shift oscillator and crystal
oscillator.
e) Compare the fixed voltage regulators using 78XX and 79XX.
(Any four points)
22329 [3]
Marks
a) Describe the operation of double tuned amplifier with the help
of neat circuit diagram and mention its applications.
b) Sketch the labelled diagram of class A and class B types of
power amplifier. Also draw the input and output waveforms.
State one application of each.
c) Draw the neat labelled diagram of miller sweep generator
and mention it’s two applications.

a) For a BJT ac amplifier, with a midband voltage gain of 200,
if the cutoff frequencies are f1 = 20 Hz and f2 = 20 kHz.
Draw the frequency response for amplifier. Draw the frequency
response in case of mid gain of 100 and f1 = 500 Hz to
f2 = 5 kHz.
b) Draw a class AB push pull amplifiers and comment on its
usefulness in the output stage as compared to other power
amplifiers and the relationship between maximum transistor
power dissipation wrt the supply voltage.
c) Comment on the effect of negative feedback on the gain,
input and output resistance of the feedback amplifiers. Describe
the gain bandwidth product term used in this context and its
importance.
MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
WINTER – 19EXAMINATION
Subject Name:Applied Electronics Model AnswerSubject Code: 22329
1) The answers should be examined by key words and not as word-to-word as given in themodel answer
scheme.
2) The model answer and the answer written by candidate may vary but the examiner may tryto assess the
3) The language errors such as grammatical, spelling errors should not be given moreImportance (Not
4) While assessing figures, examiner may give credit for principal components indicated in thefigure. The
figure drawn.
5) Credits may be given step wise for numerical problems. In some cases, the assumed constantvalues may
vary and there may be some difference in the candidate’s answers and model answer.
6) In case of some questions credit may be given by judgement on part of examiner of relevant answer based
on candidate’s understanding.
7) For programming language papers, credit may be given to any other program based on equivalent concept.
Q. Sub Answer Marking

No. Q. N. Scheme
10-Total
Q.1 Attempt any FIVE of the following:
Marks
a) List the types of coupling used in BJT amplifier. 2M
Ans: Types of coupling used in BJT amplifier: Each ½ M

i. Resistance capacitance (RC)coupling
ii. Impedance coupling
iii. Transformer coupling
iv. Direct coupling
b) Compare small signal amplifier with power amplifier(any four) 2M
Ans: Sr.No Parameters Small signal Power Amplifiers Any four

Amplifiers points:
1 Amplification It increases voltage It increases power each ½ M
quantity into high resistance into low resistance
load. Hence small load. Hence these
signal amplifiers are amplifiers are also
also called as called as large
voltage amplifiers. signal amplifiers.
2 Current High(typically 100) Low(5 to 20)
Gain(β)
3 Input Quite low Very large
Resistance(Ri)
4 Output High low
Page 1/16
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__________________________________________________________________________________________________
Impedance(Ro)
5 Physical size Small Large in size
6 Coupling R-C coupling Transformer
coupling
7 Power output low High
c) State four advantages of negative feedback used in feedback amplifier. 2M
Ans: Advantages of negative feedback: (Any Four) Each ½ M

i. Distortion decreases
ii. Noise in output decreases
iii. Stability of gain of amplifier improves
iv. It is used as an amplifier.
v. Operating point is stabilized.
vi. Input resistance increases in certain configuration and output resistance decreases in
certain configurations.
vii. Bandwidth is increased
d) State Barkhausen criteria of oscillation. 2M
Ans: Where, AV = gain of an amplifier without feedback also called open loop gain 1M
β AV = product of feedback fraction and open loop gain. It is called loop gain.
The Barkhausen criterion for the generation of sustained oscillations. for positive feedback
are:
1. β A = 1 1M
2. Total phase shift should be 360° or 0°
e) Differentiate positive feedback and negative feedback (four points) 2M
Ans: Sr. Parameter Positive feedback Negative feedback Any Four

No. points
Each ½ M
1 Feedback signal In phase with the input 180 º out of phase
signal. with the input signal.
2 Net input signal Increases Decreases
3 Gain Increases Decreases
4 Noise Increases Increases Decreases
6 Input impedance decreases increases
7 Output impedance increases decreases
8 Uses Oscillators, Schmitt Amplifiers,

trigger bootstrapping
Page 2/16
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__________________________________________________________________________________________________
f) State the need of tuned amplifier in electronic circuits.(four points) 2M
Ans: (Note:Any two points can be given full marks) 2M

