Page 1 of 15

The diagram shows part of a prokaryotic cell.

1.

(a) Name the structures labelled W to Z in the diagram.

W ________________________________________________________________

X _________________________________________________________________

Y _________________________________________________________________

Z _________________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) Name the main biological molecule in:

W ________________________________________________________________

X _________________________________________________________________
(2)

(c) Name the process by which prokaryotic cells divide.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

www.accesstuition.com Page 2 of 15
 (d) Some prokaryotic cells can divide every 30 minutes. A liquid culture contained a starting
population of 1.35 × 104 cells.

Assuming each cell divides every 30 minutes, calculate how many cells there will be after 3
hours. Assume no cells die during this time.

Answer = ____________________
(2)
(Total 7 marks)

Below is a diagram of an animal cell.

2.

www.accesstuition.com Page 3 of 15
(a) Name the organelles labelled:

B _________________________________

C _________________________________
(2)

(b) Name two structures present in plant cells that are not present in animal cells.

1. _________________________________________________________________

2. _________________________________________________________________
(1)

A biologist prepared a sample of organelles labelled C from liver. He used the following method.

1. Added to the liver tissues an ice-cold, buffered solution with the same water potential
as the liver tissue.
2. Mixed the liver and solution in a blender.
3. Filtered the mixture from the blender.
4. Spun the filtered liquid in a centrifuge at a low speed. A pellet appeared in the bottom
of the centrifuge tube.
5. Poured off the liquid above the pellet into a second centrifuge tube and spun this at a
higher speed to obtain the sample of organelles labelled C.

(c) Explain why the solution the biologist used was ice-cold, buffered and the same water
potential as the liver tissue (step 1).

Ice-cold____________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Buffered____________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Same water potential__________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(d) Explain why the biologist used a blender and then filtered the mixture (steps 2 and 3).

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

www.accesstuition.com Page 4 of 15
(e) Name the organelle that made up most of the first pellet after centrifuging at a low speed
(step 4).

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(f) The second centrifuge tube was spun at a higher speed to obtain the sample of organelles
labelled C in the diagram (step 5).

Suggest why.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 10 marks)

www.accesstuition.com Page 5 of 15
 (a) Eukaryotic cells produce and release proteins.
3.
Outline the role of organelles in the production, transport and release of proteins from
eukaryotic cells.

Do not include details of transcription and translation in your answer.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)

The image below is a transmission electron micrograph of a plant cell.

www.accesstuition.com Page 6 of 15
(b) Suggest why a nucleus is not visible in above image.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(c) Name the organelles labelled S and T in the image above.

Organelle S _______________________________________________________

Organelle T _______________________________________________________
(1)

(d) Give one advantage of viewing a biological specimen using a transmission electron
microscope compared with using a scanning electron microscope.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

www.accesstuition.com Page 7 of 15
(e) The cells in the diagram below are part of a continuous layer of cells forming the upper
surface of a leaf.

The shaded area of cell U is 150 µm2

The total area of the upper surface of the leaf is 70.65 cm2

Calculate the number of cells in the upper surface of the leaf.

Give the answer in standard form.

Assume that all these cells are identical in size.

Show your working.

Number of cells _______________

(2)
(Total 9 marks)

www.accesstuition.com Page 8 of 15
 (a) Describe how you could make a temporary mount of a piece of plant tissue to observe the
4. position of starch grains in the cells when using an optical (light) microscope.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)

The figure below shows a microscopic image of a plant cell.

© Science Photo Library

(b) Give the name and function of the structures labelled W and Z.

Name of W__________________________________________________________

Function of W________________________________________________________

Name of Z __________________________________________________________

Function of Z ________________________________________________________
(2)

www.accesstuition.com Page 9 of 15
(c) A transmission electron microscope was used to produce the image in the figure above.
Explain why.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(d) Calculate the magnification of the image shown in the figure in part (a).

Answer = ____________________
(1)
(Total 9 marks)

www.accesstuition.com Page 10 of 15
 The photograph shows part of the cytoplasm of a cell.
5.

(a) (i) Organelle X is a mitochondrion.

What is the function of this organelle?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) Name organelle Y.

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) This photograph was taken using a transmission electron microscope. The structure of the
organelles visible in the photograph could not have been seen using an optical(light)
microscope. Explain why.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 4 marks)

www.accesstuition.com Page 11 of 15
 The diagram shows how some organelles may be distinguished from each other.
6.

Organelle found in prokaryotic Organelle found only in

and eukaryotic cells eukaryotic cells
Organelle A

Organelle found in Organelle found in

animal cells and in plant cells. Contains
plant cells. Does not inner membranes
contain membranes arranged in stacks.
arranged in stacks. Organelle B

Larger organelle surrounded Smaller organelle surrounded

by an envelope through which by an outer membrane. Has an inner
there are pores. usually one membrane, folded to form cristae.
per cell. Many in the cell.
Organelle C Organelle D

(a) (i) Name organelle B.

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) Describe the function of organelle B.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) Which of organelles A, B, C or D

(i) is a ribosome;

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) contains most of the DNA found in a plant cell?

______________________________________________________________
(1)

www.accesstuition.com Page 12 of 15
(c) Some liver tissue was ground, filtered and centrifuged to make a suspension of
organelle D.

(i) Explain why the solution in which the liver tissue was ground should be ice-cold.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) The ground liver was centrifuged at low speed. The pellet that formed at the bottom of
the centrifuge tube was thrown away and the supernatant centrifuged again at higher
speed. Explain why it was necessary to first centrifuge the ground liver at low speed
in order to obtain a suspension of organelle D.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 8 marks)

www.accesstuition.com Page 13 of 15
 Read the following passage.
7.
In a human, there are over 200 different types of cell clearly distinguishable from each other.
What is more, many of these types include a number of different varieties. White blood cells,
Wfor example, include lymphocytes and granulocytes.

Although different animal cells have many features in common, each type has adaptations.
5 associated with its function in the organism. As an example, most cells contain the same
organelles, but the number may differ from one type of cell to another. Muscle cells contain
many mitochondria, while enzyme-secreting cells from salivary glands have particularly large
amounts of rough endoplasmic reticulum.

The number of a particular kind of organelle may change during the life of the cell. An
10 example of this change is provided by cells in the tail of a tadpole. As a tadpole matures into
a frog, its tail is gradually absorbed until it disappears completely. Absorption is associated
with an increase in the number of lysosomes in the cells of the tail.

Use information from the passage and your own knowledge to answer the following questions.

(a) Explain the link between.

(i) mitochondria and muscle cells (lines 6 - 7);

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(3)

(ii) rough endoplasmic reticulum and enzyme-secreting cells from salivary glands
(lines 7 - 8).

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

www.accesstuition.com Page 14 of 15
(b) Use information in the passage to explain how a tadpole’s tail is absorbed as a tadpole
changes into a frog.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(c) Starting with some lettuce leaves, describe how you would obtain a sample of undamaged
chloroplasts. Use your knowledge of cell fractionation and ultracentrifugation to answer this
question.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(6)
(Total 13 marks)

www.accesstuition.com Page 15 of 15