MIRANDA, Kurt R6

Kurt Andre S.
Miranda September 9, 2020
11-Asteroids Prof. Arrienda
“Types of Logic”
Based on my research, there are 20 types of logic. The purpose of Basic logic is to deduce
conclusions from what you know and to detect invalid logic. For example, Premises: There is no evidence
that penicillin is bad for you. I use penicillin without any problems. Inference is the logic of developing
true statements from lists of other true statements. There are many other examples of interference and its
effect on our memories: After changing your mobile phone number, you have a difficult time remembering
the new number, so you keep accidentally giving people your old number. The memory of your old
number interferes with your ability to recall your new number. Fallacies is the identification of flaws in
logic. One example of a fallacy is ad hominem. A theory is discarded not because of any evidence
against it or lack of evidence for it, but because of the person who argues for it. Directions of logic
equate to the directions of problem solving such as top-down and bottom-up approaches. An example of
this is Modus ponens. Inductive reasoning is a type of bottom-up logic that proposes theories on sets of
observations. An example of inductive reasoning is, "The coin I pulled from the bag is a penny. That coin
is a penny. A third coin from the bag is a penny. Therefore, all the coins in the bag are pennies."
Abductive reasoning is a type of bottom-up logic that allows for best guesses. Daily decision-making is
also an example of abductive reasoning. Backward induction is a process of reasoning backwards
starting with potential conclusions and evaluating the paths that lead to each conclusion. As an example,
assume Player A goes first and has to decide if he should “take” or “pass” the stash, which currently
amounts to $2. If he takes, then A and B get $1 each, but if A passes, the decision to take or pass now
has to be made by Player B. Certainty of logic are methods of logical problem solving differ in terms of
certainty. An example of this is Bibliography. Deductive reasoning is the process of proving a theory
using formal logic that guarantees logical certainty. Informal logic represents logical arguments in a
natural language such as English. For example, "All men are mortal. Harold is a man. Therefore, Harold
is mortal." For deductive reasoning to be sound, the hypothesis must be correct. It is assumed that the
premises, "All men are mortal" and "Harold is a man" are true. Therefore, the conclusion is logical and
true. In deductive reasoning, if something is true of a class of things in general, it is also true for all
members of that class. Formal logic is the practice of deriving logical conclusions form premises that are
known or assumed to be true. An example of this are Premises: Every person who lives in Quebec lives
in Canada. Partial truth is useful for modern applications such as artificial intelligence. "You should not
trust Peter with your children. I once saw him smack a child with his open hand." In this example the
statement could be true, but Peter may have slapped the child on the back because he was choking. "I'm
a really good driver. Law of excluded middle is a classical law of logic first established by Aristotle. For
example, if P is the proposition: Socrates is mortal. then the law of excluded middle holds that the logical
disjunction: Either Socrates is mortal, or it is not the case that Socrates is mortal. Propositional logic is a
branch of mathematics that formalizes logic. Examples are the following are propositions: – the reactor is
on; – the wing-flaps are up; – John Major is prime minister. Fuzzy logic allows partial truths. For
example, we can use the hedges rather and somewhat to construct the additional values rather old or
somewhat young. Artificial intelligence is the process of testing a large number of statistical models
against training data. Some examples of this are Manufacturing robots, Smart assistants, Proactive
healthcare management, and more. Critical thinking is a disciplined, systematic analysis of evidence
that arrives at an opinion, judgement or critique. For example, a triage nurse analyzes the cases at hand
and decides the order by which the patients should be treated. Abstraction looks at a problem in
general rather than specific terms by modeling it. An example of this is Physicality. Counterfactual
thinking usually means thinking back in time to evaluate decisions that you could have made but are now
impossible because the time has passed. For example, the thought “If I had not eaten so many potato
chips, I wouldn't feel ill right now” implies eating too many potato chips caused the person to feel sick.
First principles are a set of known facts, theories or assumptions in a particular domain that can be used
to solve problems. For example, in the syllogism, "All men are mortal; Socrates is a man; Socrates is
mortal" the last claim can be deduced from the first two. A first principle is an axiom that cannot be
deduced from any other within that system

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Kurt Andre S.

Miranda September 9, 2020

11-Asteroids Prof. Arrienda

also an example of abductive reasoning. Backward induction is a process of reasoning backwards

deduced from any other within that system

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