Need of tuned amplifier:
i. Selects the desired radio frequency signal.
ii. Amplifies the selected high or radiosignal to a suitable voltage level.
iii. As a filter.
g) List the uses of heat sink (four points) 2M
Ans: Uses of heat sink: Each

i. It is used to avoid thermal runaway in electronic circuits. point
ii. Use to transfer heat generated by a mechanical or an electronic device to the ½ M
surroundings.
iii. Use to optimize the heat exchange between component and surrounding by
maximizing the contact surface between heat sink and air.
iv. Used to dissipate the amount of heat generated.
12-Total
Q.2 Attempt any THREE of the following:
Marks
a) Explain the working principle of FET amplifier and list its two applications. 4M
Ans: Circuit diagram: Circuit

diagram:
1 ½M
Explanation:
i. When small a.c. signal is applied to the gate, it produces variation in the gate to 1 ½M
source voltage. This produces variation in the drain current. As the gate to
source voltage increases, the drain current also increases. As the result of this
voltage drop across RD also increases. This causes the drain voltage to
decreases.
ii. As the input voltage rises, gate to source voltage becomes less negative, it will
increase the channel width and increase the level of drain current I D.
iii. As the input voltage falls, it will decrease the channel width and decrease the
level of drain current ID.Thus ID varies sinusoidally above its Q point value.
iv. The drain to source voltage VDS is given by VDS = VDD – IDRD
v. Therefore as ID increases the voltage drop IDRD will also increase and voltage
VDS will decrease.
vi. If ΔID is large for a small value of ΔVGS; the ΔVDS will also be large and we get
amplification. Thus the AC output voltage VDS is 180º out of phase with AC
Page 3/16
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input voltage.
Applications: (Any 2) 1M
i. Low noise amplifier (1/2 M
ii. Buffer amplifier each)
iii. Cascade amplifier
iv. Analog switch
v. Multiplexer
vi. Chopper
vii. Current limiter
Compare the performance of voltage series and current series type of negative
b) 4M
feedback amplifiers.(four points)
Ans: Sr.No Parameters voltage series negative feedback current series type ofAny four
amplifiers negative feedback point
amplifiers Each point
1 Block -1M
diagram
2 Gain Decreases Decreases
3 Output Decrease Increase

resistance 𝑍𝐼
Zif=1+𝛽𝐴 Zif=Zi(1+βA)
4 Input Increases Increase

resistance Zif=Zi(1+βA) Zif=Zi(1+βA)
5 Disortion Decrease Decrease
c) Draw the block diagram of SMPS and state its working principle. 4M
Ans: Diagram: 2M
Page 4/16
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Rectifier and filter:- It converts the ac supply voltage to a pulsating dc, which is then
filtered out to reduce the amount of ripple content. It uses the power diodes in a bridge
configuration to obtain the pulsating dc and the capacitor is used as a filter element.
High-frequency switching:- It uses either MOSFETs or BJTs to convert the dc
voltage to high frequency ac square wave. This high-frequency ac square wave ranges
from 20 kHz to 100 kHz. Since the power transistors are not operated in their active
region, their operation results in low power dissipation. Thus, it is a two stage
conversion. i.e. the input ac supply voltage is first rectified to dc and then the high-
frequency switching section changes it back to ac.
High frequency power transformer:-It isolates the circuit and steps-up or steps-down
the voltage to the desired voltage level. The output of the transformer is the input of
the second rectifier section, called the output rectifier section.
Output rectifier: - This rectifier section is different from the first block of the
rectifier in that the frequency of the voltage is very high. Therefore, the bridge
configuration of this rectifier uses a high frequency diode such as a Schottky diode and
the output ripple is naturally filtered because of the number of overlaps between each
individual output pulse. Since the ripple is very small in the output voltage of the
rectifier, a small capacitance value is required in the filter section.
Control and feedback:- It provides a pulse width modulation(PWM) output signal.
The PWM controller provides a duty-cycle that varies pulse by pulse to provide an
accurate dc output voltage.
Design a RC phase shift oscillator to generate the frequency of 500KHz.Assume
d) 4M
suitable values for R1=R2=R3=R and C1=C2=C3=C .Justifyyour answer.
Ans: RC Phase shift oscillator: Circuit

diagram
1M
Page 5/16
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OR
Calculation
2M
Assume the values of R and C:

(NOTE:STUDENT CAN ASSUME ANY VALUES OF R AND CALCULATE
“C”ORASSUME ANY VALUES “C “ AND CALCULATE “ R”)
Assume
R1=R2=R3=R=10KΩ
Justificatio
n
1M
Similarly students can calculate R assuming C

This oscillator is used to generate low frequency signal.
Page 6/16
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12-Total
Q.3 Attempt any THREE of the following:
Marks
Classify the power amplifiers on the basis of operation and input/output

a) 4M
waveforms.
Ans: Depending upon the operation and input/output waveforms power amplifiers are
classified into following type.
1) Class A amplifier.
Any 4 types
2) Class B amplifier.
1M each
3) Class C amplifier.
4) Class AB amplifier.
5) Class D amplifier.
Describe the operation of class-C type of power amplifier with the help of neat
b) 4M
sketch.
Ans: Circuit diagram: 2M
Operation:
 Class C power amplifier is a type of amplifier where the transistor conducts for less
than one half cycle of the input signal. Less than one half cycles means the 2M
conduction angle is less than 180° and its typical value is 80° to 120°.
 Biasing resistor Rb pulls the base of Q1 further downwards and the Q-point will be
set below the cut-off point in the DC load line. As a result the transistor will start
conducting only after the input signal amplitude has risen above the base emitter
voltage (Vbe~0.7V) plus the downward bias voltage caused by R b. That is the
reason why the major portion of the input signal is absent in the output signal.
 Inductor L1 and capacitor C1 forms a tank circuit which is used in the extraction of
the required signal from the pulsed output of the transistor.
 Values of L1 and C1 are so selected that the resonant circuit oscillates in the
frequency of the input signal. Since the resonant circuit oscillates in one frequency
(generally the carrier frequency) all other frequencies are attenuated.
c) Justify the need of current time base generator to obtain the specified sawtooth 4M
waveform with one example.
Ans: Justification:- Justification
 Current Time base generator is a circuit where the output current is a linear function 2M,
of time over a specified time interval. Waveform
 Time base circuits are used by radar systems to determine range to a target, by
comparing the current location along the time base to the time of arrival of radio
Page 7/16
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echoes. 1M,
 Current Time base generators produce very high frequency sawtooth
Example 1M
waves specifically designed to deflect the beam in cathode ray tube (CRT) smoothly
across the face of the tube and then return it to its starting position.
 To display the variations of a signal with respect to time on an oscilloscope, a
voltage/current that varies linearly with time, has to be applied to the deflection
plates. This makes the signal to sweep the beam horizontally
Waveform:
Example:
 A cathode ray tube (CRT) consists of three primary parts, the electron gun that
provides a stream of accelerated electrons, the phosphor-covered screen that lights
up when the electrons hit it, and the deflection plates that use magnetic or electric
fields to deflect the electrons in-flight and allows them to be directed around the
screen.
 It is the ability for the electron stream to be rapidly moved using the deflection
plates that allow the CRT to be used to display very rapid signals.
 To display such a signal on an oscilloscope for examination, it is desirable to have
the electron beam sweep across the screen so that the electron beam cycles at the
same frequency as the carrier, or some multiple of that base frequency.
 This is the purpose of the current time base generator, which is attached to one of
the set of deflection plates, normally the X axis, while the amplified output of the
radio signal is sent to the other axis, normally Y. The result is a visual re-creation of
the original waveform.
OR
Fig: A current time base circuit.
Page 8/16
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 Above Fig. shows a simple circuit of a current time base generator.
 Here an inductor (L) in series with a transistor is connected across the V CC supply.
 The transistor operates as a switch in the circuit.
 The gating waveform at the base operates between two levels. V 1and V2 as
shown.
 The lower level (V1) keeps the transistor in cut-off, while the upper level drives
the transistor into saturation.
 When the transistor switch is turned ON, then neglecting the effect of small
saturation resistance (Rcs), the current through and inductor (iL) increases linearly
with the time.
 The diode D does not conduct during the sweep, because it is reverse biased.
Design a voltage regulator using IC LM317, draw the circuit diagram and state the
d) 4M
output voltage equation.
Ans: Circuit diagram:-
2M
 IC LM317 is adjustable three terminal positive voltage regulator, available with

output voltage of 1.2v to 37v and output current from 0.1A to 18.12 A.
 Three terminals of adjustable voltage regulators are Vin, Vout, and adjustment, above
fig shows connection diagram of LM 317 regulator. It requires only two external
resistors to set the output voltage.
 LM 317 develops a nominal 1.25v referred to as the reference voltage. V ref between
output and adjustment terminals. This voltage is impressed across R2, since the
voltage is constant; the current I2 is also constant for given value of R2. In addition
to I2, current IAdj from the adjustment terminal also flows through the output resistor
R1.
 LM317 is designed such as I ADJ-100𝜇𝐴-
The output voltage Vo is V0=R2.I2 +R1(IADJ + I2)---(1) Design-1M
𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓
𝐼2 =
𝑅2
Substitute I2 in equation (1)
𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓 𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓
V0=R2. +R1(IADJ + )
𝑅2 𝑅2
𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓 𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓
V0=R2. +R1.IADJ +R1. )
𝑅2 𝑅2
𝑅1
V0=Vref(1+𝑅2)+R1.IADJ
Where Vref=1.25v.
Page 9/16
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However the current IADJ is very small and constant. Therefore the voltage drop across
R2 due to IADJ is also very small and can be neglected.
Therefore
𝑹𝟏
V0=1.25.(1+ ) Output
𝑹𝟐
The output is a function of R1 for a given value of R2 and can be varied by adjusting the equation-
value of R1. The resistor R2 usually is 240 ohm. Normally no capacitor is needed unless 1M
the LM317 is situated far from the power supply filter capacitor.
Q.4 Attempt any THREE of the following : 12-Total
Marks
a) Draw the two stage BJT amplifier. State the formula for overall gain of this 4M
amplifier.
Ans: Diagram: 3M
Let Av1-Voltage gain of first amplifier Formula

Av2-voltage gain of second amplifier 1M
Overall voltage gain, Av = Av1 * Av2
b) Draw the circuit diagram of class AB power amplifier and describe its working. 4M
Ans: Circuit diagram:
2M
Circuit Description:
The circuit consists of two center-tapped transformers T1 and T2, two identical
transistors Q1 and Q2 , Resistor R and diode D. The DC voltage developed across the
diode D is connected to the bases of both the transistors through the secondary winding
Page 10/16
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of the input transformer. This voltage acts as DC bias for the transistors because it is
equal to cut-in voltage and they will conduct for complete half cycleperiod of the input
to eliminate the cross-over distortion.
WORKING:
i. When there is no a.c. input signal is applied both the transistors Q 1& Q2 are cut
off. Hence no current is drawn from VCC.
ii. DURING POSITIVE HALF CYCLE:
 The base of the transistor Q1 is positive and that of Q2 is negative. 2M
iii. As a result of this Q1 conducts, while the transistor Q2 is OFF.  DURING
DURING NEGATIVE HALF CYCLE:
iv. Thus at any instant any one transistor in the circuit is conducting. Then the
output transformer joins these two halves & produces a full sine wave in the load
resistor.
OR
Circuit diagram:-
Circuit operation:-
 Resistor R1, R2 are chosen to provide biasing to the transistors Q1, Q2, input
transformer T1 provides phase splitting function in which two voltages are out of
phase with each other. VCC is tied to the transistor collectors through the centre
tapped output transformer T2. Re is stabilized resistor.
 When positive half cycle of the input signal is applied, the base of Q 1 becomes
positive and base of Q2 negative. Therefore Q1 is ON and Q2 is OFF. As transistors
Q1 and Q2 are biased just above cut off. Therefore as positive input cross zero,
collector current ic1 starts flowing through Q1, through transformer T2 as shown and
ic2 = 0. A positive sinusoidal voltage will appear across load.
 When negative half cycle is applied across input the base of Q 1 becomes negative
while the base of Q2 is positive. Therefore Q1 is off and Q2 conduct, as soon as input
cross zero, negative sinusoidal voltage will appear across load.
With the help of neat circuit diagram, explain the operation of voltage shunt type
c) 4M
feedback amplifier.
Ans: Diagram: 2M
Page 11/16
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__________________________________________________________________________________________________
Fig. shows common emitter transistor amplifier with a feedback resistor R F connected
between its output and input terminals. This is collector to base biasing when the input
signal is applied to the input then amplified output VO is produced with 1800 phase shift
(out of phase with input) with the input. Explanatio
Hence the feedback current is given by – n
V  Vo 2M
IF = b
RF
 Vb  Vo
VO
 If = -
RF
Thus if we reduce the output voltage to zero then feedback voltage will reduce to zero,
therefore it is voltage feedback. As IS = If + Ii it is shunt type therefore it voltage shunt
negative feedback amplifier.
d) Compare between RC phase shift oscillator and crystal oscillator. 4M
Ans: (Note: Any other relevant point also can be considered.) Any 4
points
Sr. 1M
RC phase shift oscillator Crystal oscillator
No. each point
Quartz crystal is mainly
This oscillator is used for low
1 used in radio-frequency
frequency range.
(RF) oscillators
Used resistor and capacitor
Crystal decides the
2 network to decide frequency
frequency of oscillator.
of oscillator.
RC phase shift oscillators are crystal oscillators are
3
comparatively less stable. highly stable
RC network is used as Crystal is connected in

4
feedback network. feedback.
e) Compare the fixed voltage regulators using 78XX and 79XX.(any four points) 4M
Ans: (Note: Any other relevant point also can be considered.) 1M
each
Page 12/16
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__________________________________________________________________________________________________
Sr. point
78xx 79xx
No.
It produces positive fixed It produces negative
1
DC voltage values, fixed DC voltage values
IC 79xx (7905,
IC 78xx (7805, 7806, 7808,
7906,7908,7912, 7915) -
2 7812, 7815, 7818,7824)-
Negative Voltage
Positive Voltage Regulator.
Regulator
3 Output current is 1A Output current is 1.5A
4
OR OR
1-Input 1-Ground
2-Ground 2-Input
3-Output 3-Output
Q.5 Attempt any TWO of the following 12

Total
Marks
Describe the operation of double tuned amplifier with the help of neat circuit
(a) 6M
diagram and mention its applications.
Ans: Circuit diagram: 2M
Operation:
 The signal to be amplified is applied at the input terminal through the coupling
capacitor CC 2M
 The resonant frequency of the tuned circuit L1 C1 is made equal to that of tuned
circuit L2 C2
 Under these conditions the tuned circuit offers avery high impedance to the input
signal. As a result of this, a large output appears across the tuned circuit
L1C1which is inductively coupled to the L2C2 tuned circuit. 1M each
Applications:( any two)
(i) Radio and T .V broadcasting as tuning circuit.
Page 13/16
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__________________________________________________________________________________________________
(ii) Wireless communication system.
Sketch the labeled diagram of class A and class B types of power amplifier. Also
(b) 6M
draw the input and output waveforms. State one application of each.
Ans: CLASS A POWER AMPLIFIER CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: Diagram
1½M
OR
CLASS A POWER AMPLIFIER I/P &O/P WAVEFORMS:
Waveform
1M
CLASS A POWER AMPLIFIER APPLICATION:
1. High gain voltage amplifiers
2. RF& IF amplifiers in Radio & T.V.
3. Audio amplifiers
CLASS B POWER AMPLIFIER CIRCUITRAM:
Diagram
1½M
class B push pull power amplifiercomplementary symmetry class B push pull power
amplifier
CLASS B POWER AMPLIFIER I/P & O/P WAVEFORMS:
Waveform
1M
CLASS B POWER AMPLIFIER APPLICATION(Any 2):

1. Final stages of the amplifier circuits. ½M
Page 14/16
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2. In public address systems (PA system)
3. In tape recorders and music system
4. In T.V receivers
Draw the neat labelled diagram of miller sweep generator and mention its two
(c) 6M
applications.
Ans: Circuit Diagram: 4M
Applications (Any Two): 1M each

 In Television (TV)
 In CRO
 To convert step waveform into ramp waveform.
12Total
Q.6 Attempt any TWO of the following:
Marks
For a BJT ac amplifier, with a midband voltage gain of 200, if the cutoff
(a) frequencies are f1=20Hz and f2=20KHz.Draw the frequency response for amplifier. 6M
Draw the frequency response in case of mid gain of 100 and f1=500Hz to f2=5KHz.
Ans: 3M
(i) Frequency response for amplifier with mid-band voltage gain of 200, if
the cutoff frequencies are f1=20Hz and f2= 20KHz.
(ii) Frequency response for amplifier with mid-band voltage gain of 100, if
the cutoff frequencies are f1=500Hz and f2= 5KHz.
3M
Page 15/16
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Draw a class AB push pull amplifier and comment on its usefulness in the output
(b) stage as compared to other power amplifiers and the relationship between 6M
maximum transistor power dissipation w.r.t the supply voltage.
Ans: CLASS AB Push – Pull Amplifier circuit diagram: 3M
Usefulness as compared to other power amplifiers: 2M

1. Efficiency more than Class A power amplifier
2. Cross over distortion is eliminated as compared to Class B power
amplifier.
Relationship between maximum transistor power dissipation w.r.t the supply
voltage: 1M
PD = Pi(DC)– Po(A.C.)
𝟐𝑽𝑪𝑪∗𝑰𝒎 𝑽𝒎∗𝑰𝒎
= −
𝝅 𝟐
Comment on the effect of negative feedback on the gain, input and output
(c) resistance of the feedback amplifiers.Describe the gain bandwidth product term 6M
used in this context and its importance.
Ans: Effect of negative feedback: 3M
1. Gain decreases with negative feedback.
Explanatio
2. Input resistance increases with negative feedback.
n
3. Output resistance decreases with negative feedback. 3M
Explanation of significance of Gain bandwidth product
 Bandwidth measure at 3db voltage gain. As Gain and bandwidth product is always
constant, and it is unity gain bandwidth.
 The gain decreases with negative feedback bandwidth increases which means it is
stable output on more range of frequency.
Page 16/16

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Zeal Education Society’s

ZEAL POLYTECHNIC, PUNE.

SECOND YEAR (SY)

NAME OF SUBJECT: Thermal Engineering

MSBTE QUESTION PAPERS & MODEL ANSWERS

Instructions – (1) All Questions are Compulsory.

1. Attempt any FIVE of the following: 10

3. Attempt any THREE of the following: 12

4. Attempt any THREE of the following: 12

6. Attempt any TWO of the following: 12

b) List any four applications of RC coupled amplifier. 2M

Applications of RC coupled amplifier:

c) State the role of tuned LC circuit in tuned amplifier. 2M

(ii)Amplification of the selected signal to a suitable voltage level.

d) List different types of feedback amplifiers. 2M

2. Negative feedback amplifiers

e) List the advantages of negative feedback over positive feedback. 2M

Advantages of negative feedback over positive feedback:

4. Less amplitude distortion.

6. Less harmonics distortion.

7. Less phase distortion.

8. Input and output impedance can be modified as desired.

9. Less frequency distortion.

f) Compare amplifier and oscillator. 2M

A heat sink is usually made out of copper and/or aluminum.

∴ VCC – IC RC = VCE --------------------- (1)

b) Compare positive and negative feedback. 4M

2 Net input signal Increases Decreases

6 Input impedance decreases increases

7 Output impedance increases decreases

8 Uses Oscillators, Amplifiers,

2. β A = 360° or 0° ie the total phase shift should be 360° or 0°.

 Transformer T2 is called as output transformer and is required to couple

Compare different types of power amplifier on basis of-

(ii) Power dissipation in transistor.

Parameter Class A Class B Class AB Class C

Necessity of regulated power supply: 2M

b) Explain the working principle of crystal oscillator with diagram. 4M

Working Principle of Piezoelectric Crystal:

 According to this effect, when an AC voltage is applied across a quartz crystal, it

 Conversely, if a mechanical force is applied to vibrate a quartz crystal it generates an

4. Noise Decreases Decreases

3. Efficiency High Low

Circuit Diagram of RC PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR:

 This frequency of oscillation is given by

The frequency of sine wave generated by the oscillator = 590.67 Hz.

b) Explain operation of FET common source amplifier with applications. 6M

 Above circuit shows CS N-channel FET amplifier.

DURING POSITIVE HALF CYCLE:

1. Feedback voltage VF = 2.5V

Instructions – (1) All Questions are Compulsory.

1. Attempt any FIVE of the following: 10

3. Attempt any THREE of the following: 12

4. Attempt any THREE of the following: 12

Important Instructions to examiners:

Ans: CLASSIFICATION OF AMPLIFIERS: 2M

3. Transformer coupled amplifier

Ans: Types of power amplifiers:- Each

e) List advantages of negative feedback(any four) 2M